Projects and Forms of the European Digital Citizenship - 4 Marco Mancarella (Ed.)
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4
Marco Mancarella
(Ed.)
Projects and Forms of the
European Digital Citizenship
Written by
Marco Mancarella
Manola Mazzotta
Raffaele Parlangeli
Preite Gianpasquale
Marco Giannotta
Valentina Ndou
Pasquale Del Vecchio
Guido MatteiMarco Mancarella (Ed.) Projects and Forms of the European Digital Citizenship Copyright © 2012 Tangram Edizioni Scientifiche Trento Gruppo Editoriale Tangram Srl – Via Verdi, 9/A – 38122 Trento www.edizioni-tangram.it – info@edizioni-tangram.it Prima edizione: dicembre 2012, Printed in Italy ISBN 978-88-6458-074-6 POÎESIS – Collana di studi e ricerche sull’eGovernment – NIC 04 Direzione André Ramos Tavares, Marco Mancarella, Gianpasquale Preite Comitato scientifico Donato A. Limone, Università Telma “La Sapienza” di Roma Antonio Anselmo Martino, Universidad de Lanus, Buenos Aires Marco Mancarella, Università del Salento Ioannis Ganas, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus André Ramos Tavares, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo Giuseppe Schiavone, Università del Salento Mario Sirimarco, Università degli Studi di Teramo Gianpasquale Preite, Università del Salento Endrius Cocciolo, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Jean-Michel Dubois-Verdier, Président Tribunal adminsitratif de Toulon Andrea Lisi, Presidente ANORC Associazione Nazionale per Ope- ratori e Responsabili della Conservazione Digitale José Tomás Figueroa Padilla, Presidente Instituto Electo- ral y de Participación Ciudadana, Jalisco, Mexico Josep Cañabate Pérez, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Responsabili delle Sezioni e Redazione Evoluzione delle politiche pubbliche Gianpasquale Preite Amministrazione digitale e nuovi diritti Marco Mancarella Sistema documentale e conservazione digitale Andrea Lisi Etica, biopolitica e tecnologie Ughetta Vergari Tecnologie e ricerca sociale Luigi Di Viggiano Sviluppo del territorio e tecnologie Luca Caputo Profili giuridici della net economy Gianluigi Fioriglio Anche se la responsabilità dei capitoli presenti nel volume è da attribuirsi ai rispettivi autori, lo studio è il risultato di una piena integrazione e condivisione delle riflessioni e della ricerca illustrata. Stampa su carta ecologica proveniente da zone in silvicoltura, totalmente priva di cloro. Non contiene sbiancanti ottici, è acid free con riserva alcalina.
Acknowledgments The purpose of this publication is to provide to touristic operators an overview of the exponen- tial development and dissemination of ICT (information and communication technology). The potential of an expeditious and effective exchange of data and information crosses geographi- cal borders and time constraints, redesigning new social, legal, political and economic models, which pivot around information exchange and knowledge sharing. These are the pillars of the project for an increasingly free, democratic and supportive European space. The implicit assump- tion consists in the fact that, in the current social framework, information plays a strategic role and, with technology potentials, the spread of information is unprecedented in both private and institutional relations. This publication draws upon the materials and outcomes of the International School “Fundraising and Project Management for Tourism and ICT”, Director Marco Mancarella, and the Seminar “Fundraising and Project Management for Tourism and ICT”, made in the days from 24 to 27 October 2013 in Lecce (Italy). The publication is a part of the “Social Network for Tourism Operators – S.O.NET.T.O”. proj- ect, supported by the 1° Call for Project Proposal European Territorial Cooperation Programme Greece – Italy 2007-2013. The project partners are not responsible for any use that many be made of the information contained therein. Authors: Marco Mancarella, Scientific Coordinator of Project SO.NET.T.O. for UniSalento – Director of the International School GianpasqualePreite, Management Team of Project SO.NET.T.O. – Researcher, PhD Manola Mazzotta, Researcher, PhD Raffaele Parlangeli, Public Manager Marco Giannotta, Researcher, PhD Valentina Ndou, Researcher, PhD Guido Mattei, General Manager Special thanks to institutions and persons who gave support, information, comments. University of Salento 7, Piazza Tancredi, 73100 – Lecce (Italy), tel.: (+39) 0832 29 11 11 www.unisalento.it
Sommario
13 Introduction
Section I – Theory
19 Chapter 1
Computer-mediated communication. Democracy
