The Diabetes Dictionary - National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse
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National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse
The Diabetes
Dictionary
U.S. Department
of Health and
Human Services
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH National Diabetes Information ClearinghouseThe Diabetes
Dictionary
Some terms listed have many meanings; only those meanings that relate to
diabetes are included. Words that appear in bold italic are listed elsewhere
in the dictionary.
Information in this dictionary is not a substitute for a visit to your doctor.
Talk with a health professional if you have a problem with your diabetes.
The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial
product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in
this document are used only because they are considered necessary in the
context of the information provided. If a product is not mentioned, the
omission does not mean or imply that the product is unsatisfactory.
U.S. Department
of Health and
Human Services
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH National Diabetes Information ClearinghousePronunciation Guide
This pronunciation guide uses letters and letter combinations, rather than
phonetic symbols, to stand for the various sounds in the English language.
Vowels o hot, cot
a cat, bat oh coat, home
ah father oo food, rude
air pear, hair or tore, soar, for
ar park oi soil, boy
ay say, came, weigh ou now, couch
aw saw, bought u put, foot
e bet, set uh about, sum, china
eh (used at the end of a syllable or when ur hurt, alert
standing alone) yoo use
examples: yoor cure
meadow (MEH-doh)
enemy (EH-nuh-mee) Consonants
but b bat, job
ch chop, itch
diet (DY-et)
d dig, bed
ee feet, neat f fur, tough, calf
i sit, igloo g grape, big
ih (used at the end of a syllable or when h happy
standing alone) j joke, nudge
examples: k kite, car, tack
chicken (CHIH-ken) l lip, sell
miracle (MIHR-ih-kuhl) m move, jam
but n not, knee
picnic (PIK-nik) ng ring
p play, hop
ihr near, here r rain, fur
y fire, idol s set, tips
eye (used at the beginning of a syllable or ss bus, guess, fence
when standing alone) sh shy, fish
examples: t toy, boat
iron (EYE-urn) th breath
chloride (KLOR-eyed) v vine, have
but w walk, where
silent (SY-luhnt) y yes
z zip, jazz, has
zh measureA
acanthosis nigricans (ak-an- acesulfame potassium (AY-see-
THOH-siss) (NIG-rih-kanz): a SUHL-faym) (poh-TASS-ee-
skin condition characterized uhm): a dietary sweetener
by darkened skin patches; with no calories and no
common in people whose body nutritional value. Also known
is not responding correctly to as acesulfame-K. (Brand name:
the insulin they make in their Sunett.)
pancreas, a condition called
insulin resistance. This skin Actoplus Met (AK-toh-pluhss)
condition is also seen in people (met): the brand name of an
who have prediabetes or type 2 oral medicine used to treat
diabetes. type 2 diabetes; a combination of
pioglitazone and metformin.
acarbose (A-kahr-bohss): an oral
medicine used to treat type 2 Actos (AK-tohss): see pioglitazone.
diabetes. Acarbose slows down acute (uh-KYOOT): describes
the digestion of foods high something that happens
in carbohydrate, such as rice, suddenly and for a short time.
bread, milk, and fruit. The Opposite of chronic, or long-
result is a slower and lower lasting.
rise in blood glucose throughout
the day, especially right after acute renal failure (uh-KYOOT)
meals. Acarbose belongs to the (REE-nuhl) (FAYL-yoor):
class of medicines called alpha- sudden and temporary loss of
glucosidase inhibitors. (Brand kidney function. See chronic
name: Precose.) kidney disease.
ACE inhibitor (ayss) (in-HIB-ih-tur): adhesive capsulitis (ad-HEE-siv)
an oral medicine that lowers (KAP-soo-LY-tiss): a condition
blood pressure. ACE stands of the shoulder associated with
for angiotensin-converting diabetes that results in pain and
enzyme. For people with diabetes, loss of the ability to move the
especially those who have protein shoulder in all directions.
(albumin) in the urine, it also adult-onset diabetes (uh-DUHLT-
helps slow down kidney damage. AWN-set) (DY-uh-BEE-teez):
former term for type 2 diabetes.
1A
AGEs (AY-JEE-EEZ): stands alpha cell (AL-fuh) (sel): a type
for advanced glycosylation end of cell in the pancreas. Alpha
products. AGEs are produced cells make and release a hormone
in the body when glucose links called glucagon. The body
with protein. They play a role in sends a signal to the alpha cells
damaging blood vessels, which can to make glucagon when blood
lead to diabetes complications. glucose falls too low. Then
glucagon reaches the liver, where
albumin (al-BYOO-min): the main it tells the liver to release glucose
protein in blood. Over several into the blood for energy.
years, people who are developing
diabetic kidney disease leak alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
small amounts of albumin (AL-fuh-gloo-KOH-sih-dayss)
into the urine, a condition (in-HIB-ih-tur): a class of oral
called microalbuminuria. As medicine for type 2 diabetes that
kidney disease progresses, slows down the digestion of
more albumin leaks into foods high in carbohydrate, such
the urine, a condition called as rice, bread, milk, and fruit.
macroalbuminuria or proteinuria. The result is a slower and lower
As the amount of albumin in rise in blood glucose after meals.
the urine increases, the kidneys’ (Generic names/Brand names:
ability to filter the blood acarbose/Precose; miglitol/Glyset.)
decreases.
alternative site testing: using
albuminuria (al-BYOO-min-YOO areas of the body other than
ree-uh): a condition in which the fingertips for blood glucose
the urine has more than normal monitoring.
amounts of a protein called
Amaryl (AM-uh-ril): see
albumin. Albuminuria may be
glimepiride.
a sign of nephropathy, or kidney
disease. See albumin. amputate (AM-pyoo-tayt): to cut
a part, such as a foot, from the
body.
2A
amylin (AM-ih-lin): a hormone antibodies (AN-tee-BOD-eez):
formed by beta cells in the proteins made by the body to
pancreas. Amylin regulates the protect itself from foreign
timing of glucose release into substances such as bacteria
the bloodstream after eating or viruses. People get type 1
by slowing the emptying of the diabetes when their bodies make
stomach. antibodies that destroy the
body’s own insulin-making beta
amylin mimetic (AM-ih-lin) (mih cells.
MET-ik): a type of injectable
medicine for diabetes that mimics A1C (AY-WUHN-SEE): a test that
the effect of the hormone measures a person’s average
amylin. This medicine helps blood glucose level over the past
food move more slowly through 2 to 3 months. Hemoglobin is
the stomach and helps keep the part of a red blood cell that
the liver from releasing stored carries oxygen to the cells and
glucose. (Generic name/Brand sometimes joins with the glucose
name: pramlintide acetate/ in the bloodstream. Also called
Symlin.) hemoglobin A1C or glycosylated
hemoglobin, the test shows the
amyotrophy (uh-my-OT-roh-fee): amount of glucose that sticks
a type of neuropathy resulting in to the red blood cell, which is
pain, weakness, or wasting in proportional to the amount of
the muscles. glucose in the blood. Results are
anemia (uh-NEE-mee-uh): a given as a percentage or as an
condition in which the number average glucose value, called an
of red blood cells is less than estimated average glucose.
normal, resulting in less oxygen Apidra (uh-PEE-druh): see insulin
carried to the body’s cells. glulisine.
