Religion in Africa: Tolerance and trust in leaders are high, but many would allow regulation of religious speech - Afrobarometer
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Dispatch No. 339 | 28 January 2020
Religion in Africa: Tolerance and trust in leaders
are high, but many would allow regulation of
religious speech
Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 339 | Brian Howard
Summary
Africans overwhelmingly identify with a religious faith, trust their religious leaders, and express
tolerance of people of other faiths, a new Afrobarometer analysis shows. Nonetheless, in most
countries a majority of Africans favour civil over religious law as the basis for government (though
Niger, Morocco, and Sudan are exceptions). And nearly half say government
should have the power to regulate religious speech in the name of public
safety.
Findings from national surveys in 34 African countries show religious affiliation as
well as tolerance for other religions are cross-cutting characteristics of African
publics – majorities in all countries claim a religious affiliation and profess
tolerance for those of other faiths.
Religious leaders are more trusted and less widely seen as corrupt than any other group of public
leaders, although both of these positive perceptions have weakened somewhat since the
previous survey round.
Afrobarometer survey
Afrobarometer is a pan-African, nonpartisan survey research network that provides reliable data
on Africans’ experiences and evaluations of quality of life, governance, and democracy. Seven
rounds of surveys were completed in up to 38 countries between 1999 and 2018. Round 8 surveys
are planned in at least 35 countries in 2019/2020. Interested readers may follow our releases,
including our Pan-Africa Profiles series of Round 7 cross-country analyses, at #VoicesAfrica and
sign up for our distribution list at www.afrobarometer.org.
Afrobarometer conducts face-to-face interviews in the language of the respondent’s choice
with nationally representative samples that yield country-level results with margins of error of +/-2
to +/-3 percentage points at a 95% confidence level.
This Pan-Africa Profile draws on data from 45,823 interviews completed in 34 countries between
September 2016 and September 2018 (see Appendix Table A.1 for a list of countries and
fieldwork dates). The countries covered are home to almost 80% of the continent’s population.
The data are weighted to ensure nationally representative samples. When reporting multi-
country findings such as regional or Africa-wide averages, each country is weighted equally
(rather than in proportion to population size).
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 1Key findings
▪ More than nine in 10 Africans (95%) identify with a religion. A majority say they are
Christians (56%), while one in three (34%) self-identify as Muslim, although of course these
proportions vary widely by country (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Only 4% say they are atheists
or agnostics or have no religion.
▪ On average across 34 countries, three in 10 Africans say they are leaders (6%) or active
members (24%) of religious groups that meet outside of regular worship services. Liberians
(58%), Kenyans (56%), and Zambians (55%) are most likely to say they are active in
religious groups, while predominantly Muslim countries such as Tunisia (2%) and Morocco
(2%) are least likely to report membership in religious groups outside of regular worship
(Figure 3). Younger and urban respondents are slightly less active in such groups than
older and rural citizens (Figure 4).
▪ More than four in 10 Africans (43%) say they contacted a religious leader at least once
during the previous year, including 19% who say they did so “often.” Kenyans (71%),
Ugandans (63%), and Zambians (58%) are most likely to report contact with a religious
leader (Figure 5). Africans are more likely to contact religious leaders than other types of
public officials, such as traditional leaders (31%), local government councillors (22%), or
members of Parliament (11%) (Figure 6). More men than women report contact with a
religious leader (46% vs. 39%), and contact increases with respondents’ age, ranging
from 38% of 18- to 25-year-olds to 49% of those over age 65 (Figure 7).
▪ Religious leaders are more widely trusted and less widely seen as corrupt than any other
group of public leaders. However, both of these positive perceptions have weakened
somewhat since the previous survey round (Figure 8).
o More than two-thirds (69%) of citizens say they trust religious leaders “somewhat”
or “a lot,” compared to 52% who say the same about their president and 43%
who trust their members of Parliament (Figure 9). Popular trust in religious leaders is
highest in Senegal (91%) and Uganda (90%), but fewer than half of Tunisians
(42%), Gabonese (42%), and South Africans (49%) say they trust religious leaders
even “somewhat” (Figure 10). Popular trust in religious leaders increases with age
(from 66% among 18- to 25-year-olds to 74% of those over age 65) and decreases
with education level. Muslims (74%) are more likely than Christians (68%) to say
they trust religious leaders (Figure 11).
o About one in seven respondents (15%) say “most” or “all” religious leaders are
corrupt – a far more positive assessment than that accorded other types of
officials (Figure 12).
o Still, a majority (57%) say at least “some” religious leaders are corrupt. Gabonese
hold a particularly jaundiced view of religious leaders: Almost half (45%) say
“most” or “all” are corrupt. Few Malagasy (5%) and Tanzanians (3%) agree
(Figure 13).
