Seaweed Nation: Indonesia's new growth sector - Connectivity, People and Place
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Backgrounder April 2020
No. 02/2020
Seaweed Nation:
Indonesia’s new growth sector
Connectivity, People and Place
Supported by:
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 1
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PRINCIPAL PARTNERS
POLICY PARTNERS
South Sulawesi Ministry of Transportation
Provincial Government Republic of Indonesia
MEDIA PARTNER
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 2
pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org Authors: Hasnawati Saleh and Eugene Sebastian Editorial: Marlene Millott and Tim Fitzgerald Design: Jesse Kartomi Thomas March 2020 You are allowed to copy, distribute, and transmit this work for non-commercial purposes. Disclaimer The report is a general overview and is not intended to provide exhaustive coverage of the topic. The information is made available on the understanding that the AIC is not providing professional advice. While care has been taken to ensure the information in this report is accurate, we do not accept any liability for any loss arising from reliance on the information, or from any error or omission, in the report. We do not endorse any company or activity referred to in the report, and do not accept responsibility for any losses suffered in connection with any company or its activities. About the Australia-Indonesia Centre The Australia-Indonesia Centre is a bilateral research consortium supported by both governments, leading universities and industry. Established in 2014, the Centre works to advance the people-to-people and institutional links between the two nations in the fields of science, technology, education, and innovation. We do this through a research program that tackles shared challenges, and through our outreach activities that promote greater understanding of contemporary Indonesia and strengthen bilateral research linkages. To discover more about the Centre and its activities, please visit: ausindcentre.org The views expressed in this publication are the authors’ own and do not represent those of the Australia-Indonesia Centre. Copyright ©Australia-Indonesia Centre 2020 | Volume 1 | Publication Date 1 April 2020 AIC Melbourne office: Level 8, Building S Monash University, Caulfield Campus 900 Dandenong Road CAULFIELD EAST VIC 3145 +61 3 9903 1296 ISSN 2652-5879 Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 3
pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org INTRODUCTION In the small coastal village of Pangkep District, South Seaweed farming is a growth industry in South Sulawesi. Sulawesi, seaweed farming has become a profitable According to Deloitte, the province alone contributes business. Of all fisheries and aquaculture activities, 18% of global red seaweed production and supports the seaweed contributes the highest in household income. livelihoods of 40,000 households. Yet, the vast majority of Communities can earn an average of US$3,000 to $4,000 red seaweed is not processed or refined in South Sulawesi. a year. In fact, farming seaweed can far exceed income in It is instead sent elsewhere for processing, limiting fishing, which is helping turn more to seaweed farming as Indonesia’s role in the seaweed global value chain and a full-time occupation. leaving farmers impoverished. As an archipelagic nation, Indonesia has more than Recognising its potential, the national government has 17,000 islands. Its coastline is the second-longest in made seaweed strategic to its economy. This backgrounder the world after Canada. Its marine area spans 1792 looks at seaweed in Indonesia. million hectares, three times the size of its landmass. The potential production of fisheries and aquaculture is enormous. It is about 100 million tons per year, compared to the current output of 20 million tons per year. (Subjakto S, 2019) Seaweed can boost the economy and improve the livelihood of coastal communities. Indonesia is already the largest seaweed producer in the world. It accounts for more than a third of global seaweed production. In 2014, its exports were A$300 million, with production increasing by about 30% per year. (Sedayu, B.B., 2018) Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 4
pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org
SEAWEED IN INDONESIA
Seaweed was first documented in the Indonesia archipelago (Nusantara) in 1890. As an industry, it only started to
flourish in the 1980s. Below (Figure 1) is an overview of its history (Zamroni and Salim, 2015; news from industry.co.id,
2017; Qing, 2018):
Figure 1. Overview of Indonesia’s seaweed development
1899
Sibolga Marine Expedition (1899 - 1990) led by Max
Weber and Anna Weber-von-Bosse identified 782
1940
types of seaweed in the archipelago.
Seaweed trade begins in Makassar.
1967
The first seaweed symposium held on seaweed
cultivated in Indonesia (Thousand Islands District).
In the same year, Spinosum was first cultivated in 1968
Tikus Isalnd, Jakarta Bay. Seaweed categorised as Eucheuma, Gracilaria,
Gelidium, Hypnea, and Sargassum by the Food and
1974 Agriculture Organisation (FAO).
Cotton ii type seaweed originating from the
Philippines is cultivated in Indonesia. 1975
LIPI, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, a governmental
authority for science and research in Indonesia, begins
a cultivation project in Samaringga and Rio Island
1981
(Sulawesi). The project fails and is stopped.
Indonesia makes exports 81 tons of dried seaweed.