Anemia can cause extreme
fatigue. ARB (arb): an oral medicine that
lowers blood pressure. ARB
angiopathy (AN-jee-OP-uh-thee): stands for angiotensin receptor
any disease of the blood vessels blocker. For people with
(arteries, capillaries, veins) or diabetes, especially those who
lymphatic vessels. have protein (albumin) in the
urine, it also helps slow down
kidney damage.
3A
arteriosclerosis (ar-TIHR athlete’s foot (ATH-leets) (fut):
ee-oh-sklur-OH-siss): see a fungal infection of the skin
atherosclerosis. on the foot, also called tinea
pedis. The fungus is common in
artery (AR-tur-ee): a large blood people with diabetes, the elderly,
vessel that carries blood with and people with an impaired
oxygen from the heart to all immune system. The skin may
parts of the body. peel, crack, bleed, or cause pain.
aspartame (ASS-par-taym): a Some people have no symptoms
dietary sweetener with almost no and do not know they have an
calories and no nutritional value. infection. The affected skin is
also more vulnerable to bacteria
atherosclerosis (ATH-ur-oh-sklur that cause cellulitis.
OH-siss): clogging, narrowing,
and hardening of the body’s Common Types of Athlete’s Foot
large blood vessels, also called
arteries. Atherosclerosis can lead • moccasin, which affects the
to coronary heart disease, heart soles of the feet
attacks, peripheral arterial disease, • interdigital, which affects the
strokes, and transient ischemic skin between the toes
attacks. It can also damage the
• inflammatory or blistering,
arteries that go to the kidneys.
which affects the soles and
sides of the feet
autoimmune disease (AW-toh-
ih-MYOON) (dih-ZEEZ): a
disorder of the body’s immune
system in which the immune
system mistakenly attacks and
A healthy blood vessel destroys body tissue it believes to
be foreign.
A narrowed blood vessel
4A–B
autonomic neuropathy (AW-toh background retinopathy (BAK
NOM-ik) (noo-ROP-uh-thee): a ground) (RET-ih-NOP-uh-thee):
type of neuropathy affecting the a type of damage to the retina
lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, of the eye marked by bleeding,
bladder, or genitals. fluid accumulation, and
abnormal dilation of the blood
Avandamet (uh-VAN-duh-met): the vessels. Background retinopathy
brand name of an oral medicine is an early stage of diabetic
used to treat type 2 diabetes; a retinopathy. Also called simple
combination of rosiglitazone and or nonproliferative retinopathy.
metformin.
basal rate (BAY-suhl) (rayt): a
Avandaryl (uh-VAN-duh-ril): the continuous supply of low levels
brand name of an oral medicine of longer-acting insulin, as used
used to treat type 2 diabetes; a in insulin pumps.
combination of rosiglitazone and
glimepiride. beta cell (BAY-tuh) (sel): a cell
that makes insulin. Beta cells
Avandia (uh-VAN-dee-uh): see are located in the islets of the
rosiglitazone. pancreas.
biguanide (by-GWAH-nyd): a
class of oral medicine used to
treat type 2 diabetes that lowers
blood glucose by reducing the
amount of glucose produced by
the liver. This type of medicine
also helps treat insulin resistance,
a condition in which the body
doesn’t use insulin the way it
should. (Generic names/Brand
names: metformin/Glucophage,
Glucophage XR, Riomet.)
5B
blood glucose (bluhd) (GLOO blood glucose monitoring (bluhd)
kohss): the main sugar found in (GLOO-kohss) (MON-ih-TUR
the blood and the body’s main ing): checking blood glucose levels
source of energy. Also called by using a blood glucose meter
blood sugar. or blood glucose test strips that
change color when touched by a
blood glucose level (bluhd)
blood sample in order to manage
(GLOO-kohss) (LEV-uhl): the
diabetes.
amount of glucose in a given
amount of blood. In the United blood pressure: the force of blood
States, blood glucose levels are exerted on the inside walls of
noted in milligrams per deciliter, blood vessels. Blood pressure is
or mg/dL. expressed as two numbers. For
example, a blood pressure result
blood glucose meter (bluhd)
of 120/80 is said as “120 over
(GLOO-kohss) (MEE-tur): a
80.” The first number is the
small, portable machine used
systolic pressure, or the pressure
by people with diabetes to check
when the heart pushes blood into
their blood glucose levels. After
the arteries. The second number
pricking the skin with a lancet,
is the diastolic pressure, or the
one places a drop of blood on a
pressure when the heart rests.
test strip in the machine. The
meter then displays the blood blood sugar: see blood glucose.
glucose reading.
blood sugar level: see blood glucose
level.
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (bluhd)
(yoo-REE-uh) (NY-troh-jen): a
waste product in the blood that
comes from the breakdown of
protein. The kidneys filter blood
to remove urea. As kidney
function decreases, the BUN
level increases.
Blood glucose meter
6B
blood vessels (bluhd) (VESS-uhlz): borderline diabetes (BOR-dur-
tubes that carry blood to and lyn) (DY-uh-BEE-teez): a
from all parts of the body. The former term for type 2 diabetes
three main types of blood vessels or prediabetes.
are arteries, capillaries, and veins.
brittle diabetes (BRIH-tuhl)
BMI: see body mass index. (DY-uh-BEE-teez): a term used
when a person’s blood glucose
To find BMI: Multiply body weight in pounds level moves often from low to
by 703. Divide that number by height in
inches. Divide that number by height in inches high and from high to low.
again. Find the resulting number below.
BUN (BEE-YOO-EN): see blood
urea nitrogen.
bunion (BUHN-yuhn): a bulge
on the first joint of the big toe,
caused by the swelling of a fluid
sac under the skin. This spot can
18 and 19 to 24 is 25 to 29 is 30 and
below is normal. overweight. above is become red, sore, and infected.
underweight. obese.
Byetta (by-YAY-tuh): see exenatide.
body mass index (BMI): a measure
used to evaluate body weight
relative to a person’s height.
BMI is used to find out if a
person is underweight, normal
weight, overweight, or obese.
body tissue: a group of cells in the
body that performs a specific
function.
bolus (BOH-luhss): an extra
amount of insulin taken to cover
an expected rise in blood glucose,
often related to a meal or snack.
7C
callus (KAL-uhss): a small area capillary (KAP-ih-lair-ee): the
of skin, usually on the foot, that smallest of the body’s blood
has become thick and hard from vessels. Oxygen and glucose pass
rubbing or pressure. through capillary walls and enter
the cells. Waste products such
calorie: a unit representing the as carbon dioxide pass back from
energy provided by food. the cells into the blood through
Carbohydrate, fat, protein, and capillaries.
alcohol provide calories in the
diet. Carbohydrate and protein capsaicin (kap-SAY-ih-sin): an
have 4 calories per gram, fat has ingredient in hot peppers that
9 calories per gram, and alcohol can be found in ointment form
has 7 calories per gram. for use on the skin to relieve
pain from diabetic neuropathy.
Candida (KAN-did-uh): a fungus
that is normally found in the carbohydrate (KAR-boh-HY
body but commonly becomes drayt): one of the three main
overgrown in people with nutrients in food. Foods that
diabetes. Overgrowth is due to provide carbohydrate are
increased sugar in the body and starches, vegetables, fruits, dairy
a weakened immune system. Use products, and sugars.
of antibiotics or birth control
pills also increases the risk of
candida overgrowth. Candida
overgrowth can lead to infection,
causing itching, skin lesions, or
rash. Some common areas of
infection are in or around the
mouth, armpits, groin, vagina,
and nails.
