PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland

Page created by Clarence Cross
 
CONTINUE READING
PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland
PRODUCTION
GUIDE
POLAND
PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland
CONTENTS

FILM PRODUCTION FUNDING 3

Polish Film Institute 4
Polish-German Film Fund 5
30% Cash Rebate In Poland 6
Regional Film Funds 8
European Programmes 10

FILM INDUSTRY 11

Polish Cinema Today 12
Film Commissions 22
Film Studios 24
Sound Stages 30
Producers 35
Casting Directors 40
TV Market & Broadcasters 42
Distributors 44
Film Events 46
Professional Organisations 48
PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland
Polish Film Institute (PISF) is the national
film fund that offers comprehensive support
for the Polish film industry, including film
production, education and dissemination
of film culture and international promotion.
The Institute was established in 2005 and
to date has co-financed more than 600
films. PISF is the first contact point for
international professionals interested in
making films in Poland.

Film Commission Poland (FCP) operates
within the structure of the Polish Film
Institute and its main goal is to promote
the immense potential of the Polish
film industry and variety of locations
abroad. FCP closely cooperates with
the network of regional film commissions,
runs a comprehensive database of film
locations and acts as the liaison between
international producers and companies and
professionals in the Polish film industry.

Polish Film Institute
ul. Kruczkowskiego 2
00-412 Warsaw, Poland
www.pisf.pl
PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland
FILM
                   PRODUCTION
                      FUNDING

BACK TO CONTENTS    ADVENTURES OF A MATHEMATICIAN (2019),
                                                     FILMDIR.
                                                          INDUSTRY        3
                                                              THORSTEN KLIEN
PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland
POLISH FILM INSTITUTE                            budget, estimated production costs,       creative and production elements
                                                 script rights agreement etc.);            contributed by the Polish side;
                                             •   applicants must provide a proof         • a letter of intent from a Polish
Financial support of the                         (letters of intent, a memorandum or       distributor is required;
Polish Film Institute                            a co-production agreement) of the       • co-production projects are evalu-
                                                 remaining sources of financing (i.e.      ated based on artistic potential and
With a budget of EUR* 25 million                 excluding the grant requested from        must compete against domestic
for production, the Polish Film Institute        the Institute);                           projects (same funding sources).
(PISF) supports annually over 200            •   decisions are taken within 90 days;
feature, documentary and animated            •   the grant decision remains valid for    There are 3 application calls within
film projects. A subsidy granted by              six months, this can be extended to     a year, in 2019: 14–24 February;
the PISF for all kinds of film genres            a maximum of another six months;        20–27 May; 2–9 September.
may not exceed 50% (70% in case of           •   during this period, the producer
a difficult film) of the total film budget       must finalise an agreement with the     Minority International
and the limits set out by the PISF. When         PISF (having completed the budget       Co-Production
applying for production funding, the             and signed the remaining produc-
producer is obliged to contribute                tion agreements);                       • The maximum subsidy is set up at
a minimum of 5% of the PISF’s subsidy.       •   producers may apply for up to three       PLN 2 million (ca. EUR 476,000) for
This contribution may be financial or            projects per application round,           a fiction feature; PLN 500,000 (ca.
a combination of financial contribu-             including projects from previous          EUR 120,000) for a documentary;
tion and contribution in kind. At the            application rounds with a pending         and PLN 1 million (ca. EUR 240,000)
same time, a contribution in kind may            decision;                                 for an animation;
constitute no more than 95% of the           •   if the film makes a profit, the grant   • the support cannot exceed 70% of
producer’s entire contribution.                  is to be reimbursed (applicable in        the Polish financing;
                                                 the first six years after the film’s    • according to the Convention on
                                                 premiere).                                Cinematographic Co-production,
International Co-Productions                                                               starting from March 1st 2019 the
                                             Majority International                        Polish contribution must be at
Application Process                          Co-Production                                 least 10% of the total budget for
                                                                                           bilateral co-productions and at
• Producers from the whole European          • The maximum subsidy for a con-              least 5% in case of a multilateral
  Economic Area are eligible for               temporary full-length feature               co-productions;
  application; however, it is strongly         film is set at PLN 4 million (ca. EUR     • at least 80% of the support has to
  advised to have a Polish                     950,000) or no more than 50% of             be spent in Poland;
  co-producer on board;                        the total budget and PLN 6 million        • the application must be submitted
• all applications (including attach-          (ca. EUR 1,428,000) for historic films;     before the shooting period;
  ments) are to be submitted in Polish;      • at least 80% of the support has to        • a letter of intent from a Polish
• to be eligible for consideration,            be spent in Poland;                         distributor is required;
  applications must contain every            • the application must include details      • the artistic contribution must be
  single piece of accompanying                 on the total amount to be spent on          adequate to the requested subsidy
  information that is requested (script,       Polish territory, as well as a list of      and meet the following minimum
  director’s explication, synopsis,                                                        requirements:

4       FILM PRODUCTION FUNDING                                                                                   BACK TO CONTENTS
PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland
• FICTION FEATURES: at least one          POLISH-GERMAN                                    Each co-producer receives part
  Polish artist among listed: director,                                                of the subsidy proportional to their
  screenwriter, cinematographer, set
                                          FILM FUND                                    financial contribution in the total cost
  designer, editor, leading actor/ac-                                                  of the project development/co-pro-
  tress or at least three artists among   The Polish-German Film Fund (PGFF)           duction, which has to be determined
  listed: composer, VFX supervisor,       is created by the Polish Film Institute,     in the co-production agreement. The
  make-up artist, costume designer,       Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg,              financial contribution of each producer
  actor/actress in the supporting role;   Mitteldeutsche Medienförderung               in the total cost of the project has to
• ANIMATIONS: at least 30% of anima-      (MDM), and the German Federal Film           constitute at least 20% of the total cost
  tion must be done in Poland and at      Board (FFA). Its annual budget amounts       including the subsidy.
  least one Polish artist among listed:   to 500,000 EUR.                              During the realization of the project,
  director of animation, storyboard           Eligible for funding:                    a significant part of the total cost to
  writer, author of artistic project,     • development of co-production               the amount of the subsidy has to be
  composer;                                   projects (full-length features, anima-   spent in Poland and in the region of
• DOCUMENTARIES: at least one of the          tions and creative documentaries);       the relevant German fund (regional
  following: use of Polish archives,      • full-length feature, animation and         effects).
  Polish character or subject, Polish         creative documentary projects as             Decision-making sessions take
  artist (cinematographer, com-               well as production of full-length,       place twice a year. The next application
  poser, editor), the topic must be           low-budget films – here also debuts      deadline is: August 2019.
  related to Poland (historically or          and innovative films are eligible.
  geographically).                            To be eligible for application, it       More information:
• minority co-productions are as-         is necessary to sign a development/          Robert Baliński
  sessed by a dedicated commission        co-production agreement by at least          tel. +48 102 64 12
  in a one-stage procedure, the final     one Polish producer with at least            robert.balinski@pisf.pl
  decision is at the discretion of the    one producer based in a region in
  General Director.                       which MDM or Medienboard operate.
                                          There are no territorial restrictions
There are 2 application calls within      for German producers in case of
a year, in 2019: 14–24 February;          development application. Participation
2–9 September.                            of producers from third countries is
                                          possible. The funding from the PGFF
More information:                         can be combined with regular grants
Karol Makowski                            from the respective Funds.
tel. +48 22 102 64 86                         The funding is granted from the
karol.makowski@pisf.pl                    Polish side in the form of a subsidy. The
                                          maximum funding is:
Konrad Tambor                             • 70,000 EUR for project
tel. +48 22 102 64 84                         development;
konrad.tambor@pisf.pl                     • 150,000 EUR for film production.
                                          The total production budget should
*Average exchange rate: 1 EUR = 4.2 PLN   not exceed 750,000 EUR.

BACK TO CONTENTS                                                                                  FILM PRODUCTION FUNDING     5
PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland
30% CASH REBATE                           the part of the production for which      • the reimbursement is paid when the
IN POLAND                                 cash rebate is requested.                   part of the production for which
                                                                                      the application was submitted (e.g.
                                                                                      shooting, postproduction or the
Overview                                  Limits                                      whole production) is completed and
                                                                                      the final report accepted.
The audiovisual production support        • The annual budget is up to PLN 200
system (financial incentives) is regu-      million (ca. EUR 47.6 million);
lated by the Act on Financial Support     • a cap per project is PLN 15 million     Qualifying test
for Audiovisual Production and offers       (ca. EUR 3.33 million);
reimbursement of production costs         • a cap per applicant is PLN 20 million   A cultural qualifying test applies.
incurred in Poland in the amount of         (ca. EUR 4.76 million per year);        It contains a set of criteria and a corre-
30% of Polish eligible expenditures.      • minimum spending levels apply           sponding score. The application must
Funds allocated to support audio-           (see table on the next page).           receive at least 51% of all possible
visual production come directly from                                                points in the cultural test to qualify
the state budget and are distributed                                                for the support. The project receives
throughout the year until they are        Conditions                                points for:
depleted. At least 10% of the an-                                                   • using subjects and threads deriving
nual budget is intended to support        • The application for support may be          from Polish or European cultural
animated productions. The system is         submitted if at least 75% of the pro-       heritage;
managed by the Polish Film Institute,       ject costs to be financed (the part     • using Polish locations;
the main funding body supporting            of the production for which cash        • setting the production in Poland
production in the country.                  rebate is requested) are confirmed;         (number of shooting days, image
                                          • a producer applying for the cash            and sound postproduction);
Reimbursement is available for              rebate needs to have credits – a film   • participation of Polish artists and
feature films, animations, documenta-       screened in cinemas, presented              crew members;
ries and series – fiction, animated and     at FIAPF accredited festivals or        • using Polish film infrastructure.
documentary. The return is available        broadcast on TV / VOD;
for the production of Polish and inter-   • an agreement between a foreign
national co-productions and services        producer and a Polish producer
provided for foreign productions.           needs to be signed before applying;
The cultural qualification test and       • an application can be made at the
minimum spending thresholds apply.          earliest 6 months before and at the
Limits per project and applicant apply.     latest 2 months before the begin-
To apply for support a Polish partner       ning of the part of the production
or company registered in Poland is          for which cash rebate is applied;
required. There are no deadlines;         • the Polish Film Institute takes up
applications are processed in order of      to 28 calendar days to assess the
submission until the funds for a given      application;
year are depleted. The reimburse-         • an application fee is 0.05% of the
ment is paid upon positive verification     estimated amount of support, but no
of the final report on production or        more than PLN 1,000 (ca. EUR 240);

