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CEUs Brought to you by
TLC Services
1
The “Big Five” Personality Model
and its Application to Therapy
AKA the “OCEAN” Model, an Experimentally
Validated Model of Personality
Bonnie Hovel, MSW, LCSW
2
Objectives
1. Understand how the Big Five Personality traits relate to life
satisfaction and health outcomes.
2. Understand the pros and cons of using personality assessments in
therapy.
3. Review pre-seminar assessment results of the Big Five Personality
traits to gain self- and other-awareness.
4. Begin to evaluate use of the Big Five Personality model for your
“practice”.
3
Big Five Personality Traits
The model
helps us
understand the
complexity of
human
behavior.
4
Development – Scientifically researched
• 1950s Tupes and Christal – initial model based on US Air Force
Personnel Lab
• 1980s – reached academic audience
• 1990 J.M. Digman – Five-Factor Model (FFM)
• 1993 Goldberg extended it to organizations
• Has been developed for decades by at least 4 sets of researchers –
basically the same 5 factors. Still being researched.
• Based on how people describe themselves and one another
5
Correlations and Variations
• Genetics is highly correlated with Big Five scores.
• Gender matters.
• Culture affects the Big Five evaluation.
• Birth order matters somewhat (still debated).
• The Big Five model correlates with standard models of psychiatric
disorders.
• This is still being debated and measured.
• There is no widely accepted dimensional model of psychiatric disorders.
• Big Five scores correlated with MMPI results.
• The Big Five test is not a psychiatric diagnostic tool.
6
Personality Traits – definition
• Particular tendencies to feel, think and behave in certain ways
that can be used to describe the personality of an individual.
• No single trait is right or wrong, but some are more
“effective” for a particular situation, relationship or job.
• Traits that enhance effectiveness in one situation may actually
impair it in another.
• Personalities are complex and variable and influence our
behavior.
7
Behavior (def.)
• Interaction between a person’s underlying
personality and situational variables
• Actions that are observable and measurable –
“The actions you can see someone doing.”
8
The Big Five Traits – OCEAN
Consistent,
Each is best viewed on a continuum
Inventive,
cautious, likes the Low Openness to Experience High curious, open to
tried & true new ideas
Impulsive, Efficient.
careless
Low Conscientiousness High organized
Outgoing,
Quiet, solitary, energetic,
reserved Low Extraversion High
gregarious
Aloof, easily Friendly,
Low Agreeableness High considerate,
irritated
good-natured
Resilient, Moody, sensitive,
confident Low Negative Emotionality High
nervous
9Openness to Experience
The more open someone is to
experiences the more active their
imagination may be; they may be
insightful and prefer more variety in
life, have more intellectual curiosity
and more likely to challenge authority.
• Sub-traits: intellectual curiosity,
creative imagination, aesthetic
sensitivity
• Opposite: consistent/cautious, likes the
tried and true
10Conscientiousness
A conscientious person is often strong
willed, reliable and prompt; they can be
determined and dependable or excessively
focused on minor details that don’t add
value—the extreme perfectionist.
• Sub-traits: productive, responsible,
organized, self-disciplined
• Opposite: extravagant, careless, choose fun
in the moment
11Extraversion
The tendency to experience positive
emotions and moods and feel good
about oneself and the rest of the
world. Thrives around people.
Expressive, affectionate, outgoing,
gregarious, assertive
• Sub-traits: sociable, assertive, high-
energy
• Opposite: Introverted; solitary, reserved
12Agreeableness
The tendency to get along well with
others. Has a great deal of interest in
other people & concern for social
harmony. Cares about others Optimistic
view of human nature. Cooperative,
friendly, compassionate.
• Sub-traits: compassionate, respectful,
trusting
• Opposite: distrustful, challenging,
uncooperative, antagonistic
13Negative emotionality
aka Neuroticism
Emotional reactivity, dissatisfaction with
life, moody. Low tolerance for stress. If
high: prone to anxiety or depression, self-
doubt, judgmental about their own and
others’ lack of progress. Minor
frustrations hopelessly difficult.
• Sub-traits: anxious, depressed, emotionally
volatile
• Opposite: optimistic, emotionally stable,
satisfied.
14Profile of the “Most Difficult Personality Type”
aka a Potentially Great Achiever?
• High in Negative Emotionality
• High in Openness
• Low in Agreeableness
• Low in Extraversion
• High in Conscientiousness
This person may be “blunt, uncompassionate, unconventional, often
unfriendly, selfish, competitive, conflicted, less sociable, more easily
stressed, anxious & possibly depressed.” But could be a great achiever!
