Plants diversity as a medicinal plants by the Tengger Tribe, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia

EurAsian Journal of BioSciences
 Eurasia J Biosci 13, 2293-2298 (2019)

 Plants diversity as a medicinal plants by the Tengger
 Tribe, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java,
 Indonesia
 Fatchur Rohman 1*, Yusri Juma 1, Sulisetijono 1, Dwiyono Hari Utomo 2, Purwanto 2,
 Sri Rahayu Lestari 1, Siti Nur Arifah 1, Wira Eka Putra 1
 1
 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, 65145,
 INDONESIA
 2
 Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, 65145, INDONESIA
 *Corresponding author: fatchur.rohman.fmipa@um.ac.id

 Abstract
 Globally, Indonesia is considered as the second mega biodiversity country right after Brazil.
 Importantly, Indonesia has numerous ethnic groups, one of them is Tengger Tribe. Tengger tribe is
 one of the native Javanese inhabitants of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) area.
 Tengger tribe is known to have perseverance in maintaining values, traditions and culture, in the
 midst of the current changing era. The local people of the Tengger tribe use plants as a primaryneeds
 for fulfillment such as medicinal uses, food sources including animal feed, industry and households,
 building materials, ecology, and traditional rituals. This knowledge will hereditary passed down from
 generation to generation by the ancestors of the community. The purpose of this study was to
 encourage Tengger tribe local wisdom and as a conservation tools for plants in there. Based on key
 informants and Tengger local people interviews, there were 24 species of plants that used by the
 Tengger tribe in various aspects. Analysis of data from 24 species of plants using index of cultural
 significance (ICS) showed that there were four species of plants that have high ICS values namely
 Physalis angulate, Solanum bateceaum, Eupatorium inofolium, and Foeniculum vulgare with 4.11%,
 8.88%, 25.60%, and 78.36% values respectively. Commonly, all of those species were practically
 used for medicinal purposes. Tengger tribe has their own methods to prepare medicinal herb, the
 method called ‘dekok’. Based on ICS analysis, plants especially Foeniculum vulgare has high impact
 on Tengger tribe lives and Tengger tribe also has knowledge on how to use those plants.

 Keywords: Index Cultural Significance (ICS), medicinal plants, plants diversity, Tengger tribe, East
 Java

 Rohman F, Juma Y, Sulisetijono, Utomo DH, Purwanto, Lestari SR, Arifah SN, Putra WE (2019)
 Plants diversity as a medicinal plants by the Tengger Tribe, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park,
 East Java, Indonesia. Eurasia J Biosci 13: 2293-2298.

 © 2019 Rohman et al.
 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

 INTRODUCTION area since October 1982 based on the Minister of
 Agriculture’s Statement Number 736/Mentan/X/1982.
 Indonesia is a large archipelago country that located This area is designated as a national park because it has
in Southeast Asia which consist of more than 17.000 the potential for natural wealth that is not only large but
islands and around 6000 inhabited islands with 400 also unique. The natural wealth is in the form of the
different ethnic groups. Indonesia has wide range of Tengger Caldera phenomenon with a vast sea of sand,
habitats with abundant biodiversity and this is natural scenery and geological attractions of Mount
considered Indonesia as a megabiodiversity country Bromo and Mount Semeru, diversity of rare and endemic
(Walujo 2008) and Indonesia is a country that has the flora and high hydrological potential including the
second highest level of biodiversity after Brazil presence of 6 beautiful natural lakes. Geographically,
(Moelyono 2014). Indonesia has 11% (38.000) of worlds the BTSNP area is located between 7o54 ‘- 8o13’ LS and
known flowering plant species which 18.700 are 112o51 ‘- 113o04’ BT which is divided into five zones
endemic (van Welzen and Slik 2009). namely core zone, jungle zone, intensive use zone,
 Indonesian rural people, remote and urban areas traditional use zone and rehabilitation zone. Bromo
residing in localities surrounded by forest (Helida et al. Tengger Semeru National Park has three types of
2015). Tengger tribe is one of the tribes found in
Indonesia. Tengger tribe is a local community that Received: November 2018
inhabits the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Accepted: August 2019
(BTSNP). BTSNP was established as a national park Printed: December 2019

