Spatial Distribution and Influencing Factors of Chinese Time-Honored Catering Brands in the Five Northwestern Provinces - MDPI
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sustainability
Article
Spatial Distribution and Influencing Factors of Chinese
Time-Honored Catering Brands in the Five
Northwestern Provinces
Haiyan Zhang, Meiping Sun *, Hao Zhang, Lei Zhang and Zhilan Wang
College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
2020212674@nwnu.edu.cn (H.Z.); zhanghao1996n@163.com (H.Z.); 2019212353@nwnu.edu.cn (L.Z.);
2019212357@nwnu.edu.cn (Z.W.)
* Correspondence: sunmeiping1982@nwnu.edu.cn
Abstract: The Chinese Time-honored Catering Brands (CTCBs) in the five northwestern provinces
are the accumulation of culture in the northwest of China and have precious value. Their formation
and development process have their own characteristics and rules. In order to clarify the spatial
distribution characteristics and influencing factors of CTCBs in these provinces, this study uses
geolocated social media data (the data of the CTCBs’ directory, location, and per capita consumption
level), and applies statistical analysis, kernel density analysis, standard deviational ellipse, and
buffer analysis to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of CTCBs
in the five northwestern provinces. The results show that: (1) the spatial development intensity of
CTCBs is relatively strong in their original place, and their spatial distribution is uneven. The overall
distribution is in the northwest-southeast direction, with strong agglomeration, and tends to be
Citation: Zhang, H.; Sun, M.; Zhang,
scattered in the periphery of the agglomeration area. There are some areas with higher concentrations
H.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Z. Spatial
distributed in the form of patches. (2) The number and spatial distribution of old brands with
Distribution and Influencing Factors
different grades and tastes have different characteristics. (3) The spatial distribution pattern of
of Chinese Time-Honored Catering
CTCBs is formed under a variety of factors, such as historical and traditional culture, regional traffic
Brands in the Five Northwestern
Provinces. Sustainability 2021, 13,
conditions and urban development patterns, etc.
3755. https://doi.org/10.3390/
su13073755 Keywords: the five northwestern provinces; Chinese Time-honored Catering Brands; spatial distri-
bution; influence factor
Academic Editors: Pablo Marti and
Leticia Serrano-Estrada
Received: 3 February 2021 1. Introduction
Accepted: 24 March 2021 The Chinese Time-honored Brands (CTBs), which have been baptized for many years,
Published: 28 March 2021
are the epitome of people’s life and production process, carve the mark of the boom and
decline of the city, and have precious value [1]. In April 2006, the Ministry of Commerce of
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral the People’s Republic of China issued the “Standards for the Recognition of Chinese Time-
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
honored Brands (Trial)” and the “Revitalization of Time-honored Brands” program, which
published maps and institutional affil-
defined CTBs as brands with products, skills, or services passed down from generation to
iations.
generation, distinctive traditional Chinese cultural characteristics and profound cultural
heritage, and that are widely recognized by society [2]. The recognition conditions of CTBs
are that they are in good operating condition, have a reputation which is recognized by
society, and have a strong ability of sustainable development, etc. According to these
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. conditions, the Ministry of Commerce has recognized two batches of CTBs since 2006,
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. with a total of 1128 brands [3]. Among all the CTBs, Chinese Time-honored Catering
This article is an open access article
Brands (CTCBs) have the largest number and proportion. As the most important part
distributed under the terms and
of the CTBs, CTCBs are rich in types and have their own characteristics [4]. According
conditions of the Creative Commons
to the region, CTCBs can be divided into different tastes: Shandong taste, Sichuan taste,
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
Guangdong taste, Jiangsu taste, Fujian taste, Zhejiang taste, Hunan taste, and Anhui
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
taste [5,6]. Due to differences in ingredients, time spent, cooking methods, etc., the per
4.0/).
Sustainability 2021, 13, 3755. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073755 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Sustainability 2021, 13, 3755 2 of 15
capita consumption of CTCBs is also different, so CTCBs can be divided into different
grades (high-consumption grade, medium-consumption grade, and low-consumption
grade) [7]. The types, grades, and quantities of CTCBs in a region are the result of the
interaction of space, time, and human factors [8], so it is of great significance to analyze the
spatial distribution characteristics of CTCBs and their influencing factors.
At present, foreign studies on time-honored restaurants are mainly from the perspec-
tives of time-honored brands marketing, brand development experiences, and consumers'
purchase intention [9,10]. French and German wine are typical representations. The status
of wine in France and Germany is equivalent to that of Chinese time-honored restaurants in
China, and its complete industrial chain and sales methods have important reference signifi-
cance for the development of Chinese time-honored restaurants. For example, Ugaglia et al.
gave a very comprehensive introduction to the French wine industry, including the French
wine industry’s state and current position in the wine world, the sector of grape-growing
and winemaking in France and the distribution channels, the strengths and weaknesses
of wine industry development [11]. Dressler et al. have deployed an ethnographic obser-
vation of wineries’ websites and social media interaction delivering a typology of winery
small and medium-sized enterprises’s branding strategies. They thought that sustainability
needed to be addressed by all brand strategies [12]. Dressler and Paunovic pointed out
that the wine industry, as a part of the food industry, needed to establish a consistent,
strategically founded product communication [13]. Domestic researches on time-honored
catering brands mainly contain strengths and weaknesses of CTCBs, their current situation,
development and protection, and revitalization measures [14]; studies from the fields of
management [15,16], history and architecture, containing brand’s management and innova-
tion, sustainable development and the protection spatial planning and layout of intangible
cultural heritage [17–19]; temporal and spatial distribution of long-established brands
and influencing factors in a certain city or country [20,21], etc. For example, Guo et al.
