Research for Civil Security 2012 2017 - DEAS
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DEAS
INNOVAT ON
PROSPER TY
The High-Tech Strategy for Germany
Research for Civil Security
2012 – 2017
Framework programme of the Federal Government
WISSENSCHAFT
HIGH-TECH
BILDUNG
STRATEGY
DEAS
INNOVAT ON
PROSPER TY
The High-Tech Strategy for Germany
Research for Civil Security
2012 – 2017
Framework programme of the Federal Government
WISSENSCHAFT
HIGH-TECH
BILDUNG
STRATEGY
RESEARCH FOR CIVIL SECURITY 2012 - 2017 – FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Preface
We have made security issues a focal point of “High-
Tech Strategy 2020”, our national innovation strategy.
Civil security research contributes to prevention and
also to the management of acute crisis situations.
Scientists, engineers, and specialists from the social
sciences and humanities are working together with end
users and industry in projects to carry out research into
innovative security solutions that will protect citizens
and, at the same, fit in with our open society’s percep-
tion of itself. Right from the start, the project partners
are including societal aspects such as ethics and data
protection in their work.
By building on the achievements of the first pro-
gramme and establishing new focal points, the Federal
Government is responding to these challenges with its
new “Research for Civil Security 2012 – 2017” frame-
Security is the most important prerequisite for our work programme, with the BMBF coordinating the
ability to move around freely in our open society. How- Federal Government’s activities here. We expect that
ever, the risks in our changing, globalised world are the practically oriented security solutions will deliver
becoming increasingly diverse. The internationalisa- forward-looking ideas on how we can continue to
tion of both trade and travel combined with increased guarantee civil security for the benefit of the citizens of
digitalisation has many benefits, but also leads to new this country under changed framework conditions.
risks arising from organised crime and globally active
terrorism, which now exist alongside other risks such
as extreme weather conditions and major accidents.
The challenge here is to continue to protect critical
infrastructures for utilities, transport, information and Federal Minister of Education and Research
conurbations to the greatest extent possible. We expect
that this research will deliver solutions that increase
civil security and, in doing so, maintain the balance be-
tween the highest possible level of security and a high
degree of freedom. A central question here is the identi-
fication of a security culture that is compatible with
our liberal and open society. Answering this question
will require an ongoing discourse about the potentials
and risks associated with security measures.
RESEARCH FOR CIVIL SECURITY 2012 - 2017 – FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 1 Contents PREFACE SUMMARY 2 1 SECURITY AS A FOUNDATION FOR LIVING A FREE LIFE 4 2 RESEARCH TOPICS 8 2.1 Societal aspects of civil security 8 2.2 Urban security 13 2.3 Security of infrastructures and the economy 16 2.4 Protection and rescue of people 22 2.5 Protection against hazardous substances, epidemics and pandemics 25 2.6 Information on the BMBF‘s activities in the area of IT security research 27 3 FUNDING INSTRUMENTS AND MEASURES 30 3.1 Joint development of innovative solutions for concrete challenges 30 3.2 Supporting innovation transfer 33 3.3 Broadening the scientific foundations and supporting the further development of competences 39 3.4 Strengthening international cooperation 39 4 CONNECTING PROGRAMMES 42 4.1 The Federal Government‘s framework programmes 42 4.2 Departmental research and institutional funding 45 5 GLOSSARY 49
2 SUMMARY
Summary
Globalisation is opening up a wide range of opportuni- The framework programme is targeting its research
ties for the future for Germany as a modern industrial funding at addressing the global challenges of civil
and knowledge society. However, there are also chal- security:
lenges associated with globalisation in society, business
and politics that we have to face up to. The internation- ■■ Security of critical infrastructures: Germany’s secu-
alisation of both trade and travel, the omnipresence rity architecture is changing. In order to maintain
of the Internet and the threats presented by extreme and expand the high level of security in Germany in
weather events and globally active terrorism have led the future, we will be targeting research at the earli-
to new vulnerabilities. We have to protect ourselves est possible detection of new vulnerabilities and at
with regard to these vulnerabilities in our society that the ongoing improvement of the robustness of criti-
is open to the outside world and highly technologically cal infrastructures through innovation.
advanced in equal measures.
■■ Security of the economy: Companies from Ger-
Security is the foundation for living a free life and is many are subject to risks to an increasing extent in a
an important factor in Germany’s economic prosperity. modern industrial society and in a global competi-
If we wish to continue to protect individual freedom, tive environment. With research and innovation, we
the physical integrity of all citizens, and vital state and aim in particular to put medium-sized companies
economic infrastructures in an effective manner, we and operators of critical infrastructures in a position
will have to search for new approaches and solutions. where they can better protect their core technologi-
Building on the achievements of the first national “Re- cal competences and their expertise against natural
search for Civil Security” programme, the aim here is to risks and organised economic crime.
harness the strengths of civil security research for the
development of innovative solutions and to contribute ■■ Security in cyberspace: The security of critical infor-
to the maintenance of an adequate balance between mation infrastructures and the guaranteeing of the
freedom and security. permanent availability of cyberspace represent one
of the biggest common challenges facing the state,
The focus here is on solutions which guarantee the business and society in the 21st century. Research
protection of the population and of critical infrastruc- is focused on solutions that continuously improve
tures against threats arising from terrorism, sabotage, the protection of cyberspace against serious attacks
organised crime, piracy or the consequences of natural while upholding the protection of personal data and
disasters and major accidents, and which contribute to privacy.
the protection of our liberal way of life.
