Pca postclassicalarchaeologies - european journal of - European Journal of Post-Classical Archaeologies
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
pca european journal of
postclassicalarchaeologies
volume 9/2019
SAP Società Archeologica s.r.l.
Mantova 2019
pca
EDITORS EDITORIAL BOARD
Gian Pietro Brogiolo (chief editor) Paul Arthur (Università del Salento)
Alexandra Chavarría (executive editor) Margarita Díaz-Andreu (ICREA - Universitat de Barcelona)
José M. Martín Civantos (Universidad de Granada)
ADVISORY BOARD Girolamo Fiorentino (Università del Salento)
Martin Carver (University of York) Caterina Giostra (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano)
Matthew H. Johnson (Northwestern University of Chicago) Susanne Hakenbeck (University of Cambridge)
Giuliano Volpe (Università degli Studi di Foggia) Vasco La Salvia (Università degli Studi G. D’Annunzio di Chieti e Pescara)
Marco Valenti (Università degli Studi di Siena) Bastien Lefebvre (Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès)
Alberto León (Universidad de Córdoba)
ASSISTANT EDITOR Tamara Lewit (Trinity College - University of Melbourne)
Federico Marazzi (Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa di Napoli)
Francesca Benetti
Dieter Quast (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz)
LANGUAGE EDITOR Andrew Reynolds (University College London)
Mauro Rottoli (Laboratorio di archeobiologia dei Musei Civici di Como)
Rebecca Devlin (University of Louisville)
Colin Rynne (University College Cork)
Post-Classical Archaeologies (PCA) is an independent, international, peer-reviewed journal devoted to the communication of
post-classical research. PCA publishes a variety of manuscript types, including original research, discussions and review ar-
ticles. Topics of interest include all subjects that relate to the science and practice of archaeology, particularly multidiscipli-
nary research which use specialist methodologies, such as zooarchaeology, paleobotany, archaeometallurgy, archaeome-
try, spatial analysis, as well as other experimental methodologies applied to the archaeology of post-classical Europe.
Submission of a manuscript implies that the work has not been published before, that it is not under consideration for
publication elsewhere and that it has been approved by all co-authors. Each author must clear reproduction rights for
any photos or illustration, credited to a third party that he wishes to use (including content found on the Internet). For
more information about ethics (including plagiarism), copyright practices and guidelines please visit the web site
www.postclassical.it.
PCA is published once a year in May, starting in 2011. Manuscripts should be submitted to editor@postclassical.it in
accordance to the guidelines for contributors in the webpage http://www.postclassical.it
Post-Classical Archaeologies’s manuscript review process is rigorous and is intended to identify the strengths and weak-
nesses in each submitted manuscript, to determine which manuscripts are suitable for publication, and to work with the
authors to improve their manuscript prior to publication.
This journal has the option to publish in open access. For information please visit the web site www.postclassical.it
How to quote: please use “PCA” as abbreviation and “European Journal of Post-Classical Archaeologies” as full title.
Cover image: statue of Mont’e Prama (from F. Pinna with modifications).
“Post-Classical Archaeologies” is indexed in Scopus. It was approved on 2015-05-13 according to ERIH PLUS criteria for
inclusion and indexed in Carhus+2018. Classified A by ANVUR (Agenzia Nazionale di Valutazione del sistema Universi-
tario e della Ricerca).
DESIGN
Paolo Vedovetto
PUBLISHER
SAP Società Archeologica s.r.l.
Strada Fienili 39/a, 46020 Quingentole, Mantova
www.archeologica.it
Authorised by Mantua court no. 4/2011 of April 8, 2011
For subscription and all other information visit the web site www.postclassical.it
ISSN 2039-7895
pca european journal of
postclassicalarchaeologies
volume 9/2019
CONTENTS PAGES
EDITORIAL 5
RESEARCH - PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH IN ARCHAEOLOGY.