combined the current trend of experiencing an economic environment, and used the theory
of emotional design to analyze the remodeling of the image of Wuhan’s time-honored
restaurant brands, and put forward some suggestions for remolding the time-honored
restaurant brands from three aspects [22]. Mu constructed purchasing model of the time-
honored brands and found that consumers’ nostalgic psychology had a positive effect on
consumer’s perception and buying behavior [23]. Zhang analyzed the micro-marketing
status of 117 time-honored enterprises in Beijing, summarized their existing problems,
and gave some corresponding micro-marketing strategies [24]. A few scholars combine
time-honored brands with their geographical space for research [25,26]. Gu et al. found
that the spatial distribution of Nanjing’s catering industry mainly presented a pattern of
symbiosis development which took Xinjiekou as the service core [19]. Zhang et al. found
that restaurants in the main urban area of Beijing showed a decreasing distribution pattern
from the city center to the periphery. Restaurants with different per capita consumption
levels and online word-of-mouth levels showed a spindle-shaped distribution characteristic
of “more in the middle and less at both ends” [27].
However, there are not many studies on the distribution and influencing factors
of CTCBs in the mesoscale space, especially in Northwest China. Therefore, this study
analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics and their influencing elements of the time-
honored catering brands in five northwestern provinces and then analyzes the spatial
distribution of them from two aspects: grades and tastes. It fills in the blank of the
discussion of the time-honored catering brand’s spatial pattern differences and grasps the
development status and changing trend of the time-honored brands in northwest China,
which promotes the sustainable development of the catering industry and has certain
reference significance for optimizing the pattern of time-honored catering outlets in cities.
2. Study Area
As important economic belts linking China’s central and eastern regions, the five
provinces, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Qinghai, located in the northwest of
Sustainability 2021, 13, 3755 3 of 15
China, connect Central and West Asia with Europe, building new bridges between Asia
and Europe and radiating to Central Asia. It is a gathering place for ethnic minorities,
with a wide range of cuisines, and its food style is more unique, natural, and substantial
than other areas. For example, Lanzhou Beef Noodles are popular, Highland barley wine,
Mutton, and Bread Pieces in Soup have unique charms, and Xifeng Liquor is famous all
over the country. They are of great significance for Chinese cuisine to go global. Therefore,
we take the five provinces as the study area, and mainly analyze the spatial distribution
characteristics and influencing factors of the existing Chinese traditional catering brands
recognized by the Ministry of Commerce in these five provinces.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data
The data of the CTCBs’ directory were obtained from the website of the China Time-
honored Brand Information Management (http://zhlzh.mofcom.gov.cn/, accessed on 23
November 2020). The location information came from the Baidu map geo-coordinate picker
tool (http://api.map.baidu.com/lbsapi/getpoint/, accessed on 30 November 2020) and
we looked up price data for these brands from the website Dianping.com.
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Location Entropy
Location entropy mainly analyzes the spatial distribution and concentration of a
certain element. The larger the value is, the higher the development intensity of this
business in the region is. It can be calculated as follows [28]:
qij /q j
LQij = (1)
qi /q
where LQij is the location entropy of time-honored catering outlets in the area of j, qij and qi
are the numbers of time-honored outlets originating in Province C distributed in the country
and local respectively. q j and q are the number of all time-honored brands distributed in
the province of j and the whole country respectively. If LQij > 1, the development intensity
of the time-honored catering business in the province of j is higher than the average level
of other provinces and vice versa. If LQij > 1.5, the development intensity of the business
in the province of j has a significant advantage in this province.
3.2.2. Average Nearest Neighbor Analysis
We obtain the nearest neighbor index by calculating the average distance between
every two points and its nearest point to describe the spatial distribution pattern of the
time-honored brands. The index is defined by [29]:
R = dobs/dexp (2)
where dobs is the actual distance between the point and its closest point and dexp is the
expected closest distance. If the points are randomly distributed in space, then R = 1; if
the points are in agglomeration distribution, R < 1; if the points are uniformly distributed,
R > 1.
3.2.3. Density Kernel Analysis
Density kernel analysis is a method to re-establish the probability density function
from random sampling points by calculating the density of surrounding points. The
calculation principle is to give different weights to each point falling into a specific search
area (the radius of the area is h). With the increase of the distance from the center of the
specific search area, the weights of the points decrease, and the weight of the point at the
maximum distance is 0. The calculated weights are distributed smoothly [30].
Sustainability 2021, 13, 3755 4 of 15
3.2.4. Standard Deviational Ellipse
Standard deviation ellipse is a common method to quantitatively analyze and describe
the spatial distribution characteristics of research objects through three basic parameters:
azimuth angle, long axis, and short axis [31]. The azimuth angle can be calculated by:
v
u n 2
u ∑ xi − X
u
t i =1
SDEx = (3)
n
v
u n 2
u ∑ yi − Y
u
t i =1
SDEy = (4)
n
v
! u !2 !2
n n n n n
∑ −∑ ∑ −∑ ∑ xei yei
u
A= xei2 ye2i , B=t xei2 ye2i +4 (5)
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
A+B
tan θ = (6)
C
where xi and yi are the coordinates of the point, X and Y are the arithmetic mean center,
SDEx and SDEy are the ellipse center; tanθ is the ellipse azimuth. The long axis (σx ) and
short axis (σy ) are calculated as follows:
v
u n
( xei cos θ − yei sin θ )2
t i∑
u
√ u =1
σx = 2 (7)
n
v
u n
( xei sin θ + yei cos θ )2
t i∑
u
√ u =1
σy = 2 (8)
n
The standard deviation ellipse can be used to quantitatively describe the degree of
dispersion and directionality of the spatial distribution of time-honored restaurants. The
long axis of the ellipse represents the main direction of the distribution of time-honored
brands, and the short axis represents the minimum diffused direction of the brands.