6      FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                          BACK TO CONTENTS
PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland
Eligible costs                             Certificate

The Polish eligible costs include,         An optional certificate confirming the
among others: location scouting, pro-      project’s eligibility, but not guarantee-
duction design, costumes, equipment        ing the money is possible to secure.
rental, travel and accommodation,          There is no application fee and an ap-
postproduction, animation, and labour      plication is assessed by PISF within 28
costs. A detailed list of costs that may   days. The application must receive at
constitute Polish eligible costs and       least 51% of all possible points in the
a detailed list of costs excluded from     cultural test to qualify for the support.
eligibility is available on the Polish     The certificate is valid for 4 years.
Film Institute website.

Eligible productions

                                                TYPE OF PRODUCTION                   MINIMUM RUNTIME          MINIMUM SPEND (PLN)

FICTION FEATURE FILM                                co-production                                            2,500,000 (in 2019)

                                                                                              70 min.       3,000,000 (in 2020)
                                                           service                                        4,000,000 (from 2021)
                                                                                                                     1,000,000
FICTION SERIES                                      co-production                                           1,000,000 / episode
                                                                                   40 min. / episode
                                                           service                                           1,000,000 / season
DOCUMENTARY FEATURE                                 co-production                                                        300,000
                                                                                              40 min.
                                                           service                                                       300,000
DOCUMENTARY SERIES                                  co-production                                            1,000,000 / season
                                                                                     150 min. / series
                                                           service                                            300,000 / season
ANIMATED FEATURE                                    co-production                                                    1,000,000
                                                                                              60 min.
                                                           service                                                       500,000
ANIMATED SERIES                                     co-production                                            1,000,000 / season
                                                                        50 min. / 10 episodes / series
                                                           service                                            500,000 / season

More information:
Anna E. Dziedzic
tel. +48 22 102 64 42
incentives@pisf.pl
en.pisf.pl/incentives

BACK TO CONTENTS                                                                                         FILM INDUSTRY          7
PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland
REGIONAL FILM FUNDS

There are currently eleven operating funds, but the authori-
                                                                                           GDYNIA
ties in the regions not yet covered have declared that more
will be launched. In the case of Dolnośląskie, Małopolskie,                                                          warmińsko-mazurskie
                                                                      SZCZECIN
Mazowieckie, Podkarpackie, Śląskie, Łódź and Poznań, the
regional film commissions work alongside the film funds.           zachodnio-pomorskie
                                                                                                                         OLSZTYN

    In general, the Polish regional film funds seek film
projects by announcing competitions. One basic condition
for entering a project for a competition is that it is related                    POZNAŃ
                                                                                                                       mazowieckie
to a city or town in the region, or to the region itself, either
in its theme and / or its setting, or through the participa-                                                                WARSAW
tion of local people and companies in its production.
Support is also contingent on the expending of at least                                                      ŁÓDŹ
100% of the funding within the region; in some cases, the                  dolnośląskie                    łódzkie                              LUBLIN
sum to be expended is 150%. The competition organisers                      WROCŁAW
are interested in consolidating and enhancing the positive
image of the city, town or region, which is why projects                                                 śląskie

intending to use distinctive locations, sites and buildings                                     KATOWICE
                                                                                                                                      RZESZÓW

receive the most favourable assessments.
                                                                                                                      KRAKÓW
    The Polish regional film funds differ in terms of the                                                          małopolskie
                                                                                                                                      podkarpackie

budgets they manage, the form of support they provide
and the sums which must be expended in their cit-
ies, towns and region during the production of a film.
Support most often takes the form of the institution
managing the fund participating in the production as
                                                                     film fund operating in the city
a co-producer with its own financial or in-kind contribu-
tion. Other forms of support are non-repayable grants                film fund operating in the region
or refunds, in other words, a partial reimbursement of
the costs incurred, which is paid after the production has
been completed. All the Polish film funds provide sup-
port of up to 50% of the film’s budget, although in the
case of documentaries and animated films, the funding
may be higher.
    The regional film funds usually announce the competi-
tions once a year, with the assessment of the projects and
allocation of funding taking anything from sixty to one
hundred and twenty days. Foreign producers are also
welcome to submit projects, though preferably as partners
to Polish producers. All the requisite documentation must
be completed in Polish.

8       FILM PRODUCTION FUNDING                                                                                                      BACK TO CONTENTS
PRODUCTION GUIDE POLAND - Film Commission Poland
FILM FUND’S
                                                                           BUDGET IN EUR                                SUM TO BE EXPENDED    ALL SUPPORTED PROJECTS
FUND                                                          CONTACT                              FORM OF SUPPORT
                                                                                   IN 2018                               IN THE CITY/REGION              (START – 2018)
                                                                          1 EUR = 4,20 PLN

Gdynia Film Fund                                            jr@gsf.pl            107,143             co-producer:              30% of the               39 projects:
www.ckgdynia.pl                                       +48 501 518 500                             Centrum Kultury           allocated sum               12 features,
                                                                                                         w Gdyni                                  24 documentaries,
                                                                                                                                                       3 animations
Lower Silesia Film Fund                info@wroclawfilmcommission.pl            245,238              co-producer:         100-150% of the               69 projects:
www.wroclawfilmcommission.pl/dkf                       +48 71 792 70 93                              Dolnośląskie           sum allocated               33 features,
                                                       +48 531 693 290                           Centrum Filmowe                                  32 documentaries,
                                                      +48 603 693 033                                                                                  4 animations
Lublin Film Fund                                  glinkowski@lublin.eu           107,143               grant refund       50% of the sum                 28 projects:
www.film.lublin.eu                                   ldzierba@lublin.eu                                                        allocated                   7 features,
                                                l.borkowski@lublin.eu                                                                              19 documentaries,
                                                        +48 723 440 032                                                                                  1 animation,
                                                        +48 697 620 630                                                                                    1 TV series
                                                         +48 535 602 40
Łódź Film Fund                              p.myjakowska@ec1lodz.pl             354,553               co-producer:       150% of the sum                80 projects:
www.lodzfilmcommission.com                            lfc@ec1lodz.pl                              EC1 Łódź– Miasto             allocated                 31 features,
                                                    +48 42 600 61 63                                       Kultury                                26 documentaries,
                                                    +48 605 054 235                                                                                   23 animations
Krakow Regional Film Fund                  office@film-commission.pl            238,095               co-producer:       150% of the sum                49 projects:
www.film-commission.pl                                +48 12 354 25 53                            Krakowskie Biuro             allocated                24 features,
                                                     +48 504 084 615                                  Festiwalowe                                 20 documentaries,
                                                                                                                                                       5 animations
Mazovia Warsaw Film Fund                             a.spisz@mwfc.pl            380,952               co-producer:       150% of the sum                 51 projects:
www.mff.mazovia.pl                                   +48 22 586 42 58                                  Mazowiecki              allocated                 19 features,
                                                      +48 667 550 565                              Instytut Kultury                                32 documentaries
Podkarpackie Film Fund                  m.kraus@podkarpackiefilm.pl             138,095              co-producer:        100% of the sum                19 projects:
www.podkarpackiefilm.pl                            +48 721 288 004                              Wojewódzki Dom                 allocated                  5 features,
                                                                                              Kultury w Rzeszowie                                 13 documentaries,
                                                                                                                                                         1 animation
Poznan Film Fund                   m.ferlak@poznanfilmcommission.pl              23,809              co-producer:             100% of the                42 projects:
www.poznanfilmcommission.pl                  +48 61 852 88 33 ext. 48                           Estrada Poznańska           allocated sum                 6 features,
                                                     +48 691 637 752                                                                              26 documentaries,
                                                                                                                                                       2 animations,
                                                                                                                                                            7 shorts,
                                                                                                                                                       1 music video
Silesian Film Fund                      p.mlynarczyk@silesiafilm.com             191,086              co-producer:       100–150% of the                65 projects:
www.silesiafilmcommission.com                 +48 32 351 12 20 ext.203                          Instytucja Filmowa         sum allocated                31 features,
                                                      +48 698 353 147                               „Silesia – Film”                              28 documentaries,
                                                                                                     w Katowicach                                      6 animations
Warmia-Masuria Film Fund                     bogumil.osinski@ceik.eu             119,048                co-producer:     100-150% of the                 8 projects:
www.funduszfilmowy.warmia.                           +48 89 513 17 50                               Centrum Edukacji       sum allocated                  2 feature,
mazury.pl                                           +48 501 506 400                          i Inicjatyw Kulturalnych                              5 documentaries,
                                                                                                          w Olsztynie                              1 animation (fund
                                                                                                                                                   launched in 2017)
Western Pomeranian Film Fund                   zff@zamek.szczecin.pl             83,333       co-producer: Zamek         100% of the sum                83 projects:
Pomerania Film                                       +48 91 434 83 52                          Książąt Pomorskich              allocated                 14 features,
www.pomeraniafilm.pl                                                                                  w Szczecinie                                48 documentaries,
                                                                                                                                                       7 animations,
                                                                                                                                                           13 shorts,
                                                                                                                                                          1 TV series

BACK TO CONTENTS                                                                                                              FILM PRODUCTION FUNDING                 9
EUROPEAN PROGRAMMES

Poland is a member of Creative Europe, the European
Union’s programme which offers support to the
cultural, audiovisual and creative sectors, and a member
of Eurimages – European Cinema Support Fund,
which supports European coproductions – features,
documentaries and animations. Detailed funding rules can
be found on the programmes’ websites.

