RECLAIMING, RECYCLING AND REUSING - SANRAL plays a key role in saving our planet
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FEB/MAR 2020 RECLAIMING, RECYCLING AND REUSING SANRAL plays a key role in saving our planet There is a concerted effort to increase the rate of recycling and reclamation, and incorporate alternative material in building our roads and bridges. This is great for saving resources and the planet. Read the full article on pages 8 and 9.
IN THIS ISSUE
Talk to us
pressoffice@nra.co.za
Compliments from road users 2 Toll roads save time and money
Hennie de Kock, Philadelphia The 2020 Toll Tariffs adjustments effective
At the end of a year with lots of dark patches, economic stagnation and 01 March 2020 published
never-ending witness of corruption and stagnation, I now daily live a dream
come true, completion of the N7 highway between Cape Town and Malmes-
bury.
This is an enormous achievement for all the small little towns along this 6 The National Household Travel Survey
route, places like Philadelphia and Kalbaskraal as well as Atlantis and
Malmesbury further north. Not to mention Cape Town and actually the
Evolution of the transport system
whole of the Western Cape …
It was competed with precision, thoroughly and within the agreed timeline.
All thanks to SANRAL, the engineers and contractors involved, who with 7 Road-tripping for retirees
distinction gave us all a ‘First World’ economic life artery.
Perfect time for some leisurely road-trips
Reinhold Swart, Stellenryk
This last year I regularly dropped in at my old friend Jerry who lives just
outside Malmesbury … I was amazed at the construction of the new N7. 17 N2 improvements at Mhlali and Mvoti River
Engineering ingenuity, what an awesome sight! Crossing
The completed part, from the Philadelphia off-ramp towards Kalbaskraal, Improvements to resume
was exceptionally well constructed. Neat off-ramps, exits and bridges, not
to mention the stormwater channels and the network of traffic circles …
Even the barrier walls were finished off beautifully. …
19 SANRAL’s Technical Excellence Academy
I would also like to mention the surprise of driving back from Sandbaai
last weekend, on a brand-new double highway between Sir Lowry’s Pass to Developing engineers for the future
Somerset West. The most frustrating bottleneck at the bottom of the pass,
now is something of the past.
Yippee, and thank you very much to all our committed roadbuilders and
construction workers.
20 The motivating force of Siya Kolisi
“One day I want to be like that”
Ed’s Note: Both letters first appeared in “Die Burger” newspaper and were
shortened and translated.
FoodForward SA
FoodForward SA (FFSA) does ‘Foodbanking’: it informal settlements suffer from persistent hunger or
collects surplus edible food from farmers, retailers malnutrition.” FFSA’s mission is zero hunger by 2030.
and manufacturers and gives it to registered
FFSA partners with the UN on its global initiative on
organisations which serve the needy. FFSA is the
Food Loss and Waste Reduction. It is upgrading its
largest food redistribution charity in South Africa.
foodbanking model and expanding to assist over
FFSA Managing Director Andy du Plessis says that 2 000 organisations to reach one million people every
30% of all food produced in South Africa goes to day within five years.
waste. Last year it recovered 4 220 tons of surplus Last year FFSA launched its ‘Second Harvest’
food — which is a mere 0.05% of the estimated 10 initiative, to include farmers and primary producers.
million tons currently ending up in landfills or being This enabled them to broaden the range of food
incinerated. offered as well as increase its nutritional value.
“People are going to bed without food across South What’s not to love about this
Africa,” says Du Plessis. “Up to 70% of people in fabulous project?
For more information or to get involved visit www.foodforwardsa.org
2 FEB/MAR ‘20 | ISSUE 30
WHAT’S UP
Toll roads save time and money
T
olls are not new. Since the ancient times of
turnpikes – where gatekeepers turned the pike
to allow travellers to pass after paying their
toll – tolling has been used internationally to fund road
projects.
In South Africa our government is faced with many
pressing challenges and demands on its budget –
including a range of social needs. This means that
roads can sometimes slip down the agenda. However,
toll roads and the tolls that they collect are a way of
ensuring that specific road projects can be provided
for and maintained, bringing with them the benefit of
speedier, easier and safer travel.
Across the globe – from Colombia to China, the
USA to UK – toll roads save commuters’ time and
money, reduce congestion and create safer driving
environments, improve fuel efficiency and pollution,
and support business growth.
In South Africa, only 13% of the 22 214 km
network is made up of toll roads.
Toll roads world-wide operate on the user-pays
principle; in other words, road users pay a direct user
fee for the portion of the road they utilise.
The toll tariffs or fees are used to ensure that these
roads are optimally maintained and expanded, and
this saves money in the long run. Costs of delayed
road maintenance can be up to 18 times higher than if
routine preventative maintenance had been done.
Roads need to be kept in optimal condition at all times.
Roads deteriorate over time due to wear and tear from traffic loading (especially trucks) and climate (rainfall and UV radiation).
The maintenance of roads is not a once-off occurrence – it is a continuous process to ensure optimal performance.
Toll tariffs on our national roads are adjusted “We use the inflation rate as a guide, so that
annually – and this year the adjustment came the toll tariffs remain the same in real terms,
into effect on 1 March 2020. Approved by meaning there is effectively no increase to
Minister of Transport Fikile Mbalula, they were the rate from when the initial toll tariff was
gazetted on 7 February 2020. implemented,” explained Vusi Mona, General
Manager Communications at SANRAL.
These adjustments are in line with the
Consumer Price Index (CPI), as obtained from As an example, the toll users pay on the N4
Statistics South Africa. The CPI percentage Toll Route allows development of the road’s
used to work out the 1 March 2020 toll tariff infrastructure and a well-managed road
adjustment is 4.31%. network, which in turn ensures a safer, faster,
more convenient route and a shortened travel
time from Tshwane to Maputo
in Mozambique.
Broader payback for South Africa and
Mozambique comes from substantial
investments in socio-economic development
Collection of toll fees of the communities along the route, and
allows us to: expansion of industry, commercial business
• Clean drains to ensure effective and jobs in the region.
drainage of rainwater
• Cut grass to improve visibility and
VEHICLE CLASS APPLICABLE TO CONVENTIONAL TOLL PLAZAS
reduce the risk of veldfires
Vehicle classes at conventional toll plazas are determined by the number of axles. Discounts offered at
• Seal surface cracks and fix potholes
specific toll plazas for
• Maintain road signs and markings CLASS 1 All light vehicles frequent users, as well as
qualifying local users, still
• Respond to crashes and clean-up debris HEAVY VEHICLES
apply. Applications for
• Resurface the road on a periodic basis CLASS 2 2 AXLE discounts can be made at
the toll plaza offices.