3.2.5. Buffer Analysis
Buffer analysis is a spatial analysis method used to identify the impact of surrounding
features on geographic entities [32]. The buffer zone refers to the spatial influence or service
range of a certain geographic entity. This article uses buffer analysis to establish a certain
range of buffer areas around the city’s main roads to determine whether traffic has an
impact on the spatial distribution of Chinese Time-honored Brands.
4. Results
4.1. Basic Information of CTCBs
4.1.1. Brand and Quantity
The origins of the brands studied in this paper can be divided into the five provinces
in northwest China and the places outside the five provinces. There are 29 brands from
the northwest region, with a total of 392 outlets, accounting for about 32.32% of all outlets
distributed in the five northwest provinces and there are 45 brands originating from other
provinces distributed in the five provinces, with a total of 821 outlets, covering 23 provinces
(Figure 1). As a whole, there are 74 brands, 1213 outlets in total. Among them, the time-
honored brands originating from Shaanxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Beijing rank among the
top four in the distribution of the five provinces, accounting for 19.46%, 18.05%, 13.85%,
The origins of the brands studied in this paper can be divided into the five provinces
in northwest China and the places outside the five provinces. There are 29 brands from
the northwest region, with a total of 392 outlets, accounting for about 32.32% of all outlets
distributed in the five northwest provinces and there are 45 brands originating from other
Sustainability 2021, 13, 3755 provinces distributed in the five provinces, with a total of 821 outlets, covering 23 prov- 5 of 15
inces (Figure 1). As a whole, there are 74 brands, 1213 outlets in total. Among them, the
time-honored brands originating from Shaanxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Beijing rank
among the top four in the distribution of the five provinces, accounting for 19.46%, 18.05%,
and 10.22%
13.85%, of the total
and 10.22% of thenumber respectively.
total number FromFrom
respectively. the distribution of old
the distribution brands
of old brandsin the
five
in the five provinces, there are 654 points in Shaanxi, accounting for 53.92% of the number of
provinces, there are 654 points in Shaanxi, accounting for 53.92% of the number
all outlets,
of all accounting
outlets, accountingfor for the
the largest proportion;319
largest proportion; 319stores
storesareare distributed
distributed in Gansu,
in Gansu,
accounting
accounting for 26.30%; there are 98 in Xinjiang and 93 outlets in Ningxia, accounting for for
for 26.30%; there are 98 in Xinjiang and 93 outlets in Ningxia, accounting
8.08% and 7.67%
8.08% and 7.67%respectively;
respectively;Qinghai
Qinghai hashas
thethe least,
least, with
with only
only 49, 49, accounting
accounting for 4.04%
for 4.04%
(Figure
(Figure 1).
1).
Figure 1.
Figure 1. The
The existing
existingoutlets
outletsand
andproportion
proportionofof
Chinese Time-honored
Chinese Time-honoredCatering Brands
Catering (CTCBs)
Brands (CTCBs) in
in the five northwest provinces, the source provinces, and their proportion and spatial distribu-
the five northwest provinces, the source provinces, and their proportion and spatial distribution.
tion.
4.1.2. Basic Distribution
4.1.2. Basic Distributionininthe
theFive
FiveNorthwest
Northwest Provinces
Provinces
The spatialdistribution
The spatial distribution of of CTCBs
CTCBs in five
in the the northwestern
five northwestern provinces
provinces is shown is in
shown
Fig- in
Figure
ure 1. It1.can
It can be seen
be seen thatthat
the the sales
sales outlets
outlets of CTCBs
of CTCBs are are found
found almost
almost everywhere
everywhere in the
in the
study
study area, butbutthere
thereare
aremore
morebrands
brandsconcentrated
concentrated in in
thethe east,
east, especially
especially in Shaanxi,
in Shaanxi, whilewhile
compared
compared with with the
theeast,
east,the
thedistribution
distributionofof time-honored
time-honored brands
brands is sparser
is sparser in the
in the west.west.
4.2. Spatial Distribution
4.2. Spatial DistributionCharacteristics
Characteristics
4.2.1. Calculation of Regional Development
4.2.1. Calculation of Regional Development Intensity
Intensity
The calculation of
The calculation of the
the location
locationentropy
entropyofofCTCBs
CTCBsininthe
thefive
fivenorthwestern
northwesternprovinces
provinces is
based on the default premise that the capacity of the number of brands in each province is
is based on the default premise that the capacity of the number of brands in each province
fixed, otherwise, the spatial layout of them in different provinces would not be compara-
ble [33] (Table 1). It can be seen that the development intensity of the time-honored catering
industry is strong in the place of origin. There are 23 provinces (municipalities directly
under the Central Government) with corresponding catering businesses distributed in
the five provinces. Except for the time-honored restaurants, which come from the north-
western part of the country and occupy about 32.32%, the time-honored restaurants from
neighboring regions of five provinces (Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Hunan, Shanxi, Sichuan,
Hubei, and Chongqing) account for 20.93%. The three provinces of Shanxi, Sichuan, and
Chongqing account for the largest proportion, 94.49% in neighboring areas.