1986
Experiment for Cottonii cultivation is conducted in Bali. It
1994 results in good yield the following year.
Indonesian Seaweed Industry Association (AP-BIRI/
Asosiasi Pengusaha Budidaya dan Industri Rumput
2006
Laut Indonesia, office in BPPT, Jakarta) conducts
seaweed symposium in Bali. Indonesian Seaweed Commission formed by Ministry of
Marine Affairs and Fisheries Decree (now inactive).
2014 - 2019
President Jokowi makes seaweed cultivation a priority.
The Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP)
2019
responsible for improving the welfare of Indonesian
coastal communities. President issues Regulation (No. 33/2019) on the
Roadmap for Development of National Seaweed Industry
in 2018-2021
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 5pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org
NOT JUST SUSHI
Seaweed is a marine plant that occurs in salt and A 2016 report from the World Bank estimates that the
freshwater. It has no roots, no stems and no leaves. There annual global seaweed production could reach 500 million
are four colours: blue algae (Cyanophyceae), green algae dry tons by 2050 if the market can increase its harvest
(Chlorophyceae), red algae (Rhodophyceae), and brown 14% per year. Reaching 500 million would boost the
algae (Phaeophyceae). All four types of seaweed are in world’s food supply by 10% - from the current level - create
Indonesia, with red seaweed the most found in Indonesian 50 million direct jobs in the process and, as a biofuel,
waters. replace about 1.5% of the fossil fuels used to run vehicles
(World Bank, 2016).
Though seaweed is harvested around the world, eight
countries in Asia produce a staggering 99%. China and Seaweed is the most significant contributor to Indonesia’s
Indonesia are, by far, the most significant producers. total aquaculture production. It is also a growing economic
According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation, driver. Up to 80% of seaweed exports are in the form of low
China’s holds a 47% share of the total production of 30.05 value-add dried raw materials sent to China, South Korea
million tons, while Indonesia’s share is 38%. But up to and Vietnam.
80% of seaweed exports are in the form of low value-add Seaweed is a versatile product. It is in fertilisers, food
- dried raw materials - sent to China, South Korea and additives and animal feed ingredients, or extracted
Vietnam. for carbohydrates such as agar or Carrageens. Recent
Indonesia’s seaweed production increased by almost developments in bio-refining are turning seaweed into
three times between 2010 and 2015 (see Figure 3). Its biofuels, chemicals, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
rapid growth is due to the development and cultivation of Australia’s national laboratory, CSIRO, is even looking at a
Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma spp. - these are the way to feed seaweed to cattle to reduce greenhouse gas
primary raw materials for carrageenan extraction, used emissions from Australia’s $17 billion livestock sector.
to thicken, emulsify, and preserve foods and beverages Indonesia’s start-up, Indonesia Evoware, has invented cups
(Suadi and Eiichi Kusano, 2019). and food containers made from farmed seaweed as an
alternative to plastics. The company also designed food
wrappings and sachets for products such as instant coffee
or flavouring for noodles to dissolve and eaten.
Figure 3. Indonesia seaweed production
Production (thousand tons)
Source: Food and Agriculture Organisation (2018)
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 6pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org
As an aquaculture sector, seaweed employs approximately SEAWEED PROCESSING
3.3 million workers (Packard Report, 2018). It does not
Seaweed processing is in three stages: i) cultivation; ii)
need significant capital investments nor sophisticated
post-harvest processing and iii) collection, distribution and
technology. Its harvest age is short, between 1.5 to two
downstream processing into industrial products.
months, making cultivation a more reliable source of
income for fishermen and farmers (Cumming V, 2016). Harvesting takes place every 45-60 days or about four
times a year. Cultivation techniques involve ropes and
Sixty-five per cent of total seaweed production is
nets. But, bringing seaweed to land is labour intensive and
consumed. While edible seaweed is a nutritious food
can be a costly aspect of sea farming.
source with high fibre, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals
and low fat, yet Indonesia consumes only 1%, in contrast Once it is onshore, seaweed is washed and impurities
to Japan’s 20%. About 15% is hydrocolloid ingredients, removed. Fouling, fauna, tying strings and a variety of
and 20% turned into fertiliser, paper and biofuel. (Dahuri, other contaminants are removed by hand, as are unwanted
2011) and damaged parts. Once washed, the product is then
ready for consumption, processing or packaging for storage
Seaweed is also turned downstream into high value-added
(See Radulovich, R. et al. 2015).
products. Carrageenan, for instance, is a strong binder
for food proteins. It’s gelling, thickening, and stabilising Below (Figure 5) is an example of seaweed cultivation,
properties applies in the food industry, especially dairy processing and interactions between seaweed farmers
and meat products. Carrageenan is also a vegetarian and and other actors (Zamroni & Yamao, 2012).
vegan alternative - used to replace gelatin in confectionery.