Representatives in Poland:

CREATIVE EUROPE DESK POLAND
Małgorzata Kiełkiewicz
tel. +48 22 447 61 80
malgorzata.kielkiewicz@kreatywna-europa.eu
www.kreatywna-europa.eu

EURIMAGES – EUROPEAN CINEMA SUPPORT FUND
www.coe.int/Eurimages

Tor Film Production
Irena Strzałkowska
tel. +48 22 845 53 03
tor@tor.com.pl

Polish Film Institute
Robert Baliński
tel. +48 102 64 12
robert.balinski@pisf.pl

10      FILM PRODUCTION FUNDING                            BACK TO CONTENTS
FILM
                   INDUSTRY

BACK TO CONTENTS     BROAD PEAK (2019),
                                FILM INDUSTRY
                                        DIR. LESZEK DAWID
POLISH CINEMA TODAY
                                                                                                      Co-productions

                                                                                                      about 20–25
                                                                                                      international (including about 15 majority)
                                                                                                      co-productions produced annually

                                                                                                      up to 1.4   million EUR
                                                                                                      subsidies from the Polish Film Institute for
                                                                                                      feature co-productions

                                                                                                      137,000       EUR
                                                                                                      an average subsidy from the Polish Film
                                                                                                      Institute for minority co-production

                                                                                                      5 bilateral co-production
                                                                                                      agreements: France, India, Israel,
                                                                                                      Canada and New Zealand
Agrafka & Kika cinemas in Kraków: the Europa Cinemas Prize for the best Young Audience activity

                                                                                                      On the set
The good condition of the Polish                                      Polish budgets
cinematography is reflected in the                                                                    30–35 days
ever increasing number of Polish                                      350,000 – 6.5 million EUR       shooting time for an average
productions, expanding share of                                       full-length feature films       full-feature film
Polish films in the market, and the
growing number of filmgoers as well                                   1.2   million EUR               12 hours
as numerous international artistic                                    an average budget               a standard shooting day,
successes.                                                            of a full-length feature film   including 1-hour lunch break

                                                                      40,000 – 5.4 million EUR        11 hours
PRODUCTION                                                            animation film                  lay-over time required between
                                                                                                      the end of shooting and the start
Annual production volume                                              20,000 – 775,000 EUR            of the next shooting day
                                                                      documentary film
about                                                                                                 6 hours
50                                                                                                    the maximum length of a working
full-length feature films                                                                             day for children under 16

about                                                                                                 Sundays and Bank Holidays payable
150                                                                                                   50–100%       extra
documentaries, animations and shorts
                                                                                                      No fixed rates within the Polish film industry.
12          FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                                          BACK TO CONTENTS
AUDIENCE & CINEMAS

Cinemas                       Admissions in 2018           AdmissionS over past                        Average ticket price
                                                           years in mlillions

491
cinemas operate
                              59.7
                              million
                                                                                52.1
                                                                                       56.6
                                                                                                59.7
                                                                                                       18.81 PLN = 4.39 EUR

                              total admissions                           44.7
in Poland:                                                        40.4
                                                    38.5
                                                           36.3

                              1.55
145 multiplexes

                                                                                                       18
346 art-house                 average
and local cinemas
                                                                                                              th
                                                                                                                   position
                              admissions per
                              capita                                                                   in 2018 Polish market has made it to the

1243
screens available
                                                                                                       Top 20 International Box Office Markets
                                                                                                       according to Motion Picture Association of
                                                                                                       America
                                                    2012   2013   2014   2015   2016   2017     2018

Market share – Admissions in 2018                   Number of premiers in 2018                         Total box office in 2018

                                  European films:                  41            Polish films                                         US films:
                                  7.2 million                                                                                         143 million EUR
             12.07%               Others:
                   2.5%           1.5 million                     177            European films

                                                                                                                         33.86%       Polish films:
               33.13%             Polish films:
                                                                                                         53.47%                       90.6 million EUR

   52.3%                          19.8 million                    126            US films                              10.43%
                                                                                                                                      European:
                                                                                                                                      27.9 million EUR
                                                                                                                      2.24%
                                  US films:
                                  31.2 million                    40             Others                                               Others films:
                                                                                                                                      6 million EUR

     59.7           million                          384                                                 267.5                million EUR

BACK TO CONTENTS                                                                                                               FILM INDUSTRY          13
RECENT INTERNATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS           • Spoor by Agnieszka Holland – Silver                      • Communion by Anna Zamecka –
                                              Bear Alfred Bauer Prize (2017);                            Best European Documentary (2017);
Polish films are greatly appreciated        • United States of Love by Tomasz                          • Loving Vincent by Dorota Kobiela,
around the world by the public and            Wasilewski – Silver Bear for the Best                      Hugh Welchman – Best European
juries of professionals. Here is a selec-     Script (2016);                                             Animated Feature Film (2017);
tion of the most significant awards         • Body by Małgorzata Szumowska                             • Katarzyna Lewińska for Spoor – Best
and nominations granted recently for          – Silver Bear for the Best Director                        European Costume Designer (2017);
feature and documentary films.                (2015).                                                  • Ida by Paweł Pawlikowski – Best
                                                                                                         Film, Best Director, Best Script,
ACADEMY AWARDS:                             CANNES FILM FESTIVAL:                                        People’s Choice Award (2014);
• Cold War by Paweł Pawlikowski –           • Cold War by Paweł Pawlikowski –                          • Body by Małgorzata Szumowska –
  Foreign Language Film nomination,           Best Director (2018);                                      People’s Choice Award (2016);
  nomination in Directing, nomination       • The Best Fireworks Ever by                               • 21 x New York by Piotr Stasik – Best
  in Cinematography (2018);                   Aleksandra Terpińska – Rail d’Or                           Documentary nomination (2016);
• Loving Vincent by Dorota Kobiela,           Award and Canal+ Award for the                           • Tomasz Wasilewski for United
  Hugh Welchman – Animated                    short film, La Semaine de la Critique                      States of Love – Best European
  Feature Film nomination (2017);             (2017).                                                    Screenwriter nomination (2016).
• Ida by Paweł Pawlikowski – Best
  Foreign Language Film (2015);             EUROPEAN FILM AWARDS:                                      GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS:
• Łukasz Żal, Ryszard Lenczewski for        • Cold War by Paweł Pawlikowski –                          • Loving Vincent by Dorota Kobiela,
  Ida – nomination in Cinematography          Best European Film, Best European                          Hugh Welchman – Best Animated
  (2015);                                     Director, Best European Actress,                           Motion Picture nomination (2017).
• In Darkness by Agnieszka Holland –          Best European Screenwriter, Best
  Foreign Language Film nomination            European Editor (2018);                                  IDFA – INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTARY
  (2012);                                   • Another Day of Life by Damian                            FILM FESTIVAL AMSTERDAM:
• Our Curse by Tomasz Śliwiński –             Nenow & Raúl de la Fuente – Best                         • In Touch by Paweł Ziemilski –
  Short Documentary nomination                European Animated Feature Film                              Special Jury Award for Mid-Length
  (2015);                                     (2018);                                                     Documentary (2018);
• Joanna by Aneta Kopacz – Short
  Documentary nomination (2015).

ANNECY INTERNATIONAL ANIMATION FILM
FESTIVAL:
• Loving Vincent by Dorota Kobiela,
   Hugh Welchman – Audience Award
   (2017).