CAPD (SEE-AY-PEE-DEE): see
continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis under dialysis.
Sources of carbohydrate
8C
carbohydrate counting (KAR-boh celiac disease (SEE-lee-ak) (dih-
HY-drayt) (KOUN-ting): a ZEEZ): the inability to digest
method of meal planning for and absorb proteins called gluten
people with diabetes based on found in wheat, rye, and barley.
counting the number of grams of Celiac disease causes damage to
carbohydrate in food. the lining of the small intestine
and prevents absorption of
cardiologist (KAR-dee-OL-oh-jist): nutrients. Also called celiac
a doctor who treats people who sprue, gluten intolerance, and
have heart problems. nontropical sprue.
cardiovascular disease (KAR-dee cellulitis (SEL-yoo-LY-tiss): a skin
oh-VASS-kyoo-lur) (dih-ZEEZ): infection caused by bacteria
disease of the heart and blood that gets into the skin through a
vessels (arteries, capillaries, and wound. Cellulitis may develop
veins). from skin problems such as
carpal tunnel syndrome (KAR ulcers, eczema, psoriasis, or a
puhl) (TUHN-uhl) (SIN fungal infection like athlete’s foot.
drohm): a common form of People with diabetes, peripheral
neuropathy occurring with arterial disease, or a weakened
diabetes. Symptoms of carpal immune system may develop
tunnel syndrome include cellulitis. If not treated with
nighttime hand tingling and pain antibiotics, the infection can
and numbness and weakness spread to the blood or lymph
in the hand and wrist that nodes and cause death.
sometimes radiates up the arm. cerebral vascular disease (seh
Carpal tunnel syndrome often REE-bruhl) (VASS-kyoo-lur)
affects both wrists and occurs (dih-ZEEZ): damage to blood
more often in women than men. vessels in the brain. Vessels
cataract (KAT-uh-rakt): clouding can burst and bleed or become
of the lens of the eye. clogged with fatty deposits. A
stroke results when blood flow
CCPD: see continuous cycling is interrupted and brain cells
peritoneal dialysis under dialysis. die or are damaged.
CDE: see certified diabetes educator.
9C
certified diabetes educator (CDE) cholesterol (koh-LESS-tur-ol): a
(SER-tih-fyd) (DY-uh-BEE type of fat produced by the
teez) (EH-juh-KAY-tur): a liver and found in the blood.
health care professional with Cholesterol is also found in some
expertise in diabetes education foods. The body uses cholesterol
who has met eligibility to make hormones and build cell
requirements and successfully walls.
completed a certification exam.
chronic (KRON-ik): describes
See diabetes educator.
something that is long-lasting.
CGMS: see continuous glucose Opposite of acute.
monitoring system.
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Charcot’s foot (SHAHR-kohz) (KRON-ik) (KID-nee) (dih-
(fut): a condition resulting from ZEEZ): any condition that
nerve damage in which the joints causes reduced kidney function
and soft tissue in the foot are over a period of time. CKD
destroyed. is present when a patient’s
glomerular filtration rate remains
cheiroarthropathy (KY-roh-ar below 60 milliliters per minute
THROP-uh-thee): see limited for more than 3 months. CKD
joint mobility. may develop over many years
cheiropathy (ky-ROP-uh-thee): and lead to end-stage renal
see limited joint mobility. disease.
chlorpropamide (klor-PROH circulation (SUR-kyoo-LAY
puh-myd): an oral medicine shuhn): the flow of blood
used to treat type 2 diabetes. through the body’s blood vessels
Chlorpropamide lowers blood and heart.
glucose levels by helping the CKD: see chronic kidney disease.
pancreas make more insulin
and by helping the body better claudication (CLAW-dih-KAY
use the insulin it makes. shuhn): see intermittent
Chlorpropamide belongs to claudication.
the class of medicines called
sulfonylureas. (Brand name:
Diabinese.)
10C
coma (KOH-muh): a sleeplike constipation (KON-stih-PAY
state in which a person is not shuhn): a condition in which
conscious. A coma may be the stool becomes hard and dry.
caused by hyperglycemia (high A person who is constipated
blood glucose) or hypoglycemia usually has fewer than three
(low blood glucose) in people with bowel movements in a week.
diabetes. Bowel movements may be
painful.
combination diabetes pill (KOM
bih-NAY-shuhn) (DY-uh-BEE continuous ambulatory peritoneal
teez) (pil): a pill that includes dialysis (kon-TIN-yoo-uhss)
two different medicines. (AM-byoo-luh-TOR-ee) (PAIR
ih-toh-NEE-uhl) (dy-AL-ih
combination therapy: the use of siss): see continuous ambulatory
different medicines together to peritoneal dialysis under dialysis.
manage blood glucose levels.
continuous cycling peritoneal
complications (KOM-plih-KAY dialysis (kon-TIN-yoo-uhss)
shuhnz): harmful effects of (SY-kling) (PAIR-ih-toh
diabetes such as damage to the NEE-uhl) (dy-AL-ih-siss): see
eyes, heart, blood vessels, nervous continuous cycling peritoneal
system, teeth and gums, feet and dialysis under dialysis.
skin, or kidneys. Studies show
that keeping blood glucose, blood continuous glucose monitoring
pressure, and LDL cholesterol system (CGMS) (kon-TIN-yoo
levels close to normal can help uhss) (GLOO-kohss) (MON-ih
prevent or delay these problems. TUR-ing) (SISS-tuhm): a small
sensor inserted below the skin
congenital defects (kon-JEN-ih that measures blood glucose levels
tuhl) (DEE-fekts): problems approximately 12 times an hour.
or conditions that are present
at birth. continuous subcutaneous insulin
injection (kon-TIN-yoo-uhss)
congestive heart failure (kon-JESS (SUHB-kyoo-TAY-nee-uhss)
tiv) (hart) (FAYL-yoor): the (IN-suh-lin) (in-JEK-shuhn):
type of heart failure in which loss see insulin pump.
of the heart’s pumping power
causes fluid to build up in the
body.
11C
conventional therapy: a term C-reactive protein (SEE-ree-AK
used in clinical trials where tiv) (PROH-teen): a substance
one group receives treatment produced in the liver in response
for diabetes in which A1C and to injury or inflammation.
blood glucose levels are kept at Elevated levels of C-reactive
levels based on current practice protein are associated with a
guidelines. However, the goal higher risk of heart attack and
is not to keep blood glucose stroke.
levels as close to normal as
creatinine (kree-AT-ih-neen): a
possible, as is done in intensive
waste product from meat
therapy. Conventional therapy
protein in the diet and from
includes use of medication, meal
the muscles of the body.
planning, and exercise, along
Creatinine is removed from the
with regular visits to health care
body by the kidneys; as kidney
providers.
disease progresses, the level of
coronary artery disease (KOR creatinine in the blood increases.
uh-nair-ee) (AR-tur-ee) (dih-
creatinine clearance (kree-AT-ih
ZEEZ): see coronary heart
neen) (KLIHR-ants): a test
disease.
that measures how efficiently
coronary heart disease (KOR-uh the kidneys remove creatinine
nair-ee) (hart) (dih-ZEEZ): and other wastes from the
heart disease caused by blood. Low creatinine clearance
narrowing of the arteries that indicates impaired kidney
supply blood to the heart. If the function.
blood supply is cut off, the result
CSII (continuous subcutaneous
is a heart attack.
insulin injection) (SEE-ESS
C-peptide (SEE-PEP-tyd): a EYE-EYE): see insulin pump.
substance the pancreas releases
into the bloodstream in equal
amounts to insulin. A test of
C-peptide levels shows how
much insulin the body is making.