• Add additional lanes when required.
CLASS 3 3 and 4 AXLE
CLASS 4 5 or more AXLE
For details on the applicable tariffs, see Government Gazette No. 43002 of 7 February 2020.
Building South Africa through better roads 3
PERSPECTIVES
The 2019/20
Arrive Alive
Road Safety
campaign statistics
Photo: Mikael Ullén
in brief
The Stockholm Declaration:
Minister of Transport, Fikile Mbalula
recently reported on the statistics for the
2019/20 Festive Season Arrive Alive Road
A global compact
Safety Campaign.
There was a massive reduction in major
fatal crashes or collisions with five or
to prevent road deaths
more fatalities during the festive period:
2018/19 2019/20
27 major crashes 13 major crashes
T
182 fatalities 76 fatalities
he Third Global Ministerial international community to focus on hosted under the theme ‘Achieving
Conference on Road Safety was reducing the impact on youth. Global Goals’ and was co-sponsored
attended by more than 1700 by the Government of Sweden and The 2019/20 statistics on
Minister Mbalula described the
government ministers, civil society document as an important milestone the WHO. Fatality rates as compared to 2018/19
leaders and other stakeholders from and echoed the importance of joint Decline
over 140 countries, including a South action at global and local level. “The Free State
35%
African delegation headed by Minister Stockholm Declaration recognises the
of Transport Fikile Mbalula. 23% Mpumalanga
importance of global cooperation …
and the need for government and the 19% Western Cape
The summit called for urgent action,
private sector to work together,” he The Stockholm 16% North West
renewed political commitment and
more innovative approaches to prevent
noted.
Declaration 13% Northern Cape
the 500 million road deaths and injuries The Minister added that government objectives at a 7% Eastern Cape
projected to occur in the next decade. would be working on integrating the
objectives of the agreement into its glance: 5% KwaZulu-Natal
Addressing delegates in her opening own road-safety strategies.
• Halve road deaths and serious Increase
remarks, the European Commissioner
Addressing the dire consequences injuries by 2030 12% Limpopo
for Transport, Adina Vălean, appealed
of road accidents is a particularly • Reduce the impact on children Gauteng
for a coordinated effort to address 1%
pressing public health challenge in and young people aged 5–29
the crisis of road deaths worldwide.
low- and middle-income countries,
“We can no longer accept the • Focus on speed management,
unacceptable. I consider it our duty
which account for 93% of the world’s including 30 kmph speed limits Other festive season facts
road fatalities. The Declaration makes in key areas
to find solutions to improve road specific reference to the unequal 2018/19 2019/20
safety, and we must act now, at local, • Ensure all vehicles produced No. of
progress being made across regions in
European and global level,” she said. and sold worldwide are vehicles 1.3 1.5
the area of road safety. equipped with recommended stopped and million million
The conference saw the signing of the South Africa has a particularly poor safety features by 2030 checked
Stockholm Declaration, whose primary safety record, ranking 159 out of 175 • Increase investment and adopt No. of road-
blocks 775 1 924
focus is on halving road traffic deaths countries in terms of total road deaths a coordinated approach to road
and injuries by 2030, in line with the in a 2018 report released by the World safety Impounded
vehicles 2 967 3 814
global targets agreed in the United Health Organisation (WHO). The cost • Accelerate progress toward
Nations Sustainable Development to the economy is in excess of R168 safer, cleaner and more
Goals (SDGs). billion, underscoring the damaging affordable transport Types of vehicles involved
impact of road crashes on long-term in fatal crashes
Recognising that road traffic injuries • Focus on developing new
national economic growth. technologies to make road
are now the biggest killer of children Light motorcars 42%
The Third Global Ministerial users safer
and young adults worldwide,
Conference on Road Safety was Light delivery vehicles 20%
the Declaration also calls on the
Minibuses or combis 9%
Fatalities were made up by
From boots and sneakers to sparkly stilettos, a towering pile of shoes
1% Cyclists
assembled in Stockholm’s central station set the scene for an important
Drivers
global summit on road safety that took place in the Swedish capital city on 25%
19 – 20 February 2020. The exhibit sent a powerful message: each pair of 34% Passengers
shoes represented one of the 3 700 people who die on the roads every day. 40% Pedestrians
4 FEB/MAR ‘20 | ISSUE 30
STAKEHOLDER
SANRAL hits the road
Road construction projects in O.R.Tambo
District to create over 8 000 jobs
S
ANRAL will over the next three years undertake projects inject into the regional economy, and also SANRAL Southern Region Manager Simon Peterson
more than 150 road construction projects in the cautioned SMMEs to ensure that they are 100% said: “We understand that before we build roads
Eastern Cape with at least 37 of those located compliant in order to tender for these economic as economic arteries in our communities, we
in the O.R. Tambo District Municipality. These projects development opportunities. have a responsibility to make sure people are at
are expected to create over 8 000 jobs and see the forefront of our development plans. We are
All unskilled labour, and as far as possible skilled particularly driven to break down barriers of entry for
approximately R2.8 billion flow to small, medium and
and semi-skilled labour, will be sourced locally, as broad-based participation by black South Africans.
micro enterprises (SMMEs), the bulk of which will be
will local SMME contractors and suppliers of goods We do however need a concerted commitment
from from the local area.
and services needed to meet the required contractor from all our stakeholders to cooperate within the
This was the message which was welcomed at participation goals on SANRAL projects. parameters of the structures that are put in place,
SANRAL’s recent stakeholder engagement event specifically the composition of Project Liaison
To ensure social and economic inclusion for the Committees (PLCs). While not every entity can serve
in O.R. Tambo region in Mthatha, with Traditional
people of O.R. Tambo District, SANRAL’s projects on the PLC, this body is mandated to act in the
Leadership, SMMEs, provincial and local government,
are guided by a commitment to its Transformation interests of all stakeholders.”
business and civil society at large.