BERLIN FILM FESTIVAL:
• Mug by Małgorzata Szumowska –
  Silver Bear Grand Jury Award
  (2018);
                                            Loving Vincent (2017) dir. Dorota Kobiela, Hugh Welchman

14      FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                                         BACK TO CONTENTS
The history of Polish animation dates
                                                                                   back to the 1940s and flourishes in
                                                                                   unique styles and artistic personalities.
                                                                                   Among the recent productions that
                                                                                   drew most attention and brought
                                                                                   a rain of awards, there are: Another
                                                                                   Day of Life by Damian Nenow & Raúl
                                                                                   de la Fuente (2018), Bless You by
                                                                                   Paulina Ziółkowska (2018), Other by
                                                                                   Marta Magnuska, III by Marta Pajek,
                                                                                   Loving Vincent by Dorota Kobiela,
Mug (2017) dir. Małgorzata Szumowska
                                                                                   Hugh Welchman (2017), Pussy by
                                                                                   Renata Gąsiorowska (2016), Impossible
                                                                                   Figures And Other Stories II by Marta
• Summa by Andrei Kutsila – Award          SHANGHAI FILM FESTIVAL:                 Pajek (2016), A Documentary Film
  for Best Mid-Length Documentary          • I’m a Killer by Maciej Pieprzyca –    by Marcin Podolec (2015), Creatures
  (2018);                                    Best Director Award (2017);           by Tessa Moult-Milewska (2015),
• Call Me Tony by Klaudiusz                • Loving Vincent by Dorota Kobiela,     Summer 2014 by Wojciech Sobczyk
  Chrostowski – ARRI IDFA Award for          Hugh Welchman – Best Animation        (2014), Fugue for Cello, Trumpet and
  Best Student Documentary (2017);           Award (2017);                         Landscape by Jerzy Kucia (2014),
• Zhalanash – Empty Shore by Marcin        • Carte Blanche by Jacek Lusiński –     Hippos by Piotr Dumała (2014), Baths
  Sauter – Best Short Documentary            Jury Grand Prix (2015).               by Tomek Ducki (2013), To Thy Heart
  Award (2017).                                                                    by Ewa Borysewicz (2013), Ziegenort
                                           SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL:                 by Tomek Popakul (2013), Danse
KARLOVY VARY FILM FESTIVAL:                • The Lure by Agnieszka Smoczyńska      Macabre by Małgorzata Rżanek (2013),
• Jowita Budnik and Eliane Umuhire           – Special Jury Prize (2016);          An Incredibly Elastic Man by Karolina
  for Birds Are Singing in Kigali – Best   • All the Sleepless Nights by Michał    Specht (2013).
  Actress Awards (2017).                     Marczak – Directing Award (2016).
                                                                                   To find out more about Polish anima-
LOCARNO FESTIVAL SEMAINE                   VENICE FILM FESTIVAL:                   tions visit:
DE LA CRITIQUE:                            • The Prince and the Dybbuk by          www.polishanimations.pl
• Communion by Anna Zamecka –                Elwira Niewiera, Piotr Rosołowski
   Prix SRG SSR (2016);                      – Venice Classics Award Best
• Brothers by Wojciech Staroń                Documentary on Cinema (2017);
   – Prix SRG SSR (2015);                  • Jerzy Skolimowski – Golden Lion for
• 15 Corners of the World by Zuzanna         Career Achievement (2016).
   Solakiewicz – Prix SRG SSR (2014).
                                           To find out more about Polish films
MONTREAL FILM FESTIVAL:                    visit:
• Reconciliation by Maciej                 www.en.pisf.pl
  Sobieszczański – Best Director           www.polishdocs.pl
  Award (2018).                            www.polishshorts.pl

BACK TO CONTENTS                                                                                        FILM INDUSTRY     15
International co-productions

International co-productions with
decisions regarding co-financing from
the Polish Film Institute granted in 2018.

FEATURE FILMS

MAJORITY CO-PRODUCTIONS
                                                                                                PFI TOTAL
                                                                                               SUBSIDY IN                     CO-PRODUCTION
INTERNATIONAL / POLISH TITLE                             DIRECTOR          POLISH PRODUCER
                                                                                              EUR (1 EUR =                         COUNTRIES
                                                                                                 4.20 PLN)

Sweat / Pot                                      Magnus von Horn                Lava Films    500,000                                 France
Lipstick on the glass                                 Kuba Czekaj     Centrala Distribution     476,190                             Germany
Dry Land / Sucha Ziemia                          Aga Woszczyńska                Lava Films      404,762                                  Italy
The Director / Waszyński                            Piotr Mularuk                Yeti Films     476,190               Czech Republic, Israel,
                                                                                                                            Ukraine, France
Anatomy / Anatomia                           Aleksandra Jankowska               Opus Film        428,571                              France
The Gorki Sanatorium / Santorium Gorkiego           Robert Gliński           Bow And Axe        238,095                        Ukraine, Israel
                                                                            Entertainment
Stillborn / Stale niestała                            Olga Hajdas    Apple Film Production       428,571                     Czech Republic

MINORITY CO-PRODUCTIONS
                                                                                                PFI TOTAL
                                                                                               SUBSIDY IN                     CO-PRODUCTION
INTERNATIONAL / POLISH TITLE                             DIRECTOR          POLISH PRODUCER
                                                                                              EUR (1 EUR =                         COUNTRIES
                                                                                                 4.20 PLN)

Sunburned / Pod słońce                          Carolina Hellsgård             Staron-Film       142,857              Netherlands, Germany
The River / Rzeka                                   Emir Baigazin                 Madants      100,000                   Kazakhstan, Norway
Skin                                               Mauro Mancini         Agresywna Banda          47,619                                 Italy
The paths of my father                             Mauricio Osaki          Stowarzyszenie         55,476                      Vietnam, Brasil
                                                                              Film Kraków
Dockers                                          Matthieu Serveau                 Madants        166,667                     Belgium, France
Wolka                                             Árni Ásgeirsson           Film Produkcja      238,095                               Iceland
Quo Vadis Aida                                     Jasmila Žbanić    Extreme Emotions Bis      200,000       Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria,
                                                                                                               France, Netherlands, Romania
Numbers / Numery                                    Oleg Sencow,     Apple Film Production      238,095                              Ukraine
                                                Akhtem Seitablaev
Mine Neighbor Adolf / Mój sąsiad Adolf            Leon Prudovsky            Film Produkcja       214,286                                Israel
Apples                                             Christos Nikou               Lava Films        77,619                              Greece

16        FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                                   BACK TO CONTENTS
DOCUMENTARY CO-PRODUCTIONS
                                                                                                            PFI TOTAL
                                                                                                           SUBSIDY IN                       CO-PRODUCTION
INTERNATIONAL / POLISH TITLE                                       DIRECTOR             POLISH PRODUCER
                                                                                                          EUR (1 EUR =                           COUNTRIES
                                                                                                             4.20 PLN)

And Still aka Joanna Jędrzejczyk                                Tom Koliński                 Opus Film      50,000                             Switzerland
Anioły z Sindżaru. Jazydzi – ludobójstwo XXI wieku              Hanna Polak           Hanna Polak Films       111,905    Czech Republic, Germany, Canada
Danger Zone                                                Vita Maria Drygas         Drygas Production       161,905                                UK, USA
A Man with a Fork in a World of Soup / Człowiek              Grzegorz Pacek         Braidmade Films PL      50,000                                  Wales
z widelcem w świecie zupy
The Last Work (working title) / Ostatnia praca       Tommer i Barak Heymann     Michał Borczuch Warany       60,952                                  Israel
The Last Expedition / Ostatnia Wyprawa                        Eliza Kubarska        Braidmade Films PL       107,143                             Germany
Trains / Pociąg                                               Maciej Drygas      Drygas Film Production      297,619                   Germany, Lithuania
Walk with Angels / Spacer z Aniołami                      Tomasz Wysokiński                    Mañana         97,143                 Netherlands, Sweden
Zimba. The Creator of Contemporary Brazilian                     Joel Pizzini           Studio Filmowe       23,809                                  Brasil
Theater / Zimba. Twórca Nowoczesnego Teatru                                                Kalejdoskop
Brazylijskiego

animation CO-PRODUCTIONS
                                                                                                            PFI TOTAL
                                                                                                           SUBSIDY IN                       CO-PRODUCTION
INTERNATIONAL / POLISH TITLE                                       DIRECTOR             POLISH PRODUCER
                                                                                                          EUR (1 EUR =                           COUNTRIES
                                                                                                             4.20 PLN)

A Brief History of Us                                            Etgar Keret               Fumi Studio       47,605                                  Israel
Once There Was a Sea / Było sobie morze                      Joanna Kożuch                   Anima-Pol        59,524                              Slovakia
Jasia                                                    Magdalena Osińska        Extreme Emotions Bis        35,714                                Wales
A Bear Named Wojtek / Kapral Wojtek                             Iain Gardner                 Filmograf      109,524                                     UK
Even Mice Belong in Heaven /                                 Jan Bubeniček,                   Animoon        191,232      Czech Republic, France, Slovakia,
Nawet myszy idą do nieba                                   Denisa Grimmová                                                                         Estonia
Odo                                                                         -                    Letko        41,667                                    UK
The Adventures of a Young Moomin /                           Jakub Wroński,                   Animoon        147,939                               Finland
Pamiętniki Tatusia Muminka                                     Ira Carpelan
Poszukiwacze Nie Wiadomo Czego                             Maciej Wojtyszko                  Anima-Pol       43,333               Slovakia, Czech Republic
Schlemiel / Szlemiel                                       Maciej Wojtyszko Studio Miniatur Filmowych        357,143                            France, UK
Toru Superfox / Toru Superlis                            Piotr Szczepanowicz                  Animoon       238,095                                  China
Thrown Away Book / Zapomniana książka                       Agata Gorządek                      Likaon        66,667                       Czech Republic

