RESEARCH ANNUAL 2021 - Cardiff University
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2021 RESEARCH ANNUAL
Contents
Academic staff project index 1 Hygrothermal Monitoring of Timber-Frame
Replacement Infill Panels 25
Research staff project index 2 INDAIRPOLLNET (INDoor AIR POLLution NETwork) 26
Low Carbon Built Environment (LCBE) SPECIFIC 2 27
Introduction to WSA research 3
Low Carbon Built Environment New Build
Research and Scholarship Groups 4 Home Performance Evaluation 28
• Computational Methods in Architecture Managing the Brief for Better Design 29
• Design, Practice, Materials and Making Negotiating Livelihoods and Rights
• Energy, Environments and People in Contested Urban Space 30
• Heritage and Conservation Occupants in the Building Design
• History and Theory Decision-Making Process 31
• Urbanism PLUG-N-HARVEST 32
Practicing Engagement 33
Projects Regenerative Design and Modelling in
The 2013-2017 Restoration of the Oratory Environments with Extreme Conditions 34
of the Partal Palace 5 Shelf-Life 35
BECAMI Belle Epoque Cairo Museums Itineraries 6 Social and Spatial Form 36
Care and the City 7 Social Housing Research on Energy from
The Central Role of Architectural Precedent Welsh Data (SHREWD) 37
in Sustainable Architectural Design 8 South Wales Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality 38
CircuBED 9 Systemic Approach to Architectural Performance 39
Constructing the Urban Imaginary 10 Tamil Temple Towns 40
The Contested Urban Experience of Post-War West-Berlin 11 Topologic 41
Co-Performative Bio-Climatic Layers of Built Environment 12 University Spaces Fit for the Fourth Industrial Revolution 42
Decision-Making in Emergency Management Urban Food Growing 43
and Post-Disaster Recovery 13
Urbanising Suburbia 44
Decision-Making in Regenerative Design and Development 14
Use of Storage and Renewable Electricity Generation
Developing Optimal Domestic Low Carbon Ventilation to Reduce Domestic and Transport Carbon Emissions 45
Technologies to Improve Air Quality and Reduce Health
Risks from Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollutions 15
Eco-Hammam 16
Welsh School of Architecture Research
Centres and Consultancies 46
Embodied Pedagogies 17
• Design Research Unit Wales (DRUw)
Energy Revolution Research Consortium 18
• Low Carbon Research Institute (LCRI) & ESRI
Exploring how Sources, Behaviour and Mitigation
Strategies Influence Indoor Air Quality 19 • Practice, Research and Advancement
in South Asian Design and
Euro-Mediterranean Urban Voids Ecology (EMUVE) 20
• Architecture (PRASADA)
Forms of Informal Urbanism 21
• Centre for Sustainable Design of the
The Handbook of Urban Design Research Methods 22
Built Environment (SuDoBE)
Harbourview 23
Homes of Today for Tomorrow 24 Postgraduate research 47
Academic staff project index
Wesley Aelbrecht: Mhairi McVicar:
Constructing the Urban Imaginary Practicing Engagement
Clarice Bleil de Souza: Dimitra Ntzani:
Decision-Making in Emergency Management and Embodied Pedagogies
Post-Disaster Recovery;
Hiral Patel:
Decision-Making in Regenerative Design and Development; Managing the Brief for Better Design;
Occupants in the Building Design Decision-Making Process; University Spaces Fit for the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Regenerative Design and Modelling in Environments with
Extreme Conditions Joanne Patterson:
Energy Revolution Research Consortium;
Laura Bowie: Homes of Today for Tomorrow;
The Contested Urban Experience of Post-War West-Berlin
Low Carbon Built Environment – New Build Home
Marie Davidova: Performance Evaluation;
Co-Performative Bio-Climatic Layers of Built Environment; Low Carbon Built Environment (LCBE) SPECIFIC 2
Systemic Approach to Architectural Performance
Nastaran Peimani::
Juliet Davis: Forms of Informal Urbanism;
Care and the City; The Handbook of Urban Design Research Methods;
Urbanising Suburbia Negotiating Livelihoods and Rights in Contested
Urban Space
Hu Du:
Developing Optimal Domestic Low Carbon Ventilation Oriel Prizeman:
Technologies to Improve Air Quality and Reduce Health Risks Harbourview;
from Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollutions; Hygrothermal Monitoring of Timber-Frame
PLUG-N-HARVEST Replacement Infill Panels;
Shelf-Life;
Ed Green:
Homes of Today for Tomorrow Tamil Temple Towns
Julie Gwilliam: Magda Sibley:
The Central Role of Architectural Precedent BECAMI Belle Epoque Cairo Museums Itineraries;
in Sustainable Architectural Design Eco-Hammam
Adam Hardy: Vicki Stevenson:
Tamil Temple Towns Exploring how Sources, Behaviour and Mitigation
Strategies Influence Indoor Air Quality;
Wassim Jabi:
South Wales Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality;
Topologic
Urban Food Growing;
Phil Jones: Use of Storage and Renewable Electricity Generation
Developing Optimal Domestic Low Carbon to Reduce Domestic and Transport Carbon Emissions
Ventilation Technologies;
Christopher Tweed:
Low Carbon Built Environment (LCBE) SPECIFIC 2;
CircuBED;
PLUG-N-HARVEST
Eco-Hammam;
Tahl Kaminer: Social Housing Research on Energy from Welsh
Social and Spatial Forms; Data (SHREWD);
Urbanising Suburbia University Spaces Fit for the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Simon Lannon: Chris Whitman:
Homes of Today for Tomorrow; Hygrothermal Monitoring of Timber-Frame
Social Housing Research on Energy from Replacement Infill Panels
Welsh Data (SHREWD);
Federico Wulff:
Topologic
Euro-Mediterranean Urban Voids Ecology (EMUVE);
Marianna Marchesi: The 2013-2017 Restoration of the Oratory of
CircuBED the Partal Palace
Gabriela Zapata-Lancaster:
INDAIRPOLLNET (INDoor AIR POLLution NETwork)
1 Welsh School of Architecture Research annual
Reseach staff project index Mahdi Boughanmi: Shelf life Richard Hoggett: EnergyREV Puxi Huang: PLUG N HARVEST Miltos Ionas: Low Carbon Built Environment New Build Home Performance Evaluation Mariangela Parisi: Shelf life Emmanouil Perisoglou: Low Carbon Built Environment New Build Home Performance Evaluation Camilla Pezzica: Eco-Hammam; Shelf life Marianne Solomon Popa: EnergyREV Esther Tallent: EnergyREV 2 Welsh School of Architecture Research annual
Introduction to the
Welsh School of
Architecture Research
The Welsh School of Architecture Our research is currently organised WSA’s research is translated to external
(WSA) is one of seven schools in the in six Research and Scholarship organisations primarily through
College of Physical Sciences and Groups (RSGs), which bring together collaborative research centres and
Engineering and has 57 academic staff and postgraduate research consultancies and a key University
staff members (summer 2020). (PGR) students, recognising the research institute: Design Research Unit
Our ethos of ‘grounded creativity’ essential contribution they all make Wales (DRUw) engages in architectural
