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Pseudomonas
syringae
a potential plant
pathogen
| JUNE 2019 | KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal 1
Inside
June 2019 Volume-6 Issue-12
KERALA KARSHAKAN
English journal
Mail: editorejournalkkfib@gmail.com | Log on to http://www.fibkerala.gov.in
Phone: 0471-2314358
The First English farm journal from the house of Kerala Karshakan
4 Pseudomonas syringae:
FARM INFORMATION BUREAU
MEMBERS, ADVISORY COMMITTEE
a potential plant pathogen
CHAIRMAN
Devendra Kumar Singh IAS Archana T.S. and Krishnaja R Nair
7
Agricultural Production Commissioner,
Principal Secretary (Agriculture) Quality seed and its importance
MEMBERS in Agriculture
Dr. P.K. Jayasree IAS
Director (Agriculture) M. Ananthi
9 Cultivation of summer tomato
Dr. Subhash T.V. IAS.
Director (I&PRD)
Reetanjali Meher and Satyapriya Singh
Dr. P.K. Sadanandan
13 Fly ash: A Versatile remedy for
Director (Animal Husbandry)
Abraham T. Joseph
Director (Dairy Department) sustainable production
Station Director, All India Radio
Dinesh Jinger, Vijaysinha D. Kakade,
V K Sharma and D. Dinesh
Director
21 LONG CORIANDER:
Doordarshan, Thiruvananthapuram
P.V. Manoj
Sayujyam, Manakkad P.O., Thiruvananthapuram
Little understood herb
Sandhya R. with multiple uses
Adarsham, Anandeswaram, Chempazanthy Manjunath J Shetty
P.O., Thiruvananthapuram
C.R. Mahesh
Kailas Nagar, Kizhakkekkara, Kottarakkara
Renjan S. Karippai
Mission Director, State Horticulture Mission,
Kerala
T.K. Bhaskara Panikkar
9
Renfru Cottage, USRA-72, Udarasiromani Road,
Vellayambalam, Thiruvananthapuram-10
Dr. Jalaja S. Menon
Assi. Prof. College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara,
Thrissur
Dr. P. Indira Devi
Prof. & Head, Centre for Enviornmentel
Economics,
College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur
C.D. Suneesh
Chittilappally House, Thrikkaipatta P.O.,
Wayanad
Dr. Mohanan P.V.
Karuna, Near Kannur Spinning Mill
Kakkad P.O., Kannur - 670005 ATTENTION AUTHORS
Suresh Muthukulam
Sarayoo, Bapuji Nagar,
Articles sending to Kerala Karshakan E-journal should be
Pongumoodu, Medical College P.O
Trivandrum - 695011
certified by the Head of the institutiion concerned, stating that
CONVENOR
tha article is original and has not been published anywhere.
G.S. Unnikrishnan Nair,
Principal Information Officer
Reference should also be included wherever relevant.
2 KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal | JUNE 2019 |
4
23 Kiwano: The health boon
Manjunath J. Shetty, Aparna G.S.
and Thushara T. Chandran
26 Lakadong Turmeric
The Golden Spice of Meghalaya
Janani, P., M. Bilashini Devi, Divya Parisa
and A. Balusamy
29 Melia dubia:
A money spinning tree in short span
Dinesh Jinger, V. D. Kakade, P. R. Bhatnagar, Pseudomonas
V.C. Pande and D. Dinesh syringae
34 Lab to Land a potential plant
pathogen
| MAY 2019 | KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal 1
38 Cultivation of Lakshmi Taru
A Phenomenal Medicinal Plant
Chief Editor
G.S. Unnikrishnan Nair
RAVI Y., Harisha C.B. and Manjesh G.N.
Editor
41 CHAKRAMUNI :
(Sauropusandrogynous (L.)Merr.)
Sajeev Chandran A.
Asst. Editor
A multi-vitamin treasure plant Suresh C.
Gowthami R., Era Vaidya Malhotra
and Vartika Srivastava Editorial Assistant
Akhil S.S.
46 Sulfur as a Fungicide
Archana T.S. and Krishnaja R. Nair
Design & Layout
Maya Santhosh
Articles/ Features appearing in this e-journal are either commissioned or assigned Neverthless, other articles of farm
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VIEWS expressed in the articles published in KeralaKarshakan e-journal are| not
| JUNE 2019 necessarily
KERALA those ofe-journal
KARSHAKAN the Government.
3
Enquiries : 0471 2314358
ARCHANA T.S1 and
KRISHNAJA R NAIR2
1
Ph.D Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology
2
Ph.D Scholar, Department of Genetics and
Plant Breeding
University of Horticultural Sciences,
Bagalkot-587104
Pseudomonas
E-mail: archanasathyansath@gmail.com
syringae:
a potential plant pathogen
1. INTRODUCTION tion to the respective host plant olutionized our understanding
Pseudomonas syringae is species. of P. syringae diversity and evo-
one of the major gram nega- 2. TAXONOMY AND MO- lution. Currently, the P. syringae
tive phytopathogenic bacteria LECULAR PHYLOGENY species complex is divided into
which have a ubiquitous dis- The P. syringae species 13 phylogroups (PGs) on the
tribution. P.syringae has been complex forms a monophyletic basis of multilocus sequence
classified into more than 60 pa- group within the Pseudomonas analysis (MLSA). The 13 PGs
thovars on the basis of its host fluorescens-like major branch split into 2 major categories: the
plant species and type of dis- of the Pseudomonas genus. Ex- 7 late-branching canonical lin-
ease symptoms. Because most tensive efforts to collect and se- eages (PGs 1–6 and 10) which
strains exhibit rather narrow quence P. syringae isolates from are agriculturally important
host, each pathovar has devel- diverse agricultural and non for causing diseases and the 6
oped its own parasitic adapta- agricultural sources have rev- early-branching noncanonical
44 KERALA KARSHAKANe-journal
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Tomato bacterial speck
lineages (PGs 7–9 and 11–13) filbert trees). a reddish-brown discolor-
belongs to environmental res- • Discolored and or blackened ation. This discoloration may
ervoirs. leaf veins and petioles result- also occur as vertical streaks
3. PLANT SYMPTOMS ing from systemic invasion in the vascular tissue.
CAUSED BY Pseudomonas and infection. 1. PLANT SUSCEPTIBILITY
syringae • Spots and blisters on fruit. There is no agreement
A variety of symptoms are • Shoot-tip dieback, which about the severity of diseas-
associated with woody plants appears as dead, blackened es caused by Pseudomonas
infected by Pseudomonas syrin- twig tissue extending down syringae. Most researchers
gae pv. syringae. Symptoms and some distance from the tip consider Pseudomonas sy-
symptom development depend (very common on maples ringae a weak pathogen, an
on the species of plant infect- and other seedlings). opportunist that capitalizes
ed, the plant part infected, the • Stem cankers: depressed ar- on a host weakened by some
strain of Pseudomonas syringae, eas in the bark, which dark- predisposing condition. A
and the environment. More en with age. A gummy sub- number of factors reportedly
than one symptom can be si- stance often exudes from make plants more susceptible
multaneously on a single plant. cankers on fruiting and flow- to infection; foremost is freeze
• Flower blast: flowers and/or ering stone fruits (this symp- damage. Freezing wounds the
flower buds turn brown to tom is referred to as “gum- plant, allowing the bacterium
black. mosis”). If cankers continue to get into and destroy plant
• Dead dormant buds, com- to enlarge, they may girdle cells. Numerous workers report
mon on cherries and apri- the stem and subsequently that symptom development
cots. kill a branch or the entire in the field was related to cold
• Necrotic leaf spots (entire plant. If the outer tissues of temperatures.
clusters of younger, expand- the canker area are cut away, Ironically, many strains
ing leaves may be killed on the tissue underneath shows of P. syringae catalyze ice
||JUNE 2019|| KERALA
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KERALAKARSHAKAN e-journal 55
crystal formation on and in
plant tissues (Lindow, 1983).
