The butterflies of Jordan
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The butterflies of Jordan
A. K A T B E H - B A D E R , Z.S. A M R ,
M. A B U BAKER & A. MAHASNEH
Abstract: A total of 97 species and subspecies of butterflies have been recorded from the different eco-
logical zones in Jordan. Available biological or ecological notes are given for each species. An updated
list for the butterflies of Jordan is given.
Key words: Butterflies, Jordan, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae.
Introduction butterflies of Dana Nature Reserve includ-
ing a list of the butterflies of Jordan. He
The oldest literature dealing with the
added 14 new records to the list of LARSEN
butterflies of Jordan goes back to the begin-
&NAKAMURA(1983).
ning of the 20th century. While stationed in
Jordan, Mr. J. PHILBY collected butterflies The present study represents an updated
from the Jordan Valley and the mountains revision for the butterflies of Jordan based
of Jordan, GRAVES (1925) and HEMMING on LARSEN &. NAKAMURA (1983), KATBEH-
(1932) studied this collection and gave the BADER et al. (1998 [2003]), and BENYAMINI
first comprehensive study on the Jordanian (2001, 2002a, b). A brief discussion on the
butterflies. A series of papers were published butterflies of Jordan is also given.
by LARSEN (1975, 1976, 1977, 1984 a, b)
about the butterflies of Jordan and nearby Systematic Account
areas. AL MUSA (1979) listed 40 species of
butterflies. Other reports include HARDY A total of 97 species of butterflies repre-
(1995), FABIANO (1998) and TEN HAGEN senting five families (Papillionidae, Pieri-
(1996,1998). LARSEN &NAKAMURA (1983)
dae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae and Hesperi-
published the most outstanding study of the idae) are reported. Families Pieridae, Ly-
caenidae and Nymphalidae have a close
butterflies of Jordan. They gave detailed in-
number of species (24, 25 and 27 respective-
formation on pervious collections and ex-
ly), while family Papillionidae is represented
amined materials either housed in Jordan or
by five species. We followed the systematic
abroad. The attempt to study the butterflies
treatment adopted by LARSEN & NAKAMU-
of Jordan by Jordanian naturalist begin with
RA(1983).
the publication of the butterflies along with
other insects in Azraq Desert Oasis by AMR
et al. (1997), where they reported on 11 Family Papilionidae
species of butterflies. Recently KATBEH- This family is represented by three sub-
BADER et al. (1998 [2003]) reported on the
families (Papilioninae, Zyrenthiinae and
butterflies of Jordan based on a collection at Parnassinae) and five species. Swallowtails
the University of Jordan Insects Museum are of a large and intermediate size with a
(Amman) and the Jordan Natural History great flexibility of wing patterns and col-
Museum (Irbid) that totalled 3350 speci- oration (white, yellow, green and brown).
mens. They added two additional records The anal edge of the hind wing is usually
Colons dannae and Anthrocharis gruneri. concave. Legs are well developed and act
There after, BENYAMINI (2001, 2002a, b) while walking (KORSHUNOV & GORBUNOV Denisia 14, zugleich Kataloge
published a comprehensive study on the der Oö. Landesmuseen
1995). Neue Serie 2 (2004), 265-281
265
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d
f
h
266
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Papilioninae Zyrenthiinae
Papilio machaon syriacus Allancastria deyrollei eisneri
VERITY 1905 (Fig. 1a) BERNARDI 1971 (Fig. 1b)
The Swallowtail is a Holarctic species The Lebanese Festoon occurs in Turkey
with a wide range of distribution. The sub- and the Levant. It is confined to the
species P. m. syriacus is confined to the Lev- Mediterranean regions of Jordan, and less
ant. In Jordan, it occurs in the northern and frequent in the Jordan Valley (KATBEH-BAD-
southern Mediterranean zones and in the ER et al. 1998 [2003]). Previously collected as
Jordan Valley. LARSEN &. NAKAMURA far as Petra in southern Jordan by Lockhart
(1983) reported specimens as far south as (LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983). Peak activity
Ras el Naqb. Collecting months suggests occurs during April and declined thereafter.
two broods, one in early March and extends This species is associated with the Moorish
to May, followed by another in October Birthwort, Ariswlochia maurorum, a moun-
(KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). Larvae tainous plant of the family Aristolochiaceae
feed on several species of the families Um- (KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]).
belliferae and Rutaceae. This beautiful but-
terfly is not common and its collections by
Parnassiinae
the locals as an ornamental item may affect
its population. Archon apollinus bellargus
STAUDINGER 1891 (Fig. 1c)
Papilio alexanor maccabaeus
The False Apollo is a Pontomediter-
STAUDINGER 1891
ranean butterfly, limited to Bulgaria, Turkey,
The Tiger Swallowtail is a rare species the Levant and Iraq. It is found in the
which is found in the northern Mediter- Mediterranean zones and the Jordan Valley.
ranean zone of Jordan (KATBEH-BADER et al. Collecting months suggests one brood annu-
1998 [2003]). Previously collected from Wa- ally that occurs in March and April (KAT-
di Kufringi and Wadi Zarqa. NAKAMURA & BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). Similar to A.
AE (1977) gave a comprehensive account d. eisneri, larvae prefer the Moorish Birth-
on its biology, in which they indicated that wort as a food source.
peak activity occurs during April.
Papilio saharae OBERTHÜR 1879 Family Pieridae
This species was considered as a sub-
This family is represented by two sub-
species of the European P. machaon. LARSEN
families (Pierinae and Coliadinae) including
(1990) discussed its specific status and con-
24 species. Family Pieridae includes butter-
cluded that it should be treated as a separate
flies of intermediate size. The wing ground
species. It is distributed from Morocco to
colour is usually white, yellow or orange,
Egypt, Sinai, the Naqab of Palestine to
with black or greenish markings. The head is
southern Jordan and southwards to Hejaz
rounded and all the legs are equally devel-
(LARSEN 1990).
oped and used for walking (KORSHUNOV &
GORBUNOV 1995). Larvae are mostly green
in colour, mostly with markings and stripes.
Larvae feed predominantly on Brassicaceae
and Fabaceae. Several species of this family
are considered agricultural pests.