shapes our collaborative, diverse to generating knowledge, stimulating design projects that address key topics
research and supports dialogue with debate and creating impact. The in contemporary architectural design,
communities of practice. The School groups sustain and support the including low carbon design, landscape
has a strong relationship with the WSA’s research culture, mentor and and placemaking; Practice, Research
Welsh Government, underpinned nurture early career researchers and and Advancement in South Asian Design
by a long-standing reputation for PGRs, organise research events, run and Architecture (PRASADA) focuses
sustainability research and impact- internal grant peer-review processes on historical traditions of the Indian
delivering projects. and joint applications. Our groups subcontinent; Centre for Sustainable
are Computational Methods in Design of the Built Environment
Architecture; Design, Practice, (SuDoBE) specialises in research
Materials and Making; Energy, concerning sustainability, people and the
Environments and People; Heritage built environment. We are also invested
and Conservation; History and Theory, in Cardiff University’s Energy Systems
and Urbanism. Research Institute, a successor to our
Low Carbon Research Institute, and a
leader in research into low-cardon and
energy in the built environment.
This research annual samples long-term
research projects that are taking place in
2021 at WSA. Some are ongoing, some
have concluded this year, while others
have only launched recently. While the
annual is neither comprehensive nor
exhaustive, it nevertheless provides an
overview of the very diverse research
taking place at WSA, spanning a vast
territory of expertise, of geographies,
and of project types.
3 Welsh School of Architecture Research annual
Research and Scholarship Groups
Energy, Environment and People History and Theory The Heritage and Conservation research
The Energy, Environment and People The epicentre of humanities research at group builds from its members’
Research and Scholarship Group aim the Welsh School of Architecture. established expertise in practice,
to improve sustainability and the quality research and advocacy both nationally
With architectural history and theory as
of life for people through improving the and internationally. These skills include
our point of departure, our work engages
built environment across all scales from specialist architectural conservation in
cultural and visual studies, urban history,
components to buildings, neighbourhoods theory and practice, energy and condition
aesthetics, cognitive linguistics, and
to regions and at a national level. monitoring and measurement, digital
social and political theory. The group’s
Research provides evidence from design documentation and augmented reality
strength is its scholarly research, broad
and planning through to implementation underpinned by architectural history and
expertise, critical perspective and urban
and performance evaluation and theory, heritage-led urban regeneration,
focus. Our key research topics include:
demolition to initiate long term and energy transition in heritage contexts.
the history of Chicago; the use of visual
improvements. Its research findings extend its remit into
images in urban development; the urban
Group lead: Joanne Patterson both policy and practice at both a national
spectacle; the symbolic; contracting;
and international level, in an area closely
architectural agency; the relation of
aligned to Sustainable Development
spatial to social form.
Design, Practice, Materials Goal 11.
We are all involved in international
and Making Group lead: Oriel Prizeman, Magda Sibley
networks and contribute to sustaining our
Members of the Design, Practice,
field through reviews of papers for journals
Materials and Making (DPMM) research
and manuscripts for publishers. Computational Methods
group engage in traditional, practice-
based and practice-led research, with Group lead: Tahl Kaminer in Architecture
a collective focus on design, practice, Enhancing architectural design through
materials and making. the use of innovative computational
Heritage and Conservation methods.
Group members seek to understand Seeking to forge bridges between the
material and making cultures, affect This group researches innovative
critical philosophical and technical
processes and products in industry and computational methods for use in
challenges of contemporary building
practice, and explore the intersection of the creative and design industries. In
conservation, our group addresses the
academic and professional domains. The particular, we look at form-finding using
future role of cultural heritage as
group supports original, rigorous research parametric and generative methods,
a inclusive cultural resource that drives
through collaboration and knowledge preparing digital information for further
sustainable development through
sharing, and connects research within the rigorous analysis, and integrating the logic
a principle of “do no harm.”
school to relevant activities outside. of digital fabrication into the early stages
Our key areas of expertise are: of design.
Research areas include: conducting sustainable building conservation;
design-based research projects; reflection Group lead: Wassim Jabi
vernacular architecture heritage
on (and evaluation of) built projects; valorisation and digital documentation;
research with a focus on material heritage-led urban regeneration;
performance and properties; development Urbanism
heritage design management and public The Urbanism Group undertakes
and evaluation of construction techniques; engagement; energy use in historic
research with a focus on making or leading-edge and collaborative research
buildings; energy transitions on theories and practices for transforming
prototyping; practice-based research. in heritage buildings. cities.
Group leads: Ed Green, Steve Coombs
The Urbanism Group is a relatively young
and dynamic group in the Welsh School of
Architecture which brings together diverse
academics, researchers and doctoral
students to share our work, to exchange
different ideas, and to collaborate on
research that moves the field in new and
exciting directions.
The group is primarily a forum for
intellectual exchange and collaborative
projects on various aspects of urbanism
as an interdisciplinary, critical and
engaged field of design.
Group lead: Aseem Inam
4 Welsh School of Architecture Research annual
WSA LEAD: Federico Wulff Barreiro
WITH: Melina Guirnaldos (Co-I),
Lui Tam (RA)
The Council of the
FUNDING:
Alhambra (Spain),
World Monuments Fund
(WMF), Europa Nostra-
European Commission
YEAR: 2017-
The 2013-2017 Restoration of the Oratory of
the Partal Palace, a Fourteenth-Century Palatine
Mosque in the Alhambra.