▪ Most Africans express tolerant attitudes toward other religions. On average, almost nine
out of 10 (87%) say they would “strongly like,” “somewhat like,” or “not care” if they lived
next door to people of a different religion. Religious tolerance falls below two-thirds only
in Niger (56%) and Sudan (65%) (Figure 14). Muslims (79%) are less likely to express tolerant
attitudes than Christians (91%) and those identifying with other or no religions (91%).
▪ About one in 10 Africans (9%) say they experienced discrimination based on their religion
during the previous year. Twice as many report experiencing such discrimination in
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 2Nigeria (22%) and Liberia (21%) (Figure 15). Christians are almost twice as likely as Muslims
to say they were discriminated against (11% vs. 6%).
▪ One in three Africans (32%) say their country should be governed primarily by religious
law, while six in 10 (61%) prefer to be governed exclusively by civil law. Support for rule by
religious law is particularly strong in Niger (70%), Morocco (68%), and Sudan (65%), while
fewer than one in five citizens favour this option in Mauritius (6%), Zimbabwe (13%), Cabo
Verde (15%), Côte d'Ivoire (17%), and Mozambique (19%) (Figure 16). On average,
Muslim respondents (40%) are more likely to favour religious law than Christians (29%) and
those who identify with other or no religions (23%).
▪ Africans are evenly divided on whether the government should have the right to limit
religious freedom in the name of public safety. About half (49%) believe in absolute
freedom of religion and would deny their government the power to regulate what is said
in a place of worship, while about the same proportion (47%) say the government should
be able to regulate religious speech, especially if it threatens public security. Some
countries that have experienced extremist violence register below-average levels of
support for freedom of religious speech, including Tunisia (21%), Mali (23%), Cameroon
(34%), Burkina Faso (39%), and Niger (42%) (Figure 17).
▪ About one in 10 citizens in Nigeria (11%), Burkina Faso (10%), Niger (9%), and Cameroon
(9%) say they personally experienced violence by political or religious extremists during
the two years preceding the survey. Almost four times as many say they feared but didn’t
experience such violence in Burkina Faso (39%) and Mali (37%) (Figure 18).
Charts
Figure 1: Religious affiliation | 34 countries | 2016/2018
100%
80%
60% 56%
40% 34%
20%
5% 4%
0%
Christian Muslim Other None
Respondents were asked: What is your religion, if any?
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 3Figure 2: Religious affiliation | by country | 34 countries | 2016/2018
Lesotho 96%
Zambia 93%
eSwatini 93%
Namibia 92%
Liberia 87% 10%
São Tomé and Príncipe 87% 10%
Zimbabwe 86% 9%
Uganda 86% 14%
Gabon 84% 11%
Kenya 82% 10%
Botswana 81% 13%
Cabo Verde 80% 19%
Madagascar 79% 13%
South Africa 78% 3% 11%
Malawi 76% 12% 10%
Ghana 75% 16%
Togo 70% 12% 11% 6%
Cameroon 70% 23%
Mozambique 66% 22% 7%
Tanzania 65% 30%
Nigeria 56% 42%
34-country average 56% 34%
Benin 54% 25% 16%
Côte d'Ivoire 53% 35% 8%
Mauritius 33% 16% 50%
Burkina Faso 32% 59%
Sierra Leone 27% 73%
Guinea 11% 85%
Senegal 4% 96%
Gambia 4% 96%
Mali 3% 92%
Niger 92%
Sudan 99%
Tunisia 99%
Morocco 100%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Christian Muslim Other None
Respondents were asked: What is your religion, if any?