12D
dawn phenomenon (dawn) (fuh diabetes (DY-uh-BEE-teez): a
NOM-uh-non): the early- condition characterized by
morning (4 a.m. to 8 a.m.) rise in hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)
blood glucose. resulting from the body’s
inability to use blood glucose
DCCT: see Diabetes Control and for energy. In type 1 diabetes,
Complications Trial. the pancreas no longer makes
debridement (day-breed-MAW): insulin; therefore, blood glucose
removal of dead or infected tissue cannot enter the cells to be used
from a wound. Debridement for energy. In type 2 diabetes,
can be done with enzymes; either the pancreas does not
mechanically, such as in a make enough insulin or the body
whirlpool; or through surgery. is unable to use insulin correctly.
Also called diabetes mellitus.
dehydration (dee-hy-DRAY
shuhn): the loss of too much Diabetes Control and
body fluid through frequent Complications Trial (DCCT)
urinating, sweating, diarrhea, or (DY-uh-BEE-teez) (kon-
vomiting. TROHL) (and) (KOM-plih
KAY-shuhnz) (TRY-uhl): a
dermopathy (dur-MOP-uh-thee): study by the National Institute
disease of the skin. of Diabetes and Digestive and
dextrose (DEKS-trohss): simple Kidney Diseases conducted
sugar found in blood that serves from 1983 to 1993 in people
as the body’s main source of with type 1 diabetes. The study
energy. Also called glucose. showed that intensive therapy
compared with conventional
DiaBeta (dy-uh-BAY-tuh): see therapy significantly helped
glyburide. prevent or delay diabetic
retinopathy, kidney disease, and
nerve disease. Intensive therapy
included multiple daily injections
of insulin or the use of an insulin
pump with multiple blood glucose
readings each day.
13D
diabetes educator (DY-uh-BEE- Diabetes Prevention Program
teez) (EH-juh-KAY-tur): a (DPP) (DY-uh-BEE-teez) (pree-
health care professional who VEN-shuhn) (PROH-gram): a
teaches people who have study by the National Institute
diabetes how to manage their of Diabetes and Digestive and
condition. Some diabetes Kidney Diseases conducted from
educators are certified diabetes 1998 to 2001 in people at high
educators (CDEs). Diabetes risk for type 2 diabetes. All study
educators are found in hospitals, participants had impaired glucose
physician offices, managed care tolerance, also called prediabetes,
organizations, home health care, and were overweight. The study
and other settings. showed that people who lost
5 to 7 percent of their body
diabetes insipidus (DY-uh-BEE- weight through a low-fat, low-
teez) (in-SIH-puh-duhss): a calorie diet and moderate
condition characterized by physical activity—usually walking
frequent and heavy urination, for 30 minutes 5 days a week—
excessive thirst, and an overall reduced their risk of getting
feeling of weakness. This type 2 diabetes by 58 percent.
condition may be caused by a Participants who received
defect in the pituitary gland or treatment with the oral diabetes
the kidney. In diabetes insipidus, drug metformin reduced their
blood glucose levels are normal. risk of getting type 2 diabetes by
diabetes mellitus (DY-uh-BEE- 31 percent.
teez) (MEH-luh-tuhss): see diabetes self-management (DY-uh-
diabetes. BEE-teez) (self-MAN-uhj-
ment): see self-management.
14D
diabetic diarrhea (DY-uh-BET-ik) diabetic nephropathy (DY-uh
(DY-uh-REE-uh): loose stools, BET-ik) (neh-FROP-uh-thee):
fecal incontinence, or both that see nephropathy.
result from an overgrowth of
bacteria in the small intestine diabetic neuropathy (DY-uh
and diabetic neuropathy in the BET-ik) (noo-ROP-uh-thee):
intestines. This nerve damage see neuropathy.
can also result in constipation. diabetic retinopathy (DY-uh
diabetic eye disease (DY-uh BET-ik) (RET-ih-NOP-uh-thee):
BET-ik) (eye) (dih-ZEEZ): see damage to the small blood vessels
diabetic retinopathy. in the retina. Loss of vision may
result. Also called diabetic eye
diabetic gastropathy (DY-uh disease.
BET-ik) (gass-TROP-uh-thee):
see gastropathy. diabetogenic (DY-uh-BET-oh
JEN-ik): causing diabetes. For
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) example, some drugs cause blood
(DY-uh-BET-ik) (KEE-toh-ASS glucose levels to rise, resulting in
ih-DOH-siss): an emergency diabetes.
condition in which extremely
high blood glucose levels, along diabetologist (DY-uh-beh-TOL-uh
with a severe lack of insulin, jist): a doctor who specializes
result in the breakdown of in treating people who have
body fat for energy and an diabetes.
accumulation of ketones in Diabinese (dy-AB-ih-neez): see
the blood and urine. Signs of chlorpropamide.
DKA are nausea and vomiting,
stomach pain, fruity breath odor, diagnosis (DY-ag-NOH-siss): the
and rapid breathing. Untreated determination of a disease from
DKA can lead to coma and its signs and symptoms.
death.
diabetic myelopathy (DY-uh
BET-ik) (MY-uh-LOP-uh-thee):
damage to the spinal cord found
in some people with diabetes.
15D
dialysis (dy-AL-ih-siss): the n peritoneal dialysis (PAIR-ih
process of cleaning wastes from toh-NEE-uhl) (dy-AL-ih-siss):
the blood artificially. This job cleaning of the blood by using
is normally done by the kidneys. the lining of the abdominal
If the kidneys fail, the blood cavity, or belly, as a filter. A
must be cleaned artificially cleansing liquid, called dialysis
with special equipment. The solution, is drained from a
two major forms of dialysis bag into the abdomen. Fluid
are hemodialysis and peritoneal and wastes flow through
dialysis. the lining of the abdominal
cavity and remain “trapped”
n hemodialysis (HEE-moh in the dialysis solution. The
dy-AL-ih-siss): the use of a solution is then drained from
machine to clean wastes from the abdomen, removing the
the blood after the kidneys extra fluid and wastes from
have failed. The blood travels the body. The two main
through tubes to a dialyzer, a types of peritoneal dialysis
machine that removes wastes are continuous ambulatory
and extra fluid. The cleaned peritoneal dialysis and
blood then flows through continuous cycling peritoneal
another set of tubes back into dialysis.
the body.