Fig. 1: a: Papilio machaon syriacus: A Holarctic swallowtail with a wide range of distribution in the northern and southern
Mediterranean zones, b: Allancastria deyrollei eisneri: The Lebanese Festoon is confined to the Mediterranean regions of Jordan,
c: Archon apollinus bellargus: The False Apollo is a Pontomediterranean butterfly, found in the Mediterranean zones and the
Jordan Valley, d: Aporia crataegi augustior. The Black-veined White is widely distributed in the Palaearctic region. It is common
in the mountainous areas and along the Jordan Valley, e: Artogeia rapae leucosoma: The Small White is a migratory butterfly
found throughout the Holarctic region. The subspecies leucosoma is mostly associated with the Mediterranean ecozone and the
Jordan Valley, f: Pontia daplidice: The Bath White is one of the most common species inhabiting almost all parts of Jordan
except the southern desert, g: Madais fausta: The Salmon Caper Butterfly is a rather migratory species with a distribution
confined to the Jordan Valley and the upper Mediterranean zone, h: Colotis danae eupompe: The Scarlet Tip is an Afrotropical
butterfly being one of the most widespread butterflies, however, a single specimen was collected from Mahis, Jordan.
267
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Pierinae Pontia daplidice daplidice LINNAEUS 1758
Aporia crataegi augustior (Fig. If)
GRAVES 1925 (Fig. 1d) The Bath White is one of the most com-
The Black-veined White is widely dis- mon species inhabiting almost all parts of
tributed in the Palaearctic region. In Jordan, Jordan except the southern desert. It mainly
it is common in the mountainous areas and feeds on a species of the genus Reseda
along the Jordan Valley. Peak activity occurs (LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983). AMR et al.
in April. LARSEN (1977) reported on the (1997) found it associated with Tarrwrix and
seasonal fluctuation of this butterfly, and in- AUiaja marorum in Al Azraq Reserve.
dicated that it becomes very scarce and lat- Pontia glauconome glauconome KLUG
er reappear in relatively high numbers. He 1829
reported that this phenomenon is known
The Desert White is an eremic species
among populations occurring at the limit of
found in North Africa, Arabian and Middle
its distribution. Larvae feed on Crataegus,
Eastern deserts. It occurs in the southern
Amygdalus and other Rosaceae where they
Jordan Valley, northern and southern
may become pests (KATBEH-BADER et al.
deserts of Jordan. It is very scarce. It was col-
1998 [2003]).
lected from March to May (KATBEH-BADER
Pieris brassicae catoleuca RÖBER 1896 et al. 1998 [2003]). AMR et al. (1997) men-
The Large White is found from North tioned that it was a rare species in Al Azraq
Africa via most of Europe and the Middle Reserve.
East to the Himalayas. It is a migrant species Madais fausta fausta
common in the Mediterranean zones of Jor- OLIVIER 1804 (Fig. 1g)
dan from which it penetrates the Jordan
The Salmon Caper Butterfly is a rather
Valley. Its presence throughout of the year
migratory species with a distribution con-
suggests that it have several broods (KAT-
fined to the Jordan Valley and the upper
BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). It feeds on
Mediterranean zone. Other earlier localities
several species of family Cruciferae and
include Zarqa Main and Petra (LARSEN &
Capparis spinosa (Fam. Capparidaceae).
NAKAMURA 1983). It seems that it has two
Artogeia rapae leucosoma broods, one in spring and another towards
SCHAWERDA 1905 (Fig. 1e) the end of July. LARSEN (1975) suggested
The Small White is a migratory butter- that a regular migratory contact with the
fly found throughout the Holarctic region. Arabian populations occurs to ensure the
The subspecies A. r. leucosoma is mostly as- survival of the Jordanian populations.
sociated with the Mediterranean ecozone Colotis phisadia phisadia GODART 1819
and the Jordan Valley (KATBEH-BADER et al.
The Blue Spotted Arab is common in
1998 [2003]). It was collected all-year
tropical Africa, Arabia and Jordan. It is lim-
round, and populations in the Jordan valley
ited to the Dead Sea area in Jordan (KAT-
have several broods. Butterflies were ob-
BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). But it is pos-
served in remote areas as Qasr Burqu' in the
sible to have contacts with the Arabian
eastern desert as well as in the busy streets
populations through Wadi Arabah and Aqa-
downtown in Amman. AMR et al. (1997)
ba. The food plant is Scdvadora persica.
mentioned that it was of the commonest
species found in Al Azraq Reserve. Colotis chrysonome KLUG 1829
Artogeia napi dubiosa RÖBER 1907 The Golden Arab is an afrotropical
species with limited distribution in Jordan.
BENYAMINI (2001) listed this species as a
LARSEN & NAKAMURA (1-983) stated that
secondary species in northern Jordan. This
tropical oasis in southern part of the Dead
is a widely distributed species from Japan to
Sea are typical localities for this butterfly. It
Europe. Known from Lebanon (LARSEN
is associated with Maerua crassifoUa as a food
1974) and northern Palestine (BENYAMINI
source. Population fluctuation of the Gold-
1997).
en Arab is dependent on the survival of the
food source (WALKER & BlTTAWAY 1987).
268© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Colotis danae eupompe to the Saharo-Sindian habitats in North
KLUG 1829 (Fig. 1h) Africa.
The Scarlet Tip is an afrotropical butter- Elphinstonia charlonia charlonia
fly being one of the most widespread butter- DONZEL 1842
flies in dry tropical Africa, but also occurs in
The Greenish Black-tip is an eremic
India. Only one specimen is known from
butterfly, distributed from North Africa via
Egypt. It is Common in southwestern Ara-
the Middle East to Afghanistan. In Jordan,
bia and Dhofar. This species is recorded
it is mostly associated with the Irano-Turan-
from Jordan for the first time and apparent-
ian zone, with fewer populations occurring
ly very rare. The single specimen was col-
in the Jordan Valley. AMR et al. (1997) re-
lected from Mahis on the 7th of June 1991
ported on its rare occurrence in Al Azraq
(KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). Larvae
Reserve. Previous collecting dates suggest
feed on Cadaba spp. and perhaps other Cap-
paridaceae (LARSEN 1990). up to three broods per year. It feeds on sev-
eral species of Diplotaxis, and Rough and
Anaphaeis aurota aurota FABRICIUS 1793 Sweet Stock (Matthiola sp.).