■■ Security of the citizens: Security research is targeted
With its “Research for Civil Security” framework at societal issues that affect citizens in their imme-
programme, the Federal Government is investing in diate living environments. With targeted research,
tomorrow’s security. The framework programme thus we aim to contribute to protecting the population
implements the goals of the “High-Tech Strategy 2020 and securing the population’s natural resources
for Germany”, which includes security as one of five de- and also wish to stimulate a broad debate in society
mand fields that are guiding the Federal Government’s about civil security in Germany.
innovation policy activities.
The “Research for Civil Security” framework pro-
gramme is following a holistic and integrated research
approach that considers the entire innovation chain
from research right through to applications. We are
guided here by the needs of end users, particularly of
authorities and organisations with responsibility for
security and also of the operators of critical infrastruc-
tures. Working across the boundaries between various
RESEARCH FOR CIVIL SECURITY 2012 - 2017 – FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 3
disciplines, all the important stakeholders from science, Broadening the scientific foundations and
business and the state are working on concrete issues supporting the development of competences
in the research focal areas and are cooperating on the
development of innovative and competitive products As an internationally recognised location for science
and services. The emphasis here is always on the issue and innovation, Germany must face up to the chal-
of how research and the use of new security solutions lenges of global competition in the area of research,
can help to increase civil security for people without education and training. We wish to strengthen cooper-
having a negative impact on the protection of basic ation in civil security research between disciplines and
civil rights such as freedom and self-determination. institutions and to support the further development
The aim of the framework programme is to harness of interdisciplinary academic training structures and
the economic opportunities offered by civil security programmes.
research and to establish Germany as a leading supplier
of security technologies. Dealing with risks and concrete hazard situations in
the right manner is not necessarily a simple matter. In-
stead, it demands comprehensive skills along with the
Supporting innovation transfer ability to implement acquired knowledge both quickly
and effectively in everyday situations, in working life or
Innovative security solutions can only be successfully in voluntary activities. We aim to promote the im-
implemented in practice if they prove themselves in provement of the technical and organisational skills of
society, in everyday use and also in the market. For this security and rescue workers as well as of company staff.
reason, we will link security research and innovation Moreover, our goal is to support the development of
transfer measures in a systematic manner with the goal individual security skills amongst the population.
of expanding the leading international position of Ger-
man suppliers of civil security products and technolo-
gies in the long term. Strengthening international cooperation
Germany is aiming to take on an active role in the area
of civil security research so that it can play its part in
shaping the development of solution approaches for
global challenges. We will expand the existing research
alliances with strong international technology partners
in order to make use of available knowledge and ex-
pertise in our national programme. In addition, we are
also aiming for targeted bilateral research cooperation
projects with countries that will develop important
growth markets for civil security.
Research into new security solutions is determined to help increase
civil security for people without affecting basic civil rights such as
freedom and self-determination.
4 SECURITY AS A FOUNDATION FOR LIVING A FREE LIFE
1 Security as a foundation for living a free life
The security challenges faced by a modern industrial innovation chain from research right through to ap-
and knowledge society have changed fundamentally. plications. This requires linked-up thought and action
New opportunities are opening up for Germany as a re- where the various stakeholders from science, business
sult of the ongoing globalisation of society, commerce and the state will cooperate across discipline bounda-
and politics. As a society that is open to the world and ries to develop solutions for concrete threat scenarios.
as an export-oriented economy, we are benefiting to a
major extent from the increasing internationalisation
of trade, travel and knowledge. Security is an interdisciplinary issue
However, this also results in new vulnerabilities. Technologies that have been developed as part of civil
These vulnerabilities could affect the external and security research can also contribute to the develop-
internal security of Germany just as they could impact ment of solutions in other areas such as plant safety.
on the individual freedom and physical integrity of the The exchange of knowledge between various areas is
country‘s citizens. to be supported here, with the aim of achieving high
efficiency in research. Differentiation emerges, where
research is being targeted at concrete applications.
Security as an opportunity for the future
Security is an important factor for business and for the Building on past achievements
country as a location for business. We benefit from our
high level of security in areas such as supply chains, We initiated a national research programme on civil
energy supply, and information and transport infra- security for the first time in early 2007. Since then, civil
structures. security research has established itself in Germany as
a research area in its own right with a well-networked
Powerful high-tech solutions and innovative ser- community of participants and stakeholders. This
vices will help to maintain this high level of security. At strengthens the position of German stakeholders in the
the same time, they also create an opportunity to make international competitive environment and opens up
Germany a leading market for security solutions. a wide range of opportunities for fostering cooperation
Research for civil security
We must search for new approaches in order to protect
our freedom and the rule of law. Security and freedom
are not incompatible here, but there is a trade-off
between these two factors. Too little security threat-
ens our free way of life, while too much security can
endanger our personal freedom and our right to self-
determination with respect to information. Security re-
search, as we understand it, always takes this trade-off
into consideration. This research will help to maintain
an adequate balance between freedom and security.
With its “Research for Civil Security” framework
programme, the Federal Government is investing in to-
morrow’s security. In accordance with the “High-Tech Various rescue organisations such as the German Red Cross and the
Strategy 2020 for Germany”, we are taking a holistic, fire brigade are cooperating closely in the national security research
programme.
integrated research approach that considers the entire
RESEARCH FOR CIVIL SECURITY 2012 - 2017 – FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 5
Research for Civil Security 2007-2011 ciplinary technologies with a focus on applications.