Alginate, on the other hand, is a marine biopolymer used Figure 5. The process of seaweed farming and interactions between
seaweed farmers and other actors
to thicken solutions, to make gels, and to form films and
several industrial applications. The textile industry uses Middlemen (punggawa)
it as thickeners for the paste containing dye (Babel et al.
Lending process
2015). The food and beverage industry uses Alginate in ice
Lending Direct
creams and sauces (Kim, 2012). money application
Figure 4 provides an overview of the three post-harvesting
processing pathways of seaweed - from pharmaceutical Seaweed farmers (sawi)
grade to industrial and food-grade products.
Figure 4. Pathways of seaweed post-harvesting processing Planting the
Pharmacy Grade seaweed
Production
Articifical dental material;
shampoo; toothpast;
soap; pharmacy; etc. Harvesting
Glacillaria sp. Jelly Industrial Grade
process
Selling
Eucheuma sp. Carrageenan Fish feed; drilling; paint;
Dried seaweed
printing textile; paper;
Sargasum sp. Alginate ceramics; etc.
Food Grade Source: Zamroni and Yamao (2012)
Soft drink; ice cream;
chocolate milk; bread; jam;
etc.
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Translated from Zamroni and Ernawaty, 2015
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 7pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org
SEAWEED SUPPLY CHAIN
Indonesia’s seaweed supply chain is a vertical information on sharp price fluctuations on the market or
collaboration. It involves farmers, traders, manufacturers margins in the value chain. If farmers face cash shortages,
and exporters. (Mulyati, H. & Geldermann, J., 2017). A they sell it even when crops have not matured.
2019 report produced by the Centre for the Promotion of
iii) Collectors, traders and cooperatives exist in different
Imports from Developing Countries (CBI) maps in detail the
sizes. Smaller collectors often operate in the same
five important actors in Indonesia’s seaweed value chain:
village as farmers. Often, collectors are also leading
a) input suppliers; b) seaweed farmers; c) collectors,
or large farmers. These collectors finance farmers by
traders and cooperatives; d) exporting traders; and e)
purchasing the necessary inputs such as lines and
processors. (CBI, 2019) The section below outlines the
seedlings. In return, they get all the harvest. These types of
value chain based on the CBI report. (Figure 6)
arrangement make farmers dependent on collectors.
Figure 6. Seaweed value chain players
District traders often work with traders. They arrange
transport from collectors to warehouses where the quality,
Input suppliers moisture and impurities contents are checked, packed and
delivered to exporters or local processors.
Farmers Cooperatives are also involved in seaweed collection,
drying and trading. Cooperatives engage in financial loans,
technical help, supplying input to members, selling to
Collectors, Traders, Cooperatives
traders or exporters and local processors. Kospermindo is
an example of a cooperative that operates in 11 districts in
Export traders Sulawesi.
iv) Export traders supply to foreign markets and domestic
Processors processors. About 100 exporting traders are operating
in Indonesia. They tend to use different models to source
seaweed. Some source from five to ten district traders,
i) Input suppliers involve seaweed collectors and local
while others work with collectors and have up to 200
government agencies. Both play a role in supporting
suppliers. Traders source seaweed from different areas to
farmers with farming inputs such as lines, ties, buoys,
ensure that there is an ongoing supply based on seasonal
anchors and seedlings. Collectors often finance such
or weather variations. Exporters buy dried seaweed based
inputs, while local government agencies often assist with
on spot purchasing orders from China or buyers in other
seedlings.
parts of the world. Based on these orders, they give short-
ii) Seaweed farmers are usually smallholders from coastal term contracts to suppliers to deliver specific amounts, at
communities. A farmer tends to have other sources of a certain quality in one or two months at a particular price.
income, outside the seaweed growing season. Some Prices change every week, based on rates provided by
seaweed farmers form legal entities, such as cooperatives, buyers in China.
or informal farming groups. Farmers sell their seaweed to
collectors in cash-based transactions. The sale price at the
farm level is set by local collectors, who in turn get their
prices from district traders or export traders. Farmers lack
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 8pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org
v) Processors - Many processors operate with government No processor operates at full capacity. Some use as little
support and are considered uncompetitive. In 2007, there as 30% to 40% of their productive capacity. Low capacity is
were an estimated 150 seaweed processing companies in most likely due to a lack of access to seaweed or a lack of
Indonesia, with a majority located in East Java. There are market access (CBI, 2019).
