SPACEKIDs detector workshop: Far-IR science reqs & mission opportunities - a personal view
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SPACEKIDs detector workshop:
Far-IR science reqs & mission
opportunities – a personal view
Göran Pilbratt, Herschel Project Scientist
SPACEKIDs workshop, U Cardiff, 22 January 2014
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #1
SPACEKIDs – starting point June 2013
Possible flight opportunities
• Far-IR double Fourier interferometer with cold apertures
• Single dish telescope with broadband camera and/or grating spectrometer
• CMB polarisation experiment
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #2
Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 Cosmic Vision – Space Science for Europe 2015-2025 (-2035) • Brochure: BR-247 (Oct 2005) • Web: http://sci.esa.int/cosmic-vision/ Third Long-term plan for D/SRE mandatory science programme • Horizon 2000 (1984) • Horizon 2000+ (1995) • Cosmic Vision (2005) Science themes • What are the Conditions for Planet Formation and the Emergence of Life? • How does the Solar System work? • What are the Fundamental Physical Laws of the Universe? • How did the Universe originate, and what is it made of? Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #3
Cosmic Vision 2015-2025
Implementation – general view
L (large) missions
• L1 – JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer) (2022)
• L2 – theme: Hot and Energetic Universe (2028)
• L3 – theme: Gravitational Universe (2034)
M (medium) missions
• M1 – Solar Orbiter (2017)
• M2 – Euclid (2020)
• M3 – de facto ‘selection’ this week (EChO, LOFT,
MarcoPolo-R, PLATO, STE-QUEST) – (2024)
• M4 – call expected May 2014 (2026)
S (small) mission
• S1 – CHEOPS (still to be ‘adopted’ – 2017/8)
• S2 – no information available
O (missions of opportunity)
• SPICA (JAXA-led) was under study 2007-2013
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #4
Cosmic Vision 2015-2025
Implementation – SPACEKIDs astro view
L (large) missions
• In the recent selection of L2/L3 science ‘themes’ the 30 ‘white
papers’ (http://sci.esa.int/L2L3) submitted included:
• Planetary Science Infrared Observatory (PSIO)
• 3-1000 um, 3-5 m aperture or interferometer
• PRISM: Polarized Radiation Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission
• 3.5 m 4 K telescope, 30-6000 GHz, CMB & all-sky survey
• Sub-arcsecond far-infrared space observatory
• 20 m aperture (TALC)
• 2 x 1 m aperture 36 m boom interferometer (FIRIT)
• 4 x 3.5 m aperture heterodyne interferometer (ESPRIT)
• Senior Survey Committee Report (http://sci.esa.int/ssc_report)
• Recommended themes:
• The Hot and Energetic Universe
• The Gravitational Universe
• Comments on 9 additional submitted themes
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #5
Cosmic Vision 2015-2025
Implementation – SPACEKIDs astro view
L (large) missions
• Senior Survey Committee on ‘Far-Infrared Missions’:
• The far-infrared and submillimetre waveband is a unique probe of the cool
and obscured Universe. The extraordinary success … IRAS, ISO, Spitzer
and Herschel have demonstrated the power … 30-1000 um range … It is
clear that access to this important waveband will continue to be
highly desirable, and in some cases crucial in the decades to come.
• High resolution imaging … is of substantial interest, but … facilities ..
delivering sub-arcsec resolution … very expensive to deploy, probably
beyond the L financial envelope. ... replaced by information gathered
in adjacent wavebands …
• …very sensitive, broad-band spectroscopy … will likely yield fundamental
insights that cannot be obtained in any other way. … …. urges the
community and ESA to explore possible alternative paths forward to a
deep spectroscopy mission, in the framework of international
collaborations coupled with a suitable M-mission concept.
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #6
Cosmic Vision 2015-2025
Implementation – SPACEKIDs astro view
L (large) missions
• Senior Survey Committee on ‘Cosmic structures…(PRISM)’:
• CMB science goals as extremely important and fundamental … a
space mission is needed to to successfully address them.
• In comparison… clusters, high-z galaxy formation, and the Galactic ISM
are important and of substantial interest, …. do not justify an L mission
20 years from now … also in view of … capable of being addressed
though other means.
• Yet, it is the non-CMB science that is the technology and cost driver
for the proposed mission… size and temperature of the telescope.… The
core CMB science can … be carried out … with a smaller space
mission …
• … CMB science goals of a PRISM-like mission … to be undercut by a
smaller (M mission scale) mission focused on CMB science only.
• SSC was fully convinced of the great core CMB science … encourages
the CMB community to consider proposing this science for a future M-
class mission.
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #7
SPACEKIDs – January 2014
Possible flight opportunities – my personal take
• Far-IR double Fourier interferometer with cold apertures
• Single dish telescope with broadband camera and/or grating spectrometer
• CMB polarisation experiment
or FTS?