The Caper white is a strong tropical mi-
Zegris eupheme uarda HEMMING 1929
grant butterfly. LARSEN & NAKAMURA
(1983) referred to several occasions citing The Sooty Orange Tip occurs in dry
the migratory behaviour of this butterfly in parts of Jordan such as the Dead Sea area
Lebanon and Palestine. It prefers the warm and the desert between Jordan and Iraq. In
Jordan Valley, however, it was collected Jordan, the subspecies Z. e. uarda is limited
from two localities within the eastern to the Irano-Turanian zone separating the
mountains. It feeds on Capparis spinosa. Mediterranean vegetation from the lower
parts of Jordan Valley. One brood appears
Euchloe ausonia melisande from late February to early April (KATBEH-
FRUHSTORFER 1908 (Fig. 2a)
BADER et al. 1998 [2003]).
The E. ausonia complex is found all
Zegris eupheme tigris RILEY 1921
around the Mediterranean and in Asia Mi-
nor. The Dappled White is common in both This butterfly is known to occur in Iraq,
Mediterranean zones of Jordan. It feeds on Syrian Desert and Hejaz. This subspecies
Brassica and Sinapis (Cruciferae). differs from Z. e. uarda in the markings of
the underwing, where as the yellow suffu-
Euchloe belemia belemia ESPER 1799
sion covers about 90 % of the wing surface
The Green-striped White extends from while 60 % in case of Z. e. uarda (LARSEN &
the Iberian Peninsula, via North Africa to NAKAMURA 1983). It was collected from
the Middle East and Iran to Bluchistan. In southern Jordan and near Zarka (LARSEN &
addition, it was recorded from Ethiopia and NAKAMURA 1983).
Arabia. It is a common species in the north-
ern Mediterranean zone of Jordan and Zegris euphema larseni PITTAWAY 1985
known to occur in the Jordan Valley. Ap- BENYAMINI (2001) listed this subspecies
parently, it has one brood in the spring, with from southern Jordan.
highest peak of emergence in April (KAT-
Anthocharis gruneri gruneri
BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]).
HERRICH-SCHÄFFER 1851 (Fig. 2b)
Euchloe aegyptiaca VERITY 1911 The Gruner's Orange Tip is found in
The Woad White is confined to south- south Europe and Turkey and in Palestine
ern Jordan. This species is widely distributed (LARSEN &. NAKAMURA 1983). KATBEH-
over North Africa, northern Arabia and BADER et al. (1998 [2003]) recorded this
southern Jordan and Palestine (LARSEN species from Wadi As Salt and the northern
1990). Mediterranean zone.
Euchloe fallow ALLARD 1867 Anthocharis cardamines phoenissa
The Scarce Green Striped White was VON KALCHBERG 1894
recorded from southern Jordan (LARSEN & The Orange Tip is found from Western
NAKAMURA 1983), and is considered linked Europe, temperate Asia to Japan. LARSEN &
269© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
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NAKAMURA (1983) included this species "brushes" and are not used for walking (Ko-
based on TREVOR TROUGHT's field notes. RSHUNOV & GORBUNOV 1995).
Specimens collected by KATBEH-BADER et
al. (1998 [2003]) confirm the presence of Danainae
this species in Jordan. The localities are Danaus chrysippus chrysippus
within the most northwestern part of the LINNAEUS 1758 (Fig. 2d)
northern Mediterranean zone. This species
The Plain Tiger is a migrant butterfly
is quite common in Lebanon and Palestine.
widely distributed in the Old World tropics.
It is common in the Jordan Valley, however,
Coliadinae few specimens were caught from Azraq in
Colias croceus croceus GEOFFROY 1785 the Eastern Desert and the Mediterranean
The Clouded Yellow is common region as well. It was seen migrating north-
throughout the Mediterranean and the Ira- ward by the Jordan River in 1996 at Al
no-Turanian zones in Jordan. Collecting baqurah in the extreme north west of Jordan
dates suggest that it have several broods that (KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). The
fly all-year round. It feeds on several species main food plant is Calotropis procera, but
of Vicia (KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). other Asclepiadaceae are acceptable.
AMR et al. (1997) found it common near Hypolimnas misippus LINNAEUS 1764
cultivated alfalfa in Al Azraq Reserve.
The Diadem is known along the coasts
Catopsilia florella FABRICIUS 1775 of Arabia (WALKER & PITTAWAY 1987).
The African Migrant is a strong migrant BENYAMINI (2001) included this species as a
species. So far, a single specimen was col- migrant species. Females are confused with
lected from Aqaba. However, LARSEN & D. chrysippus.
NAKAMURA (1983) stated that it could be
found anywhere in Jordan. Charaxinae
Charaxes jasius jasius LINNAEUS 1767
Gonepteryx cleopatra taurica
STAUDINGER 1881 (Fig. 2c) The Two-Tailed Pasha is the only
palaearctic off-shoot of the tropical genus
The Cleopatra is a typical holomediter-
being local and uncommon species in the
ranean species. Although LARSEN & NAKA-
Middle East. It is very rare species. The food
MURA (1983) gave several localities within
plant is Arbutus unedo.
the northern Mediterranean zone, we have
one single locality in northern Jordan (KAT-
Nymphalinae
BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). This is a for-
est-adapted species. Decline in its numbers Junonia orithya here LANG 1884 (Fig. 2e)
and distribution may reflect the degradation The Blue Pansy is a tropical migrant but
of forests in Jordan. the subspecies ) . o. here is found in Arabia
(LARSEN 1990). BENYAMINI (1997) indicat-
Family Nymphalidae ed its occurrence on the western side of the
Jordan Valley north of the Dead Sea.
Family Nymphalidae is represented by
four subfamilies (Danainae, Charaxinae, Junonia hierta cebrene TRIMEN 1870
Nymphalinae and Satyrinae) and 25 This is a palaeotropical species that ex-
species. The size is intermediate. Red and tends into Arabia. BENYAMINI (1984) stated
brown colours predominates the wing pat- that is a quite common species in Sant Kata-
tern. The forelegs are reduced forming rina in Siani.