• continuous ambulatory
peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
(kon-TIN-yoo-uhss) (AM-
byoo-luh-TOR-ee)
(PAIR-ih-toh-NEE-uhl)
(dy-AL-ih-siss): a form
of peritoneal dialysis that
needs no machine. With
CAPD, the blood is always
being cleaned. The dialysis
solution passes from a
plastic bag through
Hemodialysis a catheter and into the
abdomen. The dialysis
solution stays in the
abdomen with the catheter
sealed. After several hours,
16D
the person using CAPD diastolic pressure (DY-uh-
drains the solution back into STOL-ik) (PRESH-ur):
a disposable bag. Then the the blood pressure when the
person refills the abdomen heart rests.
with fresh solution through
dietitian (DY-uh-TISH-uhn): a
the same catheter to begin
health care professional who
the cleaning process again.
advises people about meal
• continuous cycling planning, weight control,
peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) and diabetes management. A
(kon-TIN-yoo-uhss) (SY registered dietitian (RD) has
kling) (PAIR-ih-toh-NEE met certain requirements.
uhl) (dy-AL-ih-siss): a form
dilated eye exam (DY-lay-ted) (eye)
of peritoneal dialysis that
(ek-ZAM): a test done by an
uses a machine. This
eye care specialist in which the
machine automatically fills
pupil—the black center—of the
and drains the dialysis
eye is temporarily enlarged with
solution from the abdomen.
eyedrops to allow the specialist
A typical CCPD schedule
to see the inside of the eye more
involves three to five
easily.
exchanges during the
night while the person
sleeps. During the day,
the person using CCPD
performs one exchange,
draining the dialysis Dilated eye
solution after an entire day.
dialysis solution (dy-AL-ih-siss)
(suh-LOO-shuhn): a cleansing
liquid used in the two major
forms of dialysis—hemodialysis Undilated eye
and peritoneal dialysis. Dialysis
solution contains dextrose, a
sugar, and other chemicals
similar to those in the body.
Dextrose draws wastes and extra
fluid from the body into the
dialysis solution.
17D
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor Duetact (DOO-uh-tak): the brand
(dy-PEP-tih-dil) (PEP-tih-dayss- name of an oral medicine
FOR) (in-HIB-ih-tur): see used to treat type 2 diabetes; a
DPP-4 inhibitor. combination of pioglitazone
and glimepiride.
DKA: see diabetic ketoacidosis.
Dupuytren’s contracture (doo-
D-phenylalanine derivative (DEE
pwee-TRENZ) (kon-TRAK
FEN-il-AL-uh-neen) (duh-RIV
chur): a condition associated
uh-tiv): a type of oral medicine
with diabetes in which the fingers
for type 2 diabetes that lowers
and the palm of the hand thicken
blood glucose levels by helping the
and shorten, causing the fingers
pancreas make more insulin right
to curve inward.
after meals. (Generic name/
Brand name: nateglinide/Starlix.) duration: in referring to insulin,
the length of time during
DPP: see Diabetes Prevention
which insulin keeps lowering
Program.
blood glucose levels. Duration
DPP-4 inhibitor (DEE-PEE-PEE may also refer to the length of
FOR) (in-HIB-ih-tur): a class of time a person has had diabetes,
oral medicine used to treat type 2 which determines a person’s
diabetes that lowers blood glucose risk of developing diabetes
by helping the body make more complications.
insulin when it’s needed. This
type of medicine also helps keep
the liver from putting stored
blood glucose into the blood.
(Generic name/Brand name:
sitagliptin phosphate/Januvia.)
18E
eAG: see estimated average glucose. enzyme (EN-zym): protein made
by the body that brings about a
edema (eh-DEE-muh): swelling chemical reaction—for example,
caused by too much fluid in the the enzymes produced by the gut
body. to aid digestion.
electromyography (EMG) (ee-LEK erectile dysfunction (ee-REK-tyl)
troh-my-OG-ruh-fee): a test (diss-FUHNK-shuhn): the
used to detect nerve function. inability to get or maintain an
Electromyography measures the erection for satisfactory sexual
electrical activity generated by intercourse. Also called impotence.
muscles.
ESRD: see end-stage renal disease.
EMG: see electromyography.
estimated average glucose (ESS
endocrine gland (EN-doh-krin) tuh-may-ted) (AV-ur-ij) (GLOO
(gland): a group of specialized kohss): also called eAG or
cells that releases hormones average glucose; another way to
into the blood. For example, report the results of an A1C test.
the islets in the pancreas, which The A1C test measures average
secrete insulin, are endocrine glucose levels over the past 2 to
glands. 3 months. In the past, results
endocrinologist (EN-doh-krih were reported as a percentage.
NOL-uh-jist): a doctor who Results reported as an eAG are
treats people who have endocrine given as mg/dL, the same units
gland problems such as diabetes. used for self-monitoring of blood
glucose with a blood glucose
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) meter. For example, results of
(END-STAYJ) (REE-nuhl) (dih- an A1C test can be reported as
ZEEZ): total and permanent an eAG of 126 mg/dL, which is
kidney failure. When the equal to 6 percent.
kidneys fail, the body retains
fluid. Harmful wastes build euglycemia (YOO-gly-SEE
up. A person with ESRD needs mee-uh): a normal level of
treatment to replace the work of glucose in the blood.
the failed kidneys.
19E–F
exchange lists: one of several fasting blood glucose test (FASS-
approaches for diabetes meal ting) (bluhd) (GLOO-kohss)
planning. Foods are categorized (test): a check of a person’s
into three groups based on blood glucose level after the
their nutritional content. Lists person has not eaten for 8 to
provide the serving sizes for 12 hours—usually overnight.
carbohydrates, meat and meat This test is used to diagnose
substitutes, and fats. These prediabetes and diabetes; it is
lists allow for substitution for also used to see whether people
different groups to keep the with diabetes are keeping blood
nutritional content fixed. glucose levels on target.
exenatide (eks-EN-uh-tyd): an fat: 1. one of the three main
injectable medicine for diabetes nutrients in food. Foods
that mimics the effect of that provide fat are butter,
incretin hormones, a type of margarine, salad dressing, oil,
gastrointestinal hormone. This nuts, meat, poultry, fish, and
medicine helps food move more some dairy products. 2. excess
slowly through the stomach calories are stored as body fat,
and helps keep the liver from providing the body with a reserve
releasing stored glucose. (Brand supply of energy and other
name: Byetta.) functions.
Sources of fat
20F–G
fluorescein angiography (flor-ESS GAD65 (GAD-SIKS-tee-FYV): see
ee-in) (AN-jee-OG-ruh-fee): a islet cell autoantibodies.
test to examine blood vessels in
gangrene (GANG-green): the
the eye that is done by injecting
death of body tissue, most often
dye into an arm vein and then
caused by a lack of blood flow
taking photos as the dye goes
and infection. Gangrene can
through the eye’s blood vessels.
lead to amputation.
focal neuropathy (FOH-kuhl)
gastrointestinal (GASS-troh-in
(noo-ROP-uh-thee): a type of
TESS-tin-uhl): related to the
neuropathy in which a single
stomach and intestines.
nerve or a group of nerves is
affected, producing sudden gastroparesis (GASS-troh-puh
weakness or pain. REE-siss): a form of neuropathy
that affects the stomach.
fructosamine test (frook-TOHSS
Digestion of food may be
uh-meen) (test): measures
incomplete or delayed, resulting
the number of blood glucose
in nausea, vomiting, or bloating,
molecules linked to protein
making blood glucose control
molecules in the blood. The
difficult.
test provides information about
a person’s average blood glucose gastropathy (gass-TROP-uh-thee):
level for the previous 3 weeks. a form of neuropathy that affects
the stomach. Symptoms may
fructose (FROOK-tohss): a sugar
include nausea, discomfort, a
that occurs naturally in fruits and
feeling of fullness, and vomiting.
honey. Fructose has 4 calories
The stomach may be delayed in
per gram.
emptying, called gastroparesis.