Research outcomes of the latest restoration of the Oratory
of the Partal Palace (2013-2017), Alhambra (Spain). Grand
Prix Europa Nostra 2019. Innovative Nasrid carpentry
techniques and new construction dating.
This research focuses on the The dendrochronology tests of the Publications:
innovative outcomes of the latest original decorated timber framework Federico Wulff, ‘The Restoration of
restoration of the Oratory of the covering the main praying space the Oratory ofthe Partal Palace in the
Alhambra of Granada, Grand Prix
Partal Palace (2013-2017), consistently dated its timber Europa Nostra 2019’, Built Heritage
authored by Dr Federico Wulff. elements as been cut during the 6: 3 (Springer Nature, 2021)
The Oratory of the Partal Palace is Autumn/Winter of 1332-1333. This https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238
would prove that the Oratory had -021-00026-w
a unique fourteenth-century palatine
mosque for the exclusive use of the been conceived and its construction Federico Wulff, ‘The Restoration of the
initiated on an earlier date to its Oratory of the The Partal Palace and the
sultans of the Nasrid dynasty of the House of Astasio de Bracamonte in the
medieval Kingdom of Granada (Spain) widely accepted attribution to Yusuf
Alhambra of Granada, Spain’ (Cardiff
and forms part of the Alhambra I (1333-1355) in previous published University. REF by-design output, 2021).
heritage complex. Since 1984, the research. This new dating for the
Alhambra is a UNESCO World Heritage building has been redefined during
Site, key to understanding the history the rule of the earlier sultan Ismai’l I
of intercultural syncretic processes (1314-1325), who had already made
in Western European medieval several interventions in the Partal
architecture. Palace. The improved legibility of
its last two historical restorations,
This restoration and its research the 1846 orientalist-eclectic and
outcomes were awarded with the the 1930 rational-scientific together
Europa Nostra Grand Prix 2019, the with the research findings of 2013-
most prestigious European heritage 2017 restoration, has enabled the
award, promoted by the European interpretation of the Oratory of the
Commission. It has revealed original Partal Palace as a compendium of
inscriptions, new decorative elements the Spanish heritage preservation
and unknown to date constructive approaches of the last 180 years.
solutions from the Nasrid period.
Their interpretation allowed a deeper
understanding of Nasrid carpentry
techniques as more sophisticated and
distinctive from their Christian-mudéjar
counterparts.
5 Welsh School of Architecture Research annual
WSA LEAD: Magda Sibley
Galila Elkadi (PI), Co-Is:
WITH:
Doaa Abouaelmagd and
Gehan Selim
FUNDING: AHRC, Newton/Mosharafa
YEAR: 2016 ‒
BECAMI Belle Epoque Cairo
Museums Itineraries
Belle Epoque Cairo Museums Itineraries creatively engages
school and university students with twelve forgotten
and hidden museums to co-produce physical and virtual
itineraries for visibility, accessibility and connectiveness.
The concept of heritage in Egypt The project demonstrates how a Publications:
has been extended in the 1990s to process of emotional re-appropriation Elkadi Galila and Sibley Magda, ‘Hidden
include artefacts and sites of the of these museums by the new and Unknown: Twelve “Belle Epoque” Cairo
Museums Rediscovered Through Students’
late nineteenth and early twentieth generation of Egyptians can lead to Engagement’, the proceedings of the
centuries. This coincides with the self-sustaining processes of innovative 4th Biennale of Architectural and Urban
era, known as the ‘Belle Epoque’, engagements. It also highlights how Restoration BRAU4. Itinerant Congress Hidden
during which Egypt rediscovered its the Belle époque Cairo museums can Cultural Heritage: Underwater, Underground
and Within Buildings. CICOP Italia ONLUS
Mediterranean roots and witnessed play a catalyst role for connecting the (2018), pp. 445-54.
the emergence of cosmopolitan cities new generation of Egyptians with the becami.com
with their ethnic diversity, plural and collective memory of their parents and
eclectic architecture, and the flourishing grandparents associated with diverse
Arts. The entire Egyptian cultural identities, values and histories.
landscape had reached its golden The project resulted in the inclusion
renaissance era, when museums were of the belle epoque history of this era
introduced as strong educational tools in schools and universities curricula
for future generations. Unfortunately, generating a new dynamic of students’
these museums are today hidden and led research and innovation initiatives.
unknown to most Egyptians. ‘Belle
Epoque Cairo Museum Itineraries’ The project received, an Award for
(BECAMI) is a project that develops Best Practice from the International
innovative public engagement Council of Museums in Egypt in May
strategies for university students and 2017. It has also been recognised by
school children through processes AHRC as an exemplar project meeting
of co-production of games, physical the Sustainable Development Goal for
and virtual itineraries and innovative Quality Education. See http://becami.
architectural and urban interventions. com/ for more information.
6 Welsh School of Architecture Research annual
WSA LEAD: Juliet Davis
FUNDING: Grosvenor Estate Management
YEAR: 2016 ‒ 2021
Care and the City:
Ethics of Urbanism
The aim of this project is to consider the role
of Urban Design in the provision of care and,
ultimately the potential to create caring cities.
Care and the City considers the situations and circumstances of need, Publications:
role of Urban Design in how cities vulnerability or experience amid the Juliet Davis, Care and the City: Ethics of
organise, situate and provide care. general requirements of an urban Urbanism (Bristol: Bristol University Press,
2022 forthcoming)
It begins from the premise that, as fabric. Care is never just give, but is
populations and welfare states in the relational, implying a recognition of the
UK and more widely struggle to cater role of the user, or of communities,
to different needs and vulnerabilities, in design as well as alertness to ho
Urban Design is an increasingly design might help configure caring
important area of focus and care. communities. Finally, care is future-
Across its eight chapters, the book orientated suggesting an emphasis on
argues that many different aspects of the potential of diverse urban citizens
Urban Design are significant, related to flourish , and how design anticipates
both to the form and layout of urban and shapes the future, including the
spaces and how it changes over time. well-being of future generations. Across
Accessibility, atmosphere, continuity its thematic chapters and drawings on
and openendedness, can all be seen research from twelve internationally-
as relevant to care practices and distributed case studies, the book
relations in a broad sense. However, shows how these aspects of care can
drawing on feminist care ethics, be developed though Urban Design. It
the book argues that care through offers a new framing of care ethics in
crucially relies on attunement to care terms of urban design and a theory of
needs - it involves recognising specific caring cities.