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #8
Cosmic Vision 2015-2025
Consider M4 situation
Anticipated overall schedule (TBC!)
• AO in May 2014
• Proposal deadline in September 2014
• Selection of ~3 proposals November 2014
• Launch foreseen for 2026
Possible M4 mission proposals
• Deep spectroscopy mission (‘SPICA servicepack+’)
• CMB mission (type ‘COrE’)
• Whichever not selected in M3: EChO, LOFT, MarcoPolo-R,
PLATO, STE-QUEST
• Something else (Venus?, …!!)
and perhaps O
Possibly a mission of opportunity
• Millimetron
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #9
New Space Odyssey
Beyond Herschel – as was until recently
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #10SPICA – JAXA et al.
• Science objective
• To reveal the evolution of Baryonic
Matter in the Universe
• Telescope: 3.2 m, 6 K
• Superior sensitivity limited by
astronomical background
• Core wavelength: MIR-FIR
• Original baseline: 5-210 µm
• Working towards extending up to
350 µm
• Orbit: Sun-Earth L2 Halo
• Mission Life
• 3 years (nominal), 5 years (goal)
• Launch: 2026 (new date)
• International mission
• Japan, Europe, Korea, Taiwan,
(USA)
As presented by Nakagawa, Oct 2013 Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #11SPICA – JAXA et al.
Original Plan Implications
• JAXA pre-project since 2008 • SPICA will be re-optimized for mid-
• ESA CV MoO candidate since 2007 and far-infrared with a cryogenically
• Approval in 2014 by JAXA and ESA for the launch cooled, 3 m-class aperture.
in 2023. • Major changes in roles of
SPICA FY 2014 budgetary proposal in Japan international partners, approval
• R&D activity ongoing, but difficulty for the project. processes, and schedule:
• SPICA has the top priority among the scientific - Re-entering open competition in the
missions proposed in Japan. ESA Cosmic Vision program (M4)
Discussion on new framework started - Contact: Peter Roelfsema SRON-G, NL
• To establish a more feasible plan (programmatic - Science cases to be revised in a
& technical) post-Herschel, ALMA, JWST era
• To increase the role of European contribution, - Expected launch in 2026
while keeping SPICA as a JAXA-led project:
- ESA in charge of the Payload Module integration
in addition to the procurement of the Telescope.
As presented by Nakagawa, Oct 2013
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #12COrE
New Space Odyssey
http://www.core-mission.org
Beyond Herschel
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #13COrE – Cosmic Origins Explorer
M-class space CMB mission
• All-sky polarisation maps
• 15 bands – 45 to 795 GHz
Science
• Detecting gravitational waves from
inflation: the quest for B-modes
• Probing inflation and primordial non-
Gaussianity
• Fundamental physics (w grav lensing)
• Challenging the cosmology paradigm:
ancillary cosmological science
• The galactic interstellar medium
• Characterizing extragalactic sources
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #14Millimetron – Russia/Roscomos
Millimetron: Approved project of the Russian
(Federal) Space Agency
• 10 m class cryogenically cooled (3 years)
• Thijs de Grauw, formerly Herschel/HIFI PI and
ALMA Director, now supports the Lebedev
Institute in Moscow on Millimetron
• The ESA Coordination Office has had discussions
with Roscosmos – possibly it could appear as a
mission of opportunity
• Wild et al. Experimental Astronomy (2009)
• Smirnov et al. Proc SPIE 8442 (2012)
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #15Millimetron – Russia/Roscomos
http://asc-lebedev.ru/
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #16Millimetron – News from Moscow 11/2009
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #17Millimetron – News from Moscow 11/2009
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #18Millimetron – heritage Radioastron
Radioastron: Space VLBI mission http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/
• 10 m primary (27 petals)
• VLBI from elliptical orbit
• Perigee 7,000-80,000 km
• Apogee 270,000-370,000 km
• Standard VLBI bands
• 327 (P), 1665 (L), 4830 (C) MHz, and 22 GHz (K)
• Launched 18 July 2011,telescope unfolded 23 July
• Radioastron was there in QUASAT days in 1987! With
launch at the time foreseen for 1992
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #19M call
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #20Cosmic Microwave Background
CMB science seen as ‘sexy’ and ‘transitional’
Heritage: COBE, WMAP, Planck + ground & balloon
Now: Universal structure derived from observed structure of CMB
• Using total power (temperature) maps
• Cosmic web
• Structure and galaxy formation
To come: Use observed structure of CMB to tell about the ‘Big Bang’ itself
• Need polarisation maps (NB: Planck CMB pol delivery forthcoming)
• Study cosmic inflation
• many different models, window into very early Universe
• Primordial non-gaussianity
• inflation models predicting non-gaussianity exist
• Fundamental physics
• using gravitational lensing
ESA & Planck Collaboration
