Significance of Public Distribution System in an Indian State - Uttar Pradesh
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 1
Volume 3, No. 11, November 2014
Significance of Public Distribution System in an Indian State -
Uttar Pradesh
Amit Kumar Gupta, PhD student, Department of Political Science, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur
Dr. Anupama Saxena, Professor and Head, Department of Political Science, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur
ABSTRACT security has four pillars such as Availability,
Accessibility, Utilization and Stability of food(FAO,
Public distribution system is instrument of policy 1996).
intervention for reducing poverty; Infant Mortality Rate,
and it provides subsidized food-grains (such as wheat and In India, food security system mainly focuses on supply of
rice) to targeted poor households. There are two food grains and this is distributed through the Public
contextual aspects in the article first the chronology of Distribution System. The objectives of PDS are
PDS and its functioning at both national and state level, maintaining price stability of essential commodities,
and secondly to the demographic structure and socio- providing access to foods at affordable prices to the
economic conditions in UP. Within these two contextual vulnerable people and to maintain minimum nutrition
aspects we have tried to understand how PDS is level to population. In the context of widespread poverty
significant in UP? This study is based on secondary data. ratio, malnutrition and inflation in food prices, access to
The finding of study is that the implementation of PDS is basic food at reasonable prices remains an important
significant in most populous state of India during the era policy intervention(Swaminathan, 2003).India’s public
of economic development. distribution system now has a significant impact on rural
poverty(Dreze & Khera, 2013).
Keywords:
Public distribution system, food insecurity, poverty, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:
literacy rate, Below Poverty Line(BPL), India, Uttar
Pradesh Public Distribution System was started during British
government in 1939 but targeted public distribution
INTRODUCTION: system was launched in 1997 for distributing subsidized
food-grains such as wheat, rice particularly to poor
Food insecurity is very challenging problem across the people. The historical perspective could be understood
world, nearly 870 million people suffer from indifferent distinct phases discussed below.
undernourishment globally (or one in eight of the people
in the world – did not consume enough food to cover their The first phase, from 1939-60 was introduced by the
minimum dietary energy requirements.), particularly in colonial government in 1939 as a war-time rationing
India 217 million people are undernourished, which measure to ensure food-grains availability and distribution
constitutes 17.5 percent of national population in 2010- among the urban population of Bombay (now, Mumbai).
12(FAO, WFP and IFAD, 2012). Every country is trying It was later extended to six other cities and a few regions
to tackle these problems. Indian Parliament also appeared (e.g., Malabar in Kerala). It ensured some degree of
very sensitive and enacted to ‘National Food security Act equitable distribution of food-grains among urban
(NFSA)’ on 10 Sep. 2013. This act provides legal consumers in the context of rising prices(Swaminathan,
entitlement to the poor households for receiving the 2003). Before 1960s distribution of food-grains through
adequate quantity of quality food-grains at affordable PDS was generally dependent on imports of food-grains.
prices to live a life with dignity (The Gazette of India,
2013). Food security for a country means sufficient The second phase, from 1960-78 was one which saw
quantity of essential commodities produced, stored major organizational changes. Specifically, in response to
properly and made available to all the people, especially the food security, and setting up of Agricultural Prices
the poor people.The broader concept of food security is Commission and the Food Corporation of India (FCI) in
reflected in the World Food Summit (1996) definition, order to strengthen domestic procurement and storage. By
“food security, at the individual, household, national, the 1970s, PDS had been introduced as a universal scheme
regional and global levels [is achieved] when all people, at for the distribution of cheap food at the reasonable prices
all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, and a component of the strategy to alleviate
safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and poverty(Swaminathan, 2003).