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ecosystems, namely submontana, montana and sub- were used for medicine, and how preparation of herbal
alpine ecosystems, with an altitude range of 750 - 3676 medicine.
m above sea level (Hidayat and Risna 2007). The Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) was used to
BTSNP area that is occupied by the Tengger Tribe has determine utilization of plant diversity and its importance
very high plant diversity. Various types of plants also for the people with formula:
have many uses in the life of the Tengger tribe, among 
 = � = ( )
others, as medicine, food sources including animal feed,
 Expanded the formula will be:
industry and households, building materials, ecological,
 = ∑ 
 = ( ) n1 + (q2 x i2 x e2 ) ni...... + (qn x
and traditional rituals.
 in x en ) ni
 The medicinal plants utilization already existed since
 ICS is equal to the sum of individual use value 1
long time ago. Each ethnic or tribe has their own
 through n representing the last use described. Subscript,
specificity to gathering and use medicinal plants
 represents the value 1 through n, consecutively.
depending on their cultural heritage and availability of
 q = quality value; i = intensity value, e = exclusively
natural resources in the environment around it (Helida et
 value.
al. 2015, Yulia 2017). Zuhud (2013) explained that a
disease and its treatment methods are already part of
 RESULTS
typical systems of local practice that distinguished from
each other according to difference of local knowledge in Based on the results of the interview, it can be seen
various parts of the world. that there were many types of plants used by the
 Ethnobotanical studies about quantitative Tengger tribe as traditional medicine. Parts of plants
assessment of the usefulness and management of used as medicine are varied such as roots, leaves, fruit,
botanical resources are important (Mutheeswaran et al. flowers, flower buds, tree bark, to tree sap. Oxalis
2011). Quantitative ethnobotany analyzes the types of corniculata or the so-called clover by the Tengger Tribe
plants that are important for a community and assesses can be used anti-diabetic, Foeniculum vulgare or fennel
plant diversity in terms of both social and economic is used as a cough medicine, Melastoma malabathricum
value (Hoffman and Gallaher 2007). One of the or senggani is used for itching. Artemisia vulgaris or
quantitative assessments of importance in ethnobotany pans is a plant which leaves are used to treat
is the evaluation of the cultural significance of particular nosebleeds. Imperata cylindrical or reed is a plant that is
species in a community’s inventory of plants. Index of used to cure toothache, diarrhea, lowering heat, and
Cultural Significance (ICS) is a quantitative ethnobotany reducing high blood pressure. Chenopodium
analysis to show the value of the interest of each type of anthelminthicum (lampes) can be used to treat worms
useful plants based on community needs (Fathurrahman and cough. Rubus niveus or glunggu thorn is a plant that
et al. 2016). Pei et al. (2009) have observed that ICS of is used by its fruit to be used for diarrhea. Anredera
each plant species are varies between local cordifolia or the so-called binahong leaves are used to
communities. This difference caused by the level of treat wounds. Taraxacum officinalle or dipper or often
knowledge, the particular cultural settings and the local called dandelion is used for diabetes medication
conditions (Pei et al. 2009). Based on observations in (diabetes mellitus). Brugmansia suaveolens or mountain
various regions of Indonesia, local people have amethysts are used for flower buds for eye pain
considerable knowledge both about the diversity of plant medicine. Eucalyptus sp. or callus is a plant whose
species around settlements where they live, and their leaves are used to reduce colds. Plantago lanceolata or
usefulness. Nevertheless, in general, plants used in suripandak is a plant whose leaves are used for itching.
everyday life amount to not more than 10% of the total Purpurea digitalis or cocoon flowers are used for
number of species in the environment (Purwanto 2007). traditional medicine. Psidium guajava or known by the
 Tengger tribe as guava has a function as diarrhea
 METHODS medicine.
 Physalis angulata or ciplukan gunung, the leaves are
 Study Site
 used as canker sores, the root decoction can be used as
 The study was carried out in Tengger tribe located in
 a medicine for heart and lung health and to reduce high
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java,
 blood pressure. Solanum nigrum or ranti is used to
Indonesia.
 facilitate breast milk (ASI). Candy plants are used for
 Methodology coughing and colds. Achyranthes sp. or concomitant
 Ethnobotanical data based on direct interview with used for boils. Jatropha gossypifolia or red jatropha is a
head of Tengger tribe, religious leader, and Tengger plant whose leaf parts are used for colds. Capsicum
tribe local people. This interview were done to measure annuum, or Lombok udel, is used for the treatment of
Tengger tribe’s traditional herbal medicine, various typhoid. Dodoneae aviscosa is used when in the
disease in Tengger tribe area, part of the plants that Tengger region experiences cold temperatures until the
 dew freezes (antidote to dew). Cestrum parui or