Table 1. Location entropy of time-honored catering brands in the five northwestern provinces.
Province Gansu Shaanxi Ningxia Qinghai Xinjiang
Location
10.7 12.6 28.6 22.2 7.3
Entropy
Sustainability 2021, 13, 3755 6 of 15
4.2.2. Basic Distribution in The Five Northwest Provinces
The average nearest distance under observation distribution and the nearest distance
under random distribution mode are obtained by applying the method of nearest neigh-
bor analysis (NNA) (Table 2), where Z is −57.19, the standard nearest distance index
R is obviously less than 1, only 0.14, and the significance level p-value is 0.00, indicat-
ing that the distribution of Chinese time-honored restaurants in the five provinces is
highly concentrated.
Table 2. Results of nearest neighbor distance.
Average Nearest Distance
Nearest Distance under Standard Nearest Distance
under Observation
Random Distribution Index R
Distribution
3733.58 25,893.86 0.14
4.2.3. Analysis of Kernel Density and Standard Deviation Elliptic
From the distribution of the kernel density and standard deviation elliptic of CTCBs
in five northwestern provinces (Figure 2), it can be seen that there are significant regional
differences in the nuclear density, there is a higher nuclear density in the east, therefore
the distribution of CTCBs is concentrated in the east; multiple centers of concentration are
distributed in a circle, the most obvious place is Xi’an which situated in Shaanxi province,
with the strongest concentration. This is followed by Lanzhou in Gansu province, Xining
in Qinghai province, and Yinchuan in Ningxia province. There are few points in the west,
which are scattered and mainly concentrated in Urumqi, Xinjiang. The standard deviation
ellipse with an azimuth angle of 111.49◦ covers 95% of the time-honored outlets. Its long
semi-axis of the standard deviation ellipse is 19,146.55 m and the short semi-axis is only
4143.54 m. The oblateness of the ellipse is large and the brands are obviously distributed in
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
the northwest-southeast direction. It means that the spatial distribution of the CTCBs7in of 17
the five northwestern provinces is concentrated and directional.
Figure
Figure2. 2.
Distribution of kernel
Distribution density
of kernel andand
density standard deviational
standard ellipse
deviational of CTCBs
ellipse in the
of CTCBs fivefive
in the
northwest
northwestprovinces.
provinces.
4.2.4.Spatial
4.2.4. SpatialDistribution
Distributionof
of CTCBs
CTCBs with Different
DifferentFlavors
Flavors
Thereare
There area alarge
largenumber
numberofof time-honoredbrands
time-honored brandswith
witha a wide
wide range
range ofof sources.
sources. Ac-
According to the characteristics of Chinese cuisines, there are various cuisines
cording to the characteristics of Chinese cuisines, there are various cuisines in the in the
time-
honored catering brands in the five provinces, including Shaanxi cuisine, Beijing cuisine,
Sichuan cuisine, Hubei cuisine, Tianjin cuisine, Shandong cuisine, Jiangsu cuisine, Chong-
qing cuisine, Zhejiang cuisine, Northeast cuisine, Anhui cuisine, Shanghai cuisine, Mus-
lim cuisine, etc. In order to make it more convenient for us to organize it, this article clas-
Sustainability 2021, 13, 3755 7 of 15
time-honored catering brands in the five provinces, including Shaanxi cuisine, Beijing
cuisine, Sichuan cuisine, Hubei cuisine, Tianjin cuisine, Shandong cuisine, Jiangsu cuisine,
Chongqing cuisine, Zhejiang cuisine, Northeast cuisine, Anhui cuisine, Shanghai cuisine,
Muslim cuisine, etc. In order to make it more convenient for us to organize it, this article
classifies all the flavors of CTCBs into three categories: Northwest local flavors (excluding
Muslim foods), Muslim flavors, and other flavors [34,35] (Figure 3). Among them, there
are 359 outlets with local flavors in the five provinces, accounting for 29.60% of all existing
outlets of CTCBs. Their agglomeration is higher in the east and gradually decreases from
east to west, which is similar to all of the CTCBs which we have analyzed above. They
are mainly distributed in Urumqi and Xinjiang in the west, and their diffusion scope and
agglomeration degree are far less than those in the east. In general, Northwest local CTCBs
are located in all major Northwest provinces, with small concentrations in their provincial
seat. The proportion of Muslim flavors among all the outlets is relatively small, 126 in total,
accounting for about 10.39%. Northwest China is a concentrated area of ethnic minorities,
inhabited by a large number of Hui people, which has affected the types of old brands in
Northwest China in their long history, making the distribution of Muslim old brands spotty
and concentrated. The number of other flavors is the largest, 731 in total, accounting for
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER 60.01%
REVIEW of all time-honored brands, its distribution characteristics are similar to the types
8 of 17
of
time-honored brands, but the distribution scope is wide and the aggregation is weakened.
Figure 3. Spatial distribution of CTCBs with different flavors in the five northwest provinces.
Figure 3. Spatial distribution of CTCBs with different flavors in the five northwest provinces.
4.2.5. Spatial
Other Distribution
flavors of CTCBs of CTCBs
occupywith the Different Consumption
largest market Levels
in the northwest region, while
local time-honored brands are only half of the other flavors of time-honored
The overall consumption level of the research objects in this paper is between brands in
1 and
quantity.