BACK TO CONTENTS
BOX OFFICE 2018

ALL RELEASES

                                                                                                                  B.O. SINCE     ADMISSIONS
                                   TITLE        DISTRIBUTOR           COUNTRY       B.O. (EUR)   ADMISSIONS    RELEASE DATE            SINCE   SCREENS   RELEASE DATE
                                                                                                                        (EUR)   RELEASE DATE

1                     the clergy / kler         KINO ŚWIAT             Poland    25,064,880       5,183,080    25,064,880        5,183,080        478    28.09.2018
2      women of mafia / kobiety mafii           KINO ŚWIAT             Poland      9,944,634      2,037,202      9,944,634        2,037,202       473     22.02.2018
3     planet single 2 / planeta singli 2        KINO ŚWIAT             Poland      7,832,393      1,685,864      7,832,393        1,685,864       503     09.11.2018
4                    fifty shades freed                 UIP               USA      6,607,481      1,364,357      6,607,481        1,364,357       425    09.02.2018
5                     the incredibles 2             DISNEY                USA      6,530,229      1,446,260      6,530,229        1,446,260       403     13.07.2018
6                 hotel transylvania 3                  UIP               USA      6,229,566      1,338,859      6,229,566        1,338,859       276      12.10.2018
7               avengers: infinity war              DISNEY                USA      6,225,039      1,225,208      6,225,039        1,225,208       460    26.04.2018
8                  bohemian rhapsody       IMPERIAL CINEPIX            UK/USA      5,856,506       1,227,207     5,856,506        1,227,207       208      02.11.2018
9          303 squadron. true story /         MÓWI SERWIS           Poland/UK     5,520,660       1,516,443     5,520,660         1,516,443       255     31.08.2018
                       dywizjon 303.
                  historia prawdziwa
10                 narzeczony na niby         MÓWI SERWIS              Poland     5,403,450        1,127,083    5,403,450          1,127,083      250     12.01.2018
                                                                                  85,214,838      18,151,563
11                          the grinch                  UIP      France/China/     5,084,149      1,297,688      5,084,149        1,297,688       264     30.11.2018
                                                                     USA/Japan
12       mamma mia! here we go again                    UIP            UK/USA      4,915,238      1,028,799      4,915,238        1,028,799       328     27.07.2018
13   taxing love / podatek od miłości           KINO ŚWIAT             Poland      4,914,675      1,044,687       4,914,675       1,044,687       343     26.01.2018
14              pitbull. the last dog /         KINO ŚWIAT             Poland      4,836,441       1,014,213     4,836,441         1,014,213      434     15.03.2018
                   pitbull. ostatni pies
15                             wonder            MONOLITH       USA/Hong Kong     4,794,080       1,376,894     4,794,080         1,376,894        166    19.01.2018
16    jurassic world: fallen kingdom                    UIP               USA       4,276,811      846,498        4,276,811        846,498        253    08.06.2018
17             cold war / zimna wojna           KINO ŚWIAT    Poland/France/UK     4,128,097        931,339      4,128,097          931,339       265    08.06.2018
18                          deadpool 2     IMPERIAL CINEPIX               USA      4,064,431        841,756      4,064,431          841,756        318    18.05.2018
19                7 emotions / 7 uczuć          KINO ŚWIAT             Poland      4,049,984        853,931      4,049,984          853,931       243      12.10.2018
20                   fantastic beasts:             WARNER              USA/UK     4,040,589        890,307      4,040,589          890,307        274      16.11.2018
            the crimes of grindelwald
                                                                                  45,104,495      10,126,112
                                                                                 130,319,334     28,277,675

18     FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                                                             BACK TO CONTENTS
POLISH FILMS

                                                                                      B.O. SINCE RELEASE    ADMISSIONS SINCE
                                 TITLE    DISTRIBUTOR      B.O. (EUR)   ADMISSIONS                                             SCREENS    RELEASE DATE
                                                                                               DATE (EUR)      RELEASE DATE

1                                KLER     KINO ŚWIAT    25,064,880      5,183,080          25,064,880            5,183,080        478     28.09.2018
2                        KOBIETY MAFII    KINO ŚWIAT     9,944,634       2,037,202           9,944,634            2,037,202       473      22.02.2018
3                     PLANETA SINGLI 2    KINO ŚWIAT      7,832,393      1,685,864           7,832,393            1,685,864       503      09.11.2018
4                       DYWIZJON 303.    MÓWI SERWIS     5,520,660       1,516,443          5,520,660             1,516,443       255      31.08.2018
                   HISTORIA PRAWDZIWA
5                NARZECZONY NA NIBY      MÓWI SERWIS     5,403,450        1,127,083         5,403,450              1,127,083      250      12.01.2018
6                  PODATEK OD MIŁOŚCI     KINO ŚWIAT      4,914,675      1,044,687            4,914,675           1,044,687       343      26.01.2018
7                PITBULL. OSTATNI PIES    KINO ŚWIAT     4,836,441        1,014,213          4,836,441             1,014,213      434      15.03.2018
8                        ZIMNA WOJNA      KINO ŚWIAT     4,128,097         931,339           4,128,097              931,339       265     08.06.2018
9                             7 UCZUĆ     KINO ŚWIAT     4,049,984         853,931           4,049,984              853,931       243      12.10.2018
10                    SERCE NIE SŁUGA    MÓWI SERWIS      2,752,825        596,193           2,752,825              596,193       230      05.10.2018
                                                        74,448,039      15,990,035
11             MIŁOŚĆ JEST WSZYSTKIM      KINO ŚWIAT     2,635,002          617,152          2,635,002               617,152      396       23.11.2018
12                            JULIUSZ     KINO ŚWIAT      1,791,042        391,520            1,791,042             391,520        312     14.09.2018
13              GOTOWI NA WSZYSTKO.       KINO ŚWIAT      1,750,561       376,864             1,750,561            376,864        258      05.01.2018
                      EXTERMINATOR
14                    KOBIETA SUKCESU      NEXT FILM      1,745,301        389,981            1,745,301             389,981       284     08.03.2018
15                       KAMERDYNER        NEXT FILM      1,721,506        421,241            1,721,506             421,241       264      21.09.2018
16                             plan b      NEXT FILM      1,371,443       310,335             1,371,443             310,335       235     02.02.2018
17                 PECH TO NIE GRZECH     KINO ŚWIAT      1,196,202       243,979             1,196,202             243,979        271     25.12.2018
18                             TWARZ      KINO ŚWIAT       810,018         192,291              810,018              192,291      253     06.04.2018
19                         ATAK PANIKI        AKSON        808,778        186,494              808,778              186,494       225      19.01.2018
20                          NAJLEPSZY    MÓWI SERWIS       274,375          76,702             3,113,919            763,101       250          17.11.2017
                                                         14,104,228     3,206,559
                                                        88,552,266      19,196,594

BACK TO CONTENTS                                                                                                               FILM INDUSTRY          19
EUROPEAN FILMS
                                                                                                           B.O. SINCE     ADMISSIONS
                               TITLE    DISTRIBUTOR            COUNTRY        B.O. (EUR)   ADMISSIONS   RELEASE DATE            SINCE   SCREENS   RELEASE DATE
                                                                                                                 (EUR)   RELEASE DATE

1     MAYA THE BEE: THE HONEY GAMES      MONOLITH     Germany/Australia     1,858,900        443,697      1,858,900         443,697         182   02.02.2018
2                      PADDINGTON 2      MONOLITH        UK/France/USA       1,739,351       436,724      3,036,100          731,623        221     29.12.2017
3         THREE BILLBOARDS OUTSIDE IMPERIAL CINEPIX             UK/USA      1,425,037        310,998      1,425,037          310,998        98    02.02.2018
                   EBBING, MISSOURI
4             VYKRADENA PRYNTSESA:       MONOLITH               Ukraine      1,110,059        269,714      1,110,059         269,714        192   22.06.2018
                   RUSLAN i LUDMILA
5                      LOVING PABLO      KINO ŚWIAT      Spain/Bulgaria       983,018        208,645        983,018         208,645         113    15.06.2018
6                       CROC-BLANC       KINO ŚWIAT      France/Luxem-        921,389        233,296         921,389        233,296        207    07.09.2018
                                                             bourg/USA
7                      THE COMMUTER      KINO ŚWIAT         France/USA       885,906         180,347        885,906          180,347        113    12.01.2018
8                         EARLY MAN      MONOLITH        USA/UK/France        833,992        201,662        833,992          201,662        164   23.02.2018
9       TAD JONES: THE HERO RETURNS             UIP          Spain/USA        829,677       203,340          829,677        203,340         152    19.01.2018
10      PLOEY – YOU NEVER FLY ALONE      KINO ŚWIAT      Island/Belgium       792,326       200,664         792,326         200,664         194    15.06.2018
                                                                            11,379,655     2,689,087
11             BELLE ET SEBASTIEN 3,     MONOLITH               France        726,104        200,103         726,104        200,103        207     31.05.2018
                LE DERNIER CHAPITRE
12                          WHITNEY      KINO ŚWIAT             UK/USA         671,267       152,493         671,267         152,493        159   06.07.2018
13   SNEZHNAYA KOROLEVA. ZAZERKALE       KINO ŚWIAT              Russia       644,831        138,589        644,831          138,589        192     21.12.2018
14                     DARKEST HOUR             UIP             USA/UK        554,939        123,492        554,939          123,492        53     26.01.2018
15                 LUIS & THE ALIENS     KINO ŚWIAT    Germany/Luxem-         547,905        133,852        547,905          133,852       203    06.04.2018
                                                        bourg/Denmark
16                     GHOST STORIES     KINO ŚWIAT                  UK       473,042        104,825        473,042          104,825       140     01.06.2018
17                           PATRICK     MONOLITH                    UK        451,186       102,289         451,186         102,289        133    10.08.2018
18                         TWO TAILS    FORUM FILM               Russia      444,570          116,024       444,570          116,024       184    25.05.2018
19   JIM BUTTON AND LUKE THE ENGINE      KINO ŚWIAT           Germany         386,202        100,156        386,202          100,156       168    29.06.2018
                             DRIVER
20                          SUSPIRIA     KINO ŚWIAT            Italy/USA      328,793         82,446        328,793          82,446        148     02.11.2018
                                                                            5,228,839       1,254,269
                                                                           16,608,494      3,943,356