perspectives between technologies and digital
divide
Marco Mancarella
Introduction 19
1. Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication 20
2. The democratic issue in the digital era 22
3. Active participation and digital divide 25
4. Considerations on the digital divide 28
5. E-democracy and digital citizenship for a new public sphere 32
Reference 39
41 Chapter 2
Projecting the democratic Europe: social sus-
tainability based on the upgrading of the human
capital
Manola Mazzotta
Introduction 41
1. Strategy 2020: the human capital’s value in the
knowledge-based economy 43
2. Why human capital? 47
3. Reinforcing Europe in the global competitive system 50
Conclusions 53
Reference 55
57 Chapter 3
The new perspectives of participation of Euro-
pean citizens from Lisbon’s Treaty to Europe 2020
Raffaele Parlangeli
Introduction 57
1. The “Europe for Citizens” in the life cycle of the eu program 58
2. Participatory democracy in the eu context 603. Forms of involvement of “European citizens” 65
4. The European Digital Agenda and the Europe 2020 strategy 73
5. Systems of participatory democracy in Europe 2020 74
6. The administrative basis for a democratic government of
the territory 77
7. Basic principles to start management of a participatory
planning with European programs 82
Reference 86
87 Chapter 4
Giuseppe Mazzini. The political project and the
roots of democracy in Europe
Gianpasquale Preite
Introduction 87
1. The political project of Giovine Italia: from the influence
of Condorcet to the end of the era «individuelle» 89
2. The influence of living in England in the political project
of Mazzini 94
3. The question of the nation-people and the roots of
democracy in Europe 97
Conclusions 100
References 104
Section ii – Practice
109 Chapter 1
New technologies, e-government and digital sig-
natures for the development of the information
society in the European community area
Marco Giannotta
Introduction 109
1. European legislation and skills in the field of eGovernment 111
2. Electronic document and electronic signatures in Directive
1999/93/ec 113
3. The best practices in Europe by old and new Millennium 118
Reference 126129 Chapter 2
Empowering tourists to co-create services
Valentina Ndou, Pasquale Del Vecchio
Introduction 129
1. Web 2.0 Technologies As Knowledge Generators 131
2. Web 2.0 in the Tourism Sector 133
3. Creating Experiential Knowledge In The Tourism Sector 135
4. A New Approach for Co-creating Tourism Services 139
Reference 143
147 Chapter 3
eu funding opportunities, a way to overcome the
crisis but knowledge, attitude and competences
are needed to benefit from the next program-
ming period funding
Guido Mattei
Introduction 147
1. The project Cycle 148
2. ERDF, the European Regional Development Fund 152
3. Grants and Contracts 154
4. New programming period 2014-2020 156
Conclusions 158
Reference 161Projects and Forms of the European Digital Citizenship
Introduction
The exponential development and dissemination of ict (information
and communication technology) has modified the diverse aspects of the
economic, political, legal and cultural life, thus redefining the concepts
of time, space and identity.
Information technology, which has soon become a mass technology,
has revolutionized information production and exchange, affecting the
pillars of society which define our way of living, communicating, relating
to others and establishing new businesses.
The potential of an expeditious and effective exchange of data and in-
formation crosses geographical borders and time constraints, redesign-
ing new social, legal, political and economic models, which pivot around
information exchange and knowledge sharing. These are the pillars of
the project for an increasingly free, democratic and supportive European
space.
The implicit assumption consists in the fact that, in the current social
framework, information plays a strategic role and, with technology po-
tentials, the spread of information is unprecedented in both private and
institutional relations.
Computer-mediated communication is a complex phenomenon, in
the sense that its features depend on the it tools used on the Internet for
communication purposes.
Studies on computer-mediated communication have focused the at-
tention not only on the technological aspects that is, those which allow
interacting with a virtual environment, but also on the substantial chang-
es that telematics has brought to communication and to interpersonal
relationships. Talking about computer mediated communication means,
therefore, identifying any type of communication mediated by computer.