at least three types of processing companies:
Processors face three challenges—first, the need to
Highly effective companies with modern technology and upgrade technology. About 60% of seaweed companies
good connections to the market such as Java Biocolloid for only have access to outdated machinery. Second, the need
carrageenan and AgarIndo for agar-agar. to improve human resources. Sixty per cent of companies
interviewed pointed to the lack of staff experience as an
Companies that have developed slowly and face issues
obstacle. The third challenge is the need to improve quality
in access to finance, human resources, technology and
assurance. About 40% of the companies interviewed
markets;
indicated difficulties to ensure stability in quality and
Struggling companies that face challenges to remain microbiology. (CBI, 2019).
active in the market. Some seaweed factories in eastern
Figure 7 shows a typical seaweed supply chain model in
Indonesia are government-owned and generally not well
South Sulawesi. The leading players in the business are
managed.
farmers, collectors, processors (companies), and buyers.
Figure 7. Seaweed supply chain model in Makassar, South Sulawesi
Bantaeng Palopo Wajo Bone Mamuju Bau-Bau
(Farmer) (Farmer) (Farmer) (Farmer)
Makassar Surabaya Jakarta-Bogor
Sulawesi Farmer
Domestic
(40%)
(20%)
RAPID
Seaweed Farmer (Processing Unit) Buyer
(Aquaculturist) 70% CT, 30% SP
Export
(80%)
Out of Sulawesi Farmer
(60%)
Philippines China Others
(70%) (10%) (European)
Nunukan, Kalimantan Farmer Tual, Maluku Farmer
(70%) (30%)
Source: Mulyati, H. & Geldermann, J., 2017
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 9pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org
To sustain the supply of dried seaweed, the processors Both internal and external risks can threaten supply chains
collaborate with producers (seaweed farmers) on technical (Mulyati, H. & Geldermann, J., 2017). Internal hazards
assistance, seaweed farmers’ training, and financial include coordination problems within the supply chain,
capital support. Seaweed farmers are, however, not well which occur in processing and manufacturing. External
organised. As such, there are opportunities to strengthen risks are risks outside of companies and supply chains,
collective-based seaweed production to fulfil the need which include financial, policy and infrastructure risks.
for standardised seaweed products from farmers and to Figure 8 maps the sources of seaweed supply chain risk.
facilitate empowerment and cooperation (Suadi and E.
Kusano 2019).
Figure 8. The sources of seaweed supply chain risk
P.1 Failure in chemicals mixing
P.2 Low quantity yields
Process P.3 Machine breakdowns
Internal risks to P.4 Low quality products
the firm C.1 Inadequate safety stock
C.2 Inappropriate production scheduling
Control C.3 Lack of collaborative planning between the company
and seaweed suppliers
Internal risks
S.1 Fluctuation of raw dried seaweed price
S.2 Scarcity of raw dried seaweed
Supply S.3 Uncertain of seaweed yields
External risks to the S.4 Low quality of raw dried seaweed
firm, but internal risks S.5 Failures in raw dried seaweed delivery
S.6 Distance between seaweed farming and the companies is far
The sources of a to the supply chain
D.1 Demand uncertainty
seaweed supply Demand D.2 Product price volatility
chain risk D. 3 Customers switching
E.1 Variability of government regulatory
Policy, finance & E.2 Exchange rate volatility
E.3 Poor infrastructure
infrastructure E.4 Poor power quality of electric supply
E.5 Scarcity of fresh water
E.6 Low community acceptance
External risks Social E.7 Lack of employment opportunities
E.8 Industrial seaweed wastewater negatively impacts to the environment
Environment E.9 Solid seaweed waste negatively impacts the environment
E.10 Natural disasters: floods & earthquakes
Source: Mulyati, H. & Geldermann, J., 2017
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 10pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org
SEAWEED AS A NATIONAL PRIORITY
Indonesia has ambitious plans to boost its seaweed – Key challenges to fulfilling the roadmap:
sector. In 2015, President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo – Delineate the allocation of space for seaweed
announced a Roadmap to make Indonesia a world cultivation within the various spatial related
leader in carrageenan and agar-agar (jelly) industries by plans;
2021. President Jokowi called for the development of the
industry to process all seaweed. “We have to develop the – Availability of quality and quantity of human
downstream industry to be able to export finished goods. resources for cultivation and processing;
We must not continue to be a supplier of raw material”, he – Application of Indonesian National Standards
said. (Republika Online, 2015) in both cultivation and processing stages;
The plan focused on three particular priorities: double – Availability and supply of quality produce for
seaweed production from 10.6 million tons to 19.5 million processing on a sustainable basis;
tons by 2019; process half of it domestically by 2020;
– The fluctuation of prices for raw seaweed;
and reach a target of seaweed mix (5% content) in the
feedstock for fisheries and animal farms (KKP, 2015). – Expensive transport and logistics costs;
Some critical points identified in the national seaweed – Sub-optimal rates of utilisation of processing
roadmap include: facilities;
– Five of Sulawesi’s six provinces (all except West – Insufficient supporting infrastructure (roads,
Sulawesi) offer prospects for two essential groups of clean water, electricity and gas);
seaweed species (Eucheuma and Gracilaria)
– Government fiscal policies that are not
– Key factors in fulfilling the roadmap: internationally competitive;
– Improving the sub-optimal practices of – Upstream and downstream databases that are
seaweed cultivation; not synergistic;
– Optimising the use of land/seaways for – Limited market access for seaweed producers
seaweed cultivation; and processors.