1000 yuan,In addition, the numberbrands
so the time-honored of time-honored
are dividedbrands with
into three high according
grades distributionto density
the per
iscapita
small,consumption
such as Dukang, level Xifeng Liquor,
[36]: 0–50 yuanetc. It shows as
is classified that the development
low-grade (including advantages
50 yuan),
ofmainly
local time-honored
snacks, and thebrands are inferior
representative to other
brands types, and
are Lanzhou thereTianjin
Ramen, is stillGoubuli
much room and
for development.
Tsingtao Beer; 50–100 yuan (including 100 yuan) is considered to be medium-grade,
mainly for dinners, such as Xi’an Restaurant, Hongbinlou, and Shaguoju restaurant; high-
4.2.5.
gradeSpatial Distribution
catering consumptionof CTCBs with
is above Different
100 Consumption
yuan, mainly wine and Levels
tea, such as Chinese
The overall consumption level of the research objects
Moutai, Luzhou Laojiao and Xiaguan Tuocha. There are 403 low-grade in this paper is between 1 and
time-honored
1000 yuan,619
brands, so the time-honored
medium-grade brands are divided
time-honored brands,into
andthree
191grades according
high-grade to the per
time-honored
capita
brands.consumption
According to level [36]: 0–50
ArcGIS10.4 yuan isdeviation
standard classifiedellipse
as low-grade
analysis(including
(Table 3), it50isyuan),
obvi-
mainly
ous thatsnacks, andand
the long the short
representative
semi-axesbrands are Lanzhou
and azimuth angles Ramen, Tianjin
of the three Goubuli
grades and
of time-
Tsingtao
honoredBeer; 50–100 yuan
restaurants have(including 100 yuan)
little difference. Theiselliptic
considered
long to be medium-grade,
semi-axis mainly
of the low-grade
for dinners,
brands are such
longerasand
Xi’an Restaurant,
shorter Hongbinlou,
than those andtwo
of the other Shaguoju
grades,restaurant;
105.62 km,high-grade
and 35.94
km, respectively, which means that the spatial distribution of the low-grade brands is
more concentrated than those of the other two grades, but in short, there is little difference.
However, the difference between the long semi-axis and short semi-axis values of all
grades is large, and the agglomeration is obvious. All of them extend in the northwest-
Sustainability 2021, 13, 3755 8 of 15
catering consumption is above 100 yuan, mainly wine and tea, such as Chinese Moutai,
Luzhou Laojiao and Xiaguan Tuocha. There are 403 low-grade time-honored brands,
619 medium-grade time-honored brands, and 191 high-grade time-honored brands. Ac-
cording to ArcGIS10.4 standard deviation ellipse analysis (Table 3), it is obvious that the
long and short semi-axes and azimuth angles of the three grades of time-honored restau-
rants have little difference. The elliptic long semi-axis of the low-grade brands are longer
and shorter than those of the other two grades, 105.62 km, and 35.94 km, respectively,
which means that the spatial distribution of the low-grade brands is more concentrated
than those of the other two grades, but in short, there is little difference. However, the
difference between the long semi-axis and short semi-axis values of all grades is large, and
the agglomeration is obvious. All of them extend in the northwest-southeast direction
(Figure 4).
Table 3. Standard deviation ellipse analysis results of different grades of CTCBs in the five north-
western provinces.
Grade Long Semi-Axes/km Short Semi-Axes/km Azimuth Angle/◦
Low-grade 105.62 35.94 112.22
Medium-grade 104.76 36.40 110.65
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
High-grade 104.82 36.19 112.81 9 of 17
Figure4.4. Distribution
Figure Distributionofofstandard deviational
standard ellipse
deviational of different
ellipse grades
of different of CTCBs
grades in the in
of CTCBs fivethe five
northwestprovinces.
northwest provinces.
The kernel
The kernel density
densityanalysis
analysis results of the
results of three grades
the three of time-honored
grades outlets (Figure
of time-honored outlets
5a–c) show
(Figure 5a–c)that
showthethat
number of low-grade
the number outlets accounts
of low-grade for 33.22%
outlets accounts forof all oldofoutlets,
33.22% all old
covering
outlets, 37 brands,
covering including
37 brands, TianjinTianjin
including Goubuli Steamed
Goubuli Bun, Shandong
Steamed Tsingtao
Bun, Shandong Beer,
Tsingtao
Lanzhou Mazilu Beef Noodle, etc. Middle-grade time-honored
Beer, Lanzhou Mazilu Beef Noodle, etc. Middle-grade time-honored stores account stores account for the high-
est the
for proportion,
highest accounting
proportion, foraccounting
51.03% of allfor stores,
51.03%covering
of all29stores,
brands, such as the
covering 29 famous
brands,
Lanzhou Jing-yang Tower, Xi’an Casserole, Suzhou Song-he Tower,
such as the famous Lanzhou Jing-yang Tower, Xi’an Casserole, Suzhou Song-he Tower, etc. High-grade time-
honored brands account for 15.75% of all time-honored brands,
etc. High-grade time-honored brands account for 15.75% of all time-honored brands,accounting for the lowest
proportion,for
accounting covering sevenproportion,
the lowest brands, including
covering Oldseven
Cellarbrands,
in Luzhou, MaotaiOld
including Liquor,
Cellar etc.
in
In addition,
Luzhou, the nuclear
Maotai Liquor, density value is far
etc. In addition, theless than that
nuclear of middle
density valueand low-grade
is far less thanbrands.
that of
There are
middle andtwo obvious assembled
low-grade brands. Therecenters
arefortwoall three
obviousgrades of CTCBs,
assembled they are
centers forXi’an and
all three
Lanzhou,
grades and thethey
of CTCBs, sub-level is located
are Xi’an in the part
and Lanzhou, and oftheShaanxi
sub-level and Gansu Province
is located in the part and
of
Urumqi in Xinjiang, while the other places are more scattered. The
Shaanxi and Gansu Province and Urumqi in Xinjiang, while the other places are more numbers of shop-fronts
of a lower grade are more than those of a higher grade, and the diffusion range is also
slightly wider.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 3755 9 of 15
scattered.