GDM: see gestational diabetes
mellitus.
21G
gestational diabetes mellitus glimepiride (gly-MEP-ih-ryd): an
(GDM) (jess-TAY-shuhn-uhl) oral medicine used to treat
(DY-uh-BEE-teez) (MEH-luh type 2 diabetes. Glimepiride
tuhss): a type of diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping
develops only during pregnancy the pancreas make more
and usually disappears upon insulin and by helping the body
delivery but increases the better use the insulin it makes.
mother’s risk of developing Glimepiride belongs to the class
diabetes later in life. GDM is of medicines called sulfonylureas.
managed with meal planning, (Brand name: Amaryl.)
physical activity, and, in some
cases, medication. glipizide (GLIP-ih-zyd): an oral
medicine used to treat type 2
GFR: see glomerular filtration rate. diabetes. Glipizide lowers blood
glucose by helping the pancreas
gingivitis (JIN-jih-VY-tiss):
make more insulin and by
a condition of the gums
helping the body better use
characterized by inflammation
the insulin it makes. Glipizide
and bleeding.
belongs to the class of medicines
gland: a group of cells that secrete called sulfonylureas. (Brand
substances. Endocrine glands names: Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL.)
secrete hormones. Exocrine
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
glands secrete salt, enzymes, and
(gloh-MAIR-yoo-lur) (fil-TRAY
water.
shuhn) (rayt): the rate at which
glaucoma (glaw-KOH-muh): an the kidneys filter wastes and extra
increase in fluid pressure inside fluid from the blood, measured
the eye that may lead to vision in milliliters per minute.
loss.
glomeruli (gloh-MAIR-yoo-ly):
plural of glomerulus.
glomerulus (gloh-MAIR-yoo-luhss):
a tiny set of looping blood vessels
where the blood is filtered in the
kidney.
22G
glucagon (GLOO-kuh-gon): a glucose tolerance test (GLOO
hormone produced by the alpha kohss) (TOL-ur-uhnss) (test):
cells in the pancreas. Glucagon see oral glucose tolerance test.
raises blood glucose. An
Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL (GLOO
injectable form of glucagon,
kuh-trohl): see glipizide.
available by prescription,
may be used to treat severe Glucovance (GLOO-koh-vanss):
hypoglycemia. the brand name of an oral
medicine used to treat type 2
Glucophage, Glucophage XR
diabetes; a combination of
(GLOO-koh-fahj): see
glyburide and metformin.
metformin.
glyburide (GLY-buh-ryd): an oral
glucose (GLOO-kohss): one of the
medicine used to treat type 2
simplest forms of sugar.
diabetes. Glyburide lowers blood
glucose gel (GLOO-kohss) (jel): glucose by helping the pancreas
pure glucose in gel form used for make more insulin and by
treating hypoglycemia. helping the body better use the
insulin it makes. Glyburide
glucose tablets (GLOO-kohss) belongs to the class of medicines
(TAB-lets): chewable tablets called sulfonylureas. (Brand
made of pure glucose used for names: DiaBeta, Glynase
treating hypoglycemia. PresTab, Micronase.)
glycemic index (gly-SEE-mik)
(IN-deks): a ranking of a
carbohydrate-containing food,
based on the food’s effect on
blood glucose compared with a
standard reference food.
glycemic load (gly-SEE-mik) (lohd):
a ranking of a carbohydrate-
containing food, based on the
food’s glycemic index and the
amount of carbohydrate in a
Glucose tablets typical serving.
23G–H
glycogen (GLY-koh-jen): the form HDL cholesterol (AYCH-DEE-EL)
of glucose found in the liver and (koh-LESS-tur-ol): stands
muscles; the main source of for high-density lipoprotein
stored fuel in the body. cholesterol, which is a fat found
in the blood that takes extra
glycosuria (GLY-koh-SYOO cholesterol from the blood to the
ree-uh): the presence of glucose liver for removal. Sometimes
in the urine. called “good” cholesterol.
glycosylated hemoglobin (GLY-koh heart attack: a condition in which
SY-lay-ted) (HEE-moh-GLOH the blood vessels to the heart
bin): see A1C. become totally or partially
Glynase PresTab (GLY-nayz) blocked by fatty deposits.
(PRESS-TAB): see glyburide. When the blood supply is cut
off or reduced, oxygen and
Glyset (GLY-set): see miglitol. other needed supplies can’t get
gram: a unit of weight in the through. Then heart muscle can
metric system. An ounce equals die. Also called a myocardial
28 grams. In some meal plans infarction.
for people with diabetes, the heart failure: a chronic condition
suggested amounts of food are in which the heart cannot pump
given in grams. blood properly.
hemodialysis (HEE-moh-dy-AL-ih
siss): see dialysis.
hemoglobin A1C test (HEE-moh
GLOH-bin) (AY-WUHN-SEE)
(test): see A1C.
heredity (huh-RED-ih-tee): the
passing of a trait from parent
to child.
HHNS: see hyperosmolar
One slice of bread has
15 grams of carbohydrate. hyperglycemic nonketotic
syndrome.
24H
high blood glucose (hy) (bluhd) Humalog (YOO-muh-lawg): see
(GLOO-kohss): see insulin lispro.
hyperglycemia.
Humalog Mix 50/50 (YOO-muh
high blood pressure: see lawg) (mix): see pre-mixed
hypertension. insulin.
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Humalog Mix 75/25 (YOO-muh
(HY-DEN-sih-tee) (LIP-oh lawg) (mix): see pre-mixed
PROH-teen) (koh-LESS-tur-ol): insulin.
see HDL cholesterol.
human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
HLA: see human leukocyte antigens. (HYOO-man) (LOO-koh-syt)
(AN-tih-jens): proteins located
home glucose monitor (hohm) on the surface of the cell that
(GLOO-kohss) (MON-ih-tur): help the immune system identify
see blood glucose meter. the cell either as one belonging
honeymoon phase: temporary to the body or as one from
remission of hyperglycemia that outside the body. Some patterns
occurs in some people newly of these proteins may mean
diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, increased risk of developing
when some insulin secretion type 1 diabetes.
resumes for a short time—for Humulin (YOO-myoo-lin):
example, a few months—before see pre-mixed insulin.
stopping again.
Humulin 70/30 (YOO-myoo-lin):
hormone: a chemical produced see pre-mixed insulin.
in one part of the body and
released into the blood to trigger Humulin N (YOO-myoo-lin):
or regulate particular functions see NPH insulin.
of the body. For example,
Humulin R (YOO-myoo-lin):
insulin is a hormone made in
see regular insulin.
the pancreas that tells other cells
when to use glucose for energy.
Synthetic hormones, made for
use as medicines, can be the
same or different from those
made in the body.