Innovative systems using existing technologies are
being combined with new research approaches in
39 technology project groups in the focal areas of
“Detection of hazardous substances”, “Integrated pro-
tection systems for emergency and security forces”,
“Pattern recognition” and “Biometrics”. These new
approaches include technology solutions for quick
Forschung für die zivile Sicherheit
Programm der Bundesregierung
mobile detection of hazardous substances, improved
training for emergency and security forces, and
automatic detection of dangerous objects as part of
luggage inspection.
In particular, small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) are leading the way in terms of technological
progress in many areas. However, the risks of carry-
ing out top-level research are often difficult for SMEs
to bear. Within the framework of its security research
programme, the BMBF is supporting high-risk
research projects with its “KMU-innovativ” funding
initiative with the aim of strengthening the innova-
tion capacity of small and medium sized enterprises
As part of its “Research for Civil Security” pro- in Germany (SMEs, or “KMU” in German). The per-
gramme, the Federal Ministry of Education and centage of SMEs in the security research programme
Research (BMBF) has made around 279 million euros is around 26 percent. The first security research
available between 2007 and February 2012 with the programme was also conceived not as a pure tech-
aim of improving the civil security of citizens. In nology programme. Technological and societal issues
addition, industry has contributed approximately are being treated in an integrated manner in all of the
79 million euros of own resources. funded projects. The fact that central interdiscipli-
nary and fundamental issues are being addressed by
The BMBF has provided funding for 122 joint the separate “Social dimensions of security research”
projects in a total of 16 announcements based on line of funding is a significant factor in the success of
subject area. Research is being carried out on solu- the programme. 15 interdisciplinary research projects
tions for complex security scenarios in 48 projects in are investigating topics such as civil security culture
the focal areas of “Protection of transport infrastruc- and architecture, security organisation and security
tures”, “Rescue and protection of people”, “Protec- technology.
tion against the failure of utility infrastructures”
and “Securing supply chains”. The most important The issues involved in civil security are not solely
research goals in these areas include the optimisation national challenges. In a total of 9 bilateral coop-
of measures for emergency care of injured persons, eration projects, German participants are working
research into effective security measures for public together with researchers from countries such as the
transport, the restoration of the power supply in cas- USA, France and Israel with the aim of learning from
es of disaster, and research into security strategies for each other and improving security for their popula-
the protection of vital supply and goods chains. The tions with jointly developed solutions.
technology-oriented civil security research projects
have concentrated on the development of interdis- Further information is available at: http://english.sifo.de
6 SECURITY AS A FOUNDATION FOR LIVING A FREE LIFE
within the framework of the European Union and for
promoting the expansion of international research alli- Commission on Civil Protection
ances with selected partners.
We aim to build upon achievements so far with the The Commission on Civil Protection of the Federal
continuation of the research programme. The research Ministry of the Interior (Commission on civil
focuses will be targeted at future challenges in civil protection) advises the Federal Government and
security. the conference of interior ministers of the federal
states in a voluntary capacity on scientific and
scientific-technical issues relating to protection of
Targeting challenges the population. The legal basis for this is provided
by the Federal Civil Protection and Disaster Assis-
As part of the scope of civil security research, future tance Act (§ 19 ZSKG).
risks for our society will be analysed in a systematic
manner and innovative, competitive products and The Commission on civil protection deals
services will be developed. The focus here is on solu- mainly with issues relating to the prevention of
tions which guarantee the protection of the population and response to major disasters such as those
and of critical infrastructures against threats arising caused by natural disasters, international ter-
from terrorism, sabotage, organised crime, piracy or the rorism, the vulnerability and interconnection of
consequences of natural disasters and major accidents. critical infrastructures, or pandemics. Specific
issues are identified in the “Risk reports” published
Our research funding addresses the global chal- every three years and in the “Annual position
lenges in civil security: papers”. The Commission on civil protection cur-
rently consists of 33 members and two honorary
■■ Security of critical infrastructures: Germany’s members. At present, the Commission is divided
security architecture is changing. Since the rise of into the specialist areas of Medicine, Natural
internationally networked terrorism in particular, and Engineering Sciences, and Social and Legal
Germany has had to adapt to a changed security en- Sciences. Renowned scientists are working in an
vironment. At the same time, the increasingly close interdisciplinary manner on issues relating to the
links between various infrastructures now mean protection of the population and its livelihood;
that even small disturbances in one area can lead to these issues are assigned to the Commission by the
far-reaching failures in other infrastructures. Federal Ministry of the Interior or are suggested by
the Commission itself. The Commission on civil
Our task is to continuously increase the security protection also advises the Federal Ministry of the
and robustness of critical infrastructures through Interior on the preparation and ongoing devel-
research and innovation. opment of the research framework plan for civil
protection research (departmental research) of
■■ Security of the economy: Companies from Ger- the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster
many are subject to risks to an increasing extent in Assistance, and also on the implementation of
a modern industrial society based on the division research results in line with the current status of
of labour and in a global competitive environment. research internationally.