20     FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                                                      BACK TO CONTENTS
TOP 20 1990–2018

                                                        TITLE        DISTRIBUTOR    ADMISSIONS        B.O. (EUR)              RELEASE DATE

1              with fire and sword / ogniem i mieczem (pl)               SYRENA       7,151,354     25,021,276                 12.02.1999
2                                          pan tadeusz (pl)              VISION      6,168,344      19,723,772                 22.10.1999
3                                     the clergy / kler (pl)         KINO ŚWIAT      5,183,080    25,064,880                  28.09.2018
4                                             quo vadis (pl)             SYRENA      4,300,351     16,439,426                  14.09.2001
5                                                    avatar     IMPERIAL CINEPIX     3,682,948      21,059,679                25.12.2009
6                                                    titanic             SYRENA      3,513,480      11,694,184                 13.02.1998
7                                    passion of the christ            MONOLITH       3,462,159      10,636,575               05.03.2004
8                                                    shrek 2                 UIP     3,395,226      11,472,435                02.07.2004
9                                           shrek the third                  UIP     3,352,805      11,838,994                29.06.2007
10                       LETTERS TO SANTA / listy do m. (pl)         KINO ŚWIAT      3,013,235     13,589,858                      10.11.2017
                                                                                    43,222,982     166,541,083
11                          star wars: the force awakens                 DISNEY      3,009,949      15,628,275                  18.12.2015
12                    LETTERS TO SANTA 2 / listy do m. 2 (pl)        KINO ŚWIAT      2,968,645      12,875,646                     13.11.2015
13                            pitbull. dangerous women /             KINO ŚWIAT      2,884,415      13,642,252                     11.11.2016
                        pitbull. niebezpieczne kobiety (pl)
14                                                katyń (pl)          ITI CINEMA      2,770,313     8,391,485                 21.09.2007
15                                            jurassic park               UIP-ITI    2,735,908      2,082,255                 03.09.1993
16                                                 lion king             SYRENA      2,722,830       2,340,351                     18.11.1994
17                    LETTERS TO SANTA 3 / LISTY DO M. 3 (PL)         ITI CINEMA     2,560,734     10,652,392                      10.11.2011
18                                                lejdis (pl)         ITI CINEMA     2,530,660      9,930,053                 01.02.2008
19           lord of the rings: the fellowship of the ring              WARNER       2,529,799       8,666,101                15.02.2002
20                 harry potter and the sorcerer's stone                WARNER        2,518,282     7,488,680                  18.01.2002
                                                                                     27,231,535     91,697,494
                                                                                    70,454,517    258,238,578

BACK TO CONTENTS                                                                                                   FILM INDUSTRY          21
FILM COMMISSIONS                                                      Regional Film Commissions

                                                                      At present, there are seven regional film commissions
                                                                      operating in Poland. They are based in the regions of
National Film Commission                                              Dolnośląskie (Lower Silesia), Małopolskie, Mazowieckie
                                                                      (Mazovia), Podkarpackie, Śląskie (Silesia) and in the cities of
Film Commission Poland is the first contact point for interna-        Łódź and Poznań. Despite the fact that there are no com-
tional professionals interested in making films in Poland. Its        missions established in Gdańsk, Lublin and in the Warmia
main goal is to promote the immense potential of the Polish           and Masuria region, the producers can count on support
film industry and variety of locations abroad. Film Commission        for their physical production from film funds or designated
Poland closely cooperates with the network of regional film           departments of the city council. Further commissions are
commissions, runs a comprehensive database of film locations          currently at the organisational stage. All the film commissions
and acts as the liaison between international producers               are managed independently but collaborate closely with Film
and companies and professionals in the Polish film industry.          Commission Poland.
The commission was established in 2012 and currently oper-               As a rule, the commissions work in conjunction with
ates within the structure of the Polish Film Institute.               the regional film funds, thanks to which their activities are
                                                                      naturally integrated. They frequently operate alongside
                                                                      institutions with a wealth of experience in cultural activities,
                                                                      an outstanding knowledge of their region’s unique char-
                                                                      acteristics, and extensive local contacts at their fingertips.
FILM COMMISSION POLAND                                                Some have their own production support systems in the
tel. +48 22 102 64 43                                                 form of fee reductions for the use of locations or discounts
office@filmcommissionpoland.pl                                        on hotels and local public transport services. Every commis-
www.filmcommissionpoland.pl                                           sion provides the following services:
                                                                      • location scouting;
                                                                      • administering and updating a database of locations;
                                          WARMIA-MASURIA
                                                                      • assistance in obtaining permits to film, make use of roads,
                        GDAŃSK
                                            FILM FUND                    change the flow of traffic and so forth;
                                                                      • reducing the length of time required to obtain permits by
                                       MAZOVIA WARSAW FILM
                                                                         applying effectively developed procedures;
          POZNAN FILM                     COMMISSION                  • assistance in talks with the owners of buildings,
          COMMISSION
                                   FILM COMMISSION POLAND                facilities and land;
                                                                      • assistance in establishing contact with municipal services
                                                                         and offices;
                                                                      • assistance in arranging accommodation, often with
          WROCLAW FILM
                                        ŁÓDŹ FILM
                                       COMMISSION
                                                                         discounts;
           COMMISSION
                                                                      • providing information and contacts relating to local
                                                        LUBLIN FILM
                                                           FUND          professionals, specialists and audiovisual production
                                                                         companies in their region;
                        SILESIA FILM
                        COMMISSION                                    • providing information on the infrastructure and film
                                                                         resources available in their region.
                                         KRAKOW FILM PODKARPACKIE
                                         COMMISSION FILM COMMISSION

22     FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                                  BACK TO CONTENTS
Other bodies supporting film
                                                                       production in the city or region:

KRAKOW FILM COMMISSION              POZNAN FILM COMMISSION
tel. +48 12 354 25 51               tel. + 48 61 852 88 33 ext. 48
office@film-commission.pl           tel. +48 691 637 752
dnosal@film-commission.pl           m.ferlak@poznanfilmcommission.pl
www.film-commission.pl              info@poznanfilmcommission.pl       LUBLIN FILM FUND
                                    www.poznanfilmcommission.pl        tel. +48 81 466 25 22
                                                                       +48 723 440 032
                                                                       glinkowski@lublin.eu
                                                                       ldzierba@lublin.eu
                                                                       film.lublin.eu
ŁÓDŹ FILM COMMISSION
tel. +48 42 233 50 51               SILESIA FILM COMMISSION
tel. +48 42 600 61 33               tel. +48 32 351 1220
m.glowacka@ec1lodz.pl               tel. +48 698 353 147
w.szuster@ec1lodz.pl                p.mlynarczyk@silesiafilm.com
lfc@ec1lodz.pl                      www.silesiafilmcommission.pl       GDAŃSK
www.lodzfilmcommission.pl                                              tel. +48 58 323 60 15
                                                                       iwona.brudkiewicz@gdansk.gda.pl
                                                                       www.gdansk.pl

MAZOVIA WARSAW FILM COMMISSION      WROCLAW FILM COMMISSION
tel. +48 22 586 42 58               tel. +48 71 792 70 93
a.spisz@mwfc                        tel. +48 531 693 290               WARMIA-MASURIA FILM FUND
info@mwfc.pl                        tel. +48 603 693 033               tel. +48 89 513 17 50
www.mwfc.pl                         info@wroclawfilmcommission.pl      tel. +48 501 506 400
                                    www.wroclawfilmcommission.pl       bogumil.osinski@ceik.eu
                                                                       www.funduszfilmowy.warmia.mazury.pl

PODKARPACKIE FILM COMMISSION
tel. +48 721 288 004
m.kraus@podkarpackiefilm.pl
www.podkarpackiefilmcommission.pl

BACK TO CONTENTS                                                                               FILM INDUSTRY   23
FILM STUDIOS

Alvernia Studios                                            Resources:
                                                            • two sound stages: first with spherical bluescreen and area aprox.
Alvernia Studios Stanisław Tyczyński                           1700m2 and second with area aprox. 2000m2;
32-566 Regulice, ul. Dworska 1                              • film-processing chemical laboratory equipped in a ultramodern
studios@alvernia.com, www.alvernia.com                         Australian drive processor FilmLab ECN-2 12MD58 14/67.

Alvernia Studios is a private, state-of-the-art film
studio located in Southern Poland. Their works include
feature films, national and international co-productions,
commercials.

* All the parameters and equipment lists are based
  on the data provided by the film studios.