Policy that seeks to advance black business, SMME
In the spirit of consultation and cooperation, SANRAL
In her opening address to a packed venue, Executive training and mentoring, a 14-point plan that prioritises
continues to take its flagship ‘Taking SANRAL to the
Mayor of O.R. Tambo District Municipality, Councillor community engagement and an overall strategy that People’ campaign all over South Africa, engaging
Tokozile Sokanyile expressed gratitude for the is aligned to the Government’s National Development with communities and creating a platform to foster
economic lifeline that SANRAL’s road infrastructure Plan. meaningful dialogue.
A road fit for a king
SANRAL is bringing economic relief to the people event by the Inkosi Mazibuko, as well as His
of Nquthu in KZN with a road resurfacing project. Majesty’s sons, Prince Buza and Prince Simengaye.
Following engagements and discussions between
SANRAL and His Majesty King Zwelithini towards the A project of this magnitude will not only improve the
end of last year, it was formally agreed that the gravel local and regional infrastructure but will also create
road, leading to the Isandlwana Battle Field, would be an economic lifeline to the people of Nquthu and the
Prince Simengaye Zwelithini shares some insight with SANRAL
Board Chairperson Mr Themba Mhambi and SANRAL Board Member upgraded. greater Umzinyathi District.
Alderman Rob Haswell.
As part of the flagship “Taking SANRAL to the
It is anticipated that approximately 150 people,
People” campaign, SANRAL recently held a
including women, youth, and persons with
stakeholder engagement session with the Nquthu
disabilities, will benefit from training and work
community to foster dialogue between traditional
leadership, small, medium, and micro-enterprises opportunities, as well as contractor development
(SMMEs), the public sector, and civil society, to opportunities for SMMEs.
unpack the economic development opportunities Regional Manager Dumisani Nkabinde reiterated
associated with this particular project, as well as SANRAL’s commitment to break down monopolies
future road construction projects in the area. in the supply chain of materials, equipment,
This road upgrade initiative was lauded by the Royal technologies, systems and other areas to ensure
Family, who were represented at the stakeholder broad-based participation by black South Africans.
Building South Africa through better roads 5
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The National Household A snapshot of the NHTS
conducted in 2013
Travel Survey: The last NHTS conducted in 2013 indicated that
What you need to know
individuals who attended educational institutions
and used public transport were most likely to use
taxis (69,5%), followed by those who used buses
(24,7%), while 5,8% used trains.
W
hether you live in the heart of bustling of the year to conduct in-person interviews with 69,5% 24,7% 5,8%
Johannesburg or among the lush green hills South Africans about their transport challenges and
of Zululand, transport is what connects you behaviours.
to many important things in life – from family and The survey results will be critical for the planning
friends to jobs and learning opportunities. And with of new and improved transport services and
more and more South Africans moving around, access infrastructure.
to affordable, safe and reliable transport is more vital
“The information collected will aid the government in
than ever.
identifying public transport programmes that require
To deliver an integrated, safe, reliable and effective immediate intervention and where more resources
transport system Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) should be deployed in improving services and
in collaboration with the Department of Transport is efficiency,” explains Statistician-General Mr Risenga
conducting a research survey to collect data on the Maluleke. The fieldworkers who will be conducting
travel patterns of individuals and households across the survey in person, will record the responses on a
the country. The outcomes of the survey will be used handheld device.
as a planning platform for new transport services and The NHTS 2020 is South Africa’s third household
infrastructure required in the future. travel survey, with the first one conducted in 2003
Officially known as the National Household Travel and the second in 2013. The latest data will help the
Survey (NHTS) 2020, the research survey will provide Department of Transport, which commissioned the
important insights into citizens’ travel needs and research, to understand how the transport landscape
experiences. Hundreds of Stats SA fieldworkers has changed in the past seven years to enable better
have been crisscrossing the country since the start infrastructure planning and resource reallocation for
public transport.
The 2013 survey shed important light on the preferred
modes of public transport in the country, revealing that
the vast majority of South Africans relied on taxis over
buses and trains. The data collected as part of NHTS
2020 will help to inform interventions designed to give
NHTS 2020 at a glance
passengers better-quality services.
“It will help decipher needs and issues in services
such as the scholar transport system, the taxi
industry and the passenger rail network to enable the
Department of Transport to plan interventions that will
ensure continuity and quality of services,” adds survey duration 52
Mr Maluleke. January–March districts
2020
65,000 500
sampled fieldworkers/
dwellings enumerators
HOW TO IDENTIFY
A STATS SA
FIELDWORKER
• Stats SA issued identity card
• Black bib and a cap with Stats SA logo
To verify a fieldworker, contact the NHTS
call centre: 0800 110 248 (toll-free number) or
visit www.statssa.gov.za (for online verification).
6 FEB/MAR ‘20 | ISSUE 30
OFF THE BEATEN TRACK
JUST LIVING
THE SLOW LIFE
Road-tripping for retirees
N
o longer bound by office hours and annual
leave? With your job in your rear-view mirror, 20,451 views
your retirement is the perfect time to take some
Living the life
leisurely road-trips. You can go and see all those
sights around this beautiful country of ours that you may
have missed out on up till now.
There are some brilliant blogs written
One thing that retirees and seniors have in abundance, is
by retirees who love to travel, full
time. Retirees can travel more slowly, be gone for longer
of tips and inspiring tales. Some
periods, and not be confined to a week or two at a time.
armchair travelling around their blogs
could be just what you need to get the
travel juices flowing. For starters, see:
on working out your route.
Here are a few ideas to get you started
Lifepart2.com
You can decide how energetic or leisurely you want feeling wrung out, steer your way to white sands, beautiful
your trip to be, and the level of comfort that you want to beaches and the resort life.
experience. This degree of freedom may take some getting
Whether you want rest or excitement, solitude or crowds, low
used to – but once the bug bites, road-tripping can really
cost or luxury, there is something for everyone when it comes
get into your system.
to retirement travel. The world really is your oyster! Best of all,
If you are feeling energetic, a long road-trip punctuated by you can travel during weekdays and in off-peak seasons when
hikes may be just the ticket. However, if your career left you the prices are lower and the crowds are smaller.
hendricksonadventure.com
Iconic destinations
South Africa is full of amazing and breath-taking
places that should be visited at least once in your
life. Choose the ones you want to see and plan your
journey around them. Here are just a few ideas:
seniorswithlatitude.com
Eastern Cape
• Addo Elephant Nationa
l Park
KwaZulu-Natal
• uKhahlamba Drakensb
erg Park
Mpumalanga
• Blyde River Canyon Na Western Cape
ture Reserve ain
Mpumalanga & Limpopo • Table Mount Retiredandtravelling.com
• Robben Island ns
• Kruger National Park Botanical Garde
• Kirstenbosch n
ch, Simonstow
• Boulders Bea
• Cape Point
ds
• Cape Winelan
us in w hale season
• Herman m
and its museu
• Swellendam
complex
ads and lagoon
• Knysna, its he
National Park
Oneroadatatime.com
• Tsitsikamma
, Oudtshoorn
• Cango Caves
Have fun researching – then make that road-trip a reality!