Fig. 2: a: Euchloe ausonia melisande: The Dappled White is common in the Mediterranean zone of Jordan, b: Anthocharis
gruneri gruneri: The Gruner's Orange Tip was collected from Wadi As Salt and from the northern Mediterranean zone.
c: Gonepteryx cleopatra taurica: The Cleopatra is a typical holomediterranean species. This is a forest-adapted species.
d: Danaus chrysippus: The Plain Tiger is a migrant butterfly widely distributed all over Jordan, e: Junonia orithya here: The Blue
Pansy is a tropical migrant butterfly with rare occurrence in Jordan, f: Limenitis reducta schiffermuelleri: The Southern White
Admiral is a rare species in Jordan confined to the northern Mediterranean zone, g: Vanessa cardui: The Painted Lady is a
migrant butterfly distributed worldwide. It is one of the most common species that occurs in all parts of Jordan all months of
the year, h: Polygonia egea: The Southern Comma occurs in the northern Mediterranean zone.
271© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
a b
t
d
f
g h
272© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Limenitis reducta schiffermuelleri Melitaea phoebe telona FRUHSTORFER 1908
HIGGINS 1933 (Fig. 2f) The Knapweed Fritillary occurs from
The Southern White Admiral is a rare North Africa and Spain to Korea. This
species in Jordan. All localities are in the species is common in the Mediterranean
northern Mediterranean zone to which the zones. The first brood flies in April, a second
species appears to be limited (KATBEH-BAD- brood may occur late in the year but appar-
ER et al. 1998 [2003]). It feeds on Lmicera sp. ently in low numbers. L.ARSEN (1974) found
it on Centaurea caicitrapa, Carduus pycno-
Vanessa atalanta LINNAEUS 1758
cephcdus in Lebanon.
The Red Admiral is migrant species that
occurs in the holarctic region. It is a scarce Melitaea arduinna evanescens
species in Jordan, mostly recorded from the STAUDINGER 1886
northern Mediterranean zone but may be The Freyer's Fritillary is distributed from
found in the Jordan Valley (KATBEH-BADER Bulgaria and Asia Minor to Iran and Cen-
et al. 1998 [2003]). The food plant is Pari- tral Asia. It was assumed that the subspecies
etaria and Urtica piluUfera. M. a. evanescens is limited to As Salt area
(LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983), however,
Vanessa cardui cardui
KATBEH-BADER et al. (1998 [2003]). collect-
LINNAEUS 1758 (Fig. 2g)
ed specimens from other areas like Jarash
The Painted Lady is a migrant butterfly
and Amman. Even though it was considered
distributed world-wide. It occurs in all parts
as a rare species, its numbers appear to be
of Jordan all months of the year. LARSEN
more than previously thought. A large num-
(1976) discussed it migration in the Middle
ber was observed flying in March at a sunny
East and emphasised the need for a more
day in near Amman (KATBEH-BADER et al.
comprehensive data on its behaviour. We
1998 [2003]). The Jordanian populations
observed large numbers migrating in north
are perhaps relicts of a brief period in time
or north-western direction in February 1997
when there was a wet Irano-Turanian bridge
in Wadi Arabah and in the Jordan Valley.
between Jordan and Iraq (LARSEN & NAKA-
However, later in the season they were seen
MURA 1983).
migrating in south or south-eastern direc-
tion (KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). Melitaea persea sargon HEMMING 1932
AMR et al. (1997) found this species to be Only a single specimen was collected
common in Al Azraq Reserve. The normal from Wadi Rajil by LOCKHART (LARSEN &
food plants are species of Carduus, Cynara, NAKAMURA 1983). This species represents a
Arctium and other Composites. relict in Jordan, however, it was collected
Polygonia egea egea from Saudi Arabia (LARSEN & NAKAMURA
CRAMER 1775 (Fig. 2h) 1983).
The Southern Comma occurs in the Melitaea trivia syriaca
northern Mediterranean zone but may be REBEL 1905 (Fig. 3a)
found also in the Jordan Valley (at Gawr The Mullein Fritillary is common in the
Kabid). It has two or three broods from Mediterranean zones, Jordan Valley and
March to November (KATBEH-BADER et al. fringes on eastern desert. Peak activity ex-
1998 [2003]). The food plants are species of tends from April to June (KATBEH-BADER et
Parietaria. al. 1998 [2003]). The Larvae feed on Verbos-
cum sp.
Plate 3: a: Melitaea trivia syriaca: The Mullein Fritillary is a common butterfly in the Mediterranean zones, Jordan Valley and fringes on
eastern desert, b: Melanargia titea titania L: The Palestine Marbled White occurs in the Mediterranean zone, c: Ypthima asterope: The
African Ringlet is distributed in the Mediterranean zones and the Jordan valley, d: Pseudochazara telephassa: The Telephassa Grayling is
the most common satyrid in Jordan occurring in both Mediterranean zones and eastern desert, e: Maniola telmessia: The Eastern
Meadow Brown is restricted to the northern Mediterranean zone, f: Hyponephele lupinus centralis: The Oriental Meadow brown
appears to be limited to the northern Mediterranean zone, g: Epamara glaucus: The Arabian Sapphire is distributed in arid regions of
the southern end of Dead Sea. It is associated with the striking flowers of Loranthus sp. h: Lycaena phlaeas timeus: The Small Skipper is
found in temperate Palaearctic regions. Collected from the Jordan Valley as well as from densely forested areas.
273© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Melitaea deserticola macromaculata southern Mediterranean zone as well (KAT-
BELTER 1934 BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]).