food preferences for an active and healthy life.”A food
i-Explore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.orgInternational Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 2
Volume 3, No. 11, November 2014
The third phase, from 1978-91 is marked by large scale Characteristics of targeted PDS have been discussed
expansion of the PDS, domestic procurement and storage. below:
In the 1990s, it was modified such as Revamped Public
Distribution System. It was structural adjustment a) Identification of eligible households under
programme. It means, PDS was introduced only for poor existing TPDS-
people belonging to poorest areas such as hilly and TPDS gives emphasis to provide benefits to the poorest
inaccessible areas. They received food-grains at the lowest sections of the society. It uses income poverty line to
prices. demarcate ‘poor’ and ‘non-poor’ households. Households
were classified under Below Poverty Line (BPL) and
The fourth phase, from 1991 up to present-in 1997, Above Poverty Line (APL).The BPL beneficiaries that are
Revamped (universal) Public Distribution System was covered under TPDS were identified through a detailed
replaced with a Targeted Public Distribution System process when TPDS was launched. The Planning
(TPDS) with the objectives of the economic liberalization. Commission calculated state-wise estimated of the total
number of BPL beneficiaries that would be covered under
TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION TPDS. Each state government was entrusted with the
SYSTEM responsibility of identifying eligible BPL households on
the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Such families
were entitled to receive a BPL ration cards but APL are
At the World Food Summit in 1996, India signed along not identify and any household above the poverty line
with 185 countries a deceleration making a commitment could typically apply for an APL ration card.
to ensure food security for all(World Food Summit, 1996).
The Food Summit set up concrete goals for reducing the
The Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
number of hungry and malnourished persons in the world The AAY scheme was launched in December 2000 after
by one-half by 2015(World Food Summit, 1996).After the declaration of prime minister for one crore poorest of
that the during the Chief Ministers’ Conference held in the poor households. AAY contemplates identification of
New Delhi in July 1996 on Basic Minimum Services the poorest of the poor families from amongst the BPL
made recommendations for concrete efforts to streamline families covered under TPDS within the State.
the Public Distribution System and accordingly it was
renamed as Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) b) Entitlement under TPDS
in June 1997.The PDS as it was being implemented earlier Eligible beneficiaries are entitled to subsidized food grains
had been criticized for its urban bias and its failure to such as wheat and rice.
serve effectively the poorer sections of the
population(Planning Commission, GOI, 2002-07, p. c) Centre- State control
368).It was also criticized for its negligible coverage in The Centre and state government both share responsibility
the states with the highest concentration of the rural poor for the functioning and operation of PDS. The Central
and lack of transparent and accountable arrangements for government is procuring or buying food-grains – mainly
delivery(Planning Commission, GOI, 2002-07, p. rice and wheat – from farmers, traders, rice-millers and
368).TPDS aims to provide subsidized food-grains to the others at a minimum support price and its sells it to states
poor households through a network of Fair Prices Shops at central issue prices (CIP). The Size of BPL population
(ration shops). Food-grains such as rice and wheat that are and their entitlement of subsidized food-grains both
provided under TPDS are procured from farmers, traders, decided by the central government. The Centre also
rice-millers and others at a minimum support price and it allocates the food-grains to the each state on the basis of
sells (allocate) to states at central issue prices (CIP) and the total number of poor in state. After that, each state
delivered to the ration shops where the beneficiary government has responsibility for delivering the allocated
purchase food grains according to his/her entitlement at food-grains from depots to each ration shop or fair price
subsidized prices. Thus, TPDS intends to target the shops. These essential commodities are distributed to
subsidized provision of food grains to ‘poor in all areas’ consumers at ration shops. In 2013, there were a total of
unlike RPDS, which laid stress on ‘all in poor areas’. The 0.52 million fair-price shops in the country. Private agents
center and states share the responsibilities of identifying and co-operative ran these shops and a few were state-
the poor, procuring food-grains and delivering food-grains owned. There were a total of 243.72 million families with
to beneficiaries. ration card in the country and, on average; one fair price
shop served 473 ration cards(Department of Food and
Public Distribution, 2014)
i-Explore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.orgInternational Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 3
Volume 3, No. 11, November 2014
Table 1.1: Timeline of PDS: 1939s to present rural population as per the 2011 census. According to the
Evolution of 2011 Census, UP also has the largest rural population in
Timeline Details
PDS India. UP is also 4thtop state by 20.7 percent Scheduled
Launched as general entitlement Caste (SC) population as per the 2011 census and 0.6
PDS 1939 percent population is Scheduled Tribe (ST).