Noparticularplacetogo.net
Building South Africa through better roads 7
COVER FEATURE
RECLAIMING, Reclaiming, recycling and reusing is not just for household items – although of course
RECYCLING
every bit helps the planet. Over the years SANRAL has been implementing recycling of
material wherever possible on road improvement projects. SANRAL’s Horizon 2030 strategy
places increased emphasis on resource efficiency, with a concerted effort to increase the
rate of recycling/reclamation and to incorporate alternative material. Increasingly higher
AND
targets for these will be set going forward.
These efforts are aligned to SANRAL’s the provision of road infrastructure.
Corporate Strategy, Horizon 2030, SANRAL Horizon 2030 puts emphasis on resource
REUSING...
Environmental Policy and Environmental efficiency, the pursuit of which will help SANRAL to
Sustainability Framework. achieve multiple objectives, including compliance,
So SANRAL operates on the basis of an lower operational risk and costs, improved
Environmental Sustainability Framework reputation, innovation and climate resilience.
as we build
which indicates how environmental These objectives are also in line with relevant
issues are incorporated into SANRAL’s government initiatives, specifically the National
our roads
planning, design, construction, maintenance Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD) and
and operations, which ensures sustainability in the Green Transport Strategy (GTS).
In addition to a renewed commitment to comply with environmental laws,
SANRAL’s Environmental Policy makes several other commitments to:
• reduce negative impacts and/or enhance positive ones
• review, monitor and set appropriate targets to continually improve on
environmental performance
• use limited natural resources efficiently and to pursue alternatives
• reduce risks and/or build resilience to climate change
• implement selected environmental offset projects
• use innovation and research as means to inform strategies, targets and/or
action plans.
SANRAL recently initiated a study tour and workshop, in collaboration with consulting engineers, industry
experts and academia, to look at how to optimise the use of recycled/reclaimed materials in various construction
projects. The discussions at the workshop had a bias towards the N2/N3 Freeway Upgrades project. The approach
to constructing a long section of road like the N3 is to break it into shorter sections. This allows for better
management of the project while also achieving other objectives such as managing risk and opening increased
access to opportunities for Small, Medium and Micro-sized Enterprises (SMMEs). As a result, each section of the
project will be assigned a SANRAL project manager, consulting engineer and an appointed contractor.
This two-day event, which commenced on 21 January 2020 with a study tour of four facilities involved in material
recycling, ended on 22 January with a workshop at the University of KwaZulu-Natal Howard College Campus, reported
Mpati Makoa, SANRAL’s Environmental Manager.
The four facilities visited were:
GREEN URBAN MINE
A concrete and demolition produces mixed does tyre recycling and improves on the characteristics
waste-processing company concrete produce three products, one of recycled asphalt
of which is suitable as an (formerly National Asphalt)
additive for road surfacing
8 FEB/MAR ‘20 | ISSUE 30
COVER FEATURE
Use of reclaimed materials helps save massive amounts of
money and natural resources, by reducing the amount of
waste sent to the landfill, reducing mining of virgin material
and haul distances. This is SANRAL’s contribution to the fight
against climate change.
“Participants included SANRAL’s team from Materials, Environmental,
and Structures departments and industry players from the facilities visited,
members of academia, representatives from eThekwini Municipality and
researchers from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
“The presentations and discussions culminated in a graphic representation
of the material requirements and availability along the road, and the
formation of workgroups to drive different elements, including the adoption
of guidelines
on the use of reclaimed concrete.”
Added Mogole Mphahlele, the Environmental Management Specialist at
SANRAL: “This workshop will drive further knowledge and information-
sharing among consultants, to encourage coordinated planning for the
various road construction contracts. In this way we will be able to optimise
the use of materials.”
Mogole said that the workshop set the scene for the following:
• Specific and ongoing liaison between different projects/contracts for
sharing excess material and/or optimising transfer of excess material
from one contract to another.
• Reuse of concrete, that is reclaimed from demolished bridges.
• Reuse of asphalt. About
• Use of other materials recovered from sites, for example, metallic
materials from manhole covers, signs and many more.
N2 and N3
• Exploring the potential use of alternative materials such as tyres and Freeway
glass.
• Getting local communities involved.
upgrades
• Incorporating water and energy-saving as part of SANRAL’s efforts on project
resource efficiency. Upgrades of the N2 and
• Providing further input for specifications and standards for further N3 in KwaZulu-Natal form
research. part of National Government’s
Mpati said: “We look forward to continuing to engage with and influence key Strategic Integrated
Projects SIP2:
colleagues and other industry players to boost the rate of recycling and
Durban–Free State–Gauteng
reclamation and the incorporation of alternative material in building roads
Logistics and Industrial Corridor.
and bridges for our country. Together we can make it happen!”
SIP2 aims to strengthen the
logistics and transport corridor
between South Africa’s main industrial
hubs, improve access to Durban’s
export and import facilities and raise
efficiency along the corridor.
The upgrade of the N2 will focus on a 55
km length, from Lovu River
on the South Coast to Umdloti
on the North Coast.
The N3 upgrade will focus on an 80 km
section from Durban to Pietermaritzburg.
It is estimated that the N2 and N3 upgrade
projects will produce over 15 000 jobs over
the duration of the construction.
Building South Africa through better roads 9
10 FEB/MAR ‘20 | ISSUE 30
REVIEWS
Books for
the long road
We can always depend on the welcoming pages of a book to take us to a happy place. Our selection for this
issue were all published very recently, and three of them are by local authors and set in South Africa. The
fourth will take you to a whole new world – with a whole new way of expressing itself – straight from the pen
of New York Times bestselling author Nathan W. Pyle.