Meidlinger Haupstrasse
Perspective View (Source: WES)
7 Welsh School of Architecture Research annual
WSA LEAD: Julie Gwilliam
WITH: Sarah O’Dwyer
YEAR: 2017
The Central Role of Architectural Precedent
in Sustainable Architectural Design
Promoting Critical Evolution Through an Integration of
the Language of Sustainability and Design Quality
Achieving peer acknowledged This work sets out to engage in Publications:
excellence in architectural design is transformative research to promote Gwilliam JA & O’Dwyer, S (2018).
widely considered to be the pinnacle a paradigm shift in architectural Architectural Design and / or
Sustainable Building: A Question of
of achievement for any practicing practice such that the diverging Language?”. The Fifth International
Architect. Indeed, at the heart of the worlds of architectural design Conference S.Arch, Venice, 22 – 24th
learning outcomes of any architectural excellence and sustainable May 2018.
education is an emerging notion of performance can be synthesised Gwilliam JA & O’Dwyer, S (2018).
what Architectural excellence is and to inform a new more complete, Delivering Sustainable Design
indeed, notably, this includes knowing critical and robust language for Excellence: The potential role of
architectural precedent. Submitted to
how to speak about it. Thus, conveying architectural precedent, with wide
PLEA 2018, Smart & Healthy within
the professional skill of understanding reaching impacts. During this the 2 degree limit, Hong Kong, 10-12
and knowledge of architectural design work I will endeavour to promote December 2018
language. Living alongside this is engagement with the architectural Gwilliam, J. and O’Dwyer, S. 2020.
the widely acknowledged need for and interdisciplinary design process, Delivering sustainable design
the built environment broadly and meaningfully and accessibly in excellence: the potential role of holistic
building performance evaluation.
buildings specifically to respond to order to transform it into a more
Architectural Science Review
the environmental, economic and complete critique of design quality, (10.1080/00038628.2020.1825319)
social requirements of sustainability. sustainability and performance than
This has brought about a schism currently exists.
in design practices, whereby
sustainable buildings are largely
perceived as worthy, pragmatic, but
perhaps soulless, while outstanding
architecture remains something other.
Sustainable Architectural Excellence: Outhouse by Loyn + Co Architects. 2016:
Winner of the Manser Medal & Stirling Prize Shortlisted.
8 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: Marianna Marchesi
WITH: Chris Tweed
European Union’s
FUNDING:
Horizon 2020 Research
and Innovation
Programme [Grant
Agreement n. 793021
YEAR: 2018‒2021
CircuBED: Applying the Circular Economy
to the Design of Social Housing
The project explored how social housing communities
can contribute to a circular economy in cities by
social innovation, and how they can be engaged and
empowered by it.
This project explored how social The developed database was Publications:
housing communities can contribute categorized from theoretical Marchesi, M. & Tweed, C. (2021). Social
to the transition to a circular economy knowledge and empirical analysis innovation for a circular economy in social
housing. Journal of Sustainable Cities and
(CE) in cities and how they can supporting the identification of seven Society. (accepted for publication)
be engaged and empowered in types of SI for resource circularity.
Marchesi, M., Tweed, C. and Gerber, D.
envisioning possible scenarios for Based on this typology, the study
“Applying circular economy principles
a circular community. defined potential opportunities for to urban housing”, IOP Publishing:
Resource efficiency in cities is social housing communities as Conference Series, vol. 588, pp. 1.15-1.19,
well as benefits and challenges. 10.1088/1755-1315/588/5/052065
connected to people behaviours, but
until now, the CE has placed limited The findings also identified a
attention on social practices and complementary role that SI can play
behavioural change. On the other side, in the CE implementation in cities.
behavioural change for sustainable Therefore, the project suggested the
living shows being effectively introduction of emerging SI concepts
encouraged through initiatives of into the current CE approach
social innovation (SI) that involve to support the development of
communities and groups of interest opportunities.
in alternative social practice. Based on these results, the study
Therefore, this study pointed at is exploring the ability of playful
understanding the phenomenon of practices to engage residential
SI on resource efficiency and communities, promote bottom-up
circularity in cities to define the knowledge and support collaborative
Social innovation types for a circular
potential contribution of social housing discovery on how to contribute to economy in urban communities.
communities. Through case study a CE. A game design concept for a
analysis, the project provided an serious application on SI for a CE will
overview of contemporary SI initiatives be also outlined. Finally, preliminary
implemented by urban communities recommendations regarding support
and groups of interest among citizens strategies and measures to be
aiming at promoting alternative implemented in policymaking for
production and consumption practices. facilitating emerging SI initiatives in
the field will be formulated.
9 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: Wes Aelbrecht
Alistair Black (Illinois
WITH:
Urbana Champaign) (Co-I),
Christopher Jones
(CU COMSC) (Co-I)
AHRC and
FUNDING:
Fulbright Fellowship
YEAR: 2019 ‒
Constructing the Urban Imaginary:
Photography, Decline and Renaissance
This book discusses the construction of three distinct “urban
imaginaries” during two cycles of urban redevelopment:
urban renewal (1940s-1960s) and downtown renaissance
(1970s-1990s) in Chicago and Detroit.
This book discusses the construction During the period of urban renewal Publications:
of three distinct “urban imaginaries” (1940s-1960s), I investigate how Aelbrecht, W. 2021. “Detroit in Memoriam:
during two cycles of urban renewal voluntary Citizens’ Councils in both The Spectre of Demolished by Neglect,
Urban Imaginaries and Performative Photo-
(1940s-1960s) and downtown Detroit and Chicago used blighted Installations”. Cultural Geographies [under
renaissance (1970s-1990s) in Chicago images as “reform publicity” to rally review].
and Detroit. It uses a wide variety of private organisations, public institutions Aelbrecht, W., ‘Seeing is Believing: The Social
images to do so: photographs, films, and individuals to support and help Life of Urban Decay and Rebirth’, in: Campkin,
maps, graphs, and murals. It explores organise the clearance and selling B. and Duijzings, G. eds. Engaged Urbanism:
Cities and Methodologies. I.B. Tauris, 2016),
how these images were initially used of large tracts of land to private pp. 155-62.
for research, education and promotion developers. By contrast, during the
Aelbrecht, W., ’Decline and Renaissance’,
supposedly to save the city from period of downtown renaissance
Journal of Urban History 41(2), 2015, pp.
obsolescence; and later for social and (1970s-1990s), I track how public- 307-25.
political activism to gather support private partnerships produced images
for preservation of landmarks and of iconic buildings, skylines and
communities. To study how “urban multicultural festivals to pave the way
imaginaries” shape the rebuilding of the for efforts to revitalize both downtowns.
city, in other words, how visuals shape But even as downtown renaissance
thoughts, actions and interactions that booster campaigns attempted to
could justify one mode of city building create a community of believers (and
over another, I focus primarily on the eventually consumers), images of
visual and material exchanges between decline resurfaced, disseminated by
images, the city and its citizens. individuals and groups who together
constructed a powerful counter-
imaginary in order to spur popular
resistance to the wholesale destruction
of buildings, neighbourhoods and
communities.