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 4Figure 3: Participation in religious groups that meet outside of regular worship services
| 34 countries | 2016/2018
Liberia 13% 45%
Kenya 10% 46%
Zambia 13% 42%
Nigeria 10% 39%
Sierra Leone 9% 41%
São Tomé and Príncipe 1% 46%
Botswana 4% 40%
Tanzania 9% 35%
Ghana 9% 35%
Zimbabwe 10% 31%
Malawi 14% 27%
South Africa 6% 32%
Gambia 7% 30%
Mozambique 3% 32%
Namibia 3% 29%
Uganda 7% 24%
34-country average 6% 24%
Benin 10% 18%
Senegal 6% 21%
eSwatini 2% 25%
Togo 6% 21%
Cameroon 5% 19%
Cabo Verde 1% 23%
Lesotho 6% 17%
Côte d'Ivoire 6% 15%
Guinea 9% 11%
Burkina Faso 4% 9%
Leader Active member
Niger 1%11%
Madagascar 5% 7%
Gabon 2% 9%
Mauritius 1%10%
Mali 3% 7%
Sudan 2%8%
Morocco 2%
Tunisia 2%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Respondents were asked: Now I am going to read out a list of groups that people join or attend. For each
one, could you tell me whether you are an official leader, an active member, an inactive member, or not
a member: A religious group that meets outside of regular worship services?
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 5Figure 4: Active membership or leadership in religious groups | by socio-demographic
group | 34 countries | 2016/2018
Women 30%
Men 30%
Urban 28%
Rural 31%
18-25 years 27%
26-35 year 28%
36-45 year 32%
46-55 years 32%
56-65 years 32%
66+ years 34%
No formal education 24%
Primary 31%
Secondary 32%
Post-secondary 29%
Christian 38%
Muslim 19%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Respondents were asked: For each one, could you tell me whether you are an official leader, an active
member, an inactive member, or not a member: A religious group that meets outside of regular worship
services? (% who say “active member” or “official leader”)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 6Figure 5: Contact with religious leaders | 34 countries | 2016/2018
Kenya 10% 25% 36%
Uganda 8% 27% 28%
Zambia 5% 18% 35%
Guinea 8% 24% 26%
Nigeria 13% 25% 18%
Madagascar 6% 23% 25%
Liberia 12% 20% 22%
Malawi 5% 11% 37%
Cameroon 9% 19% 24%
Tanzania 6% 19% 27%
Senegal 7% 19% 25%
Sierra Leone 14% 13% 24%
Mozambique 14% 20% 14%
São Tomé and Príncipe 6% 16% 24%
eSwatini 8% 18% 19%
Zimbabwe 11% 17% 16%
34-country average 8% 16% 19%
Benin 6% 17% 19%
Côte d'Ivoire 7% 15% 19%
Gambia 5% 12% 24%
Ghana 6% 17% 17%
Namibia 9% 15% 14%
Lesotho 7% 18% 13%
Gabon 8% 16% 12%
Niger 5% 15% 14%
Botswana 6% 11% 16%
Togo 3% 17% 13%
Sudan 10% 10% 11%
Cabo Verde 6% 11% 14%
Burkina Faso 8% 11% 12%
South Africa 6% 11% 13%
Mali 7% 11% 11%
Morocco 11% 12% 4%
Mauritius 8% 9% 9%
Tunisia 1% 2% 2%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Once A few times Often
Respondents were asked: During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following
persons about some important problem or to give them your views: Religious leaders?