These generally are referred to
as ice nucleation active (INA)
bacteria. Their presence on the
plant serves to raise the freez-
ing temperature above that at
which sensitive plant tissues
would normally freeze. Most
frost-sensitive plants have no
significant mechanism of frost
tolerance and must be protect-
ed from ice formation to avoid
frost injury. Ice nucleation ac-
tivity of P. syringae is conferred
by a single gene that encodes Bacterial necrosis on Mango
an outer membrane protein.
Individual ice-nucleation ones. 4. SPREAD OF P. syringae
proteins do not serve as ice Soil Factors: Factors such Pseudomonas syringae can
nuclei, but they form large, as soil PH and mineral nutrition be moved by wind, rain,
homogeneous aggregates may also predispose to Pseudo- insects, infested budwood, and
that collectively orient water monas syringae infection. transportation of infested nurs-
molecules into a configuration 3. SOURCES AND SURVIV- ery stock. Mechanical equip-
mimicking the crystalline AL OF P. syringae ment and pruning tools may be
structure of ice, thereby There are several poten- a frequently overlooked means
catalyzing ice formation. tial sources of Pseudomonas of dispersal or of generating
Oriented water molecules syringae; however, the relative aerosols containing the bac-
freeze at temperatures slightly contribution of each source to teria. Harvesting alfalfa fields
below zero (-2C to -10°C) disease development remains greatly increased the number
instead of super cooling. unknown. of INA bacteria captured on
2. PREDISPOSING FAC- Buds: Buds are considered petri plates of agar in nearby
TORS: a major overwintering site citrus groves. Pseudomonas sy-
Wounding: Wounding of of Pseudomonas syringae. This ringae has also been recovered
any kind seems to play a ma- bacterium has been detected from the air above and next to
jor role in initiating disease inside apparently healthy ap- bean fields.
development. Wounds may be ple and pear buds during both 5. MANAGEMENT
mechanical or environmental growing and dormant seasons. A variety of methods have
such as frost injury. Wounds Cankers: Cankers from a been tested for management
have been shown to predispose previous year’s infection have of Pseudomonas syringae in
trees to blossom blight and bac- long been thought to be the commercial plantings. They
terial canker. Pruning wounds primary source of inoculums. include cultural management,
not only allow the bacterium Weeds and Grass- host resistance, biological
to enter but also aid infec- es: Weeds also can be hosts control with microbial
tion by fungi such as Cytospo- for Pseudomonas syringae. antagonists, and chemical
ra and Nectria. Soil: It is generally control. Efforts have been
Plant Dormancy: Dor- accepted that Pseudomonas targeted primarily either to
mancy may also predispose syringae survives poorly in control disease or to reduce
susceptible trees to damage soil, but neither the soil phase the risk of frost damage from
from Pseudomonas syringae. nor the potential survival INA Pseudomonas syringae.
Dormant peach trees were re- of Pseudomonas syringae on However, the results of these
portedly more susceptible to roots (the rhizosphere) has efforts have not always been
the disease than active growing been studied in any depth. successful.
66 KERALA
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KARSHAKANe-journal JUNE2019
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Quality seed
and its importance
in Agriculture
M. ANANTHI
Teaching Assistant,
Directorate of Planning and Monitoring
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore
S
eeds are the foundation trueness to variety, germina- sisting of an embryonic plant,
of agriculture. Technol- tion percentage, purity, vigor, a store of food and a protective
ogy has modernized and appearance are important seed coat, a store of food con-
much of farming’s day- to farmers planting crops and sists of cotyledons and endo-
to-day operations, but without to homeowners establishing sperm.
a steady supply of high-quality lawns and gardens. Achieving From the seed technolog-
seed, yields and crop quality and maintaining high seed ical point of view seed may be
would be greatly decreased. quality is the goal of every pro- sexually produced matured
Seed quality plays an im- fessional seed producer. ovule consisting of an intact
portant role in the production Quality seed embryo, endosperm and or
of agronomic and horticultural Seed may be defined as a cotyledon with protective cov-
crops. Characteristics such as fertilized matured ovule, con- ering (seed coat). It also refers
| JUNE 2019 | KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal 7
to propagating materials of yield. • Less infestation of land with
healthy seedlings, tuber, bulbs, Attributes of Quality Seed weed seed/other crop seeds.
rhizome, roots, cuttings, setts, • Free from other crop seeds • Less disease and insect
slips, all types of grafts and • Free from objectionable problem.
vegetatively propagating mate- weed seeds • Minimization of seed/seed-
rials used for production pur- • Free from designated dis- ling rate i.e., fast and uni-
pose. eases form emergence of seedling.
Thus seed is the most vi- • High germination and • They are vigorous, free from
tal and crucial input for crop vigour pests and disease.
production, one of the ways • Optimum moisture content • They can be adopted them-
to increase the productivity Role of Improved Seeds selves for extreme climatic
without adding appreciably to • Carrier of new technology condition and cropping sys-
the extent of land now under • Basic tool for a secure food tem of the location.
cultivation by planting quality supply • The quality seed respond
seed. • The principle means to ob- well to the applied fertilizers
Importance of Quality Seed tain crop yields in less fa- and nutrients.
• Seed is a vital input in crop vourable production area • Uniform in plant popula-
production; • Medium for rapid rehabil- tion and maturity.
• The seed required for rais- itation of agriculture after • Crop raised with quality seed
ing crop is quite small and natural disasters. are aesthetically pleasing.
its cost is so less compared Benefits of using Quality • Good seed prolongs life of a
to other inputs Seeds variety.
• This emphasis the need for • They are genetically pure • Yield prediction is very easy.
increasing the areas under (true to type). • Handling in post-harvest
quality seed production • The good quality seed has operation will be easy.
• It is estimated that good high return per unit area • Preparations of finished
quality seeds to improved as the genetic potentiality products are also better.
varieties can contribute of the crop can be fully ex- • High produce value and
about 20-25% increase in ploited. their marketability.