These risks apply not only to industrial plants and
humans, but also affect all company processes – Further information on the Commission on Civil
from the supply of raw materials and production, Protection is available in German at
right through to sales and distribution. www.schutzkommission.de
The protection of knowledge as a production factor
is becoming more important all the time. Inter-
national links and interdependencies in businessRESEARCH FOR CIVIL SECURITY 2012 - 2017 – FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 7
and information mean that attacks on data and
industrial espionage are already causing significant
economic losses today, particularly in medium-
sized companies.
■■ Security in cyberspace: The availability of cyber-
space and the integrity, authenticity and confidenti-
ality of the data it contains have become one of the
crucial concerns of the 21st century. The state, criti-
cal infrastructures, business and the population in
Germany are all dependent on the reliable function-
ing of information and communication technology
and of the Internet.
Civil security research is oriented towards the needs of end users
Faulty IT products and components, the failure such as authorities and organisations with responsibility for security
and the operators of critical infrastructures.
of information infrastructures or serious attacks
in cyberspace can have significant adverse conse-
quences. Guaranteeing security in cyberspace is thus
a central common challenge for the state, business ■■ We will target civil security research at current and
and society. future challenges and promote the development of
innovative solutions for the protection of the popu-
■■ Security of the citizens: Security research is tar- lation and of critical infrastructures
geted at societal issues that affect citizens in their
immediate living environments. This includes ■■ We will focus security research on the entire re-
improved protection against criminal attacks in silience cycle (crisis prevention, precautions, crisis
public transport as well as preventative measures to reaction, recovery and evaluation)
strengthen the population‘s capacity to help itself in
cases of disaster. ■■ We will be guided by the needs of end users, i.e. of
authorities and organisations with responsibility
The emphasis here is always on the issue of how for security and of the operators of critical infra-
research and the use of new security solutions can structures, and we will include the entire innovation
help to increase civil security for people without chain from research and industry right through to
having a negative impact on the protection of basic end users
civil rights such as freedom and self-determination.
■■ We aim to harness the economic opportunities and
establish Germany as a leading supplier of security
Objectives of the framework programme technologies
With security research, we will help to protect our free ■■ We will coordinate security research and innovation
way of life transfer measures in a systematic manner
■■ We will consider data protection issues and pro- ■■ We wish to support the acquisition of individual
mote the development of solutions with good data security skills in society as a whole and broaden the
protection performance scientific basis
■■ We aim to stimulate a broad debate in society about ■■ We will expand international research cooperation
the shaping of civil security in Germany projects and participate in structuring the develop-
ment of solution approaches for global challenges8 RESEARCH TOPICS
2 Research topics
2.1 Societal aspects of civil security they preserve the fundamental privacy rights of citi-
zens and reduce threats? Are we prepared to tolerate
Civil security is a foundation for the individual and some insecurities? These questions represent a major
social life of all citizens. It has become a central value challenge for security research. The risks themselves
in contemporary society, particularly in the light of the and modern security solutions are often complex, and
vulnerabilities associated with modern life, and it is an can even be difficult to comprehend in certain cases.
important factor in Germany’s economic prosperity. The objective security situation and our subjective
Civil security is a public asset that is closely associ- perception of security often do not match each other. It
ated with societal transformation processes and with a should also be taken into account here that even those
changed understanding of freedom where public space security solutions that are accepted by a majority of the
is regarded as an arena where individual freedom, free- population might not be justifiable from ethical view-
dom of communication and social freedom apply. This points – for example, if these solutions discriminate
has an impact on the subjective perception of security against minorities. A debate in society on these issues
among the population as well as on the transforma- will help to structure security solutions in such a way
tion of institutional structures and regulations for the that they take into account the needs, concerns and
protection of security. Civil security is understood expectations of the citizens.
here as part of an expanded concept of security. In this
regard, the protection of Germany‘s internal security is Civil security research can make a successful con-
shaped to an increasing extent by global challenges and tribution to shaping the transformation in society‘s
the transformation in precautionary measures that are security cultures and in institutional security architec-
assumed by the state. tures. What is being sought here are not just the best
solutions from a scientific and technical viewpoint,
How do we imagine a secure society in the future? but innovative security solutions that are compatible
How should security measures be structured so that with the practice of individual organisations and with
Agenda process for continuation of the ground of long-term societal and global develop-
security research programme ments.
Experts from research and business as well as end
Research for civil security is a task for society as a users from the private sector and authorities have
whole and is investigating the integration of diverse identified strategically important topics and research
solution approaches and concepts from the fields of issues as part of the three agenda workshops on the
technology as well as social sciences. action areas of “Companies and business”, “State
precautionary security measures” and “Citizens and
As was done at the preliminary stage of the first community”. Researchers from almost all disciplines
programme phase, the Federal Ministry of Education and representatives from companies, authorities and
and Research (BMBF) has initiated a comprehensive non-governmental organisations also identified their
interdisciplinary agenda process for the continua- research needs as input for this discussion.
tion of the security research programme together
with national stakeholders in the area of civil security In addition, numerous stakeholders such as re-
research. search organisations, authorities, interest groups and
trade associations took the opportunity to present
The goal here was to enter into open dialogue future research requirements in their own subject
with all societal stakeholder groups and to discuss papers.
future challenges in civil security against the back-RESEARCH FOR CIVIL SECURITY 2012 - 2017 – FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 9
society. For this reason, all stakeholders will be involved
in the research from the beginning and technical and
societal issues will be linked. Only in this way is it pos-
sible to support the development of ethically responsi-
ble security technologies in a proactive manner while
taking into account legal, social and economic aspects.