scheme
PDS was made universal for
RPDS 1990 poorest areas such as in hilly Literacy Rate: Chart1.1
and inaccessible areas
TPDS 1997
PDS was revamped to target Litracy Rate in % in UP
poor households
Antyodaya Scheme launched to target the 100.00%
2000 80.00%
Chart 1.1
Anna Yojana poorest of the poor
60.00%
PDS Control Government notified this Order 40.00%
2001
Order to administer TPDS 20.00%
A case in Supreme Court 0.00%
PUCL vs
contending that Liter Liter Liter
Union Of 2001
“right to food” is a fundamental acy acy acy
India rate rate rate
right
National Male Fema pers
Act to provide legal right to s les ons
Food 2013
food to the poor
Security Act Uttar Pradesh 79.24% 59.26% 69.72%
(Balani, 2013)
Sources: provisional census, India, 2011
PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN
UTTAR PRADESH Literacy rate in UP is 69.72 percent of which 79.24 per
cent male and 59.26 per cent female(Census 2011). All
• Profile of Indian State Uttar Pradesh details have been discussed in chart 1.2(Census 2011).The
Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state of country. With literacy rate data of UP indicate that 30.28 per cent of the
nearly one-sixth of the total population or 19.95 crore total population of UP is not literate till now (Census
people (that is 16.49 percent of total Indian population). 2011). 1 When we look at the female literacy rate, we find
The sex ratio is 908 females per thousand males as that 40.74 per cent females are illiterate (Census 2011). If
compared to India’s 940 per thousand males. The we compare illiteracy rate of female with that of male
population of 0-6 age group is 2.97 crore (14.90 per cent) (20.76) in UP, we get that illiteracy rate of female is
in Uttar Pradesh (Census 2011). almost double than that of male(Census 2011).
The state was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Economic profile and reduction of poverty ratio in UP:
Provinces with the passing of the States Reorganization The economic growth rate of UP is 5.20 per cent and per
Act and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950. Lucknow is capita income is 19,512/- in 2013-14 at the constant prices
the capital of Uttar Pradesh and Kanpur is the economic and economic growth rate of India is 4.74 per cent and per
and industrial capital of Uttar Pradesh. On 9 November capita income is Rs. 39,904/- at constant prices(CSO,
2000, a new state, Uttarakhand, was carved out from the 2014) 2.The average Gross State Domestic Product
mountainous Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh. The (GSDP) is 6.72 per cent of UP and India’s 7.61 per cent
state is now organized into 71 district, 312 sub-district, from 2005-06 to 2013-14. Along with per capita Net
648 Statuary towns and 267 census town and the total no. Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of UP is 3.42 per
of towns is 915 and villages is 1.06 lakh(Government of cent and India’s 2.70 per cent in 2013-14(CSO, 2014).
Uttar Pradesh, 2014).The state has a population Average per capita Net GSDP of UP is 4.49 per cent and
comparable to Brazil. Only four countries China, USA, India’s 5.75 per cent from 2005-06 to 2013-14(CSO,
Indonesia and Brazil have a population higher than that of 2014). The average of revenue receipts as a ratio to
Uttar Pradesh. With an area of 240,928 square km and
population density of 828 people per square kilometer, UP
is also one of the densest states in the country. Over the 1
last decade, the population of the state has increased by The data has been taken from provisional census 2011.
over 20.9 percent and it ranked 14th in the country. Out of 2
19.95 crore population of the state, nearly 15.54 crore(78 Directorate of Economics and Statistics for state
percent) of population lives in rural areas across nearly governments; CSO for all India; Released on 1st March,
1.06 lakh villages and it shares 18.6 percent of India’s 2014; Estimates from 2004-05 to 2010-11 have been
discussed with States DSE
i-Explore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.orgInternational Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 4
Volume 3, No. 11, November 2014
GSDP of UP is 18 per cent from 2004-08 to 2010- Commission, 2011-12). In Uttar Pradesh, The percentage
13.(Reserve Bank of India, 2014) 3. of persons BPL in 2011-12 has been estimated as 29.43
percent (598.19 lakhs) of total population. Out of which
Table 1.2: 30.40 percent (479.35 lakhs) in rural areas, 26.06 percent
Uttar (118.84 lakhs) live in urban areas, i.e. with income that is
All India
Pradesh not sufficient to consume the required minimum number
Growth Rate(2004-05) of calories.