25H
hyperglycemia (HY-pur-gly hypertension (HY-pur-TEN
SEE-mee-uh): higher than shuhn): a condition present
normal blood glucose. Fasting when blood flows through the
hyperglycemia is blood glucose blood vessels with a force greater
above a desirable level after than normal. Also called high
a person has fasted for at blood pressure. Hypertension
least 8 hours. Postprandial can strain the heart, damage
hyperglycemia is blood glucose blood vessels, and increase the
above a desirable level 1 to risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney
2 hours after a person has eaten. problems, and death.
hyperinsulinemia (HY-pur-IN-suh
lin-EE-mee-uh): a condition
in which the level of insulin in
the blood is higher than normal.
Caused by overproduction of
insulin by the body. Related to
insulin resistance.
hyperlipidemia (HY-pur-LIP-ih
DEE-mee-uh): higher than
normal fat and cholesterol levels
in the blood. Checking blood pressure
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic
nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) hypoglycemia (HY-poh-gly
(HY-pur-oz-MOH-lur) SEE-mee-uh): also called
(HY-pur-gly-SEE-mik) (non low blood glucose, a condition
kee-TOT-ik) (SIN-drohm): an that occurs when one’s blood
emergency condition in which glucose is lower than normal,
one’s blood glucose level is very usually below 70 mg/dL. Signs
high and ketones are not present include hunger, nervousness,
in the blood or urine. If HHNS shakiness, perspiration,
is not treated, it can lead to coma dizziness or light-headedness,
or death. sleepiness, and confusion. If
left untreated, hypoglycemia
may lead to unconsciousness.
Hypoglycemia is treated by
26H–I
consuming a carbohydrate-rich IA-2A (EYE-AY-TOO-AY): see
food such as glucose tablets or islet cell autoantibodies.
juice. Hypoglycemia may also
IAA (EYE-AY-AY): see islet cell
be treated with an injection
autoantibodies.
of glucagon if the person is
unconscious or unable to ICA512 (EYE-SEE-AY-FYV
swallow. Also called an insulin WUHN-TOO): see islet cell
reaction. autoantibodies.
hypoglycemia unawareness ICA (EYE-SEE-AY): see islet cell
(HY-poh-gly-SEE-mee-uh) autoantibodies.
(uhn-uh-WAIR-ness): a state
in which a person does not feel IDDM (EYE-DEE-DEE-EM):
or recognize the symptoms see insulin-dependent diabetes
of hypoglycemia. People who mellitus.
have frequent episodes of IFG (EYE-EF-JEE): see impaired
hypoglycemia may no longer fasting glucose.
experience hypoglycemia’s
typical warning signs. IGT (EYE-JEE-TEE): see impaired
glucose tolerance.
hypotension (HY-poh-TEN
shuhn): low blood pressure or a immune system (ih-MYOON)
sudden drop in blood pressure. (SISS-tuhm): the body’s system
Hypotension may occur when for protecting itself from viruses
a person rises quickly from a and bacteria or any foreign
sitting or reclining position, substances.
causing dizziness or fainting.
immunosuppressant (IM-yoo-noh
soo-PRESS-uhnt): a drug given
to stop the natural responses
of the body’s immune system.
Immunosuppressants are given
to prevent organ rejection in
people who have received organ
transplants and to patients with
autoimmune diseases.
27I
impaired fasting glucose (IFG) impotence (IM-puh-tenss): see
(im-PAIRD) (FASS-ting) erectile dysfunction.
(GLOO-kohss): a condition in
incidence (IN-sih-denss): a
which a fasting blood glucose test
measure of how often a disease
shows a level of glucose higher
occurs; the number of new cases
than normal but not high enough
of a disease among a certain
for a diagnosis of diabetes. IFG,
group of people for a certain
also called prediabetes, is a level
period of time.
of 100 to 125 mg/dL. People with
prediabetes are at increased risk incontinence (in-KON-tih-nenss):
for developing type 2 diabetes, loss of bladder or bowel control;
heart disease, and stroke. the accidental loss of urine or
feces.
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
(im-PAIRD) (GLOO-kohss) incretin mimetic (IN-krit-in) (mih-
(TOL-ur-uhnss): a condition MET-ik): a type of injectable
in which blood glucose levels are medicine for diabetes that mimics
higher than normal but are not the effect of incretin hormones, a
high enough for a diagnosis type of gastrointestinal hormone.
of diabetes. IGT, also called This medicine helps food
prediabetes, is a level of 140 to move more slowly through the
199 mg/dL 2 hours after the start stomach and helps keep the liver
of an oral glucose tolerance test. from releasing stored glucose.
People with prediabetes are at (Generic name/Brand name:
increased risk for developing exenatide/Byetta.)
type 2 diabetes, heart disease,
and stroke. Other names for inhaled insulin (in-HAYLD)
IGT that are no longer used (IN-suh-lin): a type of insulin
are “borderline,” “subclinical,” under development taken with
“chemical,” or “latent” diabetes. a special device that enables
the user to breathe in insulin
implantable insulin pump through the mouth.
(im-PLANT-uh-buhl) (IN-suh-
lin) (puhmp): a small pump injection (in-JEK-shuhn): inserting
placed inside the body to deliver liquid medication or nutrients
insulin in response to remote- into the body with a syringe.
control commands from the user.
28I
injection site rotation (in-JEK insulin detemir (IN-suh-lin) (DET
shuhn) (syt) (roh-TAY-shuhn): ih-mihr): a long-acting insulin
changing the places on the with an onset of 1 hour, no peak,
body where insulin is injected. and a duration of 20 to 26 hours.
Rotation prevents the formation (Brand name: Levemir.)
of lipodystrophies.
insulin glargine (IN-suh-lin)
injection sites (in-JEK-shuhn) (GLAR-jeen): a type of long-
(syts): places on the body where acting insulin with an onset of
insulin is injected. 1 hour, no peak, and a duration
of 20 to 26 hours. (Brand name:
insulin (IN-suh-lin): a hormone Lantus.)
that helps the body use glucose
for energy. The beta cells of the insulin glulisine (IN-suh-lin)
pancreas make insulin. When (gloo-LY-seen): a type of
the body cannot make enough rapid-acting insulin with an onset
insulin, insulin must be taken by of 15 minutes, a peak at 30 to
injection or other means. 90 minutes, and a duration of 3 to
5 hours. (Brand name: Apidra.)
insulin adjustment (IN-suh-lin)
(uh-JUHST-ment): a change in insulin infuser (IN-suh-lin)
the amount of insulin a person (in-FYOO-zur): a device for
with diabetes takes based on taking insulin in which a small
factors such as meal planning, tube is inserted just below the
physical activity, and blood skin and remains in place for
glucose levels. several days. Insulin is injected
into the end of the tube.
insulin aspart (IN-suh-lin) (ASS
part): a rapid-acting insulin with insulin lispro (IN-suh-lin) (LISS
an onset of 15 minutes, a peak at proh): a type of rapid-acting
30 to 90 minutes, and a duration insulin with an onset of
of 3 to 5 hours. (Brand name: 15 minutes, a peak at 30 to
NovoLog.) 90 minutes, and a duration of 3 to
5 hours. (Brand name: Humalog.)
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM) (IN-suh-lin-duh
PEN-dent) (DY-uh-BEE-teez)
(MEH-luh-tuhss): former term
for type 1 diabetes.