In order to address these challenges, we are target-
ing research at the following focuses:
Risk management and quantifiability of security
The risks for the state, business and society have be-
come more diverse and more unpredictable. State and
private security stakeholders are faced with a growing
spectrum of tasks. The basis for effective protection
Civil security research can make a successful contribution to shaping of the population and of critical infrastructures is the
the transformation in society's security cultures. early identification and evaluation of societal and tech-
Barometer for security in Germany concerned with individual perceptions, attitudes and
behaviours; the level of structures is concerned with
objectivised data and institutional rules for large
Security means freedom from fear and a feeling areas such as the Federal Government, states and dis-
of comfort, safety and trust, among other things. tricts; the level of communication is concerned with
Security is thus a basic, elementary human need and societal security communications.
a central guiding principle for society. The wide spec-
trum covered by the term “security” results in broad, The study is based on the combination of basic
complex issues regarding objective securities, percep- data collection, method development and applica-
tions, sensitivities, conditions and expectations. tion-oriented evaluation in a social scientific joint
project. The design, methodology and results of this
Various dimensions of the topic of security are study will serve as the basis and orientation reference
being dealt with and a monitoring study on objec- for the implementation of subsequent studies. In the
tivised and subjective securities in Germany is being long term, the new research design with the innova-
conducted as part of the “Security, perceptions, tive research methods that have been tried out will
reports, conditions and expectations – Monitoring make it possible to record development profiles (e.g.
Security in Germany” (BaSiD) joint project, which is by means of follow-up studies). The security barom-
being coordinated by the Max Planck Institute for eter will serve as an instrument for future security
Foreign and International Criminal Law in Freiburg. monitoring for determining long-term trends with
The security barometer to be created is focussed on the aim of providing an aid for criminal policy
perceptions, expectations and feelings with regard to decision-making.
security in the areas of criminality, terrorism, natural
disasters and major accidents. Security is consid- BaSiD is running from early summer in 2010 to
ered on the three levels of: the individual, structures early summer in 2013. Further information is avail-
and communication. The level of the individual is able in German at: http://basid.sifo.de10 RESEARCH TOPICS
nical risks along with the quantitative description of
security, taking into account social and economic costs. Centre for Criminology
The research topics include:
The Centre for Criminology (KrimZ) founded in
■■ Development of concepts and methods for risk 1981 as a joint body of the federal and state minis-
analysis, evaluation and prioritisation, including the tries of justice and was based in Wiesbaden. Since
evaluation of residual risks 1986, it has been dealing with important issues in
common areas in justice, policing, criminal policy
■■ Investigation of risk awareness among the popula- and interior security with its activities in research,
tion documentation, information distribution and
advice. Its scientific personnel are interdisciplinary
■■ Methodology for quantifying security and evaluat- in focus. Cooperations are conducted with other
ing technical and organisational security measures bodies – such as the Federal Criminal Police Office
or university institutes – on an area-specific basis.
Security perception and criminality On a number of occasions, the Centre for
Criminology evaluated the application and effec-
The development of security perception and the way tiveness of legal regulations that are of particular
that fear, concerns and insecurities are dealt with are importance to the public interest. The investigation
factors that affect citizens in their personal living of persons held in preventive detention who are
environments and shape society and its value system. to be released after the end of the ten-year period
This applies to the transformation in security culture is not yet complete. In cooperation with the Ruhr
values as well as to changes in personal perceptions University of Bochum, the KrimZ is preparing an
of security that can be triggered by the use of modern analysis of the possible impacts of Germany's act
security technology. Results available so far show that of 30/7/2009 relating to prosecution for prepara-
the subjective security perception of the population tion for serious acts of violence that endanger the
does not always correspond to the actual risks and state (GVVG). The evaluation of this act will also
threats – for example, those presented by various forms consider the issue of whether the legal regulations
of criminality. are appropriate for reducing the risks presented by
international terrorism. Studies on the following
The research topics include: topics have already been completed: the “criminal
careers” of dangerous sexual offenders; smuggling
■■ Ongoing development of methods for control- and trafficking of humans; aspects of extremist,
ling and preventing criminality, and research on politically motivated criminality.
impacts
Parliaments and ministers also commission the
■■ Investigations of the changes in and influencing KrimZ's criminologists to act in various ways in a
factors for security perception and risk perception consultative capacity on a range of current issues in
public security. Noteworthy here is the participation
■■ Role and influence of the security perception of citi- in terms of both organisation and content in the Fed-
zens as part of national crisis management concepts, eral Government's two security reports of 2001 and
taking into account a changing social structure 2006. The Federal Government and the states each
provide 50 percent of the funding for the KrimZ.