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW The numbers of shop-fronts of a lower grade are more than those of a higher
10 of 17
grade, and the diffusion range is also slightly wider.
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Core
Core density
density diagram
diagram of
of low-grade
low-grade (a),
(a), middle-grade
middle-grade (b),
(b), and
and high-grade
high-grade (c)
(c) time-honored
time-honored brands.
brands.
4.3. Analysis of Influencing Factors
4.3.1. Traditional Culture
Culture
The CTCB
CTCB in in Northwest
NorthwestChina Chinaisisaabusiness
businesscardcardfor
fortourists
touriststoto recognize
recognizethethecity. It is
city. It
aismicrocosm
a microcosm of the traditional
of the culture
traditional of the
culture northwest
of the northwestregion and and
region a special historical
a special and
historical
cultural landscape
and cultural withwith
landscape a profound traditional
a profound cultural
traditional foundation.
cultural foundation.Especially Lanzhou
Especially Lan-
beef noodles, Xi’an Chinese hamburger, Luzhu highland
zhou beef noodles, Xi’an Chinese hamburger, Luzhu highland barley wine, and barley wine, and so on,sotheir
on,
existence is not only
their existence is notfood but
only alsobut
food a symbol
also a of cultureof[37].
symbol Every[37].
culture time-honored brand is a
Every time-honored
product
brand is of traditional
a product culture andculture
of traditional has strong regional
and has strong characteristics. Original culture
regional characteristics. Original is
the main
culture is influencing factor of the
the main influencing CTCBs’
factor of thespatial
CTCBs’ distribution which makes
spatial distribution whichthemakes
catering
the
brands form unique tastes. Since ancient times, the northwest region
catering brands form unique tastes. Since ancient times, the northwest region has gathered has gathered and
lived withwith
and lived a large number
a large of ethnic
number minorities,
of ethnic who who
minorities, havehave different religious
different beliefs
religious and
beliefs
engage in unique production and economic activities, the result is that
and engage in unique production and economic activities, the result is that the develop- the development of
their diet is closely related to the traditional culture of local cities.
ment of their diet is closely related to the traditional culture of local cities.
A
A city’s
city’s historical
historical and
and traditional
traditional culture
culture determines
determines the the eating
eating habits
habits of
of the
the people
people
in the area. With the influence of the long-term historical and traditional culture of the
in the area. With the influence of the long-term historical and traditional culture of the
city, lots of CTCBs with the characteristics of this city have been formed. Even with the
city, lots of CTCBs with the characteristics of this city have been formed. Even with the
gradual opening up of economy and culture, local catering cultures blend with each other,
gradual opening up of economy and culture, local catering cultures blend with each other,
the time-honored brands still have the tastes that only belong to their origin [38].
the time-honored brands still have the tastes that only belong to their origin [38].
4.3.2. Traffic Conditions
4.3.2. Traffic Conditions
In order to clearly reflect the impact of traffic on the layout of CTCBs, we use ArcGIS
Inestablish
10.4 to order to clearly
10 km, 20reflect
km, the
andimpact
30 km of traffic
buffer on the
zones forlayout of CTCBs,
the major railways weanduseroads
ArcGIS
of
10.4 to establish 10 km, 20 km, and 30 km buffer zones for the major railways
the five northwestern provinces (Figure 6). There are 1043 outlets of CTCBs within 10 km of and roads
of the
the fivehighways
major northwestern
in theprovinces (Figure
five provinces, 6). There are
accounting 1043 outlets
for 85.60% of all of CTCBs
points, within
1094 10
outlets
km of the major highways in the five provinces, accounting for 85.60% of all
within 20 km, accounting for 90.20%, and 1152 outlets within 30 km, accounting for 95.00%, points, 1094
outlets within 20 km, accounting for 90.20%, and 1152 outlets within 30 km, accounting
for 95.00%, only 5% of which are not included. There are 766 outlets within 10 km of the
major roads in the five northwestern provinces, accounting for 61.15% of all points, 923
outlets within 20 km, accounting for 75.09%, and 980 points within 30 km, accounting forSustainability 2021, 13, 3755 10 of 15
tainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 o
only 5% of which are not included. There are 766 outlets within 10 km of the major roads
80.79%. It five
in the cannorthwestern
be seen thatprovinces,
the spatial layoutfor
accounting of 61.15%
CTCBs of is
allobviously affected
points, 923 outlets by the tra
within
20 km, accounting for 75.09%, and 980 points within 30 km, accounting
conditions. Convenient transportation has promoted the development of CTCBs along for 80.79%. It can
be seen that the spatial layout of CTCBs is obviously affected by the traffic conditions.
route:Convenient
the continuous improvement of traffic conditions and the increasing coverage
transportation has promoted the development of CTCBs along the route:
the traffic networkimprovement
the continuous have attracted people
of traffic from different
conditions places and
and the increasing brought
coverage momentu
of the
to thetraffic
development
network have ofattracted
time-honored
people frombrands. Most
different of and
places the brought
areas with developed
momentum to the transp
tationdevelopment
networks are of time-honored
populated areas brands.[39].