8 KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal | JUNE 2019 |
Cultivation of summer
tomato
Introduction:
Tomato (Lycopersicon es-
potato occupying the top of the
list of canned vegetable (Chow-
REETANJALI MEHER1 and
SATYAPRIYA SINGH2
culentum Mill.) is one of the dhury, 1979). Ph.D Scholar, Department of
1
Horticulture and Post Harvest
most important vegetable crops Tomato is one of the most Technology, Palli-Siksha Bhavan,
grown under field and green popular vegetable crops all over Visva-Bharati University, West
house condition. This fruit veg- the world. Tomato has a signif- Bengal-731236
2
Scientist (ARS), Agricultural
etable received much attention icant role in human nutrition Entomology, Icar Research Complex for
of the researchers throughout because of its rich source of ly- NEH Region, Tripura Centre, Agartala,
the world because of its various copene, minerals and vitamins Lembucherra, Tripura (West)-799210
Corresponding Author Email.
ways of consumption and nutri- such as ascorbic acid and ß-car- reetanjalimeher@gmail.com
tional value. Among the vegeta- otene which are anti-oxidants
bles tomato is one of the most and promote good health. It is
important vegetables in terms of a good source of vitamin C (31
acreage, production, yield, com- mg per 100g), vitamin A, calci-
mercial use and consumption. It um, iron etc. Although tomato
is the most consumable vegeta- plants can grow under a wide
ble crop after potato and sweet range of climatic conditions,
| JUNE 2019 | KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal 9
they are extremely sensitive to and improvement of produc- BARI tomato-13(Shrabony).
hot and wet growing conditions. tion techniques. Their findings Kallo (1989) worked with
But limited efforts have suggest that growth and devel- some tomato varieties (Pusa
been given so far to overcome opment of tomato plants largely Early Dwarf, HS 102, Hisar
the high temperature barrier depend on the growing season Arun (Sel 7) And Punjab Chhu-
preventing fruit set in sum- (planting time) and variety. hara) in northern India. Result
mer-rainy (hot-humid) season. Large number of researchers has found that, HS 102 and Punjab
Its demand for both domes- studied the effect seasonal varia- Chhuhara were fit for sum-
tic and foreign markets has tion (planting time) and variety mer cultivation, and Pusa Ear-
increased manifold due to its on the morpho-physiological, ly Dwarf and Hisar Arun were
excellent nutritional and pro- yield attributes of tomato in dif- suitable for getting early fruits.
cessing qualities (Hossain et. al, ferent countries of the world. Also Pusa Sadabahar and F1
2009). Considering the grow- Origin: hybrids like NTH-2530, NTH-
ing demand and importance of Cultivated tomato origi- 2925 from Nirmal’s seed also
tomato, Bangladesh Agricul- nated in a wild form in the Pe- recommended to grow in sum-
tural Research Institute (BARI) ru-Ecuador-Bolivia area of the mer season.
has taken initiative to develop Andes (South America). Climate:
off-season summer and rainy Varieties: It was reported, planting
season tomatoes. But very little So far BARI has developed date had no lasting effect on
information has been generated and released 2 hybrid tomato plant height, but late planting
about the profitability and adop- varieties i.e. BARI hybrid toma- (2nd June) led to fewer flower
tion of hybrid tomato cultiva- to-3 and 4 which can be grown trusses than early planting (7th
tion technologies by the farmers during summer and rainy sea- May). Late planting reduced
in the country. son under polytunnel. Other va- the number of fruit and yields,
Scientists are working con- rieties are: BARI hybrid-4, BARI but increased the weight of fruit
tinuously with this crops for hybrid-5, BARI Tomato-2, compared to early (7th or 19th
development of new varieties BARI tomato-10 (Anupama), May).
10
10KERALA KARSHAKANe-journal
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JUNE2019
2019| |Soil: ber of flowers per plant, number applied around the seedbed as
Tomato performs well in a of fruits per plant, single fruit precautionary measure against
pH range of 6-7. It is moderate- weight and yield. Application ants, worm and other harm-
ly tolerant to acid soil. Yield of of hormones (growth regula- ful insects. Shading by poly-
tomato varied depending on the tors) with trade names such as thene with bamboo structure
level of heat tolerance of the hy- Tomatotone or Tomatolan can was provided over the seedbed
brids. promote fruit setting. to protect the young seedlings
Seed rate: 400-500g/ha (vari- Uses of micronutrient: from the scorching sunshine or
ety) Zn in the form of ZnSO4 rain. Dithane M-45 @ 2 g/L was
120-150g/ha (hybrid) (@100ppm) increases the stem sprayed in the seedbeds, to pro-
Spacing: 60 cm x 40 cm length as it helps in formation of tect the seedlings from damping
spacing is maintained from Auxin. Number of flower buds off and other diseases. Weeding
row-row and plant-plant. increases by application of Zn, and irrigation is done whenever
Manure and Fertilizer: B, Mn, Se and 4-CPA. necessary.
FYM @ 15 t/ha, NPK@ Nursery preparation: Transplanting of seedlings
200-150-150 kg/ha is required. Tomato seedlings are raised Healthy and uniform 30
1/3rd of Nitrogen, and full dose in a seedbed of 2 m x l m size. days old seedlings are uprooted
of Phosperous, Pottash is ap- The soil is well prepared and separately from the seedbed and
plied during land preparation, converted into loose friable seedlings are transplanted in af-
rest 2/3rd of Nitrogen is applied and dried mass by spading. All ternoon. The seedbed is watered
30 DAT. weeds and stubbles are removed before uprooting the seedlings
Uses of plant growth regula- and 5 kg well rotten cow dung is in order to minimize damage of
tors: mixed with the soil. The seeds the root system. The seedlings
4-CPA + GA3 @ 20 ppm were sown in beds in March for are watered just after transplant-
increases maximum plant summer planting. After sow- ing. Shading is provided using
height at 60 DAT, number of ing, edges were covered with banana leaf sheath for four days
flowers cluster per plant, num- light soil. Chloropyriphos was to protect the seedling from the
| |JUNE 2019| | KERALA
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KERALAKARSHAKAN e-journal 11
11hot sun.
Intercultural operations
Shading
A transparent polythene
shade is provided to protect
the plants from excess rainfall
of monsoon. It is made with
the help of polythene sheet and
bamboo sticks just after the es-
tablishment of seedlings. The
shade is maintained up to final
harvest (110 DAT).
Mulching
A layer of dried straw is
spread on soil generally in fur-
row to check moisture loss
during hot summer. Some plac-
es plastic mulch also spread near
to the plant.
Weeding : early in the morning on sunny
Weeding is accomplished days when they are very small
as and when necessary with the (one inch or smaller). The small
help of khurpi to keep the crop wound resulting from removing their storage life. It is found that
free from weeds, for better soil the shoot will heal quickly leav- tomato at breaker stage stored
aeration and to break the crust. ing less chance for fungal inva- in zero energy cool chamber
It also helps in soil moisture sion. during summer extended shelf-
conservation. Plant protection: life by 4-5 days. Wooden boxes
Irrigation Aphid a leaf sucking insect are generally used for packing.