5.40% 7.47%
At constant prices
Growth Rate(2013-14) Year wise Estimated Poverty in Uttar Pradesh and
5.20% 4.74% India
At constant prices
Per CapitaIncome(2004-05)
Rs. 12,950/- Rs. 24,143/- Table 1.3:(in per cent)
At constant prices
Per CapitaIncome(2013-14) Years Uttar Pradesh India
Rs. 19,512/- Rs. 39,904/- Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
At constant prices 2004- 42.7 34.1 40.9 42 25.5 37.2
Average gross GSDP growth 05
6.72% 7.61%
(2005-6 to 2013-14), % 2009- 39.4 31.7 37.7 33.8 20.9 29.8
Net GSDP per capita growth 10
4.49% 5.75% 2011- 30.4 26.06 29.4 25.7 13.7 21.9
(2005-06 to 2013-14), % 12
Food inflation rate Sources: Population as on 1st March 2005 has been used
--- 10% for estimating number of persons; Press note poverty
at national level in 2010
estimates 2009-10(Plannig Commission, 2009-10); Press
Increase in revenue receipts note poverty estimates 2011-12.(Planning Commission,
per annum (2004-8 to 2010- 18 ---- 2011-12)
13) %
Reduction in poverty HCR The Proportion of malnourished children under three
8.3 7.9
(2009-10 to 2011-12), % years of age:
Source: Row 1 and 2, Averages calculated from tables on
GSDP at constant prices and per capita NSDP, Directorate Chart 1.2:(In percentage)
of Economics and Statistics for state governments, and 60
CSO for all India (data based on 2004-05 base line); 50
Column 3 & 4, Estimates based on data on revenue
40
Chart 1.2
receipts and expenditure in ‘State Finances: A Study of
Budgets,’ Reserve Bank of India (years 2014). Percentages 30
are approximate because some year’s figures are based on 20
budget estimates not actual receipts/expenditure; Column 10
5, Tendulkar Committee estimates of Population below 0
Poverty Line, Planning Commission 2009-10 and 2011- underwei
Stunting wasting
12. Food inflation data has been taken from(Chand, ght
Gulati, & Kavery, 2011). Uttar Pradesh 52 20 42
Despite the better growth rate of UP, the percentage of India 45 23 40
below the Poverty Line (BPL) population in 2011-12 has Sources of Chart 1.2:(International Institute for Population
been estimated as 25.7 percent in rural areas, 13.7 percent Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International, 2007)
in urban areas and 21.9 per cent (around 27 crore
population) for the country as a whole(Planning The proportion of malnourished children under three years
Commission, 2011-12). The respective ratios for the rural of age who are stunting (Height-for-age) 52 percent,
and urban areas were 41.8 percent and 25.7 percent and wasting (Weight-for-height) 20 per cent and underweight
37.2 percent for the country as a whole in 2004-05 (Weight-for-age) 42 per cent, in Uttar Pradesh which is 45
(Plannig Commission, 2009-10). It was 50.1 percent in per cent, 23 per cent and 40 per cent in India, respectively.
rural areas, 31.8 percent in urban areas and 45.3 per India States Hunger Index Score (2008)
cent for the country as a whole in 1993-94(Planning
Table: 1.4-
3
Estimates based on data on revenue receipts and Rank Score
expenditure in ‘State Finances: A Study of Budgets,’ Uttar Pradesh 9th out of 17 major States of 22.17
Reserve Bank of India (years 2014). Percentages are country
approximate because some year’s figures are based on India 66th out of 88 23.31
budget estimates not actual receipts/expenditure
i-Explore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.orgInternational Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 5
Volume 3, No. 11, November 2014
The data has been taking from (Menon, Deolalikar, & energy for healthy living that is 2400 kcal in rural areas
Bhaskar, 2008) and 2100 kcal in urban areas (CSO; Ministry of Statistics
and Programme Implementation, 2013).