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 7Figure 6: Contact with religious leaders vs. other officials | 34 countries | 2016/2018
Religious leader 43%
Traditional leader 31%
Local government councillor 22%
Political party official 17%
Official of a government agency 15%
Member of Parliament 11%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Respondents were asked: During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following
persons about some important problem or to give them your views? (% who say “only once,” “a few times,”
or “often”)
Figure 7: Contact with religious leaders | by gender, age, and religion | 34 countries
| 2016/2018
100%
80%
60%
46% 46% 47% 49% 48%
45%
39% 42%
38% 38%
40%
20%
0%
Respondents were asked: During the past year, how often have you contacted any of the following
persons about some important problem or to give them your views: Religious leaders? (% who say “only
once,” “a few times,” or “often”)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 8Figure 8: Religious leaders: Popular trust and perceived corruption | 33 countries
| 2014-2018
100%
80%
72% Trust somewhat/
60% 69% a lot
40%
None are
35% corrupt
31%
20%
0%
2014/2015 2016/2018
Respondents were asked:
How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say:
Religious leaders? (% who say “somewhat” or “a lot”)
How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard
enough about them to say: Religious leaders? (% who say “none of them”)
Figure 9: Popular trust in key public officials | 34 countries | 2016/2018
Religious leaders 69%
Army 64%
Courts 53%
President 52%
Traditional leaders 51%
Police 51%
Local government council 43%
National electoral commission 43%
Parliament 43%
Ruling party 42%
Opposition parties 32%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Respondents were asked: How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough
about them to say: Religious leaders? (% who say “somewhat” or “a lot”)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 9Figure 10: Popular trust in religious leaders (%) | 34 countries | 2016/2018
100 91 90 88
86 85 84 83
81 81 79 79 78
76 74 72
80 71 69 69 69 68 67
66 64 64 63
60 58 57
60 55 54 54
51 49
42 42
40
20
0
São Tomé and…
Niger
Senegal
Zambia
Benin
Uganda
Sierra Leone
Madagascar
eSwatini
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Morocco
Mauritius
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Mozambique
Tunisia
Gabon
Gambia
Guinea
Malawi
Kenya
Mali
Liberia
Lesotho
Botswana
Sudan
Togo
Ghana
Cameroon
Cabo Verde
Tanzania
Nigeria
South Africa
34-country average
Respondents were asked: How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough
about them to say: Religious leaders? (% who say “somewhat” or “a lot”)
Figure 11: Popular trust in religious leaders | by socio-demographic group | 34
countries | 2016/2018
Women 70%
Men 69%
18-25 years 66%
26-35 year 68%
36-45 year 70%
46-55 years 70%
56-65 years 73%
66+ years 74%
No formal education 81%
Primary 71%
Secondary 64%
Post-secondary 62%
Christian 68%
Muslim 74%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Respondents were asked: How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough
about them to say: Religious leaders? (% who say “somewhat” or “a lot”)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 10Figure 12: Perceived corruption among key officials | 34 countries | 2016/2018
Police 46%
Government officials 38%
Business executives 35%
Members of Parliament 35%
Judges and magistrates 33%
Presidency 33%
Local government councillors 32%
Nongovernmental organizations 20%
Traditional leaders 18%
Religious leaders 15%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Respondents were asked: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or
haven’t you heard enough about them to say? (% who say “most of them” or “all of them”)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 11Figure 13: Perceived corruption among religious leaders | 34 countries | 2016/2018
Gabon 45% 47%
South Africa 27% 42%
Cameroon 23% 41%
Togo 23% 49%
Benin 22% 40%
Malawi 22% 40%
Mozambique 22% 34%
Nigeria 20% 60%
Namibia 20% 44%
Botswana 19% 44%
Liberia 18% 63%
Tunisia 18% 42%
Ghana 17% 57%
Burkina Faso 17% 30%
Sudan 16% 47%
34-country average 15% 42%
Zimbabwe 15% 54%
Mali 14% 33%
eSwatini 13% 40%
Côte d'Ivoire 13% 41%
Niger 12% 39%
Kenya 12% 48%
Guinea 11% 38%
Cabo Verde 11% 34%
Morocco 11% 44%
Zambia 11% 50%
Gambia 11% 41%
Sierra Leone 10% 50%
São Tomé and Príncipe 9% 42%
Lesotho 9% 45%
Mauritius 8% 50%
Uganda 8% 34%
Senegal 8% 24%
Madagascar 5% 29%
Tanzania 3% 26%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Most/All of them Some of them
Respondents were asked: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or
haven’t you heard enough about them to say: Religious leaders?