Irrigation is provided im- infest the crop at vegetative and Use of polythene for pre-pack-
mediately after transplanting the early reproductive stage, which age of tomatoes could reduce the
seedlings and it is continued un- is controlled by Imidachloprid physiological losses in weight
til the seedlings are established 18.5SL @ 0.25 ml/ L of water at and increases the shelf-life.
in the field. During the month 7 days interval for three weeks. References:
of June, July and early August During the summer season, Chowdhury, B., & Hussain,
irrigation is provided in 3 to 4 white fly infest the crop at early M. (1979). Chemical composi-
days interval due to prevailing reproductive stage, which was tion of the edible parts of aroids
of high relative humidity (RH). controlled by means of spraying grown in Bangladesh [root veg-
Stalking with the same chemical. etables]. Indian Journal of Agri-
As tomato is a herbaceous Harvesting: cultural Sciences (India).
plant with higher fruit weight it Tomatoes are harvested at Moneruzzaman, K. M.,
needs a high level of support at right stage depending upon the Hossain, A. B. M. S., Sani, W.,
its growth and developmental purpose of utilization. Summer Saifuddin, M., & Alenazi, M.
stages. So, after the well estab- tomato is harvested at an inter- (2009). Effect of harvesting and
lishment of the plants, staking val of 4-5 days. Tomatoes should storage conditions on the post
was done to each plant by means be picked with a twisting mo- harvest quality of tomato (Ly-
of bamboo sticks to keep them tion of hand to separate it from copersicon esculentum Mill) cv.
upright. plant. On an average it gives 20- Roma VF. Australian Journal of
Pruning 25 tonnes/ha for open pollinat- Crop Science, 3(2), 113.
All shoots from the base of ed varieties and 50 tonnes/ ha Kallo, G. (1989). Correla-
all plants were removed at an 8 for hybrids. tion and path coefficient analy-
cm distance from the ground. It Storage: sis of some quality traits in to-
is maintained to a single stem by Pre-cooling of tomatoes mato (Lycopersicon esculentum
removing all side shoots at least after harvest and prior to stor- M.) Haryana J. Hort. Sci, 18,
once a week. Remove the shoot age is recommended to prolong 130-135.
12
12 KERALA KARSHAKANe-journal
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2019||ABSTRACT not utilized properly, its dispos- DINESH JINGER1,
Burning of coal in thermal al would pose a danger of air VIJAYSINHA D. KAKADE1, V
power plant (TPPs) produces a and water pollution. Therefore, K SHARMA2 and D. DINESH1
ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water
waste product is known as fly management of FA remains a Conservation (IISWC)
ash (FA). More than 500 mil- terrible threat to world. Howev- Research Centre, Vasad, Anand,
Gujarat-388306
lion tonnes (MT) of ashes are er, many studies proved that FA 1
Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil
produced annually globally, may be used as a versatile rem- and Water Conservation, Research
and the quantity is expected to edy for agricultural production. Centre, Vasad, Anand, Gujarat
2
Principal Scientist, Division of Soil
increase due to growing energy It has vital importance in agri- science and agricultural chemistry,
demand of burgeoning popu- culture owing to its lucrative ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
Corresponding author:
lation. In present scenario very effect on crop and soil health. It dineshjinger28@gmail.com ; dinesh.
less amount of the fly ash is eco- is considered as a multipurpose jinger@icar.gov.in
nomically utilized whereas, rest soil amendment because it not
of is disposed in landfills and only provides plant nutrients
causing various environmental but also improves the physi-
problems which have uncer- cal and chemical properties of
tain long-term environmen- soil. It can efficiently be used
tal consequences. Disposal or as a source of silicon, pesticide
dumping of huge amount of fly carrier, plant growth promot-
ash not only requires abundant er etc. Scientists have reported
quantity of water and energy that FA, being a good soil ame-
but also plenty of land. If FA is liorant can be used for amelio-
Fly ash:
A Versatile remedy for
sustainable production
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13ration of degraded or waste- Table 1: Fly ash, production, utilization in India during
lands. It has also been reported 2010-11 to 2016-17
that FA has great potential to Production Utilization Utilization
absorb the atmospheric green- Year
(mt) (mt) (%)
house gas (CO2) and sequester
into the soil, thus helps in mit- 2010-11 131.09 73.13 55.79
igating the problem of climate 2011-12 145.42 85.05 58.48
change. 2012-13 163.56 100.37 61.37
INTRODUCTION 2013-14 172.87 99.62 57.37
During the generation 2014-15 184.14 102.54 55.69
of electricity through coal in
2015-16 176.74 107.77 60.97
thermal power plant many
types of solid waste are pro- 2016-17 169.25 107.10 63.28
duced which are commonly Central Electrical Authority of India (CEA), 2017
known as coal combustion WHAT IS FLY ASH: of carbon that remains from
by-products (CCPs). Fly ash It is called “fly” ash because incomplete combustion of
(FA) is one type of CCPs. It is it is being transported from the coal. Fly ash is light in colour
an end residual product of coal combustion chamber by the ex- and mostly consists of silt
combustion in thermal power haust gases. It is a fine, spher- and clay-sized glassy spheres
plants and made up of min- ical shape, glass-like particles, which provides fly ash a con-
eral constitute and eventually heterogeneous in nature whose sistency somewhat like talcum
disposed in landfills. It is un- size varies from 0.01-150 μm. powder. The mineralogy and
burned material (5–10%) of These micron-sized earth el- composition of FA depend on
the coal used in thermal pow- ements primarily consist of the source of the coal; design,
er plants which is collected as silica, alumina and iron along type and operation of the pow-
a solid residue of fine particles with the traces of oxides of er plant boiler unit. In compari-
commonly known as fly ash. sodium, magnesium, calcium, son, bituminous coals fly ashes,
The CCPs has been categorised phosphorus and potassium also lignite and sub-bituminous coal
the FA under green list waste by the non-combustible matter fly ashes have higher calcium
the Organization for Economic in coal and a small amount oxide content and a lower loss
Cooperation and Development
(OECD). India is one of the Table 2: Basic character and difference between class F and
major producers of coal and as class C types of fly ash
well as fly ash. Production of fly
ash depends on the quality of Character Class F Class C
coal; the coal which have high Lignite and subbi- Bituminous and
Source coal
amount of ash leads to produc- tuminous anthracite
tion of 15–30% fly ash. How- United states, Australia, China,
Major Producers
ever, in many countries this South Africa India, Canada
industrial by product has not Lime (CaO) More than 20% Less than 20%
been properly utilized rather it Alkali and sulphate Less amount More amount
has been neglected like a waste Calcium 1-12% 30-40%
substance. During 2016–17, SiO2 55% 40%
India produced 169.2 Mt of FA Al2O3 26% 17%
and 107.1 Mt (63%) of it were
Fe2O3 7% 6%
utilized (Table 1). Every year
nearly 40-50% fly ash remains CaO 9% 24%
unutilized in India. Therefore, MgO 1.5 5.0
there is need to utilise the po- Na2O 0.8 1.5
tential of FA in agriculture field K2O 1.5 0.5
for improving the health of soil Fineness (Retained
and crop and eventually pro- 14 8
on 325 mesh)
ductivity and sustainability. Source: (Yunusa et al., 2011)
14
14 KERALA KARSHAKANe-journal
KERALAKARSHAKAN e-journal||JUNE
JUNE2019
2019||Class C and Class Ftype of fly ash
on ignition (LOI). Also, lignite lands. There are two classes of ash, lesser the carbon content.
and sub-bituminous coal fly fly ash namely class F and class Fly ash produced from lignite
ashes have a higher concentra- C (figure 1) which are primari- or sub-bituminous coals have
tion of sulphate compounds ly based on the amount of sili- usually light tan to buff in co-
than the bituminous coal fly ca, alumina, iron and calcium, lour, indicating relatively low
ashes. As the origin of fly ash content in the ash Table 2. amounts of carbon as well as
is coal whose major qualita- PHYSICAL CHARAC- the presence of lime or calcium.