■■ Establishment of better fundamental knowledge
in the areas of research into unreported crime and Further information is available in German at:
recidivism prediction www.krimz.deRESEARCH FOR CIVIL SECURITY 2012 - 2017 – FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 11
■■ Dynamic analysis of future threat developments The research topics include:
and profiles of criminals, particularly in the area of
organised crime and Internet crime ■■ Strategies and concepts for efficient and interoper-
able communication structures within and between
authorities and organisations with responsibility for
Communication security
The way that risks are dealt with and quick and suc- ■■ Investigations of the intended and non-intended
cessful crisis management are dependent on the avail- consequences of communication contents
ability of information and the efficiency of communi-
cation processes. Suitable communication strategies ■■ The potential and role of new interactive media
include all relevant stakeholders such as crisis manage- (e.g. Internet and social media) for risk and crisis
ment groups, security and emergency forces, event or- communication with the population
ganisers and the public. Risk and crisis communication
that is tailored for stakeholders and target groups uses
the potential of new media and be responsive to chang- Strengthening resilience
ing media behaviour. It will create an awareness among
the population for perceiving risks and dangers at an Civil security can only be guaranteed in the long term
early stage. It will also communicate possible methods if the resilience of society is strengthened. For example,
for self-help and prevention. At the same time, the this would include improving the robustness and secu-
communication processes and cultures of authorities rity of critical infrastructures and increasing the ability
and organisations with responsibility for security must of the population to overcome crisis situations.
be structured in such a way that cooperation between
security and emergency forces, municipal officials and The research goal is to employ a systematic ap-
state and federal authorities is optimised. proach to increase Germany‘s resilience and thus
also to improve the protection of every single citizen
against security risks and threats.
The research topics include:
■■ Development of concepts and analytical methods to
increase society‘s resilience
■■ Analysis of needs and improved awareness, in-
formation and training concepts, also taking into
account the potential of new media
■■ Concepts for providing training in skills in deal-
ing with disasters and increasing the population‘s
capacity for self-help
The security economy
The market for security products and services had a
A quick and successful crisis response is dependent on the fast global volume of approximately 100 billion euros in
availability of information and on an efficient communication 2008 and, according to the Organisation for Economic
process.
Co-operation and Development (OECD), is growing by12 RESEARCH TOPICS
five to seven percent each year. The European Econom- Social and technical change
ic Area is responsible for around 30 percent of the total
volume. With its innovations, civil security research Social change processes with profound consequences
will contribute to the further development of the mar- and the increasing degree of interconnection of techni-
ket for security technologies and services, meaning that cal systems and infrastructures are presenting a major
innovative German companies and research institu- challenge to civil security.
tions will be able to benefit from this booming market.
The research goal is to contribute to the shaping of
Even though around 80 percent of critical infra- the development and transformation of civil security
structures are now in private sector ownership, the solutions in a proactive manner while taking into ac-
market is also characterised by demand from the public count legal, social and economic aspects.
sector. Changed security requirements are increasing
the need for the introduction of innovative security The research topics include:
technologies and services, even despite the increas-
ingly limited resources of public budgets. This will ■■ Investigations of demographic and social change
have effects on future financing of security services and its effects on civil security – for example, with
and, ultimately, will also lead to increased expansion of regard to the changes in society‘s security needs
security partnerships. and in the organisation of security and training of
security stakeholders
The research goal is to investigate the economic
consequences and effects of security culture change ■■ Contributions to research into causes of political ex-
processes and security measures in particular and to tremism, terrorism and radical tendencies in society,
contribute to the development of new business models. and the development of preventative measures and
of potential national and social countermeasures
The research topics include:
■■ Financial analyses of security scenarios and technol-
ogies, particularly from overall economic viewpoints
■■ Investigations of the importance of international
dependencies with regard to access to key technolo-
gies and raw materials for the guaranteeing of civil
security
■■ Investigations of the economic costs and benefits of
security measures
■■ Investigations of the framework conditions for
cross-institutional cooperation and business models
for security partnerships
■■ Analyses of the organisational and legal impacts
of the transfer of official state tasks and of struc-
tural changes in security architecture, including
investigations of the transferability of international
concepts People buried under rubble can be located more quickly using the
portable detection system from the I-LOV project. Further informa-
tion is available in German at: http://i-lov.sifo.deRESEARCH FOR CIVIL SECURITY 2012 - 2017 – FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 13
■■ Investigations of the effects of processes of in- Protection against criminality
creased technology use on members of authorities
and organisations with responsibility for security Criminality and fear of criminality can significantly
and on the staff of private security service providers. reduce the quality of life in cities and other municipal
The focus here is on changes in training require- areas. New organisational and technical prevention
ments and standards that are common to various methods can be researched and crime prevention
organisations measures can be developed and refined on the basis of
regional analyses of risks and needs.
■■ Investigations and analyses of legal and societal
requirements and of the security-related framework
conditions for the development of technologies
that respect data protection, taking into account the Cooperative security policy in the city
“privacy by design” principle
■■ Investigations and concepts relating to the shaping
of interfaces between humans and technology and
to the effects of human-technology interactions in
security technology systems
2.2 Urban security
People want to feel safe all the time in their immedi-
ate living environments, on the way to work or when
attending a major event. The terrorist attacks in Madrid
(2004) and London (2005) and criminal attacks in un-
derground and other suburban train services and sta-
tions in various major cities in Germany have focused Since the early 1990s, cooperations between the
the attention of politicians, the public and the media police and municipal authorities and charitable
on the issue of urban security. Cities and other commu- organisations, educational institutions, civil society
nities are facing the challenge of ensuring that citizens organisations and other participants have been
will continue to be protected in the future. an important factor in crime prevention and the
development of intervention strategies. However,
Civil security research will contribute to detecting not all of the partners involved are always satisfied
risks at an early stage, reducing instances of lacks of with the scope and procedures of this coopera-
security, and anchoring security as an integral preven- tion. The aim of the “Cooperative Security Policy
tative component of modern urban planning, without in the City” (Kooperative Sicherheitspolitik in der
limiting the diversity and freedom of city life or curtail- Stadt, KoSiPol) project is to obtain an insight into
ing people‘s right to self-determination with respect the composition of committees, the processes of
to information. The potentials of security technologies opinion-forming and decision-making, and imple-
and services are to be researched here and, in addition, mentation strategies for local cooperation projects
the social and economic impacts of these technologies on civil security. On the basis of this analysis, the
and services are to be investigated. project is developing concepts for the improvement
of local security partnerships.