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Fig. 1. Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park location

Table 1. The list of plants used in Tengger tribe
 No. Scientific Name Local Name Function
 1 Rubus lineatus Glunggungan Sprue
 2 Physalis peruviana Ciplukan gunung Sprue, Cardiovascular diseases, Lung diseases, Hypertension
 3 Solanum nigrum Ranti Increasing of breast milk
 4 Menth asp Permenan Colds, Cough
 5 Achyranthes spl Ranggitan Abscesses
 6 Sonchus sp Ketivu Sprue
 7 Gonostegia sp Gajian Skin fungus
 8 Urticaceae Jabrangan Dizzy
 9 Ricinus communis Jarak Merah Colds
 10 Plantago major Suri pandak Inflammation
 11 Solanum capsicastrum Lombok udel Typus
 12 Artemesia vulgaris Ganjan Ear disfunction
 13 Eupatorium inulifolium Triwulan Inflammation
 14 Biden pilosa Jaringan Convulsions
 15 Acacia decurrens Kasia Colds
 16 Dodonaea viscosa Kesek Colds
 17 Brugmansia candida Kecubung Eyes
 18 Cestrum parquii Trabasan Abscesses
 19 Chromolaena odorata Krinyuh Itchy, insect repellent
 20 Curculigo orchio Tlotok Bee sting
 21 Ageratum conyzoides Wedusan Increasing of produce breast milk, wound healing
 22 Ficus septica Awar-awar Abscesses, Ear dysfunction
 23 Rubus rosifolius Calingan Stomachache
 24 Tithonia diversifolia Paitan Diabetes mellitus
 25 Polygala sp Ragitan Abscesses

trabasan is used to treat festering wounds. Plant parts or awar-awar, the leaves can be used for treatment of
used are leaves. Chromolaena odorata or krinyuh ear disorders and ulcers. Rubus rosifolius or calingan is
whose leaves are used for itching and mosquito used for stomach pain medication. Plant parts used are
repellent. Curculigo orchioides or tlotok leaves are used raw fruit. Tithonia diversifolia or paitan is used for the
as medicine when bee stings. Ageratum conyzoides or treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus). The part used
parts of medicine that can be used as medicine, namely is the leaves.
roots and leaves. The function of this plant is to facilitate Based on the ICS calculation showed that 24
breast milk and stop bleeding in the wound. Ficus septic species of plants has different ICS scores i.e wedusan

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Fig. 2. The ICS value of several plants found in Tengger tribe