– Engaging the ASEAN Economic Community as a
means to boost efficiency and competitiveness;
– Maximising the use of domestic seaweed
produce for downstream production;
– Raising competitiveness of domestic seaweed
manufacturing sector; and
– Increasing the pace of investment in seaweed
manufacturing sector.
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 11pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org
Figure 9 sets out Indonesia’s seaweed SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats)
analysis - Perpres 33/2019.
Figure 9. SWOT Analysis of seaweed development roadmap, modified from Perpres RI No.33/2019
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
– Potential development areas – Untapped seaweed potential – Potential areas in 23 provinces – Competitors from other
about 1.5 million ha. areas – Potential national and global countries
– Supportive tropical climate – Low productvity, quality and markets for downstream – Environmental degradation
– 782 species industry products due to pollution
– Potential big markets for – Unsynchronished seaweed – Business and employment – Pests and diseases
downstream products, about development policy opportunities – Fluctuating global price
500 types – Low quality of human resources – Healthier life due to high fibre – Dependency on imports for
– Abundant human resources (in seaweed cultivation and intake from seaweed some chemicals utilised in
– Supportive government policies down streaming technology) – Diversification of seaweed seaweed industries
– Seaweed technological mastery – Business institutions are weak based-businesses
in accessing information and – Low cost of cultivation with short
capital harvest time (45 days)
– Undeveloped zonation system in – Support the growth of other
come provinces causing no legal industries
certainty to businesses
– Information system and
databases lack of synergy
The government has identified several constraints in There are already several strategies underway to develop
developing the seaweed industry. seaweed industry, including:
1) lack of coordination between central government, – A focus on increasing productivity and quality of
regional, business and communities. seaweed (Hikmah, 2015).
2) no seaweed processing companies in eastern Indonesia – The development of the processing industry for
- all companies are located in Java - even though most semi-refined seaweed near the centres of seaweed
seaweed production is in the east. According to the Centre production (Hikmah, 2015).
of Excellence for Development and Utilisation of Seaweed
– The development of consumable seaweed businesses
at Hasanuddin University, the 14 Indonesian companies
from micro-scale into industrial scale. Indonesia
producing agar are all located in Java’s big cities: Medan,
is investing significant effort into cultivating more
Tangerang, Sidoarjo, Surabaya and Malang, and none in
seaweed and expanding its global market. But this
South Sulawesi.
effort is not matched by the development of adequate
3) the poor logistics and supply chain system is a post-harvest processing and downstream industries.
constraint, as it fails to move seaweed from farms to ports
– A digital platform called Tropical Seaweed Innovation
and across islands in a timely, efficient and cost-effective
Network (TSIN, https://www.seaweednetwork.id/) that
way.
was created to connect all seaweed stakeholders. The
4) the lack of innovation in the seaweed value chain platform facilitates a network, promotes cooperation
is holding back the sector (Mongabay, March 2019). and synergy, and encourages innovation.
Seaweed development is lacking adequate investment in
– The initiation of a number of activities that involve
science and downstream innovation.
government (central and regional), academics and the
private sector coming together to collaborate. (Perpres
No. 33/2019). The Perpres is expected to be a guide,
both in increasing the production of seaweed value-
added products and more broadly in the development
of a reliable, competitive and sustainable seaweed
industry, so that Indonesia’s large seaweed potential
can be further expanded.
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 12pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org
ACTORS IN THE SEAWEED INDUSTRY
The seaweed industry is managed directly by the central government through the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
(Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan/KKP) - under the Directorate General of Aquaculture (Direktur Jenderal Perikanan
Budidaya) and Directorate General of Marine and Fisheries Product Competitiveness (Direktur Jenderal Penguatan Daya
Saing Produk Kelautan dan Perikanan).