10 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: Laura Bowie
Edinburgh University
FUNDING:
Principal’s Career
Development
Scholarship
YEAR: 2014 ‒
The Contested Urban Experience
of Post-War West-Berlin
A project exploring the symbiotic relationship
between city-dweller, urban change and identity
in post-war West-Berlin
This research explores the relationship Using cultural outputs such as Publications:
between changes in the urban film, novels, art as well as student Bowie, Laura, ‘Berlin Not for Sale:
environment and political protest. publications, magazines, newspapers The Film Lens as a Tool of Urban
Exploration in 1960s Berlin’, Journal
Specifically, the post-war experience and interviews, this research of Urban History, 2020, https://doi.
of students involved in the 1968 investigates the embodied city- org/10.1177/0096144220953419
protest movements in West-Berlin experience and the city as agent in
Bowie, Laura, ‘Protest and Marginalised
and how their understanding of the developing and instigating political Urban Space: 1968 in West Berlin’, Studies
world was mediated through and by action. Lived experience is therefore in the History and Theory of Architecture, 4,
the built environment. Urban planning used as a means to bridge the 2016, pp. 225-240.
decisions came to be seen as physical objective and subjective.
manifestations of wider social, political Considering how city-dwellers
and cultural ills and became embroiled appropriated urban change,
in fundamental debates about what understood their place in society and
society stood for. Much research has the transnational context through
been published on the ‘68 movement their interactions with the immediate
and on the urban history of Berlin, built environment develops a greater
this research extends and builds on understanding of how change in cities
this analysis to consider the lived is directed and negotiated.
experience of city-dwellers and explores
the symbiotic relationship between
protester and city space. Considering
the local interactions between city-
dwellers and a myriad of contested
urban identities, set within regional,
national and global networks, a more
complex understanding of the urban is
developed when architectural objects
are understood in conjunction with the
flow of people, ideas, and actions.
Bernhard Hermkes, TU-Faculty
of Architecture, West-Berlin, 1968.
Extension by Hans Scharoun,
1969. (Laura Bowie, 2014)
11 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: Marie Davidová
YEAR: 2018 ‒
Co-Performative Bio-Climatic Layers
of Built Environment: The Larger Context
Cases of Systemic Approach to Architectural
Performance
The book discusses possible routes to transition
towards Post-Anthropocene scenario where humans
live in synergy with other living and non-living beings.
The book discusses possible routes to
transition towards Post-Anthropocene
scenario where humans live in synergy
with other living and non-living beings.
This is being exemplified on several
hyper-objective research by design
cases, their systemic methodologies,
and historical references from
vernacular culture. It is layer by layer
uncovering such possibilities within
built environment and their relations
with the digital space and technology.
These relations and actions are
addressing social and environmental
justice of the coming era.
12 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: larice Bleil de Souza
C
(UK Participant)
WITH: Valerio Cutini & Camilla
Pezzica - DESTEC
University of Pisa - Italy
ERASMUS Intra-
FUNDING:
European Agreement /
PhD Project
YEAR: 2017 ‒ 2021
Decision-Making in Emergency Management
and Post-Disaster Recovery
This project examines how decision making in post-disaster
regenerative design processes can be better informed and
evidence-based using different computational workflows
and mixed methods approaches.
This is a research partnership between -
Digital process modelling and -
Developing climate and culturally
the DESTEC and the WSA which information management possibly responsive directives for designing
includes PhD joint supervision, MSc bridging simulation into practice in and building environmentally and
teaching (ERASMUS exchanges for collaboration with stakeholders. socially sustainable public spaces.
both staff and students), organisation -
Exploring formal features of -
Exploring relationships between
of thematic sessions in international informal settlements and services public open spaces, policies, and
conferences, joint peer reviewed accessibility for building adequate urban form.
research publications and joint housing in underprivileged
research grant applications. communities.
Publications:
Research areas include: 2) D esign of safe and resilient urban Pezzica, C., Cutini, V., Bleil de Souza, C. 2021.
1) Sustainable housing provision infrastructure and public spaces Mind the gap: state of the art on decision-
- Identification of drivers, barriers, and making related to post-disaster housing
in disaster-hit cities assistance. International Journal of Disaster
- Approaches and techniques for rapid benefits of building resilient urban Risk Reduction. Paper featured in the UN
adaptive urban planning and design infrastructure for sustainable cities Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
decision-making in crisis situations. and societies (SDG 11) PreventionWeb global knowledge sharing
- Exploring decision-making dynamics platform:
- Integration of bottom-up #openaccess #DRR #decisionmaking #UN #
collaborative mapping processes in and information management
10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101975
top-down urban analysis workflows. systems for informing restorative
urban regeneration choices. Pezzica, C., Chioni, C., Cutini, V. and Bleil de
- Multi-domain modelling and Souza, C. 2020. Assessing the impact of
simulation (e.g., bridging daylighting temporary housing sites on urban socio-
and space syntax analysis). spatial performance: the case of the Central
Italy earthquake. Published in: Gervasi, O. et
al. eds. Assessing the Impact of Temporary
Housing Sites on Urban Socio-spatial
Performance: The Case of the Central Italy
Earthquake. Lecture Notes in Computer
Science, vol. 12251. Springer, Cham, pp. 324-
339. 10.1007/978-3-030-58808-3_24
Pezzica, C., Piemonte, A., Bleil de Souza,
C., Cutini, V. 2019. Photogrammetry as a
participatory recovery tool after disasters: a
grounded framework for future guidelines. The
International Archives of the Photogrammetry,
Remote Sensing and Spatial Information
Sciences (ISPRS). pp. 921-928., 10.5194/
Temporary Housing site, surviving buildings and ruins seen isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-921-2019.
from the destroyed historic centre of Arquata del Tronto, Italy.