In order to address these challenges, we are target-
ing research at the following focuses: Further information is available in German at:
http://kosipol.sifo.de14 RESEARCH TOPICS
Foundation of the German Forum for Crime The core message of the “Conditions for the success
Prevention of prevention of interpersonal violence in childhood
and youth” expert report published by the foundation
in 2008 is that long-term prevention for the young is
The German Forum for Crime Prevention (DFK) was best implemented by means of coordinated measures
founded in Bonn in 2001 as a non-profit foundation and programmes. Accordingly, the foundation is also
under German civil law. The Federal Government, working on coordinating and embedding preven-
federal states, numerous companies, associations, tion programmes that have proven to be effective. In
trade unions, religious communities and local gov- this context, the DFK is supporting the evaluation of
ernment associations are represented on the board of the implementation of effective prevention services
the foundation. in municipal and institutional practice as a sample
project. The focus here is on successfully meeting the
Promoting crime prevention in all its aspects is challenges of implementation processes – particu-
the task of this foundation, which has the remit of larly the improvement of cooperation between the
serving society as a whole. These aspects include: participating stakeholders – and on the investigation
knowledge transfer and the networking of numer- of applicability to comparable issues.
ous countrywide prevention stakeholders; support
for and initiation of concrete prevention projects; The foundation communicates through its
research and development of systematic long-term quarterly “forum kriminalprävention” magazine and
prevention strategies. its website, which also includes a German-language
portal under “Prävention im Überblick" (Overview of
As part of its violence prevention focus, the foun- prevention) with important prevention stakeholders,
dation has successfully established and developed the including the state prevention committees.
main action requirements for violence prevention as
part of a cumulative process in cooperation with oth- Further information is available at:
er relevant bodies such as the German Youth Institute. www.kriminalpraevention.de/english.html
The research topics include: structures and transport hubs. Even if the best possible
precautions are taken, it will still not be possible to
■■ Investigations of the causes of “zones of fear” in protect citizens in urban areas against all conceivable
residential or inner city districts and unforeseen crisis events.
■■ The influence of societal trends – such as demo- The research goal here is to increase the resilience of
graphic change – on future developments in crimi- urban living environments. Integrated urban planning
nality in urban living environments and protection concepts make cities more resilient in
disaster or crisis situations. Comprehensive risk and
■■ The development of improved forms of cooperation emergency management systems help to better esti-
between various security stakeholders, particularly mate potential threats and their impacts. These systems
in public-private security partnerships network and coordinate all private-sector and national
security stakeholders in an efficient manner in crisis
situations. In this way, it becomes possible to restore
“The resilient city” the ability of urban infrastructures to act and function
as quickly as possible.
Towns, cities and metropolises are particularly vulnera-
ble because of their high densities of vital supply infra-RESEARCH FOR CIVIL SECURITY 2012 - 2017 – FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 15
Security in public facilities
Networking transport companies, emergency
services, event organisers and passengers Unhindered access to public facilities to such as mu-
nicipal offices and libraries is taken for granted as a part
of modern urban living. Vandalism, violence at schools
and restrictions to public life caused by anonymous
bomb threats can have serious – even tragic – con-
sequences. These consequences affect the security
perception among citizens.
Against this background, holistic prevention ap-
proaches and protection measures must be developed
that promote the expansion of security expertise and
facilitate improved risk and crisis communication. The
goal is to deliver practically oriented research results
in a form that can be used to improve intervention
methods – for example, in situations with conflict or
The increasing numbers attending major events violence in schools.
are presenting new challenges for municipalities
and for public transport. The aim of the “Network-
ing of Local Passenger Transport Companies, Relief Security in the residential environment
Personnel, Organisers and Passengers” (VeRSiert)
project is to provide the greatest possible security The fear of criminality and a feeling that an area is not
for those attending major events, particularly safe can significantly reduce the quality of life in urban
when travelling to and from the event by bus, tram environments – particularly for older people. A desire
or train. VeRSiert, which is being headed by Nah- to avoid risk can even lead to people withdrawing and
verkehr Rheinland GmbH, is employing innovative staying in their homes to an increased extent. At the
technologies and organisational concepts here. same time, urban communities will face new social
challenges in the future due to the increased life expec-
The project is developing an information and tancy of the population, the increase in the number of
cooperation portal that can be used to optimise single-person households and the coexistence of vari-
cross-organisation networking in the planning ous ethnic milieus.
and holding of major events and in the post-event
phase. The project is also generating short-term With the aid of research, new cooperation strate-
predictions to quantify movements of people gies and protection concepts in crime prevention can
attending events based on new video analysis be developed and civic security partnerships in urban
procedures and simulations. It is also developing environments can be supported.
applications for mobile end devices to provide
information to those attending events so that they
can avoid critical congestion points and reduce Security in public transport
waiting times when travelling to the event.