Below is a list of key seaweed actors in Indonesia:
1. Government – Balitang KKP (The Centre for Marine and Fisheries
Research and Development/Badan Penelitian dan
– Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP)
Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan) which
– Coordinating Ministry for Marine Affairs (Kemenkomar) operated the following centres:
– Ministry of Finance – Centre for Research and Development of Marine
– Ministry of Industry and Coastal Resources (Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Sumber Daya Laut dan Pesisir);
– Ministry of Trade
– Centre for Research and Development of Marine and
– Supporting Ministries and Agencies
Fisheries Products and Biotechnology Competitiveness
– Ministry of Cooperatives, Small and Medium (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Daya Saing
Enterprises Produk dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan);
– Ministry of Villages and Underdeveloped Regional – Centre for Marine Socio-Economic and Fisheries
Development Research (Pusat Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan
dan Perikanan);
– Investment and Coordination Board
– LIPI (Indonesian Institute of Science) - Seaweed
2. Business and Business Associations
research in LIPI is undertaken by the Centre
– ARLI (Indonesian Seaweed Association, Asosiasi for Oceanography Research (Pusat Penelitian
Rumput Laut Indonesia,led by Safari Azis Oseanografi), which also has a Centre of Excellence
– ASTRULI (Indonesian Seaweed Industry Association/ on Marine Bioprospecting. Seaweed downstreaming
Asosiasi Industri Rumput Laut Indonesia; led by Mc research development is also conducted by LIPI as a
Donny W Nagasan) potential cure for cancer.
– ASPERLI (Seaweed Farmers Association/Asosiasi – Universities - Seaweed experts are scattered in
Petani Rumput Laut; led by Arman Arfah) Indonesian universities, especially those that are
autonomous state universities (PTNBH). It is worth
– MAI (Indonesian Aquaculture Society/Masyarakat noting that Ristekdikti has established the Centre of
Akuakultur Indonesia, led by Safari Azis) Excellence Seaweed at Hasanuddin University (PUI-
– Celebes Seaweed Group (CSG, local level in South P2RL) in 2016, the only one in Indonesia. However,
Sulawesi; led by Mursalim) there seems to be no clear divisions of focus among
the various institutions involved in seaweed research.
3. Research
In 2006, the Minister of Marine and Fisheries established
– BPPT (Agency for the Assessment and Application
the Indonesian Seaweed Commission (Komisi Rumput
of Technology/Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan
Laut Indonesia) – consisting of various ministries. The
Teknologi) - BPPT has its own seaweed research focus.
commission no longer exists with its last news dated back
Among them is the development of seaweed-based
in February 2018.
capsules by Pusat Teknologi Agroindustri (Agro-
Industry Technology Centre)
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 13pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org
NATIONAL SEAWEED RESEARCH & – Research and development of new types (species and/
DEVELOPMENT or varieties) of seaweed for herbal products.
The National Seaweed Development Programs for 2018- – Innovative development through technology transfer of
2021 as listed in Perpres No. 33/2019 are as follows: semi-refined products and final products and seaweed
markets focuses on:
1. Development of seaweed cultivation and post-harvest
in the cultivation development area. – Research into the development of innovation through
technology transfer and diversification of semi-refined
2. Development and organisation of seaweed-based
(intermediate) products and seaweed end products.
processing industries.
– Research on management and utilization of seaweed
3. Market development of raw materials, semi-finished
industry waste for fertilizer products and other
products (by-products) and final products of seaweed
products.
both at domestic and international levels.
The study of raw materials, semi-finished products, and
4. Research and development of new seaweed
seaweed-based final products.
(species and/or variety), cultivation and technology
innovation of semi-finished and final products and the CONCLUSION
development of domestic and global markets.
Seaweed can significantly boost Indonesia’s economy
The National Seaweed Research Programs 2018-2021 and markedly improve the welfare and livelihood of its
(Perpres No. 33/2019) focus on two aspects: cultivation of people, especially in coastal and island communities. With
new species or new varieties and innovations in seaweed more investment into the sector, huge opportunities will
downstreaming. flow from the development of a healthy, sustainable and
Utilisation and development of new seaweed species globally competitive industry.
(species and/or varieties) cultivation focuses on:
– Research and development of seaweed bioprospecting
types and procedures for utilisation (Sargassum sp.,
Ulva sp., and Gelidium sp.).
– Increasing research and development of seaweed
cultivation technology, including quality seeds,
production, post-harvest, and seaweed marketing.
– Research on the development of tissue culture
seedlings and supervision of tissue culture
laboratories in each region.
– Research on new species and/or varieties to pilot the
development of aquaculture and diversification of
processed seaweed products.
Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 14pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations ARLI: Indonesian Seaweed Association (Asosiasi Rumput Laut Indonesia) ASPERLI: Seaweed Farmers Association (Asosiasi Petani Rumput Laut) ASTRULI: Indonesian Seaweed Industry Association (Asosiasi Industri Rumput Laut Indonesia) Balitang KKP: Centre for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development (Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan) BPPT: Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi) CSG: Celebes Seaweed Group CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CBI: Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries DKP: Office of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan) EIBN: EU-Indonesian Business Network FAO: Food and Agriculture OrganisationIDR: Indonesian Rupiah Kemenkomar: Coordinating Ministry for Marine Affairs (Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi) KKP: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan) LIPI: Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia) MAI: Indonesian Aquaculture Society (Masyarakat Akuakultur Indonesia) Pangkep: Pangkejene dan Kepulauan district Perpres: Presidential Regulation (Peraturan President) PTNBH: Penguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum (autonous university) PUI-P2RL: Centre of Excellence Seaweed at Hasanuddin University (Pusat Unggulan Ipteks – Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatan Rumput Laut) RENJA: Work Plan (Rencana Kerja) RENSTRA: Strategic Plan (Rencana Strategis) SRG: Warehouse Receipt System (Sistem Resi Gudang) TSIN: Tropical Seaweed Innovation Network UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organization Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 15
pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org REFERENCES Al Faqir, Anisyah, ‘Pelaku Usaha Tak Mau Bangun Pabrik Pengolahan, Rumput Laut RI Akhirnya Dijual Murah’, Merdeka. com, 13 December 2019, available at: https://www.merdeka.com/uang/pelaku-usaha-tak-mau-bangun-pabrik- pengolahan-rumput-laut-ri-akhirnya-dijual-murah.html. Alika, Rizky, ‘Seminggu Gantikan Susi, Edhy Prabowo Dorong Budidaya Ikan Hingga Udang’, Katadata, 28 October 2019, available at: https://katadata.co.id/berita/2019/10/28/seminggu-gantikan-susi-edhy-prabowo-dorong-budidaya-ikan- hingga-udang. Ambari, M., ‘Why Does Indonesian Seaweed Lose Competing from South Korea?’, Monga Bay, 11 March 2019, available at: https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/03/11/kenapa-rumput-laut-indonesia-kalah-bersaing-dari-korea-selatan/ Aslan, La Ode Muhammad; Supendy, Rustam; Taridala, Siti Aida Adha; Hafid, Harafin; Sifatu, Wa Ode; Sailan, Zalili and Niampe, ‘Income of Seaweed Farming Households: A Case Study from Lemo of Indonesia’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 175, International Conference on Industrial Technology for Sustainable Development, 25-26 October 2017, Makassar, Indonesia, available at: https://iopscience.iop.org/ article/10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012221. Arthur, Charles, ‘The tide is coming in for Indonesia’s seaweed’, United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, 2018, available at: https://www.unido.org/stories/tide-coming-indonesias-seaweed. Babel, S.; Sharma, S and Rajvanshi. R., ‘Block printing with reactive dye using sodium alginate’, Man-Made Textiles in India, Vol. 43(6), 2015, pp. 220-222. Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries (CBI), ‘Value Chain Analysis Indonesia Seaweed Extracts’, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, February 2019, available at: https://www.cbi.eu/sites/default/files/2019_vca_ indonesia_seaweed_extracts.pdf. CNN Indonesia, ‘Asosiasi Tolok Larangan Ekspor Rumput Laut’, CNN Indonesia, 22 February 2016, available at: https:// www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20160222045253-92-112419/asosiasi-tolak-larangan-ekspor-rumput-laut. Cumming, Vivien, ‘Can Seaweed Farming Save Indonesian Fishermen?’, The New Humanitarian, 16 September 2016, available at: https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/259061. DKP Sulsel, ‘Rencana Kerja (RENJA)’, 2020. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, 2018, available at: http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf. German-Indonesian Chamber of Industry and Commerce, ‘Fisheries and Aquaculture’, EU-Indonesia Business Network, 2017, available at: https://indonesien.ahk.de/fileadmin/AHK_Indonesien/Publication/PDF_Publication/EIBN/Fisheries_ and_Aquaculture_Sector_Report_2017_FULL.pdf. Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 16
pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org Harrison-Dunn, Annie-Rose, ‘What Will it Take to Make Indonesian Seaweed Competitive?’, foodnavigator.com, 2 June 2015, available at: https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2015/06/03/What-will-it-take-to-make-Indonesian-seaweed- competitive. Hikmah, ‘Strategi Pengembangan Industri Pengolahan Komoditas Rumput Laut E. Cotonii Untuk Peningkatan Nilai Tambah Di Sentra Kawasan Industrialisasi’ Journal Kebijakan Sosek KP, Vol. 5 No. 1, 2015. Kim, Se-Kwon (Ed), Handbook of Marine Macroalgae: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2012. KKP, 2015. Tahun 2019, KKP Targetkan Produksi Rumput Laut 19,5 Juta Ton November 11, 2015 https://news.kkp. go.id/index.php/tahun-2019-kkp-targetkan-produksi-rumput-laut-195-juta-ton/ Marbun, Julkifli, ‘Jokowi wants to boost development of seaweed processing industry’, Republika Online, 13 April 2015, available at: https://republika.co.id/berita/nmqq5y/jokowi-wants-to-boost-development-of-seaweed-processing-industry. Muin, Asrhawi, ‘Rumput Laut Jadi Komoditi Andalan di Sektor Ekspor Sulsel’, Sulsetsatu.com, 20 Juni 2018, available at: https://www.sulselsatu.com/2018/06/20/makassar/rumput-laut-jadi-komoditi-andalan-di-sektor-ekspor-sulsel.html. Mulyati, Heti and Geldermann, Jutta, ‘Managing Risks in the Indonesia Seaweed Supply Chain, Clean Technologies and Environment Policy, Vol 19, 2017, pp. 175-189, available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10098-016- 1219-7 Presidential Regulation No 33/2019, ‘Road Map for Development of National Seaweed Industry In 2018-2021’, available at: https://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/175858/Perpres_Nomor_33_Tahun_2019.pdf. Qing, Yimin. Bioactive Seaweeds for Food Applications: Natural Ingredients for Healthy Diets, Academic Press, London, 2018. Radulovich, Ricardo; Neori, Amir; Valderrama, Diego; Reddy, C.R.K.; Cronin, Holly; Forster, John, ‘Farming of Seaweeds’, in Tiwari, Brijesh K and Troy, Declan J., Seaweed Sustainability, Academic Press, pp. 27-59, available at: https://www. sciencedirect.com/book/9780124186972/seaweed-sustainability#book-info. Ridwan, ‘Sejarah Budidaya Rumput Laut di Indonesia’, Industry.co.id, 11 January 2017 available at: https://www. industry.co.id/read/2528/sejarah-budidaya-rumput-laut-di-indonesia. Sedayu, Bakti Berlyanto, ‘Seaweed, Indonesia’s answer to the global plastic crisis’, The Conversation, 5 June 2018, available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2018/06/05/seaweed-indonesias-answer-to-the-global-plastic- crisis.html. Statistics Indonesia, ‘Ekspor Rumput Laut dan Ganggang Lainnya Menurut Negara Tujuan Utama, 2012-2018’, Badan Pusat Statistik, available at: https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2019/02/25/2025/ekspor-rumput-laut-dan-ganggang- lainnya-menurut-negara-tujuan-utama-2012-2018.html, accessed 17 Dec 2019. Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 17
pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org Suadi and Kusano, Eiichi, ‘Indonesian Seafood Supply Chain’, in Kusano, Eiichi (ed.), Food Value Chain in ASEAN: Case Studies Focusing on Local Producers. ERIA Research Project Report FY2018, No.5, Jakarta: ERIA, 2019, pp.134-163. Subjakto, Slamet, ‘Total Akuakultur, Menuju Industri Akuakultur Yang Mandiri’, YouTube, Budidaya KKP, 6 November 2019, 2:01, available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgNu7VM9upg. The Economist, ‘One man’s weed’, The Economist, 18 December 2013, available at: https://www.economist.com/ banyan/2013/12/18/one-mans-weed. Tropical Seaweed Innovation Network (TSIN), available at: https://www.seaweednetwork.id/. Ulfah, Finna U. ‘Sistem Reni Gudang Bantu Petani Sulsel Expor Rumput Laut, Bisnis.com, 25 Dec 2019, available at: https://market.bisnis.com/read/20191225/94/1184338/sistem-resi-gudang-bantu-petani-sulsel-ekspor-rumput-laut. Valderrama, Diego; Cai, Junning; Hishamunda, Nathanael and Ridler, Neil, ‘Social and Economic Dimensions of Carrageenan Seaweed Farming’, Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, No. 580, 2013. World Bank Group, ‘Seaweed Aquaculture for Food Security, Income Generation and Environmental Health in Tropical Developing Countries’, World Bank Group, Washington, 2016, available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ en/947831469090666344/pdf/107147-WP-REVISED-Seaweed-Aquaculture-Web.pdf. Zamroni, Achmad and Yamao, Masahiro, ‘An Assessment of Farm-to-Market Link of Indonesian Dried Seaweeds: Contribution of Middlemen Toward Sustainable Livelihood of Small-Scale Fishermen in Laikang Bay’, African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 7(30), August 2012, pp.4198-4208. Seaweed nation: Indonesia’s new growth sector 18
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