13 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: larice Bleil de Souza
C
(UK Participant)
WITH: EU COST Action
RESTORE – Rethinking
Sustainability Towards a
Regenerative Economy
EU COST Action
FUNDING:
YEAR: 2017 - 2021
Decision-Making in Regenerative
Design and Development
Integrating net-zero and regenerative design processes
with digital technologies in performance-based design
and planning.
EU COST Action RESTORE is a funded Dr. Bleil de Souza’s involvement in Publications:
Pan-European network of researchers this project focuses on integrating Reith, A., Bleil de Souza, C.
and industry representatives from regenerative design processes with “Regenerative Buildings and Beyond:
Scale Jumping Sustainable and
more than 40 countries. It focuses digital technologies in performance- Net-Zero Designs to Regenerative
on pushing the built environment based design and planning, more Neighbourhoods, Districts, Communities,
beyond net-zero towards regenerating specifically on: and Cities” Special Issue in
and restoring it, working within the Sustainability MDPI. https://www.mdpi.
-
Mapping, recording, and
com/journal/sustainability/special_
sustainable capacity of its ecosystems transferring knowledge from issues/regenerative_buildings_beyond
to prevent future adverse effects design decision-making in multiple
Forsberg, M. Bleil de Souza, C. 2021.
rather than mitigating them. disciplines to understand how Implementing regenerative standards
Specific objectives of they use different types of digital in politically green Nordic social welfare
RESTORE include: tools to produce evidence to states: Can Sweden adopt the Living
substantiate design arguments and Building Challenge? Sustainability MDPI
- Investigating and deploying Dec 2020. Sustainability, 13, 738.
strategies and best practice that assess design proposals; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020738
enriches places, people, ecology, -
Experimenting with different design Naboni, E. Bleil De Souza, C., Peters,
culture and climate so they are at methods seeking for transparency T., Havinga, L. 2019. Tools and data
the core of the design task; in design decision making by for holistic modelling: Simulating
regenerative futures. (Book section)
-
Promote forward thinking and examining the role of design
In: Naboni, E. and Havinga, L. eds.
multi-disciplinary knowledge which specifications and the production of Regenerative Design for digital
contributes to enriching design evidence in enabling scrutiny and practice: A handbook for the built
accountability of design proposals environment. Bolzano IT, EURAC.
within a use-centric approach https://www.researchgate.net/
towards comfort, health and in relation to fulfilling sustainability
publication/336121907_Regenerative_
wellbeing in harmony with urban and goals and fighting climate change Design_In_Digital_Practice_A_
natural ecosystems reconnecting at different design scales (regional, Handbook_for_the_Built_Environment
people and the built environment neighbourhood and building).
with nature. These objectives feed to planned
activities related to the development
of guidelines to practitioners in the
use of different design methods,
evidence, and digital tools for design
decision-making.
14 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: Phil Jones
WITH: Hu Du (Co-I)
FUNDING: Welsh European Funding Office
YEAR: 2019‒22
Developing Optimal Domestic Low Carbon
Ventilation Technologies to Improve Air Quality
and Reduce Health Risks from Indoor and
Outdoor Air Pollutions
In partnership with leading ventilation manufacturer Nuaire,
Cardiff University will support a 3-year PhD studentship
to develop optimal low carbon ventilation strategies and
technologies for domestic buildings in the UK.
The Knowledge Economy Skills The PhD student will be jointly The KESS 2 programme is a major
Scholarships (KESS 2) has announced supervised by Prof Phil Jones, Dr Hu pan-Wales operation supported by
funding to support a 3-year PhD Du at Cardiff University and Colin European Social Funds (ESF) through
studentship to develop optimal low Biggs, Technical Director of Nuaire. the Welsh Government.
carbon ventilation strategies and This KESS PhD project aims to
technologies for domestic buildings develop optimal low carbon ventilation
in the UK. This funding offered the strategies and technologies for
opportunity to link the world leading domestic buildings in the UK, to fulfil
ventilation manufacturer Nuaire the requirement of good air quality and
(Polypipe PLC) and the Welsh School to reduce health risks from indoor and
of Architecture and Energy Systems outdoor air pollution.
Research Institute to undertake The core objectives of this project
collaborative research. include the analysis of the current
practice of domestic ventilation
technologies and strategies around
the UK with focuses on East Wales,
the development of optimal low carbon
ventilation strategies for domestic
buildings, and to make contributions
to the International Energy Agency’s
Energy in Buildings and Communities
Programme (IEA EBC) Annex 78.
15 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualGROUP LEADER: Magda Sibley
WITH: Chris Tweed (CoI / WSA)
AHRC Follow on Funding for
FUNDING:
Impact and Engagement
(GCRF highlight notice)
YEAR: 2020–2021
Eco-Hammam: Engaging Key Stakeholders
with Bespoke Low-Carbon Technologies for
Lighting, Heating and Water Recycling to
Sustain a Moroccan Heritage
Eco-Hammam aims to accelerate ecological transitions in
Moroccan public bath-houses. Key stakeholders are creatively
engaged to communicate and co-produce co-ordinated
integrated strategies for energy transition, enhanced indoor
conditions and responsible water consumption and recycling.