LEGAL ISSUES AND GOOD PRACTICES
A. Olivier Socialising heritage: polity and praxis 9
G. Tully Skills, ethics and approaches: an introduction to ‘the 35
basics’ of participatory archaeology
A. Castillo Mena Participative processes in cultural heritage manage- 61
ment. Methodology and critical results based on expe-
riences within the Spanish World Heritage context
B. Wilkins A theory of change and evaluative framework for 77
measuring the social impact of public participation in
archaeology
G.P. Brogiolo, A. Chavarría Arnau Archaeology for local communities 101
in Northern Italy: experiences of participatory rese-
arch in an adverse legal framework
F. Pinna Archeologia e costruzione partecipata dell’identità lo- 123
cale: percorsi di archeologia di comunità in Sardegna
S. Thomas Doing public participatory archaeology with “difficult” 147
conflict heritage: experiences from Finnish Lapland
and the Scottish Highlands
F. Benetti, C.P. Santacroce In the public interest? Archaeological 169
research, permits and public participation in Italy
K. Möller Will they or won‘t they? German heritage laws, public 199
participation and the Faro Convention
R. Karl Authorities and subjects? The legal framework for 219
public participation in Austrian archaeology
M. Rizner Participatory research in archaeology in Croatia: 257
between law and practice
L. Delgado Anés, J.M. Martín Civantos The legal framework of 269
cultural landscapes in Andalusia (Spain): limits and
possibilities of public participation from an archaeolog-
ical perspective
K.A. Pyburn Archaeology by, for, and about the public 291
BEYOND THE THEME
E. Zanini Trama e ordito di un territorio: un esperimento tra 303
(micro) Big History e archeologia pubblica a Vignale di
Maremma (Toscana)
C. Citter From roads to mobility. A theoretical framework and a 325
case study to investigate the medieval connections net-
work
F. Sogliani, D. Roubis The discovery of the monastic settlement of 343
Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy): a
multidisciplinary project of landscape archaeology
RETROSPECT
T. O’Keeffe The archaeology of Ireland’s long middle ages: retro- 365
spective and prospective
PROJECT
L. Band CITiZAN 2015-2018 and 2019-2021, a community 399
archaeology project past and future: successes, chal-
lenges, potential solutions
REVIEWS 411
S. Rippon, Kingdom, Civitas, and County. The Evolution of Territorial Identity in
the English Landscape - by G.P. Brogiolo
W. Scheidel, The Science of Roman History: Biology, Climate, and the Future of
the Past - by M. Fecchio
A. Izdebski, M. Mulryan, Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity - by
M. Rottoli
M. Marinato, Alimentazione, salute e mobilità della popolazione in Italia setten-
trionale tra IV e VIII secolo. Approcci bioarcheologici - by P.M. De Marchi
V. Amorós Ruiz, El Tolmo de Minateda en la Alta Edad Media. Cerámica y Con-
texto - by J. Sarabia
B. Lefebvre, La formation d’un tissu urbain à Tours. De l’amphithéâtre antique au
quartier canonial - by M.-A. Causarano
A. Chavarría Arnau, M.-A. Causarano (eds), La memoria culturale dell’Oltresarca
trentino. Paesaggi, persone e storie di pietre - by V. Higgins
PCA volume 9/2019 ISSN: 2039-7895
Post-Classical Archaeologies
PCA 9 (2019) ISSN: 2039-7895 (pp. 5-8)
Post - Classical Archaeologies
EDITORIAL
In this ninth volume of the European Journal of Post-Classical
Archaeologies we publish the contributions of the Spring School held
in Tenno (Trentino, Italy) in April 2018, which was devoted to the meth-
ods of “Participatory Research in Archaeology. Archaeology for the fu-
ture? Legal issues and good practices”. The event was generoulsy fund-
ed by the University of Padova (call Winter-Summerschool 2017) and
broght together researchers and PhD students interested in discussing
the legal framework and constraints that this kind of participatory ap-
proach involves and how good practice in community projects could rep-
resent a turning point for the immediate future of archaeology. Partici-
patory Archaeology has a similar meaning to “Community Archaeology”
and both are included in the wider label of “Public Archaeology”, although
the terms are not at all synonymous. Community and Participatory Ar-
chaeology should not be confused with communication or education
strategies, although these are also of great importance, but it takes col-
laboration between “professionals” and “the public” or the “audience” to
a very different level. Community or Participatory Archaeology follows
the now popular formulation by Gabriel Moshenska of “archaeologists
working with the public” (Moshenska 2017, p. 6; reflected in this volume
by Suzie Thomas at p. 149), but we would add an extra dimension in the
form of a final objective of “working also for the public”.