Public transport is one of the most important social and
Further information is available in German at: economic lifelines of urban areas. The dense rail and road
http://versiert.sifo.de networks and transport-related facilities such as bridges,
tunnels, railway stations and bus and tram stops are neu-
ralgic nodes. Vandalism, criminal attacks on passengers
and staff, or terrorist attacks can affect the security and
reliability of public transport to a serious extent.16 RESEARCH TOPICS
The research topics include: stakeholders can also improve the supply of drinking
water, food and medicine to the population in crisis
■■ Integrated prevention concepts and security situations.
systems that apply to various modes of transport
and ensure better protection for urban transport
infrastructures by means of construction or other 2.3 Security of infrastructures and the economy
technical measures, for example
As a modern, highly industrialised society, Germany is
■■ Optimised training and qualification concepts that dependent on a range of functioning infrastructures.
enable staff to detect crisis situations at an early These supply private households, companies and
stage and to react in an appropriate manner public administration with electricity, water, goods and
services. These critical infrastructures form a dense grid
■■ Improved communication concepts that increase and are dependent on one another to a high degree.
the subjective sense of security of passengers and Even minor disruptions can cause domino effects that
personnel can lead to temporary supply bottlenecks and signifi-
cant losses for the economy. For example, an adequate
supply of drinking water for the population could be
Security of supply to the population endangered if the electricity supply is interrupted for a
longer period.
The high population density in urban areas and the
strong degree of interconnection of supply infrastruc- State and private-sector infrastructure operators
tures present particular technical and organisational and companies are faced with the challenge of main-
challenges to emergency and rescue workers. Research taining and further improving the high level of security
can help to increase the resilience of urban infrastruc- in Germany in the future. In particular, this includes
tures with the aid of preventative measures. Innovative the protection of technological core competencies
risk and emergency management that involves various and business expertise of Germany as a location for
business and knowledge against organised economic
crime and industrial espionage. Civil security research
will contribute to the early identification of new
vulnerabilities in both stand-alone and interconnected
infrastructures and the further development of existing
crisis management and emergency supply concepts.
In order to address these challenges, we are target-
ing research at the following focuses:
Security of critical infrastructures
The protection of critical infrastructures is a chal-
lenge for society as a whole. Alongside energy supply,
the infrastructures involved here include the supply
of drinking water and food, secure supply chains and
health care, as well as transport, communication and
administration infrastructures and critical industrial
Innovative risk and emergency management that takes into account plants. Around 80 percent of critical infrastructures are
many participating bodies can help to ensure that a secure drinking operated by the private sector. With its “National Strat-
water supply is available to the population.
egy for Critical Infrastructure Protection”, GermanyRESEARCH FOR CIVIL SECURITY 2012 - 2017 – FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 17
will continue the successful approach taken so far of Natural, technical and societal risks and the increas-
trust-based, constructive cooperation and will intensify ing degree of interconnection within and between
and expand cooperation between relevant stakeholders individual infrastructures have resulted in an increased
from the state and business sectors. level of vulnerability.
The research topics include:
Simulation of cascade effects ■■ Risk-based resilience strategies that aim to improve
the resilience and restoration capacity of individual
critical infrastructures and of the overall system
of interconnected infrastructures as part of an ap-
proach that covers all risks
■■ Simulations and prediction models that are com-
mon to a number of infrastructures and help to
ensure the robustness of critical infrastructures in
the long term and to facilitate the management of
interdependencies
■■ Technical solutions and crisis management and
emergency supply concepts that allow for the
restoration of damaged infrastructures as quickly
Infrastructures such as the electricity, gas, heat as possible and guarantee a temporary emergency
and water supplies are of prime importance for supply of vital goods and services
the everyday life of every single citizen and for the
processes in entire industrial sectors. ■■ Technical solutions and measures which can be
used in an integrated, mobile or stand-alone man-
The goal of the “Simulation of Inter-Sector Cas- ner and which improve the protection of critical
cade Effects in Failures of Supply Infrastructures” infrastructures against the consequences of natural
(SIMKAS-3D) project, which is being headed by the disasters, terrorist attacks or risks from new tech-
Center for Technology and Society at the Technis- nology, including investigations of the impacts of
che Universität Berlin, is to develop an integrated electromagnetic pulses and geomagnetic storms
perspective on the security of supply infrastruc-
tures in disaster situations. The project also goes
beyond consideration of the risks of individual Security of tomorrow‘s infrastructures
systems and focuses on interactions and poten-
tial cascade effects. SIMKAS-3D analyses existing New technological developments will mean that
dependencies and generates cross-system threat infrastructures will not only be more strongly inter-
scenarios to help provide an overview of processes connected in the future, but will also be organised in
and procedures in emergencies. Thanks to the a more decentralised manner. Examples include the
development of 3D software and the improved “Internet of Things”, the advent of smart-grid technol-
organisation of action procedures, SIMKAS-3D ogy in energy supply, the continuing expansion of
facilitates better cooperation in crisis management e-government, and the increased use of telemedical ap-
and in risk and crisis communication. plications in health care. However, the associated gains
in terms of convenience, security and mobility are also
Further information is available in German at: accompanied by new vulnerabilities. For this reason, it
http://simkas-3d.sifo.de is necessary to develop integrated design and resilience
strategies at an early stage (“security by design”) thatYou can also read