The Indian States Hunger Index score of UP is 22.17 and
ranked 9 out of 17 states. India’s score is 23.31and Global
Hunger Index score is 23.7, which ranks it 66th out of ABOUT TPDS IN UTTAR PRADESH
88countries (Menon, Deolalikar, & Bhaskar, 2008). This
indicates continued poor performance of India for
reducing hunger. The recent Global Hunger Index Report TPDS is a central scheme and implemented by state
2013 puts India at 63rd rank and score is 21.3. It places agencies. Targeted PDS has been started in 1997 in Uttar
India among a group of countries with ‘alarming’ level of Pradesh after guidelines of the Indian Government. It was
huger, figuring at the bottom of the heap, below China, Sri started after replacement of the Revamped Public
Lanka, Pakistan and several in sub-Saharan Africa(Time Distribution System. In UP, the supply and distribution of
of India, 2014) essential commodities (Wheat, Rice, Kerosene and Sugar)
are done under the guidelines of the Government of India.
Uttar Pradesh and India’s Infant Mortality Rate That guidelines have been incepted from 2001
(2009-11) Order(Department of Food and Public Distribution, 2001),
it is notified under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955,
Chart 1.3: Section(3) that has authorizes the Governor of Uttar
Pradesh to act in power to ensure the maintenance of
per thousand live births storage and distribution of food-grains and other essential
commodities timely at appropriate prices. This would be
called as Uttar Pradesh Scheduled Commodities
70
60 Distribution (Extension) Order-2004(Government of Uttar
50
Chart 1.3
Pradesh, 2004) which will cover the whole State. The
40 whole TPDS will function accordingly. A total of 52.84
30
20 lakh metric tonnes of food-grains (wheat and rice) is
10 allotted to Uttar Pradesh. Currently, there are 74,056 fair
0
Person Person Person price shops (61,044 in rural areas and 13,012 in urban
areas)(The Hindu, 2013). Through which BPL, AAY and
2009 2010 2011 Annapurna and APL schemes are running. In UP, BPL
Uttar Pradesh 63 61 57 families are identified as 106.79 Lakh by Government of
India. Out of which 40.945 Lakh families are identified as
India 50 47 44 poorest of the poor and 65.845 families as BPL
families(Food and Civil Suplies Department). Allocation
[Source: (Economic Survey, 2012-13), A125; Infant of food-grains to 335.88 lakh Above Poverty Line (APL)
mortality rates for 2009, 2010 and 2011 in respect of Uttar families is made depending upon the availability of food-
Pradesh and India and based on three year period 2007-09, grains in the central pool and past off take. Presently, the
2008-10 and 2009-11 and Estimate of Morality allocation of food-grains to APL families ranges 10 kg per
Indicators,(Census 2011); Infant Mortality Rate is defined family per month at Rs 6.60 a kg. BPL card holders are
as the infant deaths (less than one year) per thousand live allocated 20 kg wheat & 15 kg rice. 10 kg wheat & 25 kg
births.] rice are issued to AAY card holders in Lucknow,
Faizabad, Devipatan, Basti, Allahabad, Varanasi,
From chart 1.3, it is very clear that till 2011, 57 children Mirzapur, and Azamgarh but 15 kg wheat & 20 kg rice are
died before achieving the age of 5 at every thousand live given to AAY card holders in Meerut, Saharanpur,
births in UP which was just slightly less than 63 before Moradabad, Agra, Kanpur, Jhansi and Chitrakut. BPL
two years in 2009. It means the grim scenario. After this beneficiaries have to pay Rs. 4.65 per kg for wheat and
whosoever lives, out of them 42 per cent are underweight Rs. 6.15 per kg for rice; for AAY families, the rates are
and 52 per cent undersized and 20 per cent do not have Rs. 2 per kg for wheat, Rs. 3perkg for rice. In addition,
weight according to their height (Chart 1.2). For which BPL and AAY cardholders are given 700 grams of sugar
scarce or less accessibility of quality food to lactating per unit per card at the rate of Rs. 13.50 a kilogram.
mothers is counted as a very frequent reason. It is very
evident that PDS needs to be made robust which can be
very instrumental in tackling hunger and malnourishment
and reducing the IMR (Chart 1.3)in the whole country,
especially in UP, the home for the largest community of
poor (table 1.3) and population in India. This can meet
the minimum per capita basic requirement of dietary
i-Explore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.orgInternational Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 6
Volume 3, No. 11, November 2014
Table 1.5: Number of beneficiaries and entitlements in Uttar last three year(Balani, 2013).Chart 1.4 presents the total
Pradesh
allocation, off-take and off-take percentage of rice and
wheat from 2002-03 to 2012-13.