24        FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                         BACK TO CONTENTS
BACK TO CONTENTS   FILM INDUSTRY   25
Resources:
                                                            • sound stages, with the largest measuring 1,500 m2/16,156 ft2,
                                                               television studios;
                                                            • make-up and wardrobe facilities, including a VIP dressing room;
                                                            • laundry and costume storage facilities, props store;
                                                            • scenery store with access to a service lift, production office,
                                                               conference rooms, extras’ room, restaurant;
                                                            • HD1, 2 and 3 OB units;
                                                            • shooting equipment, including ARRI Alexa, Alexa Mini,
                                                               Alexa Studio camera sets, Panasonic VARICAM camera sets,
                                                               RED Dragon camera sets, Sony F55 and FS7 camera sets with full
                                                               accessories, MasterPrime lenses, Ultra Prime, SuperSpeed,
                                                               Kowa Anam, Fujinon Cabrio, Optimo lenses;
                                                            • TV production equipment: Sony, Panasonic and Canon cameras
                                                               and Fujinon lenses;
                                                            • intelligent light: Varie lite series, Robe series, Martin series, Clay
                                                               Paky series, Light controllers – Ma series, Hog series, LED lights –
ATM GROUP                                                      SGM, CLF, Prolights, complete rigging equipment;
                                                            • film lighting kits: ARRI, Kinoflo, Dedolight, Stand, Ianiro, Kobolt,
Offices:                                                       Litepanels, Manfrotto, and LTM as well as light effect units;
Bielany Wrocławskie (near Wrocław)                          • grip: steadicam Tiffen Ultra 2, Stanton Jimmy Jib camera arm
tel. +48 71 776 47 00                                          (10.5 m/4.45 ft), Panther camera dollies, Stanton hot heads and
atm@atmgrupa.pl                                                gyroscope platform AE 567 with image stabilisation;
Warsaw                                                      • sound equipment: Shure, Senheiser, Soundevice;
tel. +48 22 507 97 00                                       • AVID editing suits with the possibility of using AVID Unity/ISIS
atm.warszawa@atmgrupa.pl                                       environment;
www.atmgrupa.pl                                             • compositing and layer-based colour correction (DaVinci Resolve
                                                               software and Ultrascope system);
ATM STUDIO in Warsaw                                        • sound postproduction systems.
tel. +48 22 295 61 10
atmstudio@atmgrupa.pl, www.atmstudio.eu

ATM SYSTEM
tel. +48 71 785 53 00 (Bielany Wrocławskie)
tel. +48 22 507 97 82 (Warsaw)
office@atmsystem.pl, www.atmsystem.pl

The ATM Group is Poland’s largest television producer.
The Group comprises companies specialising in television,
film, online video and computer game production, and
service provision for the television and film market.

26      FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                              BACK TO CONTENTS
BACK TO CONTENTS
Resources and activities:
                                                             • film stages and studios, casting studios;
                                                             • make-up rooms, dressing rooms, offices, storage area;
                                                             • costume warehouses (40,000 contemporary, period and
                                                                military costumes, accessories, and footwear), props warehouses
                                                                (20,000 items), and a wig warehouse;
                                                             • design and set construction department;
                                                             • post-production studio including editing rooms with Avid
                                                                and Premiere, MIST mastering system and VFX department;
                                                             • a fleet of trucks and cargo vehicles equipped with power
                                                                generators;
                                                             • filmmaking equipment – the highest quality cameras: Arri Alexa
                                                                LF, Amira, Alexa Mini, Alexa Plus XR with film lenses (Cooke, Zeiss,
                                                                Canon, Signature Prime), zoom lenses (Angénieux and Cooke)
                                                                and all necessary accessories and filmmaking equipment;
                                                             • a film laboratory offering: color and B&W negative processing
                                                                (35mm, 16mm, 8mm); color and B&W film prints (35mm, 16mm)
DOCUMENTARY AND FEATURE FILM STUDIOS                            sound negative (35mm), 4K film recording for archiving (35mm
WYTWÓRNIA FILMÓW DOKUMENTALNYCH I FABULARNYCH                   on Arrilaser; color, B&W, B&W separates); color grading on
(WFDiF)                                                         Autodesk FlamePremium-Lustre with DP4K-P DLP projection,
                                                                and 4K Sony X300 OLED monitor;
Warsaw                                                       • sound post-production studios including Studio S1 with Dolby
tel. +48 22 841 12 13-19                                        Digital and THX certificates, mixing rooms with Pro Tools HD
tel. +48 22 840 00 30-39                                        Ultimate and a sound library (over 1,000 hours of music and
wfdif@wfdif.pl                                                  unique sound effects e.g. original recordings from World War II),
www.wfdif.pl                                                    offering recording, mix and sound editing and preparing sound
                                                                for DCP;
Film Production and Educational Projects Department          • reconstruction and digitalization studios focusing on film and
tel.+48 22 559 33 14                                            sound archival material;
dpf@wfdif.pl                                                 • Projection room (40 seats) with 4K RGB laser projector and 5.1
                                                                audio system;
The Documentary and Feature Film Studios is Poland’s         • film production department: searching for interesting
largest state-owned film producer. It provides full             documentary and feature film scripts, developing and producing
production services and produces feature and documentary        film projects, raising funds for film production, managing
films. The studio also engages in film education projects.      contacts with co-producers in Poland and abroad;
                                                             • archives: an immense collection of film chronicles and
                                                                documentaries including the greatest works of the Polish School
                                                                of Documentary Filmmaking;
                                                             • education projects: film script writing course “Wytwórnia
                                                                Scenariuszy – Script Factory“, education space “Plan Filmowy“,
                                                                educational series “History in Moving Pictures“ and a cycle of
                                                                screen adaptations of contemporary Polish drama “Teatroteka“.

28      FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                             BACK TO CONTENTS
BACK TO CONTENTS   FILM INDUSTRY
SOUND STAGES
                                                                                                          DRESSING ROOM
                                                                               WORKING       ELECTRICAL      (D), MAKE-UP
                                  SOUND STAGE     DIMENSIONS         AREA       HEIGHT     CONNECTIONS,         ROOM (M),
OWNER                                 SYMBOL           (M, FT)     (M2, FT2)     (M, FT)        OUTLETS    WORKSHOP (W)                                      FACILITIES

Agencja Aktorska Prozano           Bratanka          19 x 15,        340,          5.7,        120kW               d, m                 cyclo, greenbox (15.2 x 8m,
Warsaw,ul. Kłobucka 11                           62.3 x 49.2      3 659.7         18.7                                           49.9 x 26.3ft), bluebox, lightening
www.bratanka.pl                                                                                                                           equipment, editing room
tel. +48 602 676 000
czarek@prozano.pl

Alvernia Studios                        K03          47 * 47,       1 735,        13.8,          1MW            d, m, w     spherical, shadowless, 3D bluescreen:
Alwernia, near Kraków, Nieporaz                 154.2 * 154.2    18 675.4         45.3         2000A          (350m2,       180° (46 × 21.5m, 150.91 × 70.5ft), drive-
www.alvernia.com                                   (circular)                                                 3 767ft2)      in studio, air-conditioned set, lighting
studios@alvernia.com                                                                                                          grid, overhead power points, heating
                                                                                                                                   and ventilation, high-speed data
                                                                                                                            connection and Wi-Fi, parking for 150
                                                                                                                                          cars + heavy vehicles’ area
                                        K04          47 * 47,   1 900,            13.8,          1MW        d,m,w only          artificial skydome, drive-in studio,
                                                154.2 * 154.2 20 451.4            45.3         2000A             in K3           air-conditioned set, lighting grid,
                                                   (circular)                                                                 overhead power points, equipment,
                                                                                                                              heating and ventilation, high-speed
                                                                                                                              data connection and Wi-Fi, parking
                                                                                                                                for 150 cars + heavy vehicles’ area

Apricor                             Apricor         25 x 30,        750,          12.5,        150 kW           d, m, w         drive-in studio, technical platform,
Sękocin Nowy near Warsaw,                          82 x 98.4     8 072.9             41                                             lighting grid, greenscreen (16 x
al. Krakowska 22B                                                                                                              16m, 52.5 x 52.5ft), whitescreen (16 x
www.apricorfilm.pl                                                                                                              16m, 52.5 x 52.5ft), air-conditioning
tel. +48 602 603 779                                                                                                          (backstage), heating and ventilation,
biuro@apricorfilm.pl                                                                                                        high-speed data connection and Wi-Fi

ATM                                   hala A         34 x 45,      1 500,           12,        2500A        d, m, w VIP       technical platform, lighting grid,
Warsaw, Wał Miedzeszyński 384                    111.5 x 147.6   16 145.9         39.4                          rooms      overhead power points, equipment
www.atmstudio.eu                                                                                          prod. rooms and costume storage, air-conditioning,
tel. +48 22 295 63 03                                                                                                                   heating and ventilation
atmstudio@atmgrupa.pl                 hala B        25 x 32,        800,             7,         800A        d, m, w VIP lighting grid, overhead power points,
                                                    82 x 105       8 611.1          23                          rooms        equipment and costume storage,
                                                                                                          prod. rooms                 air-conditioning, heating
                                                                                                                                                and ventilation
                                      hala C        25 x 32,        800,             7,         800A        d, m, w VIP lighting grid, overhead power points,
                                                    82 x 105       8 611.1          23                          rooms        equipment and costume storage,
                                                                                                          prod. rooms                   heating and ventilation
                                      hala D        25 x 32,        800,             6,          630A       d, m, w VIP lighting grid, overhead power points,
                                                    82 x 105       8 611.1         19.7                         rooms        equipment and costume storage,
                                                                                                          prod. rooms                 air-conditioning, heating
                                                                                                                                                and ventilation
                                      hala E        25 x 32,        800,             6,          630A       d, m, w VIP lighting grid, overhead power points,
                                                    82 x 105       8 611.1         19.7                         rooms        equipment and costume storage,
                                                                                                          prod. rooms                air-conditioning, heating
                                                                                                                                                and ventilation