Beast The Enumerations A Sin of Omission
Tendai Mtawarira Máire Fisher Marguerite Poland
with Andy Capostagno
Local author Máire Fisher This author received The Order
Beast is the story of how a humble introduces Noah Groome, who of Ikhamanga in Silver for her
man from Zimbabwe became a can’t open a door unless he excellent contribution to the
rugby icon. Tendai Mtawarira is pushes on the handle 5 times, field of indigenous languages,
known throughout the rugby world must count to 5 under his breath literature and anthropology. In
simply as Beast – or, more often (and sometimes louder than her latest book, Stephen (Malusi)
than not, “Beeeaaassssttt!”, as that) and keeps 5 pebbles in his Mzamane, a young Anglican Strange Planet
crowds from Durban to Auckland pocket. And that’s just the start priest, must journey to his Nathan W. Pyle
cry whenever he gets the ball. of the 5s. A violent incident at mother’s rural home to inform
Just published, and coming
In 2018 he became the most 17-year-old Noah’s school sets her of his elder brother’s death.
straight from the mind of New York
capped prop in Springbok history, into motion a chain of events First educated at the Native
Times bestselling author Nathan
earning his 100th Test cap for the that will test him and his family College in Grahamstown, Stephen
W. Pyle, Strange Planet is an
Springboks, and in 2019 became deeply. When Noah is sent to a was sent to England in 1869 for
adorable and profound universe in
the most capped Super Rugby treatment centre, he is not the training at the Missionary College
pink, blue, green, and purple. Based
player in South Africa. Along the only one challenged to face his in Canterbury. On his return
on the phenomenally popular
way, he has been moved from anxieties: his family must also to South Africa, relegated to a
Instagram of the same name,
back row to front row, bullied confront the secrets lurking dilapidated mission near Fort
Strange Planet covers a full life
by xenophobic politicians, and beneath their seemingly perfect Beaufort, he had to confront not
cycle of the planet’s inhabitants,
undergone three bouts of heart veneer. only the prejudices of a colonial
including milestones such as
surgery. The book shares insights society but discrimination within
‘Being Gains a Sibling’, and ‘The
into Mtawarira’s personal journey. the Church itself. Conflicted
Being Family Attains a Beast’.
between his loyalties to the
Through simple yet effective
amaNgqika people, for whom his
illustrations and a delightful
brother fought, and the colonial
vocabulary all its own, this book
cause he is expected to uphold,
offers a sweet and hilarious look
Stephen’s journey to his mother’s
at a distant world not all that unlike
home proves decisive in resolving
our own.
the contradictions that tear at his
heart.
Building South Africa through better roads 1112 FEB/MAR ‘20 | ISSUE 30
Building South Africa through better roads 13
CONCESSIONAIRES
Bakwena helps
rebuild Mankwe Hide in
Pilanesberg National Park
In September 2018 Pilanesberg National Park was
hit by a wildfire that spread from outside and burnt
for the perfect photo opportunity and to view wildlife
and birds in their natural habitat. New facilities at
Thanda Primary
the thatch, structure and screen fence of Mankwe Perry Dell of Pilanesberg Wildlife Trust thanked
Hide to the ground. everyone who contributed and said: “The Bakwena
celebrated!
Pilanesberg Wildlife Trust was asked to help raise N1N4 toll road was pivotal in making this hide
funds for rebuilding the hide, with an estimated total rebuild possible. Thanks to the workers at Basella
cost of R770 000. Construction that built the hide in the blazing sun,
with wildlife including lions, crocodiles and hippos
Bakwena and its contractor Basella Construction all around you. You did a fantastic job!” Learners and staff at Thanda Primary School in
were able to reduce this cost by R200 000 and add Hectorspruit, Mpumalanga, have plenty to smile
R50 000 towards the rebuild. Others involved in the Bakwena supports initiatives to safeguard and
about. Three new classroom blocks with two
develop the environment and heritage along the
rebuild included the field rangers, Ivory Tree and classrooms apiece, each with their own JoJo tank,
N1N4 corridor, and is proud to partner with and
Legacy Lodges guides, to name but a few. have been completed as phase four of a R6 million
support Pilanesberg Wildlife Trust, whose hard upgrade to the school carried out by Trans African
The rebuilt hide reopened on 10 January 2020. work, dedication and commitment to preserving the Concessions (TRAC). This formed part of their
Mankwe Hide provides a comfortable place to wait country’s wildlife is recognised and appreciated. corporate social investment responsibilities to
communities along the N4 Toll Route. The busy N4
runs through the Onderberg like a life-giving artery,
and is operated as a toll concession by TRAC.
Phase one of Thanda Primary’s upgrade saw
construction of an ablution block with enviro toilets.
In phase two the Foundation Phase block with a
road safety-themed playground was built. Phase
three comprised building an eco-friendly, self-
sustainable kitchen and seating area, where the
school’s 763 learners are served a daily meal as
part of the National School Nutrition Programme.
The new classrooms complete the project.
Although funded by TRAC, other key role-players
include Earth Switch Architects, who designed the
Small streams merging
new facilities, and Laduma Construction, who built
them. Extensive planning went into the design to
ensure that the learners in this rural area enjoy first-
into larger rivers rate facilities. For example, the new classrooms
stay cool even in the brutal heat often experienced
in the Lowveld’s Nkomazi area.
Apart from giving Thanda Primary an opportunity to
The N3 Toll Concession (N3TC) changes lives by enjoy modern, new buildings, this upgrade has also
ploughing revenue back into communities which the had a profound impact on the Nkomazi community
Route serves and connects. through the gift of education.
The Midlands Meander Education Project has
provided classroom and extramural enrichment
in the region for the past 15 years. The Underberg
Primary School Mastery Unit is raising levels of
English literacy in the local Family Literacy Project
and surrounding schools.
Midlands Community College in Nottingham
Road has taken a lead in computer literacy lessons
for teachers from Bruntville Primary School in Mooi
River.
Singakwenza is changing the face of childcare
facilities, crèches and early-learning centres
through the development of educational toys using
waste. They host workshops teaching carers,
parents, teachers and members of the communities
along the N3 Corridor how to make these toys and
encourage children to use them as a fun way of
learning.
At St Davids Diocesan School in Greytown, N3TC
funds have enriched academic programmes and
improved infrastructure, as well as providing
bursaries for deserving recipients.
The Drakensberg Boys Choir School has partnered
with N3TC for close to ten years. Boys with singing
and musical talent are encouraged to attend, and
this opportunity can change their lives.