The Desert Fritillary occurs in the Chazara persephone transiens
Mediterranean zones, the fringes of the Jor- ZERNY 1932
dan Valley and southern desert. Its flight is
This species has been recorded once
much higher above the ground than that of
during 1927 from localities on the fringe of
other Jordanian Metitaea. Larvae feed on
the Eastern Desert (LARSEN & NAKAMURA
species of Scrophulariaceae. Three broods
1983).
are probable, the second and the third are
partial and irregular (LARSEN & NAKAMURA Pseudochazara telephassa
1983). GEYER 1827 (Fig. 3d)
The Telephassa Grayling is the most
Melitaea collina collina LEDERER 1861
common satyrid in Jordan occurring in both
The Laderer's Fritillary is a Syrian
Mediterranean zones and eastern desert.
species with distribution extending to south
Even though it was collected from June to
Turkey, Lebanon, and Parts of Iraq (LARSEN
August, LARSEN &. NAKAMURA (1983) men-
1974). BENYAMINI (2001) listed this species
tioned records from October and they as-
as doubtful or unconfirmed observation in
sumed a single protracted brood.
his list on the butterflies of Jordan and Dana
Reserve. Maniola telmessia telmessia
ZELLER 1847 (Fig. 3e)
Satyrinae The Eastern Meadow Brown is restricted
Melanargia titea titania to the northern Mediterranean zone (KAT-
CALBERLA1891 (Fig. 3b) BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). It has one
brood in April and May. Specimens collect-
The Palestine Marbled White occurs in
ed later in the year are aestivating individ-
the Levant. LARSEN & NAKAMURA (1983)
ual appearing to oviposit (LARSEN & NAKA-
mentioned that it is limited in Jordan to the
MURA 1983).
northern Mediterranean zone, but the
record from At Tafila proves its occurrence Hyponephele lupinus centralis
in the southern Mediterranean zone (KAT- RILEY 1921 (Fig. 3f)
BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). Its peak ac- The Oriental Meadow Brown occurs in
tivity appears to be in May as the above da- North Africa, southern Europe, Asia Minor,
ta suggest. A second brood is possible to- the Levant, Iran, Afghanistan. In Jordan, it
wards the end of the year. Larvae feed on appears to be limited to the northern
grasses and adults are attracted to the flow- Mediterranean zone. It has a single brood in
ers of Carduus and Centaurea. May and June or July (KATBEH-BADER et al.
Hipparchia fatua sichaea LEDERER 1857 1998 [2003]). Specimens collected in Au-
gust or September are assumed to be aesti-
The Freyer's Grayling is a Pontomediter-
vating individuals appearing to oviposit
ranean species, distributed from the Balkans
(LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983).
via the Middle East and Iran to Turk-
menistan. A single brood occurs in June and Ypthima asterope KLUG 1832 (Fig. 3c)
July, while specimens collected later in the The African Ringlet is distributed in dry
year are aestivating females who appear to parts of tropical Africa, Arabia, and much of
oviposit at the onset of autumn. The food tropical Asia. It is common in the Mediter-
plants are grasses (LARSEN & NAKAMURA ranean zones and the Jordan valley (KAT-
1983). BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). It appears to
Hipparchia pisidice KLUG 1832 have many broods from March to Novem-
ber. Only one specimen is known from Al
The Sinai Grayling occurs in Sinai, the
Azraq Reserve in the eastern desert (AMR et
Levant and southern parts of Turkey. It was
al. 1997).
previously recorded from several localities
in the northern Mediterranean zone only. It
is possible that the species occurs in the
274© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Lasiommata maera orientalis Tomares nesimachus OBERTHÜR 1893
HEYNE 1894 This species is remarkable in its associa-
The Large Wall Brown occurs in North tion with soil type. LARSEN & NAKAMURA
Africa, most of Europe, the Levant, the (1983) stated that this species is associated
Middle East to the Himalayas. It was col- with soil where Astragalus macrocarpus
lected mainly in the northern Mediter- grows. Recorded earlier from Rabba near
ranean zone from April to July, which may Karak.
represent two broods.
Aphnaeinae
Lasiommata megera emilyssa
VERITY 1919
Apharitis acamas acamas KLUG 1834
The Leopard Butterfly is an eremic
The Wall Brown is a holomediterranean
species and several subspecies are recognised
species. It was collected from the northern
across the Sahara to India. Similar to the
Mediterranean zone of Jordan, but also from
previous findings of LARSEN & NAKAMURA
Petra in the southern Mediterranean zone. It
(1983), it seems that the Leopard Butterfly
flies from February to August and probably
occurs in northern Jordan from June to Oc-
to October (LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983).
tober while in the Jordan Valley, it can be
found in December (KATBEH-BADER et al.
Family Lycaenidae 1998 [2003]).
This family is represented by three sub- Apharitis myrmecophila myrmecophila
families (Theclinae, Aphnaeinae and Ly- DUMONT1922
caeninae) and 27 species. Lycaenids are This is an eremic species with known
small butterflies. The head is globular; and distribution in the eastern desert (LARSEN &.
the forelegs are reduced in males. Wing col- NAKAMURA 1983).
oration is very diverse, however, most fre-
quently blue, brown, or orange in colour. Lycaeninae
Sexual dimorphism is well defined in the Lycaena phlaeas timeus
majority of species (KORSHUNOV & GOR- CRAMER 1777 (Fig. 3h)
BUNOV 1995).
The Small Skipper is found in the tem-
perate palaearctic regions, Greenland and
Theclinae
eastern North America. The subspecies L.
Deudorix livia KLUG 1834 ph. timeus was collected from the Jordan
The Pomegranate Hairstreak was previ- Valley (LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983) as well
ously collected from localities extending as from the densely forested areas (KATBEH-
from Debbin in northern Jordan, as far as BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). Apparently, it is
a resident species and occurs throughout the
Aqaba in the south. It was collected from
months of the year, with high abundance in
forested areas as well as from several locali-
May and June. Larvae feed on theflowersof
ties in the Jordan Valley. It is quite common
Rumex and Polygonum.
during August and September and declines
towards December and then emerges again Lycaena thersamon omphale
in early June (KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 KLUG 1834 (Fig. 4d)
[2003]). LARSEN &. NAKAMURA (1983) sug- The Lesser Copper occurs from Italy and
gested a migratory status for this species, and Austria to the Balkans, the Middle east and
indicated that autumn populations can per- Afghanistan. LARSEN & NAKAMURA (1983)
sist. discussed the subspecific forms of this
species; L. th. kurdistanica and L. th. omphale,
Epamera glaucus BUTLER 1885 (Fig. 3g)
and concluded that the later is a valid sub-
The Arabian Sapphire is distributed species for the Levantine. It was collected
throughout the African horn (Somalia and from the Mediterranean zones as well as from
Ethiopia) and some parts of the Arabian several localities within the Irano-Turanian
Peninsula (LARSEN 1983). It is associated zone (KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]).
with the striking flowers of Loranthus sp., a Collecting dates suggest two broods, one in
parasitic plant on Acacia trees. April, followed by another in August.
275© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Polyommatinae ranean zones (LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983).
It feeds on several Papilionaceae species.
Anthene amarah amarah
GUERIN-MENEVILLE 1847 Azanus jesous
The Leaden Ciliate Blue is a typical GUERIN-MENEVILLE 1849 (Fig. 4b)
afrotropical species that occur in arid Africa African Babul Blue is a migrant butter-
and Arabia. It was collected from Aqaba. It fly found in Africa, Arabia, Middle East and
feeds primarily on Acasia that are common India. It is rather common in warm habitats
along Wadi Araba (LARSEN & NAKAMURA with watercourses. It was collected previous-
1983). ly from several localities along the Jordan
Valley as well as from Aqaba. But it is not
Lampides boeticus LINNAEUS 1767
expected to be a permanent resident in Jor-
The Long-tailed Blue is widely distrib- dan (LARSEN &. NAKAMURA 1983). The
uted in the Paleotropics from which it mi- food plant is Acacia spp. but Prosopis is a
grates to palaearctic region. It is found vir- possible host.
tually in all types of habitats in Jordan. Col-
lecting dates suggests that two broods Azanus ubaldus CRAMER 1782
emerge annually, one in May and June and The Velvet Spotted Blue is a migrant
another in September and October (KAT- species that inhabits rocky desert habitats. It
BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). LARSEN was collected near Aqaba (LARSEN &
(1974) stated that L. boeticus feeds on a wide NAKAMURA 1983).
range of legume species. Pseudophilotes vicrama astabene
Leptotes pirithous LINNAEUS 1767 HEMMING 1932
The Common Zebra Blue is an afrotrop- The distribution of this butterfly is con-
ical species that succeeded to penetrate the fined to the northern Mediterranean moun-
Arabian Peninsula and southern Europe. It tains. It is associated with Thymus sp.
is common during early autumn to Decem- (LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983). Several sub-
ber in the Jordan Valley and disappears species are known across central and south-
thereafter. It was seen in large numbers in ern Europe via the Middle East eastwards to
Afghanistan.
alfalfa fields in Gawr Kabid in the Jordan
Valley (KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). Pseudophilotes abencerragus nabataeus
GRAVES 1925
Tarucus balkanicus FREYER 1845
The occurrence of this subspecies is re-
The Little Tiger Blue is widely distrib-
stricted to the southern mountains of Jordan
uted along the Jordan Valley, with limited
(Petra) and the Irano-Turanian zone
distribution in the Mediterranean zone
(LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983).
(LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983).
Pseudophilotes jordanicus
Tarucus rosaceus AUSTAUT 1885
BENYAMINI 2000
The Mediterranean Pierrot has a wide
BENYAMINI (2000) described this species
range of distribution extending from North
from the southeastern Mediterranean zone.
Africa to northwestern India. It was collect-
We did not collect any further specimens.
ed from wadis with permanent water bodies
that host a wide variety of wild flowers all lolana alfierii WILTSHIRE 1948
year round (KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 One single specimen was collected from
[2003]). The main food plant is Zizyphus Petra. According to LARSEN & NAKAMURA
spina-christi. (1983), this species is only known from
Sinai, the Naqab desert of Palestine and Pe-
Zizeeria karsandra karsandra
tra in Jordan.
MOORE 1865
The Asian Grass Blue is found from Chilades galba LEDERER 1855
Australia, via India, to Oman, Iraq, The Lederer's Cupid is an eremic species
Lebanon, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia. It is with a wide range of distribution. It is a mi-
common in the Jordan Valley, however, it grant species common in the Jordan Valley
was found to be local within the Mediter- and was found locally in the northern
276© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Mediterranean zone and eastern desert habitats. It was collected from the northern
(KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). The and southern Mediterranean zones, Jordan
food plants are Prosopis and Acacia. Valley as well as desert habitats (KATBEH-
BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). Multiple broods
Freyeria trochylus trochylus FREYER 1845
are evident as the collecting dates indicate.
The Grass Jewel is found in Africa, the
These broods vary in number depending on
Middle East, the Balkans, Arabia, Iran,
the biogeographical zone. It was found to
Afghanistan and north-western India. It was
feed Lotus and Medicago.
collected from several localities within all
the biogeographical regions of Jordan. Sev- Polyommatus loewii uranicola
eral broods are possible from April through WALKER 1870
October. Food consists of Heliotropium and LARSEN &. NAKAMURA (1983) gave a
Indigofera. detailed discussion on the variants and dis-
tribution of the Loew's Blue in the Middle
Plebejus pylaon spp.
East. It was collected from the Mediter-
HEMMING 1934 (Fig. 4C)
ranean zone and the eastern desert of Jor-
Three subspecies of the Zephyr Blue are
dan.
known to occur in the Middle East. Plebejus
pylaon nic/iolli ELWES in Lebanon and Jordan,
Plebejus pylaon cleopatra HEMMING in south- Family Hesperiidae
ern Palestine and Jordan, and Plebejus pylaon Skippers are represented by two subfam-
philbyi GRAVES originally described from Pe- ilies (Pyrginae and Hesperiinae) and 16
tra (GRAVES 1925, HEMMING 1932, LARSEN species. Butterflies of this family are of
& NAKAMURA 1983). LARSEN & NAKAMURA small, and few are of intermediate size. The
(1983) stated that two subspecies occur in antennal club is rather smooth. The fore
Jordan; P. p. cleopatra, common in the tran- wings are triangular in shape. Legs are de-
sitional zone between the Mediterranean veloped. Larvae are naked and spindle in
and the Irano-Turanian zones, and P. p. shape (KORSHUNOV & GORBUNOV 1995).
philbyi occurring in desert and arid habitats.