An important question emerges here: what public? Does this refer to
“non-professional (in the sense of archaeology) groups and individuals”
who intend to be involved in research “with the goal of finding out more
about archaeological heritage through participatory practices” (as sug-
gested by Thomas)? Or should we include under this label the indifferent
and those who reject the past and its heritage? This inevitably leads us
to reflect on the various meanings today of communities and on which
“participatory practices” are appropriate for their involvement.
5
These problems, in turn, lead us to reflect on the cultural policy guide-
lines proposed, after Second World War, by institutions on the world
(UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), World
Bank), European (Council of Europe, European Union) and national (be-
tween principles included in the Constitutions or issued with specific
acts) level. Guidelines, summarized in the contributions of Adrian Olivier
and Lara Delgado Anés with José María Martín Civantos, reveal contra-
dictory or incomplete ideas. This is not only because they have different
aims – “the management of landscapes and uses of land are represented
by a combination of different demands and interests linked to agriculture,
forestry, livestock, conservation of nature, conservation of cultural her-
itage, archaeology and local populations” (Delgado Anés, Martín Civan-
tos) – but also because they fluctuate between proposed identities
(local, national or European), legislation linked to professionalism and pro-
tection from above (see the Valletta Convention) and openness to public
participation (Conventions of Florence and Faro). These contradictions
are reflected in the great variability of national and/or regional norms re-
garding the possibility of public participation in Cultural Heritage in Eu-
rope (discussed in the contributions of Francesca Benetti, Clemente Pio
Santacroce for Italy, Katharina Möller for Germany, Raimund Karl for
Austria, Mia Rizner for Croatia, Lara Delgado Anés, José María Martín
Civantos for Andalusia in Spain). This ranges from the harshest exclusion
(in Italy and Austria) to various modes of involvement, more or less open,
that confirm that Europe is today a sum of states, each of which is at-
tentive to its particular interests, even though they superficially refer to
the search for a common heritage identity. Research into historical iden-
tities, pursued in the past, does not fall within the objectives of commu-
nity archaeology, which highlights the multiplicity of stories that can be
drawn from the infinite information we can document in a region.
Most of the contributions focus on the variegated “participatory prac-
tices” adopted in concrete projects, noting limits, methods, successes
and difficulties. Projects above all try to involve public participation in all
stages of the project: starting from the planning stage, continuing with
real research and concluding in publication and management of the re-
sults. Different positions are, however, taken by the authors on who has
or should coordinate and lead the projects so as to achieve the difficult
equilibrium between bottom up and top down approaches. The result
often does not reflect the “ordinary perception and needs of the commu-
nities” (Alicia Castillo Mena), which can emerge only through reflection
and comparison: people need the past ... but not “our concept” (academ-
ic) of the past and the value that we as academics attribute to it”. Most
papers consider the possibility of assessing the impact or results of the
6
projects in the territories involved, a subject to which most discussions
were devoted during our week in Tenno. The importance of the subject
led us to contact Brendon Wilkins to delve more deeply into the problem
of evaluation. Best practice and the actual degree of satisfaction and
success of a project can be assessed in relation to the effects on “ar-
chaeology and heritage, individuals, community/society” (a gradation in
three levels). However, this judgment cannot be reserved for experts,
but must be extended to the various components of local communities.