The image of small streams merging into larger
rivers, leading to a massive flow of everything that
is good about South Africa, comes to mind.
14 FEB/MAR ‘20 | ISSUE 30ROAD SAFETY
New bicycles to get De Aar learners
to school and back
W
hen it comes to road safety, there can same, particularly as abject poverty puts school the bicycle is to get to school and back, which should
be no greater priority than protecting uniforms out of reach for some children. help to make learning a bit easier.
pedestrians, and particularly children. In
The pure elation and ecstasy on the faces of the The Shova Kalula bicycle programme is an initiative
rural communities, like De Aar in the heart of the
learners could be seen all over the school grounds. of the Department of Transport aimed at assisting
Karoo, in the Northern Cape, many children walk long
For many boys and girls, this is the first bicycle they learners who walk more than three kilometres but less
distances to get to school every day, often with no
have ever owned, and the Minister appealed to them to than five kilometres to school daily. Learners who walk
adult supervision. With parents who may leave for work
treasure it and pleaded with parents to help maintain it. more than five kilometres to school qualify for state
before the children head to school, younger children
He also reminded the children that the primary use of subsidised scholar transport.
are sometimes left in the care of older siblings, or even
walk to school by themselves – a situation that has
Since the programme’s inception in 2001, the
become normal, yet still cause for great concern.
Department of Transport has distributed over 100 000
And so, with a visible and audible passion for road bicycles to learners throughout South Africa.
safety, Transport Minister Fikile Mbalula recently
In the next three years, the department aims to
descended upon De Aar on a bicycle, flanked by
distribute 24 000 bicycles across the country.
Northern Cape Premier Dr Zamani Saul and a few
learners from surrounding schools, who had been “With pedestrians accounting for around 40% of road
identified to receive bicycles from the Department fatalities in South Africa, SANRAL takes road safety
of Transport. very seriously. Along with key road safety stakeholders,
we remain fully committed to the call for the Decade
Minister Mbalula, joined by Northern Cape MEC for
of Action for Road Safety which is endorsed by the UN
Transport, Safety and Liaison, Nontobeko Vilakazi, as
Road Safety Collaboration, with the primary goal of
well as Education MEC Mac Jack, handed over 249
halving road deaths by 2020. To this end we reach out
Shova Kalula bicycles to learners from six schools in
to schools across the country, to facilitate basic road
De Aar. The distributed bikes were among 500 bicycles
safety training to learners, teachers and parents,” said
which will be handed over to qualifying learners across
the Northern Cape this financial year. Randall Cable, SANRAL Western Region Manager.
Over and above the bicycles, many learners received SANRAL wishes these learners safe travels with their
school uniforms to ensure that all children look the new bicycles!
Building South Africa through better roads 15REGIONS
Asphalt facelift
for N2 between
Gordon’s Bay and
Houwhoek
T
he N2 remains one of the most see black-owned SMMEs come through limited to under 15 minutes. The work
scenic routes in the Western the ranks. To this end we have already was fully completed in December 2019,”
Cape, if not the whole of South exceeded our R42.3 million target, with continued Massingue.
Africa. With a significant portion fondly R60.5 million of the contract value being
SANRAL is mandated to not only develop
dubbed the Garden Route, this national allocated to black sub-contractors,”
the national road network, but also to
road carries a great deal of traffic both said Tiago Massingue, SANRAL Project
maintain it, and more importantly to
commercial and recreational, particularly Manager.
between the Western and Eastern Cape, R187 m R60.5 m ensure that this maintenance is done
Glad Africa was the consultant on this total spent on of the contract timeously, in order to save costs. Delaying
displaying breath-taking natural flora asphalt overlay value being
R187 million project, with Haw & Inglis as project allocated to black critical maintenance by three to five
that simply compels one to make several sub-contractors
the main contractor, and no less than 18 years makes it six times more expensive
stops along the way.
sub-contractors who directly benefitted to fix the road, and delaying it by five to
To ensure a superior road user from work packages and training. Not eight years sees that figure exponentially
experience, this project, which from only was there a huge focus on safety compound to 18 times more.
May 2018 until July 2019 saw nearly training, but also specific skills such as
These sobering figures make one think
R13.5 million spent on labour costs, gabion work and flag person training.
twice before complaining about the
involved an asphalt overlay between
“The project has progressed well, and we inconvenience of roadworks when it
Gordon’s Bay intersection and
have made a concerted effort to minimise 18 R13.5 m seems to the untrained eye, that the road
Houwhoek Pass. sub-contractors spent on labour
inconvenience to the public, with much directly benefitted costs is not in need of repairs. It would appear
from work and
“We are acutely aware of the importance of the road closures being done during training
that a stitch in time indeed saves nine.
of our projects in developing the road night-time. Stop/go points were in place Maintenance is done timeously, in order
construction industry, particularly to during the day and these have been to save costs.
Planned RRM projects for Limpopo
municipalities
SANRAL is investing est. R415m According to Thabo Mahlakwana, developing emerging black contractors,
into routine road maintenance SANRAL Project Manager, many black- it requires a long-term approach to
(RRM) projects in Limpopo for the owned companies in the construction sustainable development.
2020/2021 financial year to ensure and maintenance sectors have
the maintenance and sustainability received their first experience working To date SANRAL has more than
of quality roads. These RRM projects on SANRAL projects. The training and 50 subcontractors who have been
bring opportunities for SMMEs and empowerment programmes that come upskilled, trained and capacitated
promote socio-economic development, with RRM projects enables them to be through the enterprise development
which enables communities to enjoy eligible for larger and more complex programme which the agency has
long-term economic benefits from contracts in the future. championed.
projects. If we are going to succeed in
Twenty-one projects will be rolled-out in the 2020/2021 financial year.
These will be in the following municipalities:
Capricorn District Mopani District Sekhukhune District Vhembe District Waterberg District
• Blouberg • Ba-Phalaborwa • Elias Motsoaledi • Makhado • Bela-Bela
• Lepelle-Nkumpi • Greater Giyani • Ephraim Mogale • Musina • Lephalale
• Molemole • Greater Letaba • Fetakgomo Tubatse • Giyani • Modimolle-Mookgophong
• Polokwane • Greater Tzaneen • Makhuduthamaga • Thulamela • Mogalakwena
• Maruleng • Thabazimbi
These projects will pave the way for entry level contractors to be mentored and grow alongside bigger and more
established contractors, to put them on an upward trajectory that will ultimately see them prosper.