MostForof the areas with
example, theredeveloped transportation
are plenty of tourists arou
networks are populated areas [39]. For example, there are plenty of tourists around bus
bus stations and railway stations, which have good business conditions. Road traffic n
stations and railway stations, which have good business conditions. Road traffic network
workpattern
pattern promotes
promotes the distribution
the distribution pattern pattern of “core-edge”
of “core-edge” of catering of catering
facilities and facilities
the a
the layout
layout ofof static
statictransportation
transportation facilities
facilities is also is alsofactor
a key a key factor tothe
to improve improve the transpor
transportation
tion convenience
convenience of of catering
catering facilities.
facilities.
Figure 6. Influence
Figure 6. Influence of main of main
roadsroads
(a)(a)and
andrailways
railways (b)(b)
on the
ondistribution of time-honored
the distribution brands in the five
of time-honored northwestern
brands in theprovinces.
five northwestern
provinces.
4.3.3. Distribution of the Population
The regionalofpopulation
4.3.3. Distribution distribution determines the spatial layout and development
the Population
intensity of the catering industry, which in turn strongly affects the coupling of the types,
The regional
quantity, population
and spatial distribution distribution
of CTCBs. We determines the spatial
overlay the resident layout
population and developm
distribution
intensity
map ofofthe
thefive
catering industry,
northwestern which
provinces in turn
in 2018 with strongly affects
the distribution maptheof coupling
time-honored of the typ
brands (Figure 7). It is obvious that the density of the two has a high
quantity, and spatial distribution of CTCBs. We overlay the resident population distrib spatial consistency.
Pearson correlation analysis of the two elements shows that the correlation coefficient is
tion map of the five northwestern provinces in 2018 with the distribution map of tim
0.815 (p < 0.01), which indicates there is a significant correlation between them. The density
honored brands (Figure
of population 7). Itaffect
will directly is obvious thatand
the number theconsumption
density of thepowertwoofhas a high in
consumers spatial c
sistency. Pearson
the region, make correlation
the numberanalysis
and typesofof the twoincrease
brands elements shows
to meet that the
the needs correlation co
of different
consumers,
ficient is 0.815 and
(pSustainability 2021, 13, 3755 11 of 15
, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 17more
economy will significantly stimulate people’s consumption and make people pursue
diversified, high-service, and connotative consumption, which will drive the expansion in
space and increase the number of time-honored stores.
, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 17
Figure 7. Superimposed
Figure 7. Superimposeddiagram oftime-limited
diagram of time-limited restaurants
restaurants in five in five northwest
northwest Provinces Provinces and pop-
and population.
ulation.
4.3.4. Economic Development Level
In order to reveal the relationship between the spatial distribution of CTCBs and the
level of regional economic development, we overlay the GDP distribution map of the five
northwestern provinces in 2018 with the distribution map of time-honored brands (Figure
8), which clearly shows that time-honored brands are mostly concentrated in cities with
higher GDP. On the contrary, the number of time-honored brands in cities with lower
GDP is smaller and the density is lower. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the two is
0.914 (p < 0.01) and the correlation between the two elements is significant. Time-honored
brands are generally highly agglomerated in provincial capitals, such as Xi’an, Lanzhou,
Urumqi, etc., which are closely related to their GDP. The improvement of the regional
economy will significantly stimulate people’s consumption and make people pursue more
diversified, high-service, and connotative consumption, which will drive the expansion
in space and increase the number of time-honored stores.
Figure 8. Superimposed
Figure 8. Superimposeddiagram
diagram ofof time-honored
time-honored restaurants
restaurants in five northwest
in five northwest provinces
provinces and and
urban GDP.
urban GDP.
4.3.5. Urban Development PatternSustainability 2021, 13, 3755 12 of 15
4.3.5. Urban Development Pattern
The overall planning of the city determines the pattern of urban development, which in
turn affects the spatial layout of the urban catering industry [40]. The urban agglomerations
in the northwest of China are in the process of continuous construction and development.
The development of each province is still focused on the provincial capital city, and the
development of the northwest cities presents obvious polarization. Therefore, the spatial
distribution of CTCBs is also centered on provincial capitals. In addition, the intensity of
central functions in different cities varies, the central functions of cities in Shaanxi Province
are generally stronger [41], Xi’an is the main representation. So the time-honored brands are
concentrated in Shaanxi Province mostly. At present, with the changes of urban planning in
the northwestern regions, the single-core model of the urban layout is gradually evolving
to the multi-center model. The functions of cities are becoming more and more perfect,
making the distribution of CTCBs change accordingly. With the establishment of urban
agglomeration, the accessibility and the links among regions are strengthened, and the
functions of many cities are undergoing a transformation from traditional industrial cities
to regional modern central cities. The area of the central city continues to expand in the
direction of multi-dimensionality, which promotes the agglomeration of old brands in the
urban area.
5. Discussion
In this paper, we take the five northwestern provinces as the study area, and apply
statistical analysis, kernel density analysis, standard deviational ellipse, and buffer analysis
to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of CTCBs. The
results show that the existing CTCBs in the five northwestern provinces have a certain
number and spatial scale, with various tastes and grades. However, their spatial layout
is uneven and their coverage is not comprehensive. The spatial distribution of CTCBs
is obviously different between east and west. Moreover, compared with CTCBs from
other regions, the local CTCBs in the five northwestern provinces are not dominant in
quantity, and their competitiveness is weak, which is not conducive to the sustainable
development of time-honored brands in the region. This spatial distribution characteristic
is the result of the combined effect of multiple factors. Traditional culture has played a
more decisive role. It is the basis of the formation of CTCBs, determines the types and
quantities of time-honored brands, and is the direct cause of the current spatial pattern.