30      FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                                                           BACK TO CONTENTS
DRESSING ROOM
                                                                                      WORKING       ELECTRICAL      (D), MAKE-UP
                                        SOUND STAGE      DIMENSIONS         AREA       HEIGHT     CONNECTIONS,         ROOM (M),
OWNER                                       SYMBOL            (M, FT)     (M2, FT2)     (M, FT)        OUTLETS    WORKSHOP (W)                                      FACILITIES

                                                hala F     25 x 20,         500,            6,         400A        d, m, w VIP     lighting grid, overhead power points,
                                                          82 x 65.6        5 382          19.7                         rooms           equipment and costume storage,
                                                                                                                 prod. rooms                    air-conditioning, heating
                                                                                                                                                          and ventilation
ATM                                         studio I        28 x 20,       560,             7,         400A        d, m, w VIP     lighting grid, overhead power points,
Wrocław, Bielany Wrocławskie,                            91.9 x 65.6    6 027.8            23                          rooms           equipment and costume storage,
ul. Dwa Światy 1                                                                                                 prod. rooms                air-conditioning, heating and
www.atmgrupa.pl                                                                                                                                                ventilation
tel. +48 71 776 47 00
atm@atmgrupa.pl

Centrum Technologii                 Studio Filmowe      50 x 25            1 250,          11         700kW              d, m,         bluescreen, rotating stage, motion
Audiowizualnych CeTA                  im. Wojciecha    164 x 82         13 454.9         36.1                       VIP room,           control system, shadowless stage,
(Audiovisual Technology               Jerzego Hasa (usable floor                                                 prod. rooms             equipped with lighting platforms
Center)                              (The Wojciech       space:                                                                      and a technical mezzanine, real time
Wrocław, ul. Wystawowa 1                  Jerzy Has     28.5 x 9                                                                         compositing, props and costume
www.filmstudioceta.pl                  Sound Stage) 93.5 x 29.5)                                                                     storage, 1500 costumes rental, high
tel. +48 71 348 10 61                                                                                                                   speed data connection and Wi-Fi,
produkcja@ filmstudioceta.pl                                                                                                         postproduction unit on site, parking
                                              Studio       20 x 25,         500,          7.5         200kW              d, m,                  greenbox and black horizon
                                            Filmowe       65.6 x 82        5 382         24.6                      VIP rooms,       (55m x 7.5m, 330m2 of working area),
                                        i m. Zbyszka                                                             prod. rooms              drive-in shooting studio (500m2)
                                       Cybulskiego                                                                                 equipped with lighting platforms and
                                      (The Zbyszek                                                                                 a technical mezzanine, spacelight (30
                                            Cybulski                                                                                  items, 2400/4800 W), full acoustic
                                      Sound Stage)                                                                                         insulation, production facilities:
                                                                                                                                     make-up and dressing rooms, props
                                                                                                                                   and costume storage, 1500 costumes
                                                                                                                                   rental, pool for underwater shooting,
                                                                                                                                               high speed data connection
                                                                                                                                            and Wi-Fi, translucent screens,
                                                                                                                                   HD beamers, parking, postproduction
                                                                                                                                                                unit on site
                                           Studio         8.5 x 6.5,      55.25,           4,          30kW          VIP room,     full equipped stop motion workplace
                                    Animacji CeTA        27.9 x 21.3       594.7          13.1                   prod. rooms,            (table for animation, camera with
                                       (CeTA Stop                                                                scenography        lenses, motion control system, lights
                                    Motion Studio)                                                                  and props                for stop motion), workshop for
                                                                                                                    workshop         scenography and props next to stop
                                                                                                                                                                 motion set

Cukry                                           Cukry    20.7 x 13.7,       230,           4,           32A,              d, m                 loft style daylight studio,
Warsaw, ul. Ogrodowa 31/35                               67.9 x 44.9       2 476          13.1           16A                              photographic equipment, film
www.cukry.com.pl                                                                                                                         equipment (light, cameras, etc.)
tel. +48 505 800 777
+48 501 025 111
napisz@cukry.com.pl

        5 biggest sound stages regarding area

BACK TO CONTENTS                                                                                                                                 FILM INDUSTRY            31
DRESSING ROOM
                                                                                  WORKING              ELECTRICAL      (D), MAKE-UP
                                     SOUND STAGE     DIMENSIONS         AREA       HEIGHT            CONNECTIONS,         ROOM (M),
OWNER                                    SYMBOL           (M, FT)     (M2, FT2)     (M, FT)               OUTLETS    WORKSHOP (W)                                      FACILITIES

Dom Produkcji. TV                 Stream Online          7 x 11,       260,          4.5,          16A, 32A, 64A             d, m     3D studio, greenscreen, whitescreen,
Piotr Chałupko                           Studio       23 x 36.1     2 798.6          14.8                                               cyclo (5 x 5 x 3m, 16.4 x 16.4 x 9.8ft),
Warsaw, ul. Racławicka 99                                                                                                                air conditioned, costume storage,
www.studio.streamonline.pl                                                                                                             heating and ventilation, high-speed
tel. +48 889 30 80 80                                                                                                                  data connection and Wi-Fi, parking,
biuro@streamonline.pl                                                                                                                            drive-in studio, HD cameras

Opus Film                               stage I        41 x 20,         826,           8,     250kW on each side          d, m, w                  bluescreen, greenscreen,
Łódź, ul. Łąkowa 29                                134.5 x 65.6        8 891         26.2                                                                       whitescreen
www.opusfilm.com
tel. +48 42 634 55 00
opus@opusfilm.com

Professional Concert                     Hala 1        45 x 35,     1 575, 16          12,             32A, 125A          d, m, w         drive-in studio, technical platform,
Lighting TRANSCOLOR                                147.6 x 114.8       953.2         39.4                 110kW                       lighting grid, equipment and costume
Szeligi near Warsaw                                                                                                                         storage, lighting equipment, air-
ul. Szeligowska 48                                                                                                                      conditioning, heating and ventilation
www.transcolor.pl                        Hala 2        45 x 25,         1 125,         12,             32A, 125A          d, m, w         drive-in studio, technical platform,
Sylwia Goj                                           147.6 x 82     12 109.4         39.4                 110kW                       lighting grid, equipment and costume
tel. +48 604 132 627                                                                                                                        storage, lighting equipment, air-
biuro@transcolor.pl                                                                                                                     conditioning, heating and ventilation
                                         Hala 3        35 x 40        1 400            12         32A, 63A, 125A      d, m, w VIP         drive-in studio, technical platform,
                                                       114 x 131     14 934            39                100 kW           rooms       lighting grid, equipment and costume
                                                                                                                    prod. rooms             storage, lighting equipment, air-
                                                                                                                                        conditioning, heating and ventilation
                                         Hala 4        35 x 25         900             12         32A, 63A, 125A      d, m, w VIP         drive-in studio, technical platform,
                                                       114 x 82       9 348            39                100 kW           rooms       lighting grid, equipment and costume
                                                                                                                    prod. rooms             storage, lighting equipment, air-
                                                                                                                                        conditioning, heating and ventilation
                                         Hala 5        35 x 20          700            12         32A, 63A, 125A      d, m, w VIP         drive-in studio, technical platform,
                                                       114 x 65        7 410           39                100 kW           rooms       lighting grid, equipment and costume
                                                                                                                    prod. rooms             storage, lighting equipment, air-
                                                                                                                                        conditioning, heating and ventilation

Studio Besta                            Studio      13.6 x 10.1,       138.2,        6.5,                   125A          d, m, w               lighting grid, photographic
Piaseczno, ul. Elektroniczna 2A      Piaseczno      44.6 x 33.1      1 487.6         21.3              (3x18kW)                        equipment and postproduction unit
www.studiobesta.pl                                                                                                                      on-site, greenscreen, whitescreen,
Jacek Stanclik                                                                                                                          blackscreen, Wi-Fi, ample parking,
+48 501 302 458                                                                                                                                                security 24/7
j.stanclik@studiobesta.pl
Karolina Wójcik
+48 572 728 578
k.wojcik@studiobesta.pl

Studio Las                             Studio 2      30 x 16.5,         500,            7,                 125A       d, m, w VIP          loft style daylight studio, drive-in
Warsaw, ul. Racjonalizacji 6/8                      98.4 x 54.1        5 382           23                                  room           studio, photographic equipment,
www.studiolas.pl                                                                                                                                                  lighting grid
tel. +48 501 022 850                   Studio 4       21 x 16.5,       432,             7,                 125A       d, m, w VIP          loft style daylight studio, drive-in
rent@studiolas.pl                                     69 x 54.1       4 650            23                                  room          studio, lighting grid, photographic
                                                                                                                                                   equipment, cyclo (12 x 8m,
                                                                                                                                                                 39.4 x 26.3ft)

32       FILM INDUSTRY                                                                                                                                    BACK TO CONTENTS
You can also read