16 FEB/MAR ‘20 | ISSUE 30REGIONS
Work on the N2
improvements at
eMhlali and eMvoti
River crossings
to resume
M
otorists can now breathe a sigh traffic will be accommodated on contra-
of relief as construction works flow on each carriageway which will
on the N2 at the Mhlali and allow the contractor full access to the
Mvoti crossings will be resuming soon. construction work areas. Work will
South African Roads Agency (SOC) initially be undertaken to complete the
Limited (SANRAL) has awarded Raubex outstanding work on the northbound
(Pty) Ltd the contract for the completion carriageway and thereafter proceeding
of the unfinished roadworks on the N2 at to the southbound carriageway.
the eMhlali and eMvoti River crossings.
Motorists are advised to be observant
The contract administration will be of the advance warning signs, as well as
undertaken by Naidu Consulting the lane closures, and should exercise
Engineers (Pty) Ltd. Work will caution when travelling through the
commence in the first quarter of construction work zones. Reduced
2020 once the contractor finalises the speed limit restrictions will be imposed
appointments of SMME contractors through the construction zones.
from the project area. Work will Motorists are urged to observe all
continue for a period of 10 months upon warning signs for their own safety and
resumption of the construction work. the safety of the workers on the road.
The project estimated completion date is
08 February 2021. SANRAL wishes to thank all motorists
in advance for their co-operation and
Construction will be carried out in patience over the last two years with
clearly defined construction zones. the restricted travel at these two
In order to complete the outstanding crossings and apologises for any
works in the shortest possible time, inconvenience caused.
RRM provides
work for more
than 5 000 in
the Eastern Cape
During the 2019/20 financial year, to provided routine operations contracts to (RRM) of the road network,” Mbulelo interchanges, repairing damaged road
date, work has been provided for 690 188 black SMMEs valued at R212.7m. Peterson, SANRAL Southern Region signs, repairing damaged guardrails,
SMMEs ranging from CIDB 1 to 9 CE manager said. regular mowing of grass in the road
There were 1 198 training courses for reserve including the median and
sub-contractors, with a total spend In the Southern Region, there are about
individuals in the Southern Region. The emergency assistance at accident
on the SMMEs of R3.4bn on SANRAL 23 routine road maintenance contracts
training was valued at more than R5m. scenes.
national projects. which look after: pavement layer repairs,
SANRAL in the Eastern Cape (Southern crack sealing and patching of asphalt The work is done through management
The number of job opportunities realised Region) manages a road network of pavements, cleaning of all drainage contractors who utilise SMMEs to
in the Southern Region was 5 326, of 4 952 kilometres; this is 22% of the structures, including removal of grass execute the work. “The RRM projects
22 214 kilometres national road network. and debris from grids, clearing bridge offer inexperienced SMMEs an entrance
this, 2 785 youth were employed. The
drainage ports and scuppers, repairing into the sector because resources are
total spent on job creation was more “SANRAL’s mandate also entails damaged fencing, clearing refuse low, as are most of the skills needed,”
than R245m. SANRAL Southern Region performing routine road maintenance from the road reserve, lay-bys and Mbulelo said.
690 188 5 326 2 785 1 198
SMMEs Black SMMEs job opportunities youth employed training courses
Building South Africa through better roads 17PADKOS
Food on the go
Do you feel like you’re constantly on the go – travelling between clients or in the car after
school running everywhere?
When you or the kids need a snack or quick bite, don’t rack up calories and costs by buying takeaways.
These quick, easy and healthy options are perfect for when you’re on the move. They are also great for
holiday and weekend road-trips.
Sweet and spicy snack nuts
Handy snacks that everyone will love.
Prep.: 10 min
METHOD
Cook time: 17 min
• Preheat the oven to 175°C.
Yield: 16 servings
• Line a baking sheet with tinfoil and
lightly coat with cooking spray.
INGREDIENTS • Combine walnut halves, pecan halves,
1 cup untoasted walnut halves almonds, and cashews in a large bowl.
• Add salt, black pepper, cumin, and
1 cup untoasted pecan halves
cayenne pepper.
1 cup unsalted dry-roasted • Toss to coat.
almonds
• Heat sugar, water, and butter in a small
1 cup unsalted dry-roasted saucepan over medium heat until the
cashews butter is melted.
1/2 teaspoon freshly ground • Cook for 1 minute and remove from
black pepper heat.
• Slowly pour the butter mixture over the
1/4 teaspoon ground cumin
bowl of nuts and stir to coat.
1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper • Transfer the nuts to the prepared
½ cup white sugar baking sheet and spread into a single
Green eggs and ham muffins ¼ cup water
layer.
These healthy make-ahead egg muffins are low in carbs and high in protein. • Bake the nuts in the preheated oven for
1 tablespoon butter 10 minutes.
Prep.: 5 min METHOD • Stir them until the warm syrup coats
Cook time: 10 min • Preheat the oven to 200°C. every nut.
Makes: 6 muffins • Spread into a single layer, return to the
• Grease a 6-cup muffin pan with
oven, and bake until the nuts are sticky
oil or non-stick cooking spray and
INGREDIENTS and roasted (about 6 minutes).
set aside.
5 large eggs • Allow them to cool before serving.
• Place the eggs in a large
Salt and pepper to taste measuring cup or mixing bowl
1 teaspoon garlic powder and whisk together with garlic
powder, Italian seasoning, salt
1/2 teaspoon Italian seasoning
and black pepper.
125g diced cooked ham
• Divide the ham, cheese, and
1 cup grated cheddar spinach evenly into the muffin
(or any cheese you like) cups.
1 cup chopped spinach • Pour the whisked eggs over them.
• Sprinkle with more cheese if
desired.
• Bake in a preheated oven for
12–15 minutes, or until set.
These are great to eat cold.
Note: Customise this recipe by
using whatever filling you have in
the fridge.
18 FEB/MAR ‘20 | ISSUE 30EDUCATION
Former TEA candidate engineer John Rammutla, a BSc Civil Engineering graduate from the The TEA is located at its Southern Region office
University of Cape Town, was a Projects Manager in training at SANRAL, PE 2016. in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape.