tive compositions are similar TERISTICS OF FLY ASH Bituminous coal gives rise to
to the natural earthy materials. (FA): The mineralogical, phys- grey shades of fly ash, fly ashes
The concentrations of trace el- ical and chemical properties are usually some shade of grey,
ements in ash are extremely of FA depend on the nature of and lighter shades of grey indi-
variable and depend upon the parent coal, condition of com- cates generally a higher quality
composition of the parent lig- bustion, handling and storage of ash. Fly-ash generally has a
nite, conditions during lignite methods. Hence, fly ash pro- silt loam texture with 65–90%
combustion, an efficiency of duced from anthracite, bitumi- of the particles having a diam-
emission control devices, etc. nous and lignite coal has differ- eter of less than 0.010 mm. Fly
Fly ash is utilized in cement ent compositions. The colour ash from bituminous coal is
manufacturing, ceramics mak- of fly ash can vary from tan to usually finer as compared with
ing, etc.; and more recently in grey to black, depending on the that of lignite one. In general, it
wastewater treatment. It has amount of unburned carbon in has low bulk density (1.01–1.53
also a great potential to be used the ash. Lighter the colour of fly g cm3), hydraulic conductivity
as a source of major and mi-
cro-nutrient elements required Table 3: Physical properties of fly ash
for healthy plant growth. It is
considered as a multipurpose Parameters Values
soil amendment because it not Colour Grey to black
only provides plant nutrients Shape Spherical
but also improves the physi- Porosity (%) 50–60
cal and chemical properties of Bulk density (g cm3) 1–1.53
soil. It can efficiently be used Specific gravity (g cm3) 1.6–3.1
as a source of essential plant
Plasticity Non plastic
nutrient, pesticide carrier, plant
growth promoter etc. Scientists WHC (%) 35–40
have reported that FA, being a Cohesion (kg m2) Negligible
good soil ameliorant or condi- Clay (%) 1–10
tioner can be used for amelio- Gravel (%) 0–10
ration of degraded or waste- Source: (Kishor et al., 2010)
||JUNE 2019|| KERALA
JUNE2019 KARSHAKANe-journal
KERALAKARSHAKAN e-journal 15
15Fly ash
Table 4: Chemical properties of Fly ash (FA) and specific gravity (1.6–3.1 g
Particular Value cm3). Mean particle densities
for non-magnetic and mag-
pH 4.5–12
netic particles are 2.7 and 3.4 g
EC (mmhos/cm) 0.17–14 cm3, respectively. Water hold-
Primary nutrient (%) ing capacity (WHC) of FA is
N – generally 35–40%, while the
P 0.06–0.25 moisture retention ranges from
K 0.15–3.5 6.1% at 15 bars to 13.4% at 1/3
Secondary nutrient (%) bar. Fly ash has high surface
Ca 0.54–17.4 area and light texture due to
Mg 0.04–7.6 presence of large, porous and
carbonaceous particles. Phys-
S 0.11–0.25
ical properties of FA has been
Micro nutrient (ppm) summarised in Table 3.
Fe 7800–28900 CHEMICAL CHARAC-
Cu 30–3020 TERISTICS OF FLY ASH
Mn 31–4400 (FA): The chemical properties
Cl 13–2500 of the fly-ash are largely influ-
Ni 11.8–8000 enced by the chemical content
B 10–3000 of the coal burned. Fly ash is
Zn 10–3500 known to be both acidic and
alkaline in nature. Fly ashes
Mo 7–160
with pH ranging from 4.5 to
Co 6–1500 12.0 have been identified due to
Source: (Kishor et al., 2010; Basu et al., 2009) differences in particle size and
16KERALA
16 KERALAKARSHAKAN e-journal| |JUNE
KARSHAKANe-journal JUNE2019
2019| |subsequent concentration of typically produces Class F fly- (mixing into the soil) because
trace metals. Bituminous coal ash. Fly-ash produced from the it has lower bulk density (BD),
ashes are mostly acidic, where- burning of younger lignite or higher water-holding capacity
as sub-bituminous coal gives sub-bituminous coal is of Class (WHC) and lower hydraulic
rise to alkaline ash with a lower C. Alkali and sulfate (SO4) con- conductivity (HC) than soil
content of S, but a higher con- tents are generally higher in alone. Application of FA at 70 t/
tent of Ca and Mg than the bi- Class C than Class F fly-ash. ha changed the sandy and clay-
tuminous coal. It must be noted Fly-ash also contains minerals ey soil surface texture loamy
that the Indian coal is lower in such as quartz, mullite, hema- texture due to increase in the
S, and the corresponding ash is tite, magnetite, calcite and bo- silt content of soil. Bulk densi-
alkaline in nature in contrast to rax, and oxidation of C and N ty of soil can be changed by FA
most of the Europeans Coals. during combustion drastically application because the particle
Similarly, EC varies between reduces their quantity in ash. size of FA is somewhat similar
0.17–14 mmhos/cm. The FA The chemical properties fly-ash to silt. Researchers revealed
composed of beneficial plant has been presented in Table 4. that silty clay soil showed an in-
nutrients like sodium (Na), sil- IMPACT OF FLY ASH ON crease in BD from 0.89 to 1.01
icon (Si), aluminium (Al) and SOIL PROPERTIES: g cm3 and decrease in BD 1.60
primary nutrients like phos- Laboratory and field re- to 1.35 g cm3 when correspond-
phorus (P), potassium (K) and search data revealed that appli- ing rates of FA increased from
secondary nutrients like Cal- cation of FA fetched lucrative 0% to 100%. Application of FA
cium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), results in terms of 10 to 25% at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by
and sulphur (S). Fly-ash con- increase in yield due to its ben- weight in clay soil significantly
tains varying amounts of sev- eficial effect on improvement reduces the BD and improves
eral micro elements like, iron of physical, chemical and bio- the soil structure, which in turn
(Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc logical properties of soil. India improves porosity, workability,
(Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), is working on FA to bring this root penetration and WHC of
boron (B) and molybdenum versatile product to get into pic- the soil. It has been reported
(Mo) and nickel (Ni). In fact, ture to meet the growing needs. that FA improves soil structure
fly-ash consists of practically all Effect of FA on soil properties through the formation of large
the elements present in soil ex- has been discussed below one soil aggregates which protect
cept organic carbon and nitro- by one. the OM from microbial decom-
gen. On the basis of silica, alu- On physical properties: In position. Fly-ash application
mina and iron oxide content, fact, soil texture is basic prop- up to 40% also increased soil
fly-ash has been classified into erty of soil which cannot be porosity from 43% to 53% and
two types: Class F and Class C. changed. However, Alteration WHC from 39% to 55% which
The burning of harder, older in texture of soil is quite pos- in turn caused improvement
anthracite and bituminous coal sible by the application of FA in HC and thereby helped in
| |JUNE
JUNE2019 KERALAKARSHAKAN
2019| | KERALA e-journal17
KARSHAKANe-journal 17reducing surface encrustation. to crop plants. The FA has been cereals, pulses, oil seeds, cot-
The Ca in FA readily replaces used for the correction of S and ton, sugarcane, fodder crops,
Na at clay exchange sites and B deficiency in acidic soil. The horticultural crops, ornamen-
thereby enhances flocculation electrical conductivity of soil tal & medicinal plants has been
of soil clay particles, keeps the increase with FA application reported by many researchers.