Regional traffic conditions make CTCBs densely distributed in convenient transportation
areas. The regional population and economic level directly affect the number and grade
distribution of time-honored brands. The urban development pattern further affects the
spatial distribution characteristics of the time-honored catering industry and restricts the
future development trend of the CTCBs.
It can be seen from the results that the CTCBs in the five northwestern provinces,
whether in terms of quantity or spatial distribution, still have a lot of room for improvement
in the face of sustainable development goals. In recent years, with the popularity of multi-
culturalism and new culture, it has not only brought certain opportunities but also shock
to the sustainable development of CTCBs [42]. Some time-honored brands have seized the
opportunity to go abroad under the background of globalization. For example, Moutai,
as a national liquor, has received rave reviews from scientists and consumers from all
over the world [43]. However, most CTCBs have been restricted due to fierce competition.
Therefore, based on the spatial differentiation pattern, type structure characteristics, and
current sustainable development dilemmas of CTCBs in the northwest of China, this study
puts forward the following development suggestions:
(1) Giving policy support. The government provides policy support for certain brand
protection of time-honored brands, which can prolong the life of time-honored brands
and provide a guarantee for their sustainable development. For example, the project of
“Revitalization of Time-honored Brands” implemented by the Ministry of Commerce
in 2006 has greatly improved the social status of time-honored brands [44] andSustainability 2021, 13, 3755 13 of 15
the “Belt and Road” initiative has made the international cooperation of Chinese
enterprises more frequent and in-depth [45]. Many time-honored enterprises actively
explore overseas markets, which has brought unprecedented sustainable development
opportunities to the inland areas, especially in the five northwestern provinces.
(2) Carrying out sustainability-oriented innovation. Forêt pointed out that the only
path to sustainable growth in the domestic and overseas is sustainability-oriented
innovation, rather than relying on longevity [46]. Therefore, sustainability-oriented
innovation should be focused on the development of CTCBs. This kind of innovation
is all-around and multi-dimensional. It is not only necessary to innovate development
concepts, change traditional development thinking, break the inherent pattern, and
enhance the market vitality of time-honored brands at multiple levels and angles; but
also necessary to keep up with the new era of mobile Internet development, create
a new sustainability-oriented label and skillfully use big data analysis, experience
rating [13], fan interaction, and other methods to create a new and sustainable sales
model and avoid falling behind the times.
(3) Improving the sustainability of quality and reputation. Customer word-of-mouth
plays a key role in brand inheritance and reputation [47,48], especially the CTCBs,
its sustainable development mainly depends on the sustainable development of
customer’s word-of-mouth, such as Lanzhou Noodles, whose strong taste is familiar
to people. Therefore, the sustainable development of CTCBs in the area not only relies
on signs but also requires the inheritance of culture and craftsmanship to ensure its
quality and increase customer’s reputation.
Since this paper takes the existing CTCBs in the five northwestern provinces as the
research object, the obtained conclusions are based on the findings of the five provinces,
and the CTCBs have strong regional characteristics, so the results obtained in this article
have certain limitations. Spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of
CTCBs in other regions will be studied in future research.
6. Conclusions
The time-honored catering enterprises in China are important products of the Chinese
society, economy, and culture, and their long history of development and management
is an indispensable part of the development of Chinese historical civilization. This paper
analyzes the spatial distribution pattern and influencing factors of CTCBs in the five
northwestern provinces of China and draws the following conclusions:
(1) The intensity of CTCB’s spatial development in the five northwestern provinces
is strong in their own birthplaces. In addition, the outlets of CTCBs are unevenly
distributed in the northwest-southeast direction, they are highly concentrated in the
provincial capitals and tend to be scattered in the periphery of the concentrated areas.
Some areas with high concentration discretely exist in the form of patches, and the
agglomeration gradually increases from west to east.
(2) The number of time-honored brands in different grades and tastes varies greatly,
but their spatial distribution characteristics are similar, all of which are distributed
unevenly in the northwest-southeast direction.
(3) The spatial distribution pattern of time-honored brands is influenced by many factors,
such as history, traditional culture, traffic conditions, regional population and eco-
nomic development level, urban development pattern, etc. These factors determine
the origins, tastes, types of time-honored brands, and further affect the spatial layout
of brands.
Author Contributions: All of the authors contributed to this research. H.Z. (Haiyan Zhang) con-
ceived the study and was responsible for the design and development of the data analysis. H.Z. (Hao
Zhang) and M.S. were responsible for data collection and analysis. Z.W. and L.Z. was responsible for
data interpretation. H.Z. (Hao Zhang) wrote the first draft of the article. All authors have read and
agreed to the published version of the manuscript.Sustainability 2021, 13, 3755 14 of 15
Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41801052,
41861013).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be
found here: The data of the CTCBs’ directory was available online from http://zhlzh.mofcom.gov.cn/
(accessed on 30 November 2020). The location data was available online from http://api.map.baidu.
com/lbsapi/getpoint/ (accessed on 30 November 2020). The price data for brands was available
online from Dianping.com.
Acknowledgments: We greatly thank the colleagues in the Northwest Normal University for their
help in fieldwork and data processing. We are grateful to anonymous reviewers and editorial staff
for their constructive and helpful suggestions.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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