The transition from “face to face” communication to computer-mediated
communication creates a progressive rarefaction of meta-communicative
elements (facial expression, tone of voice, posture) and of the possibility
13to adapt and correct the communication; this rarefaction involves as well responsibility, inhibition and identity itself. With computer-mediated communication, e-Democracy offers a pos- sibility to reconsider the same politics, even though the new technolo- gies’ potential can also outline scenarios that have nothing to do with democratic processes (new concentrations of powers, new inequalities, monopolies of knowledge) (Mancarella, chapter 1, s. 1). The realization of the project of the European unification, analyzed in detail and under the perspective of the legitimization crisis, seems to have lost part of the depth which characterized it at its inception. The economic reform program, a.k.a. Lisbon strategy 2000, declared explicitly that the objective was to make the European Union (eu) the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy. In conti- nuity with the 2000 activities, the European strategy 2020 focused its attention on three priorities which require a greater effort to converge into the national levels: knowledge and innovation; more sustainable economy; high level of employment and social inclusion. The creation of a knowledge-based economy is a very ambitious but necessary eu objec- tive in order to recover economic competitiveness and protect the social European model. The European Union cannot surrender in front of the current tendencies. The best exploitation of the human capital represents a strategic tool in order to guarantee the European society’s progress as a whole. Nevertheless, if eu wills to maintain the knowledge-based society promise, it has to offer excellence in all levels of education, improve con- stantly the population’s base of knowledge and create a social, economic, normative context in which research, creativity and innovation could flourish (Mazzotta, chapter 2, s. 1). The new generation of the programme Europe for citizens, which will cover the years 2014-2020 in community programming, will aim at strengthening active European citizenship, since the European Com- mission increasingly recognizes the importance that citizens take part in the democratic life of the European Union, participating in more discus- sions at a European level and helping to develop Community policies. The overall objective of the next program will be to create the condi- tions to enable citizens to actively participate in the democratic life of the European Union, promoting not only citizens’ accession to the Euro- pean Union, but also of democracy itself. We must, hence, find a balance 14
between bottom-up processes (having as a starting point the citizens)
and top-down ones (the priorities by politicians and institutions), pre-
serving the bottom-up approach and integrating it with the European
political agenda (Parlangeli, chapter 3, s. 1).
More recently, the emergence of web 2.0 technologies and location-
based services have created new opportunities for the creation of added
value for firms and is paving the way for even more sophisticated sys-
tems influencing the manner in which tourism information is created,
exchanged, evaluated and maintained. The aim of this chapter is to shed
light on the diverse uses of the customer contents available on the web 2.0
platforms for creating value for tourism firms as well as for destinations.
We propose a new approach for empowering customers to be actively
involved in co-creating tourism services by directly involving them and
for demonstrating the several opportunities in terms of value creation
and profitability for the firms operating in the tourism sector (Ndou, Del
Vecchio, chapter 2, s. 2).
Within this context, the use of digital documents is explained by the
diffusion of digital writing and the consolidation of technologies ori-
ented to the security of the computerized management of documents,
of their formats and of the data they contain. In the information society,
communication develops through it networks, and data, procedures and
documents are shared via telematic means. For such innovative means to
be just as trustworthy as the traditional communication means for us-
ers, they need specific technical and juridical tools (Giannotta, chapter
1, s. 2)
Considering these important technological changes and the demo-
graphic, social and environmental trends, there is another aspect which
becomes prominent i. e. the capability of benefitting from the opportu-
nities stemming from the utilization of European funds. eu funding is
complex, since there are many different types of programmes managed
by different bodies. Over 76% of the eu budget is managed by the mem-
ber countries, including the structural funds, which finance regional
policy, social and training programmes, as well as agriculture. These give
great support to public and private entities for their day by day activities
and for research and innovation, above all during this period of financial
international difficulties. But funding has to be managed according to
strict rules to ensure that there is tight control over how funds are used
15and that funds are spent in a transparent, accountable manner; this is why knowledge and competences are needed. We propose an overview of the main steps to be followed to create and manage a project as for the ec rules, and a summary of next period funding sources recently approved by eu institutions, with examples of edrf (European Regional Devel- opment Fund) which also supported the SO.NET.T.O. project (Mattei, chapter 3, s. 2). Projects and Forms of the European Digital Citizenship is the result of an interdisciplinary analysis of the project for the implementation of the European Union, the democratic process, and the free circulation of citizens and goods. The methodological approach used stems from the historic and theoretical study leading to applied research. This was per- formed by carried out a pattern of the problems linked to phenomena, which aims at considering the issue of cultural unity in the broader po- litical idea of progress (Preite, chapter 4, s. 1). The resulting frame work proves that, notwithstanding the important achievements which out- line the history of the European Union, there is still much more to be implemented to produce a democratic legitimization project of the E.U. at a political and institutional level, guaranteeing the effectiveness of the principles governing the information and knowledge society. M. M. 16
Section I – Theory
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