15Not a “Type” but a “Propensity”
• Not placed in a quadrant or “type” like MBTI & other assessments
• Compare yourself to others – the Average American or a group of
peers or family members
• Sub-traits are also considered – e.g. high extraversion can mean really
social OR super assertive. Report gives details.
16What Affects these Traits?
• Nature AND Nurture 50:50
Genetic Inheritance & Family life - Environment
• Culture – what is good and just in Society?
• 4 of the 5 traits are relatively stable from childhood through
adulthood
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion and neg. emotionality
• Maturation – less extraverted, less neg. emotionality, less open to
experience
• Disease
17How do Big Five Traits Relate to Life
Satisfaction & Health Outcomes?
Personal outcomes predicted by personality include
(Positive and Negative correlations)
• Subjective well-being - extraversion (+), negative emotionality (-)
• Spirituality - conscientiousness (+) , openness (+), agreeableness (+),
negative emotionality (-)
• Health - conscientiousness (+), neg. emotionality (-),
agreeableness (+)
• High negative emotionality - + moodiness, anxiety, worry, fear,
anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, guilt, depressed mood,
loneliness.
18Function/Dysfunction predicted
by Big Five Traits
• High Negative Emotionality leads to overall dysfunction
• High Extraversion predicts good social & recreational function
• High Openness predicts good recreational function
• High Agreeableness predicts good social function
• High Conscientiousness predicts good work function
19Big Five/OCEAN Results: An Example
This representation uses
a pentagon, with each
dimension as a corner.
This graphic may
overstate commonality
between individuals.
20Extraversion with Sub-traits
21Working with Your Own Traits
• Extraversion – I’m “moderate” but have lower Assertiveness
• As therapist – what about my “boundaries”?
• Agreeableness – I’m “high” – 100%!
• Am I trying to hard to meet others’ needs? Am I “too flexible” in scheduling
others for example? Combined with lower assertiveness, could be bigger
problem
• Negative Emotionality – I’m “low”
• I may not easily “understand” those with higher Neg. Emotionalitiy. Need to
realize they are not wired the same as I am.
22Your Results
• Overall Score/Graphic
• Each of the five traits has a graphic and narrative description
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neg. Emotionality
• Notice the score on the continuum
• High? Low? Moderate?
• What does this mean in terms of your style as a therapist?
• Take a few minutes to write some notes to be used later in a breakout (4 min.)
23Analysis and Synthesis:
Number of Factors High Breakdown and Reintegration
Analysis Synthesis
Low
Time
24Using “Big Five” in a Therapeutic Context
• Pros & Cons
• Therapist uses her own profile to understand her style of engaging
with clients.
• A Big Five profile can be done to help determine the best strategies
during therapy. (Openness, conscientiousness, etc.)
• Client and therapist apply client’s profile to analyze and co-strategize
behavior and lifestyle modifications throughout the course of therapy.
25Breakout Group
1. First, choose a spokesperson to report to the larger group afterwards.
2. Consider the following situation:
• You have a client with a presenting issue of conflict with a close friend
over how much socializing should be done right now during the
pandemic as things are opening up more.
• You have given the client the Big 5 and her scores are high in
extraversion, low in conscientiousness and fairly high in negative
emotionality (other scores are moderate)
• Discuss how you would work with her and how your own personal traits
might come into play (you can use your notes about how your traits
might influence your therapy
3. You’ll have 20 min.
26Review
1. Understand how the Big Five Personality traits relate to life
satisfaction and health outcomes.
2. Understand the pros and cons of using personality assessments in
therapy.
3. Review pre-seminar assessment results of the Big Five Personality
traits to gain self- and other-awareness.
4. Begin to evaluate use of the Big Five Personality model for your
“practice”.
27Questions & Comments
TLC Services
Training
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For information and assistance,
visit our website TLC-Services.org
E-mail info@tlc-services.org or call 352-322-0576
29Upcoming TLC Events (no CEUs)
Register on website: TLC-Services.org
• Support group (10 weeks) starting February 10, 1 – 2:30 PM
“Coping When You’re All Alone”
Facilitated by Dr. Terri Devine, Ed.D. and Joan Lowitt, LCSW
• “Ask TLC” Zoom show February 11 , 10 – 11 AM
“How to Help a Stressed/Hurting Friend” by Dr. Jim Deutch, LCSW
• Zoom Presentation February 18, 10 AM
“Compassion Helps Everyone” by Bonnie Hovel, LCSW
Watch for CEU Training in February and March (details coming soon)You can also read