This impact and engagement project Each hammam consumes on Publications:
follows on from developments arising average 1.5 tonnes of wood and Magda, Sibley . Camilla, Pezzica and Chris,
Tweed 2021. ‘Eco-hammam: The complexity
from a previous AHRC funded project between 60 to 120 cubic meter of
of accelerating the ecological transition of a
during which all the surviving and water per day. The accumulated key social heritage sector in Morocco’
still functioning historic hammams environmental impact of hammams MDPI Sustainability Journal: Special Issue
(public bathhouses)of the North is significant. Various uncoordinated “Innovation and Governance in the Global
African heritage cities were surveyed attempts were made by both National Energy Transition”
(submitted and waiting for outcome)
and documented by the PI. Morocco and International Renewable Energy
is where the largest number of still and Energy Efficiency organisations Project website:
ECO-HAMMAM – Share the resources,
functioning heritage hammams was to reduce their environmental impact save the planet!
surveyed and where new hammams are by facilitating their energy transition.
part of the cluster of key urban facilities However, it is estimated today that only
introduced in every newly residential 67 hammams out of the 12 000 have
neighbourhood. This proposal is made some progress in their energy
based on new developments that transition. The main aim of this Follow-
have emerged from the UN climate on Funding for Impact and Engagement
change conference COP22, held in is to facilitate the acceleration of
Marrakech 2016 and during which ecological transitions processes in
Moroccan hammams were presented Moroccan hammams. This will be
as major contributors to air pollution, achieved through the establishment
deforestation and environmental of regional key stakeholders’ networks
degradation as well as high water in each of Rabat, Fez and Marrakech
consumption and wastage. It was in order to creatively engage them
estimated at COP22 that Morocco has to communicate and co-produce
at least 12 000 hammams, operating integrated strategies for multi-sectorial
with wood burning traditional furnaces. coordinated actions for energy
transition, enhanced indoor conditions
and responsible water consumption
and recycling. See ECO-HAMMAM –
Hammam Dahab in Marrakech: (a) Entrance; (b)
Share the resources, save the planet! Traditional Furnace using wood shavings as
fuel and hot ashes as a slow oven for Tadjine
(Photo taken by Magda Sibley 2008).
16 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: Dimitra Ntzani
Sophia Banou
WITH:
Aikaterini Antonopoulou
YEAR: 2016 -
Embodied Pedagogies: Introducing ‘Otherness’
in Architectural Education
The research-examines the educational and ethical value
that embodied pedagogies and pedagogies of alterity hold
for architectural education.
In the context of UK-architectural The research-examines the Publications:
education, unstable, diverse and educational and ethical value that Dimitra Ntzani, ‘Troublesome pedagogies:
ephemeral bodies are usually absent embodied pedagogies and pedagogies introducing ‘otherness’ to 1st year design
studio’, in Initiations: practices of teaching 1st
from design studios, or find ‘thin’ of alterity hold for architectural year design in architecture, Chatzichristou, C.,
passages to their briefs through the education. It-looks at how ‘other’ Icavovou, P. and Koutsoumpos, L. eds. 2021,
ARB (GC5-GC6) criteria. In their bodies can help us navigate pp. 195-204.
common manifestations, these aesthetical/technological aspects of Student Workshop, funded and awarded by the
bodies become a learning vehicle for design, promote synergies with other Festival of Innovative Learning, run and funded
introducing basic architectural tools disciplinary-areas, raise awareness by the University of Edinburgh 2016.
and qualities (scale, orientation, views, on unstable bodies and contexts, and
materiality) in 1st year. However, during positively infiltrate studio cultures.
these initiations to embodied thinking,
discussions on their complexity,
diversity and ephemerality are often
limited to sensory explorations of
architecture or to debates on ergonomic
design. These same qualities are
rarely addressed in 3rd and 4th-year
studios, where students usually work
on large-scale public programmes, and
manage the needs of ‘average’ users
and diverse social groups. As a result,
complexity, diversity and ephemerality
are then predominantly explored
discursively in history and theory
modules and dissertations, keeping
safe distance from the design studio.
17 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: Joanne Patterson (Co-I)
Led by Strathclyde University.
WITH:
22 Universities 22 Universities,
50+ researchers
FUNDING: PSRC/UK Industrial Challenge
E
Fund Prospering from the
Energy Revolution (PFER)
Programme
YEAR: 2018‒23
Energy Revolution Research Consortium:
EnergyREV
The EnergyREV Consortium is providing evidence for
scaling up smart local energy systems - maximising the
use of sustainable resources, engaging and empowering
communities and people, delivering an equitable move to
a zero-carbon future whilst enhancing the UK economy.
The primary objective of the Energy The consortium are undertaking There are six key research themes:
Revolution Research Consortium a strategic programme of • Infrastructure: Adapting advances
(EnergyREV) is to coordinate and interdisciplinary research, interacting in AI, data analytics and controls;
integrate existing UK world-class with all aspects of the PFER Challenge
knowledge, research teams and programme to ensure that UK • Business: Understanding current
facilities to provide advice, research academic expertise delivers impact local energy business sector to
and innovation support to help ensure and is enhanced through detailed accelerate innovation;
the success of the Industrial Strategy engagement with BEIS, industry, the
Challenge Fund Prospering from the Energy Systems Catapult and all key • Institutions: Assessing policy,
Energy Revolution (PFER) programme. stakeholders. The consortium are regulation and markets for local
EnergyREV are working together as a strongly engaging with stakeholders energy sector change;
strongly managed, closely coordinated, and existing capability through
• Users: Investigating how user
highly multi-disciplinary, group of key partners at all levels to ensure
preferences and practices evolve
researchers from across 22 Universities strategic leadership, strong
overtime;
in the UK involving more than 60 Consortium management and effective
academics. £12 million has been research, analysis and learning. The • Developing a whole systems
secured by the EnergyREV Consortium. flexible research programme, informed understanding: Capture and
by early analyses and to be focused synthesise knowledge from all
at the later stages on knowledge aspects of the value chain and
gaps, priority tasks or results from integrating learnings.
the emerging PFER demonstrators
and design projects and broader case • Supporting scale-up: Understanding
studies where smart local energy potential constraints that can prevent
systems are being demonstrated. scale up of local energy systems
and solutions to overcome them.
The WSA has secured £900,000
to lead Knowledge Management,
Engagement and Dissemination
across the Consortium and to be
part of the Executive Committee and
Management Committee.
18 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: Vicki Stevenson
WITH: Archit Mehra (Chester), Zaheer Nasar
(Cranfield), Stefano Rolfo (STFC), Stephanie
Gauthier (Southampton), Alejandro Rangel
(Lancaster), Jo Zhong (Nottingham Trent),
Rob Ferguson (Essex), Douglas Booker (NAQTS)
Science and Technology Facilities Council
FUNDING:
– Air Quality Network
YEAR: 2020 – 2021
Exploring how Sources, Behaviour and
Mitigation Strategies Influence Indoor
Air Quality: A Pilot Study
Developing interdisciplinary monitoring and modelling
relating to indoor air quality as a pilot study
The average person in the UK spends The physical experiments will take
more than 90% of their time indoors, place at the DOMestic Systems and
but there are many issues affecting Technology InCubator (DOMESTIC)
indoor air quality (IAQ). This short at Chester University. This is being
pilot project will analyse IAQ issues fully mapped in relation to base line
relating to particulates and biological emissions as well as airflow prior to
pollutants generated during cooking, experiments commencing.
dishwashing and house cleaning in Detailed monitoring of the IAQ during
relation to low and high ventilation. specific activities and ventilation
The behaviour to be monitored has flows will be used to evaluate low cost
been guided by the UK Time Use environmental diagnostic equipment.