soils friable. and so does the metal content. The FA application increases
On chemical properties: Metals like Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and the yield by 10-15%, 20-25%
Being presence of oxides of cal- Ni have been shown to be avail- and 40% in cereal crops, puls-
cium in FA makes it a liming able at higher concentrations in es & oilseeds and vegetable
material to ameliorate the soil DTPA extracts of FA. Sarangi et respectively. Fly ash, having
acidity and make plant nutri- al. (2001) reported that gradual both the soil amending and
ents available to crop plants. increase in soil pH, conductiv- nutrient-enriching properties,
Hence, it’s a potential agent for ity, available P, organic carbon is helpful in improving crop
soil remediation and soil fertili- (OC) and organic matter (OM) growth and yield in low fertility
ty improvement. Most of the FA with increased application rate acid lateritic soils. Application
produced in India is alkaline in of FA. The fly ash in general of fly-ash at 10 and 20 t/ha in-
nature; hence, its application reacts with soil and releases Si creased yield from 1.02 to 4.65
to agricultural soils could in- which can be effectively used as t/ha and 0.57 to 2.85 in rice and
crease the soil pH and there- a source of nutrient for crops. wheat crop respectively. Fly-ash
by neutralize acidic soils. An Fly ash is known to be good amendment also improved the
appreciable change in the soil source of silicon (Si) and appli- performance of oilseed crops
physicochemical properties, an cation of it in Si deficient soil such as sunflower, sesame, tur-
increase in pH and increased improved the silicon content of nip and groundnut. Applica-
rice crop yield were obtained by soil and increased the yield of tion of FA 10 t/ha resulted in
mixed application of FA, paper rice crop. better growth and yield attri-
factory sludge and FYM. Lime IMPACT OF FLY ASH ON butes which led to the highest
in FA readily reacts with acidic CROP GROWTH AND pod yield of groundnut. Me-
components in soil and releases YIELD dicinal plants such as Mentha
nutrients such as S, B and Mo in Beneficial effect of FA arvensis and Vetiver zizanoides
the form and amount beneficial on growth and productivity of were successfully planted in
18
18KERALA KARSHAKANe-journal
KERALAKARSHAKAN e-journal||JUNE
JUNE2019
2019| |combination of FA + 20% FYM posting due to formation of FLY ASH AS PESTICIDES
+ mycorrhiza. Different combi- metallo-thionene complex by Fly ash can be used as a
nations of FA and soil resulted the earthworms. Use of ver- carrier in developing insecti-
in high yield of aromatic grass- mi-compost FA resulted in cides to check house-hold pests
es like Cymbopogon martini substantial yield increments in like, cockroaches etc. The FA
and Cymbopogon nardus due to case of rice, potato and tomato. particles have spherical shape
increased availability of major Sewage and sludge can be used and contain SiO2 which is pres-
plant nutrients. safely in agriculture land if it is ent in amorphous (rounded
FLY ASH IN COMPOSTING incorporated with FA. Fly ash and smooth) and crystalline
Mixing of FA with organ- contains large amount of CaO, (sharp and pointed) form.
ic wastes not only helps in ex- which increase the pH and These differently shaped par-
tracting plant nutrients into thereby to kill pathogens and to ticles of the FA could stick to
available forms from insoluble reduce the availability of heavy the skin of insects firmly due to
mineral fractions in FA, but metals (enriched in sludge) by presence of hairs, scales, spine-
also enriches the soil with OM physical adsorption and pre- like processes, nodules, pus-
thus, sustaining the soil fertili- cipitation at high pH. Co-com- tules, vesicles etc. When the FA
ty and productivity. The earth- posting of FA at 20% level with is applied to the field it reaches
worms excrete organic material wheat straw and 2% rock phos- to foliage, adhere there and re-
which contains micro-organ- phate (w/w) for 90 day recorded main for long time to mitigate
isms and enzymes, results in lowest C:N (16:1) and highest the pest damage. According to
rapid decomposition and pro- available phosphorus. Mixing of Narayanasamy more than 50
duction of good quality com- alkaline FA with highly carbo- species of insect pests of vari-
post in less period of time. The naceous acidic material to make ous major crops are susceptible
solubility of heavy metals in FA compost for soil treatment had to FA application and revealed
also reduced in vermi-com- also been suggested. that 40 kg/ha FA in rice could
| |JUNE 2019| | KERALA
JUNE2019 KARSHAKANe-journal
KERALAKARSHAKAN e-journal 19
19control both chewing and suck- that FA consists of the Si and (low to medium) FA is enough
ing pests. Helicoverpa armigera, Al, which are building blocks to ameliorate the physio-chem-
Spodoptera litura in cotton and of the zeolite structure. Zeo- ical properties of the soil. Me-
root-knot nematode in tomato lites are micro-porous crystal- dium to high rate of application
also could be controlled effec- line alumino-silicate minerals. is required if soil texture is to be
tively by application of 5% FA These minerals have negatively improved. Equipment required
to soil. Topical application FA charged sites within large va- for FA application is similar to
as termiticide minimized the cant spaces that provide shelter that used for soil amendments
problem of termites to a great to large amounts of cations and like agricultural lime. Spreader
extent in field condition. water-molecules. Zeolites may equipped with belt-fed spin-
FLY ASH AS CARBON SE- be used as slow-release fertiliz- ner and horizontal discs with
QUESTER ers and soil amendment for en- radial ribs is a good example
Emission of greenhouses hancing WHC of soil. Zeolites of FA applicator. It must have
gas like Carbon dioxide (CO2) due to their unique physico- shrouds to reduce the losses
and consequently impact of chemical properties are used in due to wind drift of the FA. The
global warming can be cope-up the production of mineral fer- scheduling of FA application is
through sequestration of car- tilizers with slow release and as when the soil is moist or alter-
bon in in the soil. Fly ash helps carriers of active ingredients of natively, FA may be moistened
in long-term storage of carbon herbicides, fungicides and pes- with 4% water (by weight)
in the soil by improving the hu- ticides. One of the main advan- to reduce wind drift. The FA
mification process (oxidation tages of using zeolite additive to should be incorporated into
of polyphenol compounds to fertilizers is their beneficial ef- the furrow slice (top 10–15 cm
quinines). This process can be fect of retention of nutrients in of the soil) for distributing the
catalysed by the Mn, Fe, and the soil (Anonymous, 2004a). FA nutrients to larger volume
Si oxides in FA rather than re- The nutrients are released grad- of soil.