Evidently, number of broods vary according
Pyrginae
to the biogeographical region; where as one
brood appears in the spring in the Mediter- Pyrgus melotis DUPONCHEL 1834
ranean zone, while two broods are laid in The Levantine Grizzled Skipper is found
more warm and dry habitats. It feeds on As- in the Levant and south-eastern Turkey. In
tragalus spp. (Papilionaceae). BENYAMINI Jordan, it is restricted to the northern
(2001) listed Plebejus pylaon nkhotii as doubt- Mediterranean zone, where it was previous-
ful or unconfirmed observation. ly collected from Debbin and Hemmie. It
prefers moist habitats such as small perma-
Aricia agestis agestis
nent springs bordered by Rubus (LARSEN &
DENIS & SCHIFFERMÜLLER 1775
NAKAMURA 1983). Apparently, one brood is
The Brown Argus in found in Europe, deposited in the spring, while in Lebanon,
the Levant and Iran. It appears to be a rare LARSEN (1974) indicated that two genera-
species in Jordan. It was collected previous- tions appear.
ly from several localities within the north-
ern Mediterranean zone of Jordan (KATBEH- Spialia orbifer hilaris STAUDINGER 1901
BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). The collecting The Orbiferous Skipper occurs in the
dates suggest two broods, one in the spring northern Mediterranean zone. LARSEN &
and the second towards the end of the sum- NAKAMURA (1983) stated that two broods
mer. It feeds on Erodium and Helianthemum. are produced, one in early April and the sec-
ond in July.
Polyommatus icarus zelleri
VERITY 1919 (Fig. 4a) Spialia doris doris WALKER 1870
The Common Blue is common in North One single specimen was collected from
Africa, Europe, the Middle East and most of Azraq in 1927 (HEMMING 1932). This sub-
temperate Asia. It is the most common ly- species is known to occur in Arabia, Jordan
caenid in Jordan, inhabiting a wide range of and parts of the Naqab and Sinai (LARSEN
277© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
a b
d
f
Plate 4: a: Polyommatus icarus zelleri: The Common Blue is the most common lycaenid in Jordan, inhabiting a wide range of
habitats, b: Azanus jesous: The African Babul Blue is a migrant butterfly, it is common in warm habitats with watercourses,
c: Plebejus pylaon spp.: Three subspecies of the Zephyr Blue are known to occur in the Middle East. Plebejus pylaon nicholli
Elwes in Lebanon and Jordan, Plebejus pylaon cleopatra Hemming in southern Palestine and Jordan, and Plebejus pylaon
philbyi Graves, d: Lycaena thersamon omphale: The Lesser Copper occurs in the Mediterranean zone as well as from several
localities within the Irano-Turanian zone, e: Carcharodus alceae: The Hollyhock Skipper is a common species in Jordan found
almost all year round, f: Thymelicus lineola fornax: it is a common species, inhabiting both the Jordan Valley and the northern
and southern Mediterranean zones.
278© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
&. NAKAMURA 1983). It seems that this is a Carcharodus stauderi ambigua
rare species; it was not observed over 12 vis- VERITY 1925
its in eight yean in Egypt (LARSEN & NAKA- The North African Skipper is found in a
MURA 1983). series of subspecies from Morocco to the
Syrichtus tessellum nomas LEDERER 1855 Levant, Asia Minor and western Iran. It was
collected from several localities within the
The Tessellated Skipper can be found
northern Mediterranean zone of Jordan,
from the Balkans via the Middle East to
fringes of the eastern desert and the Jordan
Central Asia. The subspecies nomus is rare
Valley. Specimens were collected during
in Jordan. So far, with this record, only 11
April and May, similar to findings indicated
specimens were ever collected from Jordan, by (LARSEN &. NAKAMURA, 1983).
however, it is quite common in Palestine
and Lebanon (LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983). Carcharodus orientalis maccabaeus
Collected previously from Jarash, Ajlun and HEMMING 1932
Wadi Zarka, from various types of habitats Known to occur in the Balkans, Asia
including olive grooves. Most probably lar- Minor and the Levant. It was collected from
vae feed on PWomis spp. several localities within the Mediterranean
zone (LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983).
Syrichtus proto hieromax HEMMING 1932
The Large Grizzled Skipper is a Mediter-
Hesperiinae
ranean butterfly found in North Africa,
Iberian Peninsula, Turkey an the Levant. Thymelicus acteon phoenix GRAVES 1925
The subspecies hieromax was originally de- This skipper is confined to the northern
scribed from Ajlune, Jordan (HEMMING, Mediterranean zone (LARSEN & NAKAMURA
1932), and seems to be localised in Jordan, 1983). It has a single brood and adults were
Palestine and the coastal region of Lebanon. collected during April and May (LARSEN &
LARSEN & NAKAMURA (1983) discussed the NAKAMURA 1983).
status of the two subspecies of this form; Thymelicus sylvestris syriaca Tun 1905
Syrichtus proto hieromax is found in the
BENYAMINI (2001) listed this species as
coastal areas of Lebanon and it is rare in
an inhabitant of the northern Mediter-
both Jordan and Palestine, and Syrichtus pro-
ranean zone, and as a secondary in the
to lycaonius is distributed in the Lebanese
southern Mediterranean. This species is
mountains. LARSEN & NAKAMURA (1983)
known from northern Palestine and the
expected Phlomis spp. as hosts.
Golan (BENYAMINI 1997).
Muschampia proteides stepporum
Thymelicus lineola fornax
BENYAMINI & AVINI 2001
HEMMING 1934 (Fig. 4f)
This subspecies was described from the
This species has a wide range of distri-
steppe belts of southern Palestine and Dana bution throughout North Africa, Most of
Nature Reserve in Jordan (BENYAMINI & Europe to Asia Minor and the Levant.
AVINI 2001). LARSEN & NAKAMURA (1983) differentiated
Carcharodus alceae alceae between the Lebanese subspecies {Th. I.