Catego Number of Prices Entitleme Prices Entitlem
ries beneficiari Rs. nt of Rs. ent of • The off-take (lifting) of food-grains has increased
es ( Lakh (For Wheat (For Rice significantly in relation to the total amount of food-
families) wheat) (kg/famili Rice) (kg/famili grains allotted to states over the last 11 years from
es) es) 26.80 % in 2002-03 to 90.40 % in 2012-13, which
AAY 40.945 2.00 10 / 15 kg 3.00 25 / 20 was to 94.20 % in 2010-11.
kg • This off-take remained very less, 25.20% to
BPL 65.845 4.45 15kg 6.15 20 kg 36.80% from 2002-03 to 2005-06 respectively
(Mulayam Singh regime)whereas the allotted
APL 335.884 6.60 10 kg 8.45 -------
amount of food grains was between 12, 214.66 to
Total 444.267 ------ 10, 979.25 thousand tonnes for the same period.
(Food and Civil Suplies Department)
• After change in political regime, off-take
percentage rose to 54.00% in 2006-07 up to 94.20
The total number of FPSs is 74,056 (61,044 in rural areas
% in 2010-11 but based on the last three years
and 13,012 in urban areas) in UP (The Hindu, 2013),
average consumption of state, there was decline in
which distribute a total 52.84 lakh metric tonnes of food-
the amount of allotment which remained in
grains (wheat & rice) to the 444.267 lakh beneficiaries of
between 8320.38 to 6948.95 thousand tonnes.
TPDS are at the center of the functioning of the TPDS.
Allocation, Offtake and Offtake percentage of rice and
The Share of purchase from the PDS in consumption
wheat under TPDS in Uttar Pradesh to the APL, BPL
of rice and wheat Uttar Pradesh and all India
and AAY
Table 1.6: (In per cent)
Chart 1.4
[Allocation and Off-take (In thousand tonnes)] Rice Wheat
2004-05 2009-10 2004-05 2009-10
Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
Allocation, Off-take and Off- Uttar ----- ----- 17.6 7.8 ---- ----- 6.8 7.6
Pradesh
take % of food-grains in UP India 13 11 23.5 18 7.3 3.8 14.6 9
15,000.00 100.00% Sources: NSS 66th round data; Public Distribution System
80.00% and other sources of Households’ consumption
10,000.00 60.00%
5,000.00 40.00%
20.00% The percentage share of PDS in Rice consumption rose
0.00 0.00% almost double to 23.5% in 2009-10 from 13% in 2004-05
in rural India and in urban India it went up to 18% in
2009-10 from just 11% in 2004-05. In 2009-10, in rural
UP its percentage share was 17.6 whereas in urban UP
only 7.8% people purchased rice for their consumption
Allotment Off-take % Off-take through PDS. The percentage share of PDS in Wheat
consumption rose two times to 14.6% in 2009-10 from
(Department of Food and Public Distribution, 2014) 7.3% in 2004-05 in rural India and in urban India it
increased more than two and half times to 9% in 2009-10
TPDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the from 3.8% in 2004-05.
Central and the State/Union Territory (UT) Governments.
Central Government is responsible for procurement, CONCLUSION:
allocation and transportation of food-grains up to the
designated depots of the Food Corporation of India. The Objectives of TPDS include providing subsidized food-
operational responsibilities for allocation and distribution grains (such as rice and wheat) to the poor households
of food-grains within the States/UTs, identification of through a network of Fair Prices Shops (ration shops).
eligible Below Poverty Line (BPL) families, issuance of The finding of this study is as follows:
ration cards to them and supervision over and monitoring • Utter Pradesh is the most populous state of country
of functioning of FPSs rest with the concerned State/UT and being 69.72 per cent literacy rate, female are
Governments. The allocation to a state changes every year illiterate almost double than that of male’s illiterate.
on the basis of the state’s average consumption over the
i-Explore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.orgInternational Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 7
Volume 3, No. 11, November 2014
• On the one side, the economic growth rate of UP is [8] Department of Food and Public Distribution.