SANRAL’s Technical Excellence
Academy shapes future civil engineers
SANRAL’s Technical Excellence Academy (TEA) provides much needed practical Candidates are given the opportunity to be of service to SANRAL regional
experience for graduate civil engineers to put their theoretical knowledge into project managers by enhancing their project delivery. Once graduates complete
practice on actual SANRAL projects. their design training they are placed in the most beneficial environment as they
approach the site or project management phase.
In March SANRAL will welcome 17 new engineering candidates to the TEA, which
will push the number of graduates in training (specifically in the design phase) to TEA candidates continue to take on design projects that have the possibility of
over 30. Some have been seconded to consulting engineering firms to broaden remaining ‘in-house’. An example here is realignment of a rural T-junction near
their horizons. Elliot, which one trainee has taken on with the intention of moving into the project
management stage with a thorough understanding of the design process that is
The TEA programme offers a variety of road engineering projects, all with unique
undertaken to arrive at the best solution.
challenges, whether technical, social or environmental. Candidates are placed
among colleagues and peers with an abundance of experience and advice to SANRAL will continue to work towards the certification of their training
offer.
programme. Such certification will allow candidates to have their progress
The candidate engineers are from all over South Africa. Some will be divided logged incrementally when they submit Technical Experience Reports
into project design teams, while others will be placed on construction sites or after each stage of work-based training. The aim is also to appoint more
as project managers in training in different regional offices. Four engineers specialist mentors.
completed their three-month training at the materials testing laboratory in
February. Approximately 23 candidates will exit the design phase to join the The TEA is not only looking at training for technical staff but also for non-
SANRAL regions for exposure to project management. technical staff in obtaining professional registration in their fields of expertise.
“The KwaZulu-Natal Department of Transport candidates have applied for an The newly established Skills Development Unit at SANRAL will ensure a
extension of their stay at the TEA until December 2020, to remain in an enabling dedicated team of employees overseeing all aspects of the training programme
environment until delivery of their departmental design project,” at the TEA. There is much to look forward to!
said Andrew van Gruting, TEA Senior Mentor.
“Commencement of high-value construction projects in 2020, especially on the
N2 and N3 upgrade between Pietermaritzburg and Durban, will make the site-
based period of training challenging. Problem solving will be the order of the day,”
Van Gruting said.
The TEA candidates in the
design phase of training are
among others: working on,
• Future realignment of the
N2 to avoid congestion in
• Strengthening of existin Knysna.
g road pavement on the R5
Vivo (NR) to improve freigh 21 between Dendron and
t-carrying capacity.
• Investigation of widening
of the N2 between Thornhill
• Preliminary designs for and Jeffrey’s Bay.
upgrading the road between
and the proposed Mkambat Holy Cross Hospital
i interchange on the N2 Wil
• Corridor studies on the R7 d Coast Highway.
2 between Kidd’s Beach and
• Periodic maintenance of East London Airport.
the N2 Tsitsikamma toll roa
Valley and Storms River vill d between Nature’s
age is being investigated for
• KZN Department of Transp later in the year.
ort guests in the TEA are pro
investigation stage of upgrad gressing through the
ing roads D832 and D913 in
• The R62 Langkloof route southern KZN.
is being investigated in ord
necessary future interventio er to determine the ELECTRICAL CONNECTION: SANRAL TEA candidate Sonwabile Dlanjwa (right) explains
ns. how the electric circuit board works to Nathina Tanda (left) and Siseko Tenge, both in
Grade 7 at Grahamstown SDA Primary School.
Building South Africa through better roads 19LIFESTYLE
The motivating force of Siya Kolisi
Photo: GCIS
“One day I want to be like that”
“You can touch and change a child’s life even if you don’t know who
he is or where he is from, but he looks at you and says:
‘One day I want to be like that’.” – SIYA KOLISI
What motivates Like most things in life, achieving your
goal, reaching your dream, or fulfilling
“We gave everything we had and
we not only saw South Africa come
• Make a plan and set out
specific goals.
the captain who lifted your ambition take time and effort. together when we brought back the For example: During the next week,
You need to build your dream, plan for trophy, but we inspired a lot of kids to
the Rugby World Cup? your success, and work to fulfil your live their dreams.
I will do at least 20 minutes of
vigorous exercise on [DAY] at [TIME]
ambition.
“Now a kid from the township, who in [PLACE]. Being specific makes it
In an interview with sportswriter There is no better role model here than didn’t have shoes to walk to school twice as likely that you will follow
Craig Ray, writing for the UK Siya Kolisi, who led the Springboks and who didn’t eat each day can stand through.
newspaper, The Guardian, Siya to victory over England in the Rugby here and be a Rugby World Cup-winning
World Cup 2019 final. The Springboks captain. …
• Pay attention to detail.
Kolisi said “being a professional
have also just been recognised as Don’t wrap yourself in red tape. Keep
sportsman can be tough and
World Team of the Year at the 2020 “To all sportsmen and women, just it simple, focused, and try to create
occasionally you question if it’s all keep on doing what you’re doing
Laureus World Sports Awards. a routine.
worth it. But then I just think about because it’s not just about you. There
where I’ve come from and about are people looking up to us and we • Make a schedule of when and
the people that look up to me. In his speech at the Laureus touch people’s lives in ways that what you aim to achieve.
For me to be able to help people Awards Kolisi said: governments and politicians can’t.” It can be daily, weekly, or whatever.
Stick to it.
inspired by me, I have to play every “To all the nominees and winners, Kolisi ticks all the boxes for achieving
week. That is my duty”. you have all inspired myself and my his goals and motivating others, • Stay positive and focused.
teammates on our journey. When Mr summed up in five simple rules that There will be challenges and
He said he also finds his
Mandela spoke 20 years ago about the will help you to do the same:
motivation in his family: roadblocks, but don’t give up on your
power of sport to unite, I can honestly
dreams and goals.
“I want to set a positive example – say I felt it first-hand.
I want to be my kids’ hero and an • Share your dreams and goals
inspiration for all South Africans.”
“In 1995 I was a bit too young to Then, as Kolisi with those close to you, especially
remember that win, but in this group
we had Afrikaans-speaking guys,
says, just keep on doing those who will encourage and
support you to make it a reality.
Xhosa guys and guys from farms. We what you’re doing, and
all lived through different challenges, “You can build something beautiful
but we came together because of the you too will inspire others
from every stone blocking your path.”
game that we love, which is rugby… to be like you. — Goethe
20 FEB/MAR ‘20 | ISSUE 30You can also read