29I
insulinoma (IN-suh-lih-NOH insulin reaction (IN-suh-lin) (ree
muh): a tumor of the beta AK-shuhn): when the level of
cells in the pancreas. An glucose in the blood is too low
insulinoma may cause the body (below 70 mg/dL). Also called
to make extra insulin, leading to hypoglycemia.
hypoglycemia.
insulin receptors (IN-suh-lin) (ree
insulin pen (IN-suh-lin) (pen): a SEP-turz): areas on the outer
device for injecting insulin that part of a cell that allow the cell
looks like a fountain pen and to bind with insulin in the blood.
holds replaceable cartridges When the cell and insulin bind,
of insulin. Also available in the cell can take glucose from the
disposable form. blood and use it for energy.
insulin pump (IN-suh-lin) (puhmp): insulin resistance (IN-suh-lin)
an insulin-delivering device (ree-ZISS-tuhnss): the body’s
about the size of a deck of cards inability to respond to and use
that can be worn on a belt or the insulin it produces. Insulin
kept in a pocket. An insulin resistance may be linked to
pump connects to narrow, obesity, hypertension, and high
flexible plastic tubing that ends levels of fat in the blood.
with a needle inserted just under
insulin shock (IN-suh-lin) (shok):
the skin. Users set the pump
see hypoglycemia.
to give a steady trickle or basal
amount of insulin continuously intensive therapy: a treatment for
throughout the day. Pumps diabetes in which blood glucose
release bolus doses of insulin at is kept as close to normal as
meals and at times when blood possible. Optimal blood glucose
glucose is too high, based on levels are reached through
doses set by the user. frequent injections of insulin
or use of an insulin pump,
meal planning, adjustment of
medicines, and physical activity.
People undergoing intensive
therapy work closely with their
health care team.
30I
intermediate-acting insulin islets (EYE-lets): groups of cells
(IN-tur-MEE-dee-uht-AKT-ing) located in the pancreas that
(IN-suh-lin): a type of insulin make hormones that help the
with an onset of 1 to 3 hours, a body break down and use food.
peak at 8 hours, and a duration of For example, alpha cells make
12 to 16 hours. See NPH insulin. glucagon and beta cells make
insulin. Also called islets of
intermittent claudication (IN-tur Langerhans.
MIT-ent) (CLAW-dih-KAY
shuhn): pain that comes and islets of Langerhans (EYE-lets)
goes in the muscles of the leg. (uhv) (LAHNG-ur-hahnz):
This pain results from a lack see islets.
of blood supply to the legs and
islet transplantation (EYE-let)
usually happens when walking or
(TRANZ-plan-TAY-shuhn):
exercising.
moving the islets from a donor
intramuscular injection (IN-truh pancreas into a person whose
MUHSS-kyoo-lur) (in-JEK pancreas has stopped producing
shuhn): inserting liquid insulin. Beta cells in the islets
medication into a muscle with a make the insulin that the body
syringe. Glucagon may be given needs for using blood glucose.
by intramuscular or subcutaneous
injection for hypoglycemia.
islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs)
(EYE-let) (sel) (AW-toh-AN-tih
bod-eez): proteins found in the
blood of people newly diagnosed
with type 1 diabetes. They are
also found in people who may
be developing type 1 diabetes.
The presence of ICAs indicates
the body’s immune system has
been damaging beta cells in the
pancreas. The antibodies that
are routinely tested for include
IAA, IA-2A, ICA512, and GAD65
(also called GAD or GADA).
31J–K
Janumet (JAN-yoo-met): the ketoacidosis (KEE-toh-ASS
brand name of an oral medicine ih-DOH-siss): see diabetic
used to treat type 2 diabetes; ketoacidosis.
a combination of sitagliptin
ketone (KEE-tohn): a chemical
phosphate and metformin.
produced when there is a shortage
Januvia (juh-NOO-vee-uh): see of insulin in the blood and the
sitagliptin phosphate. body breaks down body fat for
energy. High levels of ketones can
jet injector (jet) (in-JEK-tur): a lead to diabetic ketoacidosis and
device that uses high pressure coma. Sometimes referred to as
instead of a needle to propel ketone bodies.
insulin through the skin and into
the body. ketonuria (KEE-toh-NYOO-ree-uh):
a condition occurring when ketones
juvenile diabetes (JOO-vuh-nyl) are present in the urine, a warning
(DY-uh-BEE-teez): former sign of diabetic ketoacidosis.
term for insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or ketosis (kee-TOH-siss): a ketone
type 1 diabetes. buildup in the body that may lead
to diabetic ketoacidosis. Signs of
ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and
stomach pain.
32K–L
kidney: one of the two bean-shaped lactic acidosis (LAK-tik) (ASS-ih
organs that filter wastes from the DOH-siss): a serious condition
blood. The kidneys are located in which there is a buildup of
near the middle of the back, one lactic acid in the body. Lactic
on each side of the spine. They acidosis can result from diabetic
create urine, which is delivered ketoacidosis, liver disease, or
to the bladder. kidney disease.
LADA (LAH-DUH): see latent
autoimmune diabetes in adults.
lancet (LAN-set): a spring-loaded
device used to prick the skin
Kidneys
with a small needle to obtain a
drop of blood for blood glucose
monitoring.
Lantus (LAN-tuhss): see insulin
glargine.
laser treatment: a type of therapy
that uses a strong beam of light
Kidneys to treat a damaged area. The
beam of light is called a laser.
kidney disease: see nephropathy. A laser is sometimes used to
seal blood vessels in the eye of
kidney failure: loss of kidney a person with diabetes. See
function. See acute renal failure, photocoagulation.
chronic kidney disease, and end-
stage renal disease.
Kussmaul breathing (KOOS-moul)
(BREE-thing): the rapid, deep,
and labored breathing of people
who have diabetic ketoacidosis.
33L
latent autoimmune diabetes in Levemir (LEV-uh-mihr): see
adults (LADA) (LAY-tent) insulin detemir.
(AW-toh-ih-MYOON) (DY-uh
BEE-teez) (in) (uh-DUHLTS): limited joint mobility: a condition
a type of diabetes, usually first in which the joints swell and the
diagnosed after age 30, in which skin of the hand becomes thick,
people show signs of both type 1 tight, and waxy, making the
diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Most joints less able to move. It may
people with LADA still produce affect the fingers and arms as
their own insulin when first well as other joints in the body.
diagnosed and do not require lipid (LIP-id): a term for fat in
insulin injections. Some experts the body. Lipids can be broken
believe that LADA is a slowly down by the body and used for
developing kind of type 1 energy.
diabetes because patients have
antibodies against the insulin- lipid profile (LIP-id) (PROH-fyl):
producing beta cells in the a blood test that measures total
pancreas. Several years after cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL
diagnosis, people with LADA cholesterol. LDL cholesterol is
must take insulin to control blood then calculated from the results.
glucose levels. A lipid profile is one measure of
a person’s risk of cardiovascular
LDL cholesterol (EL-DEE-EL) disease.
(koh-LESS-tur-ol): stands
for low-density lipoprotein lipoatrophy (LIP-oh-AT-roh
cholesterol; a fat found in the fee): loss of fat under the
blood that takes cholesterol skin resulting in small dents.
around the body to where it is Lipoatrophy may be caused by
needed for cell repair and also repeated injections of insulin in
deposits it on the inside of artery the same spot.
walls. Sometimes called “bad”
cholesterol.
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