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #21Cosmic Microwave Background and …
? ESA & Planck Collaboration
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #22… importance of the FIR & submm
ESA/Planck
• Half of the energy emitted in the Universe since the CMB has been
reprocessed into the infrared by dust
• Herschel covers the infrared peak (in the FIR) and extends
beyond into the submillimetre (submm)
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #23Infrared & submm (non-CMB) satellites
Cryogenic telescopes
IRAS
1983
ISO
1995
IRTS
1995
Spitzer
2003
Akari
2006
Ambient telescopes
SWAS
1998
Odin
2001
Herschel
2009
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #24Herschel preliminary sky coverage
Totalscategories
Science (uncert +/- 5%) allocations)
(HOTAC
• Galaxies/AGNs 6503 hr 28%
• S/P parallel 6.44
• Cosmology 5074 hr 22%
• PACS phot 0.67
• ISM/SF 9044 hr 39%
• SPIRE phot 2.28
• SSO 956 hr 4%
PACS spec
• •Stars/SEGöran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #26
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #27
M call
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #28Arguable ‘transitional’ science: Hubble Deep Field
Progress in submm
• 1995: HST/WFPC2 observations
4x visible (300-800 nm)
• 100 hr in 10 days on 18-28 Dec 1995
• 1500-3000 sources in ~ 3x3 arcmin
Williams et al. 1998
AJ 112, 1335
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #29Arguable ‘transitional’ science: Hubble Deep Field
Progress in submm
• 1998: JCMT/SCUBA at 850 umobservations
• 50 hr in 20 exceptional nights in period 5 Jan – 13 Feb 1998
• 5 sources
Hughes et al. 1998
Nature 394, 241
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #30Arguable ‘transitional’ science: Herschel
progress in submm galaxy surveys
1998
SCUBA HDF:
5 sources after 20
exceptional nights
2009
Herschel-ATLAS SDP field:
4 x 40 ~7,000 sources in 16 hours
3% of total => 235,000 !!
~3 arcmin Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #31Apollo 8
12 mJy
32 mJy
47 mJy
Riechers et al. 2013
Nature 496, 329 IO9.com
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #32Infrared & submm (non-CMB) satellites
IRAS
1983
ISO
1995
IRTS
1995
Spitzer
2003
Akari
2006
SWAS
1998
Odin
2001
Herschel
2009
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #33Arguable not ‘transitional’ science –
FIR cosmological photometric surveys
Counter-remarks
• aperture >> 3 m
4x4 0Arguable ‘transitional’ science –
FIR cosmological spectral surveys
• AGN (accretion) and stars (fusion) powers galaxies, rest-frame MIR/FIR
spectroscopy allows discrimination, allows investigating the physics of the
ISM, and provides z
• Feedback – molecular outflows observed in nearby galaxies
• Need spectra of large samples of ‘Herschel galaxies’ – Herschel has only done
the tip of the iceberg! Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #35Arguable not ‘transitional’ science –
FIR galactic photometric surveys
4 x 40 Counter-remark
Rivera-Ingraham et al. 2013 • aperture >> 3 m
ApJ 766, 85 Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #36Arguable not ‘transitional’ science –
FIR galactic spectral surveys
Rivera-Ingraham et al. 2013
ApJ 766, 85
Ted Bergin HEXOS
4 x 40 Counter-remark
Rivera-Ingraham et al. 2013 • aperture >> 3 m
ApJ 766, 85 Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #37Arguable not ‘transitional’ science –
star and planet formation: dust
Counter-remark
Acke et al. 2012
A&A 540, A125 • aperture >> 3 m
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #38Arguable ‘transitional’ science –
star and planet formation: gas
Hogerheijde et al. 2011 Bergin et al. 2013
Science 334, 338 Nature 493, 644
• H2O and HD observed in TWHya (~55 pc, ~3-10 Myr, ~0.6 Msun) by Herschel
• HD (as tracer of H2) allows improved total disk gas mass estimate
• Water vapour allows estimating total water (almost all in ice!)
• Additional lines (e.g. OI, CII) would allow investigating disk physics
• Need spectra of large samples of gas (=spectral) measurements of disks
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #39Arguable ‘transitional’ science –
…and solid state spectra: ices & mineralogy
De Vries et al. 2012
β Pictoris Nature 490, 74
• Spitzer/IRAC 22-34 um
• Herschel/PACS 69 um
band => Mg-rich
crystalline olivine
• Mg-rich => pristine
• Fe-rich => ‘processed’
• Herschel has discovered ‘pristine’ solid material around β Pic (A6V, ~20 pc)
• Same material in our own solar system is considered ‘un-processed leftovers’
from the epoch of planet formation
• Solid-state features are broad and weak – need sensitivity
• Survey large numbers of young stars/stellar object for solid state features –
make connections to planet formation
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #40M call
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #41The Universe Explored by Herschel
http://herschel.esac.esa.int/TheUniverseExploredByHerschel.shtml
Göran Pilbratt | SPACEKIDs | U Cardiff | 22 January 2014 | #42You can also read