Survey and considers confounding It will also develop appropriate
factors such as household size and CFD models utilising STFC high
weekday vs weekend. performance computing facilities to
facilitate future investigations.
This work is intended as a proof
of concept to allow future work to
investigate further real-world indoor
environments both experimentally
and numerically.
19 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: Federico Wulff Barreiro
WITH: Noha Nasser-MELA (Co-I),
Oscar Brito CSM-UAL (Co-I)
FUNDING: uropean Commission (2013-
E
2015)/ WSA Research Grant
2021 (under assessment)
YEAR: 2013 ‒
Euro-Mediterranean Urban Voids Ecology
(EMUVE)
EMUVE (Euro-Mediterranean Urban Voids Ecology)
as spatial catalysts for new forms of citizenship and
identity based on mutual respect, recognition and
empowerment for urban and social transformation.
Since 2013, the European EMUVE research includes two design Publications:
Commission-funded project EMUVE research Units within MA Architectural Federico Wulff, Oscar Brito, ‘Intercultural
(Euro-Mediterranean Urban Voids Design (MA AD) which are exploring spatial practices as an opportunity for the
alternative reactivation of historic urban
Ecology) has explored alternative multi-scalar ICNs. The Units are landscapes – The case of Palermo’, Urban
design research strategies for working within the logic of design Design International, 25: 250-265 (London:
reactivating contemporary European research think tanks, in collaboration Springer Nature, 2020). https://doi.
urban landscapes in crisis. From 2016 with public institutions and local org/10.1057/s41289-020-00126-6
onwards, EMUVE is focusing on the stakeholders with different degrees Federico Wulff, Renzo Lecardane, Paola
migration and refugee crisis impacting of influence on the social and urban La Scala, ‘PROGETTARE LO SPAZIO
INTERCULTURALE. Approccio multi-scalare nel
social and urban degradation, exploring transformation of their cities.
quartiere Albergheria a Palermo. DESIGNING
Inter-Cultural Nodes (ICN) as spatial The research outcomes, including THE INTERCULTURAL SPACE. A multi-scalar
catalysts for new forms of citizenship collaborations with local stakeholders approach in the Albergheria neighbourhood
and identity based on mutual respect, in Palermo’, AGATHÓN – International Journal
and the design research process of Architecture, Art and Design 07: 82-91
recognition and empowerment. within the think tank Units, have (Palermo: Demetra/Palermo University Press,
According to Bhabha (1994) and been and continue to be published 2020). https://doi.org/10.19229/2464-
9309/792020
Bloomfield (2007) approaches, an in academic journals and books.The
Inter-Cultural Node (ICN) could be aim of this research would be to form Federico Wulff, Oscar Brito, ‘Multi-scalar
identified as a third space, a pluralist part of the debates within intercultural Intercultural Spatial Practices of migrants and
local communities as an opportunity for an
space that develops relational practices International networks such as the alternative reactivation of deprived historic
at multiple scales (urban, public space, Council of Europe Intercultural Cities urban landscapes. The case of Palermo
architectural), where the participants, network (https://www.coe.int/en/ (Sicily, Italy)’ in Generosity and Architecture,
including locals and all kinds of web/interculturalcities) with the aim Kite S., Drozynski Ch., McVicar M. (eds.).
(London: Routledge, 2021; In preparation).
culturally-diverse migrants that have of applying for a European-funded
been frequently subjected to exclusion, research project.
could collaborate together in creative Over the medium term, our research
expression and dialogue on joint aim will be to articulate a REF Impact
projects within shared ethical bounds – Case Study on interculturality and its
such as openness, cultural recognition, multi-scalar spatialisations for urban
equality, anti-discrimination, dialogue and social transformation for the urban
and sharing of knowledge (Bloomfield, and social transformation of excluded
2013; Landry and Wood, 2008). and marginalised communities.
Our aim is to expand current knowledge
on the multiple relations between
interculturality and contemporary
architecture, focusing on the production
San Benedetto il Moro, Saint Patron of Palermo:
of ICNs.
a thirteenth-century black African (Igor Scalisi
Palmintieri 2016)
20 Welsh School of Architecture Research annualWSA LEAD: Nastaran Peimani
WITH: Hesam Kamalipour
(School of Geography
and Planning,
Cardiff University)
YEAR: 2019 –
Forms of Informal Urbanism
Studying forms of urban informality at the
intersections between sociality and spatiality
across cities of the global South
Forms of informal urbanism – ranging There is a distinction between the Publications:
from informal settlements to informal studies of informality in the context Kamalipour, Hesam, and Nastaran
street vending and informal transport of Global North and South. There is Peimani. “Informal Urbanism in the State
of Uncertainty: Forms of Informality and
– have become integral, yet not thus a need to explore different types Urban Health Emergencies.” Urban Design
necessarily limited to the ways in of informality and the role of urban International (2020).
which cities of the global South work. design in it. This project focuses
Kamalipour, Hesam, and Nastaran
These forms of urban informality work on the ways in which urban design Peimani. “Negotiating Space and Visibility:
as resources to manage the pressing thinking and practice can most Forms of Informality in Public Space.”
challenge of poverty and, as such, effectively engage with the capacities Sustainability 11, no. 17 (2019): 4807.
become integral to sustain livelihoods. and challenges of informality. The Kamalipour, Hesam, and Nastaran
While forms of informality may invoke primary focus would be on different Peimani. “Towards an Informal Turn
in the Built Environment Education:
images of poverty and disorder, they forms of informality and the relations
Informality and Urban Design Pedagogy.”
cannot be simply conflated with each between informal and formal in cities Sustainability 11, no. 15 (2019): 4163.
other. The critical role of urban design across different contexts and scales.
in addressing this challenge is yet to
be explored.
Informal Street Vending (Photo Credit: Hesam Kamalipour)
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