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 12Figure 14: Tolerance of other religions (%) | 34 countries | 2016/2018
100 98 98 96 96 95 95 94 94 94 94 93 93 92 92 92 92 91 91
90 90 89 87 87 87 87 86
82 81 80
80 74 74
69 69
65
56
60
40
20
0
Niger
Uganda
Benin
Zambia
Senegal
Mauritius
Madagascar
Morocco
eSwatini
Côte d'Ivoire
Gabon
Zimbabwe
Sierra Leone
Burkina Faso
Namibia
Kenya
Liberia
Mali
Lesotho
Mozambique
Tunisia
Malawi
Botswana
Cabo Verde
Togo
Tanzania
Nigeria
Gambia
Guinea
Sudan
Cameroon
Ghana
São Tomé and Príncipe
34-country average
South Africa
Respondents were asked: For each of the following types of people, please tell me whether you would like
having people from this group as neighbours, dislike it, or not care: People of a different religion? (% who
say “strongly like,” “somewhat like,” or “would not care”)
Figure 15: Discrimination based on religion (%) | 34 countries | 2016/2018
60
40
22 21
18 17
20 15 14 14 13 13 13
12 11 10 10 10
9 9 9 9
7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5
4 4 4 4 3 3 2
1
0
Niger
Benin
Zambia
Senegal
Uganda
Mauritius
eSwatini
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Sierra Leone
Madagascar
Cabo Verde
Morocco
Liberia
Mozambique
Côte d'Ivoire
Tunisia
Gabon
Lesotho
Burkina Faso
Togo
Malawi
Kenya
Botswana
Mali
Sudan
Guinea
Nigeria
Gambia
Tanzania
Cameroon
Ghana
South Africa
São Tomé and Príncipe
34-country average
Respondents were asked: In the past year, how often, if at all, have you personally been discriminated
against based on your religion? (% who say “once or twice,” “several times,” or “many times”)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 13Figure 16: Should religious or civil law govern the country? | 34 countries | 2016/2018
Niger 70% 29%
Morocco 68% 22%
Sudan 65% 28%
eSwatini 52% 43%
Zambia 45% 49%
Lesotho 45% 53%
Madagascar 44% 51%
Liberia 43% 55%
Senegal 39% 57%
Guinea 37% 61%
Malawi 37% 59%
Mali 36% 60%
Sierra Leone 33% 64%
34-country average 32% 61%
Nigeria 32% 67%
Uganda 30% 64%
São Tomé and Príncipe 30% 67%
South Africa 30% 64%
Tunisia 30% 54%
Cameroon 29% 60%
Namibia 29% 66%
Gambia 27% 70%
Togo 25% 70%
Burkina Faso 25% 72%
Botswana 24% 67%
Kenya 24% 62%
Tanzania 22% 77%
Gabon 21% 73%
Benin 21% 75%
Ghana 20% 70%
Mozambique 19% 72%
Côte d'Ivoire 17% 78%
Cabo Verde 15% 79%
Zimbabwe 13% 77%
Mauritius 6% 87%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Primarily by religious law Only by civil law
Respondents were asked: Which of the following statements is closest to your view?
Statement 1: Our country should be governed primarily by religious law.
Statement 2: Our country should be governed only by civil law.
(% who “agree” or “agree very strongly” with each statement)
(Note: In Kenya, this question was asked of only half the sample. Respondents who were not asked this
question are excluded.)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 14Figure 17: Religious freedom vs. government regulation | 34 countries | 2016/2018
Malawi 68% 31%
Madagascar 66% 29%
São Tomé and Príncipe 65% 27%
Sudan 62% 34%
Zimbabwe 60% 34%
Lesotho 60% 39%
Cabo Verde 59% 33%
Nigeria 59% 40%
Uganda 59% 40%
South Africa 59% 37%
Liberia 56% 43%
Tanzania 53% 46%
Côte d'Ivoire 52% 40%
Gambia 52% 46%
Gabon 51% 47%
Mozambique 50% 38%
Kenya 50% 43%
34-country average 49% 47%
Zambia 48% 49%
Namibia 48% 49%
Sierra Leone 47% 51%
Guinea 46% 52%
Mauritius 45% 46%
Togo 45% 51%
Benin 43% 56%
Ghana 43% 50%
Botswana 42% 52%
Morocco 42% 41%
Niger 42% 57%
Burkina Faso 39% 58%
eSwatini 36% 61%
Cameroon 34% 61%
Senegal 31% 66%
Mali 23% 75%
Tunisia 21% 74%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Religious freedom should be absolute
Government should be able to regulate what is said in places of worship
Respondents were asked: Which of the following statements is closest to your view?
Statement 1: Freedom of religion and worship are absolute, meaning that government should never limit
what is said in a place of worship.
Statement 2: Government should have the power to regulate what is said in places of worship, especially if
preachers or congregants threaten public security.