lying on the natural enzymes ually, not only in the first year of SUMMARY
(polyphenol oxidases). There the vegetation period but also Disposed of FA in landfills
is formation of melanin-like in the second or the following and causing various environ-
polymers (when quinines react years. An interesting applica- mental problems which have
with amino acids) which resist tion of zeolites is the produc- uncertain long-term environ-
further degradation by micro- tion of antibacterial agents. Ze- mental consequences. Profit-
organisms. It has been revealed olites are also used as a dietary able utilization of FA in a safe
that the nano-metric-sized additive to fodder. They help to manner in agriculture sector
pores in FA protect OM (ab- partially neutralize the negative to meet out the diverse food
sorbed on surfaces of mineral) effects of mico-toxins present requirement of burgeoning
from microbial decomposition in the feed. Other potential population on shrinking nat-
which otherwise liberates CO2. applications of the fly ash in ural resources will be the via-
It has been reported that FA agriculture include manufac- ble option to sustain health of
improves soil structure through ture of insecticides for use in crop, soil and environment si-
the formation of large soil ag- croplands. It is also being used multaneously. Fly ash is a not
gregates which protect the OM for paving barnyards to prevent only a good source of essential
from microbial decomposition. bogging and thereby reducing plant nutrients but also a soil
Experimental finding says that the incidence of foot diseases in amendment. Application of FA
1 ton of FA could sequester up dairy cattle. improves physical (WHC, tex-
to 26 kg of CO2 i.e. 38.2 ton of RATES AND METHODS OF ture, aeration, aggregation and
FA per ton of CO2 sequestered. APPLICATION porosity) and chemical proper-
Use of FA as soil amendment Application of FA at ties (CEC, EC and pH) of soil.
could reduce the CO2 emis- optimum rate and its place- Fly ash is also a good amend-
sions hence, global warming ment in soil is very imperative ment for the reclamation of
FLY ASH AS ZEOLITE PRO- to fetch desired outcome. Ap- other problematic soils. The FA
DUCER plication rate of FA depends on application increases the yield
Fly ash may be used for the nature of the source of coal, by 10-15%, 20-25% and 40% in
manufacturing of zeolites (mo- freshness of FA, soil and crop. cereal crops, pulses & oilseeds
lecular sieves). It is reported Application of 10 and 20 t/ha and vegetable respectively.
20
20KERALA KARSHAKANe-journal
KERALAKARSHAKAN e-journal||JUNE
JUNE2019
2019| |MANJUNATH J SHETTY
Department of Postharvest Technology,
College of Horticulture, UHS campus,
GKVK post, Bengaluru-65
LONG CORIANDER:
Little understood herb
with multiple uses
L
ong Coriander, Eryngi- one herb for the other. Long Botany
um foetidium (also re- coriander is also used in sev- Long coriander is a
ferred as Culantro or eral Asian countries including tap-rooted biennial herb with
Spiny Coriander or Mexican Vietnam and Thailand. Fresh long evenly branched roots.
Coriander) a green herb with leaves can be used to flavour The oblanceolate leaves ar-
long serrated leaves that is meats, seafood, vegetables and ranged spirally around the
native to Mexico and South fresh fruit salsas. Apart from short thick stem from a basal
America belongs to the family this, this herb is having im- rosette and are as much as 30
Apiaceae. It is used as a spice portant volatile compounds cm long and 4 cm broad. The
as well as medicinal plant. Has which is a significant item in leaf margin is serrated each
a faint smell of Coriandrum perfumery and cosmetic in- tooth of the margin contains
sativum but a more robust fla- dustry. Even though this plant a small yellow spine. The plant
vour. Because of this aroma is not given proper attention produces a well-branched
similarity the leaves are used and care, it has tremendous po- cluster of flower heads in
interchangeably in many food tential for the mankind in terms spikes forming the character-
preparations and are the major of its use as local spice, food and istic umbel inflorescence on
reason for the misnaming of its medicinal properties. a long stalk arising from the
| |JUNE 2019| | KERALA
JUNE2019 KARSHAKANe-journal
KERALAKARSHAKAN e-journal 21
21centre of the leaf rosette. The bacteria, fungi. about 82.9% of the leaf oil.
calyx is green while the corolla Production technology Marketing potential
is creamy white in colour. Long Coriander grows Marketing of long corian-
Nutrition profile wonderfully in shaded moist der has great market demand
Long Coriander is report- heavy soils and thrives best over the region because of its
ed to be rich in calcium, iron, under well irrigated shad- culinary use and nutritional
carotene, and riboflavin. Fresh ed conditions with ample value. There are opportunities
leaves are 86–88% moisture, warmth and humidity all year to generate more revenue by
3.3% protein, 0.6% fat, 6.5% round. The fragrance emitted exporting long coriander to
carbohydrate, 1.7% ash, 0.06% from the leaves is somewhat the foreign markets in both
phosphorus, and 0.02% iron. like crushed bed bugs. This raw and processed form as
Leaves are an excellent source ornamental herb has thick essential oil extracted from
of vitamin A (10,460 I.U/100 roots and waxy leaves with leaves. Marketing of essential
g), B2 (60 mg /100 g), B1 (0.8 wonderful blue flowers in cy- oil has huge potential for which
mg /100 g), and C (150–200 mose heads. Long Coriander there is significant demand in
mg /100 g). On a dry weight is free from dangerous infes- the cosmetic, perfumery and
basis, leaves consist of 0.1– tations, but suffers from leaf pharmaceutical industries. It is
0.95% volatile oil, 27.7% crude spot problems. Propagation by increasingly becoming a crop
fibre, 1.23% calcium, and 25 seed sown when ripe, by root of international trade mainly
ppm boron. cutting in late winter. By seed to meet the demands of ethnic
Health Benefits sown in spring after stratifying population in the developed
1. Herbal tea from these leaves for four weeks. Regular water- countries of the West. Suc-
can soothe symptoms of ing is required for the plants to cesses in prolonging its post-
colds and flu, and despite its grow properly; however care harvest life and storage under
potency, it can ease an upset should be taken to keep the refrigeration will undoubtedly
stomach. soil well drained. Leaves are increase its export potential
2. Lowers high blood pres- picked before flowering, roots and ultimately its popularity
sure, and has anti-inflam- of second-year plants are lifted among the commonly used
matory, anti-convulsant, in autumn and used fresh for culinary herbs.
anthelmintic, analgesic, an- flavouring, and fresh or dried References
timalarial and antibacterial in infusions and decoctions. Chowdhury, J.U., Nandi, N.C.
properties. Recent research to prevent and Yusuf, M. 2007. Chem-
3. Alleviates asthma symp- bolting and early flowering ical constituents of essential
toms. will increase its leaf yields and oil of the leaves of Erygium
4. Fights pain from bruises, consequently its demand. foetidum from Bangladesh.
earaches, and toothaches Essential oil Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.
because it’s an anti-inflam- Most commonly hydro- Vol. 42, pp.347-352.
matory. distillation method is em- Devi, B.P., Deb, P. and Singh,
5. It helps to increase appetite. ployed to isolate the aroma H.B., 2016. Economic uses
6. Beneficial for the digestive concentration of the herb. Er- of Eryngo/Culantro (Er-
system and also boosts im- yngial, one the most import- yngium foetidum L.): A re-
munity. ant and major compounds view. Pleione, 10(2), pp.356-
7. It is used for the treatment of genus Eryngium plant 361.
of epilepsy. essential oil, possesses a QuynH, C.T.T. and KuboTa,
8. High antioxidants, which significant antibacterial effect. K., 2012. Aroma constitu-
slows down the degenera- Oil from aerial parts of long ents and enzyme activities
tion and thus slows down coriander contains higher per- of Japanese long coriander
ageing and cancer. centage of (E)-2-Dodecenal leaves (Culantro, Eryngi-
9. Researchers show that the (58.1%), dodecanal (10.7%), um foetidum L.). Food Sci-
essential oil extraction from 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde ence and Technology Re-
these plants can fight against (7.4%) and (E)-2-tridecenal search, 18(2), pp.287-294.