The social impact assessment is also linked to the collection of re-
sources, through crowd-funding and crowd sourcing, discussed by Wilkins
using the example of the Bronze Age site excavation at Flag Fen, near
Peterborough (UK).
The actual role assigned to the communities finally leads us to reflect
on the themes, strategies and aims of the projects. Lara Band, in the
Project section, offers us a good example with the well-known project CIT-
iZAN, which from 2015-2018 involved 1000 people in the recording of
coastal and intertidal sites in England which were threated by climate
change. This project, which had a notable social and media impact, was
re-proposed for 2019-2021, including, in addition to recording, multiple
collateral initiatives (training sessions, public presentations, websites and
media activation) as are typical of participatory archaeological projects.
A systemic approach that proposes a reunification of knowledge of-
fers a scientific justification for the “holistic” protection of heritage, and
suggests an archaeology of sustainability in the context of possible eco-
nomic and social uses of results, has been tested in a dozen projects in
northern Italy (Gian Pietro Brogiolo, Alexandra Chavarría Arnau). Con-
crete objectives are able to avoid the construction of political identities,
such as that described by Fabio Pinna for Sardinia, where archaeology
is well-funded by the region with the political objective of creating an
identity linked to the Nuragic civilization of the Iron Age.
It is also undeniable that community projects very often drag archae-
ologists in complex social and political environments or ethical issues
linked to the kind of conflictual heritage which is involved in the project
(as in Thomas’ paper). Participatory projects take specialists out of the
ivory tower that academia represents into a wider, in some cases un-
known world, and, in the same way as stratigraphic excavation or GIS
managements require specific innate qualities of the archaeologist, par-
ticipatory research also requires particular skills such as being “open,
friendly and effective communicators, adaptable, good listeners, able to
accept varied opinions, efficient record keepers and evaluators, team
workers” (Gemma Tully).
7
The concluding paper by K. Anne Pyburn, and which is more than a
conclusion, summarizes and discusses the topics addressed in the sem-
inar, ordering them into eight key subjects or themes: Experts versus ex-
pertise, Agents versus agency, Discovery versus interpretation, Democ-
racy versus sovereignty, Public versus community, Education versus col-
laboration, Legal versus ethical, Protection versus appropriation.
The three papers of the Beyond the Theme sections are linked, in a
different way, to research perspectives on past local communities. Enri-
co Zanini, in relation to the research conducted in Vignale (Grosseto),
hopes for a “form of dialogue with the landscape” that recomposes the
“wear”, produced by excavation, through diachronic routes able to con-
nect activities that are repeated over time: the “warp”, understood as
anthropic activity (the road, the furnaces, the vineyards), compared to
the “landscape weft”, dictated by the earth and water. Carlo Citter com-
pares road networks documented in the cadastral maps of 1823 and
predictive analyses using GIS (in particular cost surfaces and attrac-
tors), emphasizing continuity, starting from the Bronze Age, of the net-
work of local connections through which peasants, merchants and own-
ers moved in relation to a central place (and also, it should be added, in
relation to places and resources). Francesca Sogliani and Dimitris
Roubis present a systemic and multidisciplinary research model applied
to the settlement at San Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, including written
sources, ethnoarchaeological data, photo-interpretations, geological and
geopedological research based on excavations, surveys, remote sensing,
geophysical surveys, pollen and botanic analysis.
Finally, in the Retrospect section dedicated this time to Ireland,
Tadhg O’Keeffe not only draws the history of medieval archaeology in
that country, but also addresses some issues: “identity and cultural es-
sentialism, the concept of continuity and change, the relationship of pat-
tern to process, the meanings of words”, that emerge above all in the
relationship between the native, “Gaelic-Irish” population with respect to
the “colonial” castle-owning Anglo-Norman class.