(Agreatum conzoydes L.) was 0.64%, awar-awar (Ficus enzymatically in the body (Camejo-Rodrigues et al.
septica Burn. F) was 0.37%, ginger (Zingiber officinale 2003). There are almost 2000 ethnic groups around the
Rocs.) was 0.52%, eucalyptus (Melalauca leucadendra) world that used herbal medicine and they have their own
was 0.08%, turmeric (Curcuma longa) was 0.52%, traditional medical knowledge and experiences
strawberries (Rubus idaeus L.) was 0, 19%, Dutch (Fathurrahman et al. 2016). Indonesia is one of the
eggplant (Solanum betaceaum Cav.) was 8.88%, jambu countries used herbal medicine and for local people of
wer (Pimento dioica L. Merr) was 0.64%, jarak merah some tribes in particular.
(Jatropha curcas L.) was 0.19%, pulosari (Ayxia Measuring of herbal medicine knowledge in some
reinwardtii) was 0.37%, jenggot wesi (Usnea berbata ethnic groups will give an insight into the cultural
Fries.) was 0.08%, purweceng (Pimpipinella pruatjan) importance of plants. The importance of plants included
was 0.08%, dringu (Acorus calamus L.) was 1.02%, suri measuring about which species has major frequency in
(Plantago major L.) was 0.08%, pandak (Pilea the ethnic groups, the effectiveness and appreciation by
melastomoides) was 0.19%, ampet (Stellaria saxatilis), ethnic groups member, and variation of medicinal plant
sempretan (Eupatorium inofolium) was 25.60%, use by groups (de Boer et al. 2012, Vandebroek 2010).
ciplukan (Physalis angulata) was 4.11%, snikir (C. Local knowledge about plant resources by some ethnic
caudatus) was 0.29%, onion (Allium cepa L.) was groups also can be use as conservation efforts (de
0.29%, ganjan (Artemisia vulgaris L.) was 0.19%, Medeiros and Albuquerque 2015). Traditional
semanggi (Marsilea crenata) was 0.29%, alang-alang knowledges are inherited orally from generation to
(Imperata cilyndrica) was 6.42%, and adas (Foniculum generation, from ancestor to the heir. This case can
vulgare) was 78, 36%. cause lost of knowledge from community and it is very
 dangerous for the preservation of species (de Medeiros
 DISCUSSION and Albuquerque 2015, Nasution et al. 2018).
 Herbal medicine is still be used to treat various Index of cultural significance method can provide to
disease in 75-80% of the world population, especially in measuring about herbal medicine knowledge and can be
developing countries (Ahvazi et al. 2012). Herbal used to preserve traditional knowledges within some
medicine has less of side effects and easily to degraded ethnic groups. Based on the ICS data analysis showed

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that Tengger tribe is mostly use Foeniculum vulgare as used as a medicinal plant not only in the leaves, but also
herbal medicine to treat various disease. F. vulgare has stems and roots. P. angulata contains the active
the highest score in ICS namely 78.36%. F. vulgare is a compound physalins, secosteroids, and derivatives of
group of Apiaceae family which used as medicinal and flavonoids called myricetin 3-O-neohesperidoside. This
culinary purposes. F. vulgare has active compounds compound can act as an anti-inflammatory, anti-diuretic,
including flavonoids, aglycons, acacetin, kaempferol, anti-microbial, and involved in immunomodulating. P.
uercetin, and rosmarinic acid. F. vulgare has functions angulata can be used to reduce high blood pressure so
as an antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, anti- that it can maintain heart health, treat malaria and
inflammatory, and has antioxidant activity (Rather et al. hepatitis (Mahalakshmi and Nidavani 2014).
2016). This plant is used by the Tengger Tribe to treat
coughs. This is because F. vulgare contains a several of CONCLUSIONS
active compounds againts bacteria or viruses that cause Tengger tribe is one of the tribes in Indonesia who
cough as well as anti-inflammatory. inhabit the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
 At the second place of ICS was Eupatorium (BTSNP). This area is designated as a national park
inofolium. This plant was used by Tengger tribe people because it has the potential for natural wealth. Based on
as treatment for digestive disease. The leaves and observations and interviews with the local community in
stems are used for vomiting, indigestion, and diarrhea the TNBTS area, there are 25 types of local plants that
(Shin et al. 2018). E. inofolium extract contains the are used by the Tengger Tribe as medicinal plants and
essential oil of thymol and several alkaloids that reported ethnopharmaceutical plants have a projection to be
can has hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects candidates for medicine. Foeniculum vulgare (local
(Arseculeratne et al. 1981, Stegelmeier et al. 1999). name: Adas) has the highest score ICS value. It means
 Imperata cylindrica is a plant of the Poaceace family. that F. vulgare frequently used by Tengger tribe in
I. cylindrica imperatives contain active compounds that various aspect especially as a herbal medicine.
have antioxidant activity such as alkaloids, flavonoids,
terpenoids, saponins, arundorins, and others. I.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
cylindrica has been used as a medicinal plant to treat
various diseases such as cardiac abnormalities, anemia, We would like say thank you to Islamic Development
fever, cough, and can be as anti-inflammatory. Bank (IsDB) that provide for grant to this research. We
 Physalis angulata is a plant of the Solanaceae family also thankful to Tengger tribe local people as a key
and is an annual or perennial plant. P. angulata can be informant for this research.

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