parasitic trypanosomes, (6.7%) which together form
22 KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal | JUNE 2019 |MANJUNATH J SHETTY1,
APARNA G. S2 AND
THUSHARA T CHANDRAN2
1
Department of Postharvest
Technology, College of Horticulture,
UHS campus, GKVK post, Bengaluru,
Karnataka
2
Department of Postharvest
Technology, College of Agriculture,
KAU campus, Vellayani post,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Kiwano
The health boon
T
he horned melon or ki- kiwi and is actually closer in nu- also grow in harsh conditions,
wano (Cucumis metu- tritive and evolutionary terms while simultaneously providing
liferus) is a strange-look- to cucumber and zucchini. a wide range of essential
ing fruit native to Southern The fruit is widely cultivated in nutrients to those who may have
Africa and has recently been sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, limited access to food.
introduced to other parts of the New Zealand, and certain parts The name “horned mel-
world, namely Australia and of Asia. As a cultural item, kiwa- on” comes from the fruit’s un-
New Zealand. This is where it no is considered vital for meet- usual appearance, as the outer
picked up the name kiwano, due ing food shortage issues in sub- layer of orange or gold skin is
to its similar consistency and ap- Saharan Africa, as it can retain covered in small spikes. The
pearance to kiwi. However, this significant amounts of water inside of the fruit does have
fruit is not biologically linked to through the dry season and can the gelatinous appearance of a
| JUNE 2019 | KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal 23kiwi, but the inner layer of fruit while it also seeks out and healing and repair of organs, pulp is a culinary ingredient. neutralizes free radicals. tissues, blood vessels, and The leaves and roots are also • Eye care: The significant levels cells. The high content of vi- used for various applications, of vitamin A found in kiwano tamin C is a perfect comple- but the fruit is the most highly make it an important booster ment to the zinc found in ki- prized. The seeds contain high for vision health. Vitamin A wano, as ascorbic acid is a key concentrations of beneficial is a type of carotenoid, which component of collagen, which nutrients and organic acts as an antioxidant for the is another key material in re- compounds that make the fruit eye, eliminating free radicals pair and growth. so healthy. that can cause macular de- • Slows aging: Between vitamin Health Benefits of Kiwano generation, while also slowing A, C, natural antioxidants, • Weight loss: Fruit has more down or preventing the devel- and abundant organic com- than 80% water, people opment of cataracts. pounds, kiwano is wonderful trying to lose weight with- • Improves cognitive function: for staying young, both inside out feeling hungry all the Although different nutrients and out. It is known to protect time can reach for a kiwano can positively affect the brain, the integrity of the skin and to stave off hunger pangs. The vitamin E is linked to slowing reduce age spots and wrinkles, high concentration of the onset of Alzheimer’s dis- in addition to lessening the nutrients also keeps your body ease and dementia. The high appearance of scars and blem- nutrient-rich, even though levels of tocopherol varia- ishes. These important nutri- the fruit is low in calories and tions in kiwano make it a fa- ents keep the body younger fats. vourite amongst all who want by preventing the onset of • Antioxidant properties: There to keep their minds fresh. chronic diseases through their are high levels of alpha-to- • Boosts metabolism: Zinc is intense antioxidant activity. copherol found in kiwano, a mineral that is often over- • Relieves stress & anxiety: Ki- which is a potent antioxi- looked in human health, but wano can regulate some of dant form of vitamin E. This is it plays a key role in metabo- the hormones, particular- very important for the health lism and producing protein, ly adrenaline and other stress of nerves and blood vessels, which is necessary for wound hormones, thus eating kiwa- 24 KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal | JUNE 2019 |
no can quickly get back to a of evapotranspiration till first During the following month
calm, relaxed state. flower stage, and 80% thereaf- the concentrations of reducing
• Aids in digestion: The high fi- ter. It is possible to grow kiwano sugars and total soluble solids
ber content in kiwano makes under nets or in a greenhouse. increases and the peel colour
it an ideal digestive aid. Di- Under those conditions trailing changes from green through
etary fiber helps to stimu- is necessary, and for greenhouse whitish green to yellow and
late peristaltic motion and production bees must be intro- finally to orange. Fruits picked
clear out the gastrointesti- duced. The use of greenhouses mature green (at about turn-
nal tract. Dietary fiber is also and nets enable the growth of ing point) fail to develop the
a key element of heart health, kiwano in two seasons (early desirable uniform orange co-
as it helps to regulate the level spring and autumn) and sup- lour even after three months
of cholesterol in the body; it ply the market with fruits year in storage. Exposure of ma-
even helps to regulate insulin round. ture green fruits to 160 ppm
receptors, thereby preventing Pest and Diseases ethylene for 24 hours induces
or managing diabetes. Kiwano is resistant to sev- colour formation. Fruits left to
• Increases bone strength: Ki- eral root-knot nematodes, but ripen in the field exhibit high-
wanos are also turned to for very sensitive to the squash mo- er TSS and reducing sugar val-
their high mineral content, saic virus (SqMV). ues than fruits allowed to ripen
particularly for calcium, in Post-harvest Treatments in storage.
order to boost bone strength Kiwano fruits have a very References:
and prevent the onset of os- long shelf life and may keep for • 9 Amazing Benefits of Kiwa-
teoporosis. While the oth- several months. Storage tem- no (Horned Melon): https://
er minerals in kiwano, includ- perature affects fruit shelf life, w w w. o r g a n i c f a c t s . n e t /
ing zinc, are important for which is considerably longer health-benefits/fruit/kiwano.
bone development, growth, at 20° or 24°C than at 4°, 8° or html
repair, and integrity, calcium 12°C (more than three months • Benzioni, A., Mendlinger, S.,
is the most desirable mineral in 20° to 24°C compared to few Ventura, M., and Huskens,
for our bone health. weeks in lower temperatures). S. 1991. The effect of sowing
Production aspects The approximate colour turn- dates and temperatures on
Propagation ing point is 30-40 days from germination, flowering and
Optimum germination fruit set and at this stage they yield of Cucumis metuliferus.
temperatures are between 20° reach their maximal weight. HortScience 26:1051-3.
and 35°C. Germination is de-
layed at 12°C, and inhibited at
temperatures lower than 12°C
or above 35°C. Thus it is rec-
ommended to sow in trays and
transplant into the field at the
two true leaf stage. The best
time for transplanting into an
open field is in the spring when
soil and air temperatures rise to
around 15°C.
Field Practices
Field practices are similar
to those for musk melons. Or-
ganic manure (around 2 tonnes/
ha) may be incorporated before
planting. Time from sowing
to harvest was three and a half
months. Water has to be applied
twice a week with amounts
calculated to replenish 40%
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