5.20 per cent in 2013-14 at the constant prices. On (2014). Monthly food grains bulletin.
the other side, due to the low income approximately [9] Dreze, J., & Khera, R. (2013, November 13). Rural
6 crores people are poor, in which only 4.79 crores Poverty and the Public Distribution System.
people belong to village. Economic & Political Weekly, XLVIII(45 & 46).
• From chart 1.3, it is very clear that till 2011, 57 [10] Economic Survey. (2012-13). STATISTICAL
children died before achieving the age of 5 at every APPENDIX : ECONOMIC SURVEY 2012-2013.
thousand live births in UP which was just slightly [11] FAO. (1996). Rome Declaration on World Food
less than 63 before two years in 2009. Poverty Summit.
ration in state also decreased (around 8.3 per cent) [12] FAO, WFP and IFAD. (2012). The State of Food
during this period, i.e. from 37.7 per cent in 2009- Insecurity in the World 2012. Economic growth is
10 to 29.4 per cent in 2011-12. necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction
• On the one side, food inflation has been come up of hunger. Rome: FAO.
biggest problem to the country after 2008, which [13] Food and Civil Supplies Department. (n.d.).
reached around double digit in 2010. Due to low [14] Government of Uttar Pradesh. (2004). Government
income, a poor people in the lowest income quartile Order. Food and Civil Supplies Department, Uttar
spend nearly 65 per cent of their total expenditure Pradesh.
on food commodities [15] Government of Uttar Pradesh. (2014). Retrieved
• Government of India gives food subsidy around February 24, 2014, from
90,000 crores at the national level. http://upgov.nic.in/upstateglance.aspx
• Total allocation of food-grains was 72.68 lakhs in [16] International Institute for Population Sciences
2012-13 tonnes through FCI to Uttar Pradesh for (IIPS) and Macro International. (2007). National
APL, BPL and AAY. While off-take of food-grains Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-06: India:
was 65.68 lakhs tonnes of allocated food-grains in Volume I. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
UP. That was 90.40 per cent off-take of allocated Mumbai: IIPS.
food-rains. [17] Menon, P., Deolalikar, A., & Bhaskar, A. (2008,
October 14). The Indian State Hunger Index:
This study is based on secondary data. The finding of Comparisons of Hunger Across States.
study is that better implementation of PDS become [18] Planning Commission. (2009-10). Press Note on
significant in most populous state like UP. Poverty Estimates. Government of India, New
Delhi.
[19] Planning Commission. (2005). Performance
REFERENCES
Evaluation of Targeted Public Distribution System.
[20] Planning Commission. (2011-12). Press Note on
[1] Balani, S. (2013). Functioning of the Public Poverty Estimates. New Delhi: Government of
Distribution System. PRS Legislative Research. India.
[2] Census 2011. (2011). Provisional Population [21] Planning Commission, GOI. (2002-07). Tenth Five
Totals: Uttar Pradesh Series 10. Director of Census Year Plan. Vol. II.
Operation Uttar Pradesh. [22] Reserve Bank of India. (2014). State Finances: A
[3] Chand, R., Gulati, A., & Kavery, S. P. (2011). Study of Budgets of 2013-14.
Managing Food Inflation in India: Reforms and [23] Swaminathan, M. (2003, Sep. - Oct.). Strategies
Policy Option. towards Food Security. JSTOR, 31(9/10), 59-60.
[4] CSO. (2014). Directorate of Economics and [24] The Gazette of India. (2013). The National Food
Statistics for state governments, CSO for all India. Security Act, 2013. Ministry of Law and Justice.
[5] CSO; Ministry of Statistics and Programme [25] The Hindu. (2013, September 01). In Uttar Pradesh,
Implementation. (2013). SAARC Development a cleaning up act.
Goals: India Country Report 2013 Statistical [26] Time of India. (2014). Retrieved from
Appraisal. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-
[6] Department of Food and Public Distribution. elections-2014/news/Hungry-for-votes-but-no-neta-
(2001). The Public Distribution System (Control) to-fix-malnutrition-
Order, 2001. problem/articleshow/33714275.cms
[7] Department of Food and Public Distribution. (2014, [27] World Food Summit. (1996). Rome Declaration on
03 31). Index. World Food Summit. Rome.
i-Explore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.orgYou can also read