(% who “agree” or “agree very strongly” with each statement)
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 15Figure 18: Fear and experience of extremist violence | 14 countries | 2016/2018
Nigeria 11% 26%
Burkina Faso 10% 39%
Niger 9% 12%
Cameroon 9% 21%
Mali 8% 37%
South Africa 7% 15%
Mozambique 7% 25%
Côte d'Ivoire 5% 9%
Zimbabwe 4% 12%
Uganda 4% 21%
Sudan 4% 12%
Kenya 4% 29%
Tunisia 2% 29%
Sierra Leone 2% 15%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Feared and experienced Feared but didn't experience
Respondents were asked: In any society, people will sometimes disagree with one another. These
disagreements occasionally escalate into physical violence. Please tell me whether, in the past two years,
you have ever personally feared any of the following types of violence: An armed attack by political or
religious extremists? [If yes] Have you actually personally experienced this type of violence in the past two
years?
(Note: This question was only asked in 14 countries where political or religious extremists have been
particularly active.)
Do your own analysis of Afrobarometer data – on any
question, for any country and survey round. It is easy and
free at www.afrobarometer.org/online-data-analysis.
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 16Appendix
Table A.1: Afrobarometer Round 7 fieldwork dates and previous survey rounds
Months when Round 7
Country Previous survey rounds
fieldwork was conducted
Benin Dec 2016-Jan 2017 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014
Botswana June-July 2017 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014
Burkina Faso Oct 2017 2008, 2012, 2015
Cameroon May 2018 2013, 2015
Cape Verde Nov-Dec 2017 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014
Côte d'Ivoire Dec 2016-Jan 2017 2013, 2014
eSwatini (Swaziland) March 2018 2013, 2015
Gabon Nov 2017 2015
Gambia July-August 2018 N/A
Ghana Sept 2017 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014
Guinea May 2017 2013, 2015
Kenya Sept-Oct 2016 2003, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014
Lesotho Nov-Dec 2017 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014
Liberia June-July 2018 2008, 2012, 2015
Madagascar Jan-Feb 2018 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015
Malawi Dec 2016-Jan 2017 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014
Mali Feb 2017 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2014
Mauritius Oct-Nov 2017 2012, 2014
Morocco May 2018 2013, 2015
Mozambique July-August 2018 2002, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015
Namibia Nov 2017 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2014
Niger April-May 2018 2013, 2015
Nigeria April-May 2017 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2015
São Tomé and Principe July 2018 2015
Senegal Dec 2017 2002, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2014
Sierra Leone July 2018 2012, 2015
South Africa August-Sept 2018 2000, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2015
Sudan July-August 2018 2013, 2015
Tanzania April-June 2017 2001, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014
Togo Nov 2017 2012, 2014
Tunisia April-May 2018 2013, 2015
Uganda Dec 2016-Jan 2017 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2015
Zambia April 2017 1999, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2014
Zimbabwe Jan-Feb 2017 1999, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2014
Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 17Previous Afrobarometer Round 7 Pan-Africa Profiles ✓ Dispatch 334: Prerequisite for progress: Accessible, reliable power still in short supply across Africa ✓ Policy Paper 61: Gains and gaps: Perceptions and experiences of gender in Africa ✓ Policy Paper 60: Change ahead: Experience and awareness of climate change in Africa ✓ Global Corruption Barometer – Africa 2019: Citizens’ views and experiences of corruption ✓ Policy Paper 58 : Africans want open elections – especially if they bring change ✓ Policy Paper 56: How free is too free? Across Africa, media freedom is on the defensive ✓ Policy Paper 55: Are Africans’ freedoms slipping away? ✓ Dispatch 290: Better but not good enough? How Africans see the delivery of public services ✓ Dispatch 288: In search of opportunity: Young and educated Africans most likely to consider moving abroad ✓ Policy Paper 54: Democracy in Africa: Demand, supply, and the ‘dissatisfied democrat’ ✓ Policy Paper 51: Taking stock: Citizen priorities and assessments three years into the SDGs Copyright ©Afrobarometer 2020 18
Brian Howard is publications manager for Afrobarometer. Email: bhoward@afrobarometer.org.
Afrobarometer, a non-profit corporation with headquarters in Ghana, is a pan-African, non-
partisan survey research network. Regional coordination of national partners in about 35
countries is provided by the Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), the
Institute for Justice and Reconciliation (IJR) in South Africa, and the Institute for Development
Studies (IDS) at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. Michigan State University (MSU) and the
University of Cape Town (UCT) provide technical support to the network.
Financial support for Afrobarometer Round 7 was provided by Sweden, the Mo Ibrahim
Foundation, the Open Society Foundations, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and
Flora Hewlett Foundation, the U.S. State Department, the U.S. Agency for International
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Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 339 | 28 January 2020
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