ESPER 1780 (Fig. 4e) melissus) and the Jordanian form on the ba-
The Hollyhock Skipper is a common sis of larger size and the more pointed wings
of fomax. In Jordan, it is a common species,
species in Jordan found almost all year
inhabiting both the Jordan Valley and the
round. Localities reported are within the
northern and southern Mediterranean zones
northern Mediterranean zone and the Jor-
(KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). Peak
dan Valley (KATBEH-BADER et al. 1998
collecting was in May. Specimens were re-
[2003]). Also, collecting dates suggests that
ported further south as far as Petra. The food
two broods are produced annually, one in
plants are grasses, especially the genera Trie-
early spring followed by one by the end of
itum and Arrhenatherum.
summer. The food plants are Malva and Al-
thaea.
279© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
Gegenes nostrodamus FABRICIUS 1793 (about one fifth of the total butterflies
This butterfly was collected from the up- species) are migrants (LARSEN & NAKAMU-
per Jordan Valley, the northern Mediter- RA 1983). Some of these migrants include;
ranean zone and close to the eastern desert Danaus chrysippus, Catopsiliafloretia,Euchloe
(LARSEN «SI NAKAMURA 1983). ausonia, Madais fausta, and Junonia orithya.
Gegenes gambica MABILLE 1878 KATBEH-BADER et al. (1998 [2003]) ex-
The Pigmy Skipper is a Mediterranean amined 3350 specimens of butterflies, and
butterfly. It was collected from several local- reported 65 species, which is far more less
ities ranging from the Jordan Valley to the than the records given by LARSEN & NAKA-
east in Zarka (LARSEN & NAKAMURA 1983). MURA (1983). Also, BENYAMINI (2001,
Collecting dates suggest that the Pigmy 2002a, b) reported 58 species from Dana
Skipper have two broods, one in the spring Nature Reserve. Perhaps the decline of
and the other towards the end of the sum- some populations is due to changes in the
mer, with peak activity in September (KAT- natural environment of Jordan that went
BEH-BADER et al. 1998 [2003]). through extensive changes in the form of ir-
rigated agriculture and urbanisation, loss of
Gomalia elma elma TRIMEN 1862
natural habitats, expanding agriculture, and
This is a palaeotropical species distrib- uncontrolled use of pesticides. However, the
uted over Africa and Arabia. It was record-
absence of the unrecorded species does not
ed by BENYAMINI (2001) as a migrant in the
necessarily indicate their extension. These
Dead Sea area and Aqaba.
species are perhaps migrants, very rare or ex-
Pelopidas thrax thrax HÜBNER 1821 tremely local in distribution. For example,
The Millet Skipper occurs in Arabia, Catopsilia florella, a migrant species found in
Egypt and the Middle East. It was previous- tropical Africa, was recorded only twice
ly collected from the Jordan Valley as well as within the past 50 years. Chazara persephone,
from northern Mediterranean zone mostly a Levantine species, was recorded once form
in September and November. It appears that Jordan in 1927. Tomares nesimachus, anoth-
the Millet Skipper is not common in Jordan. er Levantine species, is associated with a
LARSEN (1974) reported on the migratory special type of soil on which the food plant,
behaviour of this species in Lebanon, and Astragalus macrocarpus, grows (LARSEN &
perhaps its scarce population in Jordan rep- NAKAMURA 1983).
resents migrants.
Further studies should investigate the
status and ecology of the butterflies of Jor-
Discussion dan to better understand their conservation.
The butterflies fauna of Jordan is di-
verse, totalling 97 species that belongs to Zusammenfassung
five families (Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae,
Die Schmetterlinge Jordaniens: 97 Ar-
Pieridae, Hesperiidae and Papilionidae).
ten und Unterarten von Schmetterlingen
Based on BENYAMINI (2001), the butter- wurden aus verschiedenen Okozonen Jorda-
flies fauna of Jordan consists of 61.7, 9.6, niens nachgewiesen. Für jede Art werden
10.6, 2.1 and 16 % of palaearctic, afrotropi- biologische und ökologische Bemerkungen
cal, palaeotropical, oriental and eremic angeführt und eine aktualisierte Liste der
species respectively. BENYAMINI (1988) con- Schmetterlinge Jordaniens ist beigefügt.
sidered Madais fausta, Zizeeria karsandra and
Umentis reducata as oriental elements, while
BENYAMINI (2001) listed 15 species as References
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Most species occur in the northern
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(BENYAMINI (2001). At least 20 species 55-66.
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BENYAMINI D. (2000): Pseudophilotes jordanicus a LARSEN T.B. (1984b): A tropical migrant butterfly
new t o the eastern Mediterranean Junonia
new relict species of the SE. Mediterranean
orithya here LANG (Lepidoptera, Nymphali-
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dae). — Atalanta 15: 101-102.
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LARSEN T.B. (1990): The Butterflies of Egypt. —
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ca 18 (6): 265-272. apause of Papilio alexanor. Arid zone adapta-
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TEN HAGEN W. (1998): Tagfalterbeobachtungen in
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Addresses of authors:
HEMMING A.F. (1932): The butterflies of Transjor-
Ahmad KATBEH-BADER
dan. — Trans. Ent. Soc. London 80: 269-300.
Ahmad MAHASHNEH
KATBEH-BADER A., AMR Z.S. & S. ISMA'EL (1998 [2003]):
The butterflies of Jordan. — Journal of Re-
Department of Horticulture and Plant Pro-
search on the Lepidoptera 37: 11-26. tection
KORSHUNOV Y.P. & P.Y. GORBUNOV (1995): Butterflies
Faculty of Agriculture
of the Asian part of Russia. — Ural University University of Jordan
Press, Ekaterinburg: 1-202. Amman/|ordan
LARSEN T.B. (1974). Butterflies of Lebanon. — E-Mail: ahmadk@ju.edu.jo
Beirut, National Council for Scientific Re-
search: 1-226. Zuhair S. AMR
LARSEN T.B. (1975): Collecting in Jordan, March Mohammad ABU BAKER
1975. — Proceedings and Transactions of the
Department of Biology
British Entomological and Natural History So-
ciety 8 (3): 83-86.
Jordan University of
Science & Technology
LARSEN T.B. (1976): The importance of migration to
the butterfly faunas of Lebanon, east Jordan
P.O. Box 3030
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tulae Entomologica 56 (3): 73-83. E-Mail: amrz@just.edu.jo
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