8
beyond
the theme
Francesca Sogliani*, Dimitris Roubis**
The discovery of the
monastic settlement of Jure Vetere
(S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy):
a multidisciplinary project
of landscape archaeology
The archaeological research carried out by IBAM-CNR and the Post Graduate School of
Archaeology (UNIBAS, Matera) on the site of Jure Vetere discovered a remarkably sized
ecclesiastical building that was part of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere. It was
founded by the monk Gioacchino da Fiore at the end of the 12th century and lasted until
the early decades of the 13th century. During the multidisciplinary investigations, an in-
tense methodological survey of the surrounding area of Jure Vetere and five excavation
campaigns of the monastic complex were carried out.
Keywords: landscape archaeology, GIS, monastic settlement, Calabria
Le ricerche archeologiche condotte dall’IBAM-CNR e dalla Scuola di Specializzazione in Ar-
cheologia (UNIBAS, Matera) nel sito di Jure Vetere hanno portato alla scoperta di un edi-
ficio ecclesiastico di notevoli dimensioni, che faceva parte dell’insediamento monastico di
Jure Vetere. Fondato dal monaco Gioacchino da Fiore alla fine del xII secolo, rimase attivo
fino alle prime decadi del xIII. Sono state condotte indagini multidiscplinari, che hanno com-
preso un intenso survey dell’area circostante e cinque campagne di scavo.
Parole chiave: archeologia del paesaggio, GIS, insediamento monastico, Calabria
to Marco Mucciarelli
1. The research history of the monastery of Jure Vetere through the
archaeological evidence
1.1. Introduction
The discovery of the protocenobio founded by Gioacchino da Fiore in
the late 12th c. on the Sila Mountain represents one of the most intere-
sting archaeological case study for medieval archaeology in Calabria
(south Italy). The site, named Jure Vetere Sottano, is located 5 km from
the town of S. Giovanni in Fiore (CS) (fig. 1).
* University of Basilicata (Matera), Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures (DiCEM),
Post Graduate School of Archaeology, francesca.sogliani@unibas.it.
** IBAM-CNR (Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monumentali - CNR), Post Graduate School of Ar-
chaeology, d.roubis@ibam.cnr.it.
PCA 9 (2019) ISSN: 2039-7895 (pp. 343-364) Post - Classical Archaeologies
Received: 15-01-2019 - Accepted: 02-02-2019 - Revised: 23-02-2019 343
Francesca Sogliani, Dimitris Roubis
Fig. 1. Location map of Jure Vetere monastic settlement (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria,
Italy) (elaboration: Dimitris Roubis).
The Institute for Archaeological and Monumental Heritage of the Na-
tional Council of Research (IBAM CNR) has undertaken the archaeologi-
cal research, in collaboration with the Post-graduate School of Archaeo-
logy of Matera (University of Basilicata)1. Preliminary investigations in
2001 (GPR prospecting, photo interpretation), identified the first traces
of buried structures and of collapses relating to a large rectangular buil-
ding oriented E-W. The diagnostic investigations were followed by four
excavation campaigns from 2002 to 20052.
The geomorphologic landscape consists of a small-elongated hill,
oriented E-W and shaped in two terraces, sloping gently to the south at
different levels (from 1090 to 1041 m above sea level). It is bound on
the north side by the Garga - Ceraso road, by a stream called “Pino Bu-
cato”, and towards the south by the path of the stream called Arvo (fig.
1 The research has been undertaken under the direction of C.D. Fonseca, D. Roubis (the Author of
§ 2) and F. Sogliani (the Author of §1).
2 The research project of IBAM CNR has been supported by a partnership with the Archaeological
Superintendence and the Architectural and Landscape Heritage Superintendence of Calabria, the In-
ternational Center for Joachimite Studies and the Municipality of San Giovanni in Fiore. The National
Committee for the Celebration of the 8th centennial of the death of Gioacchino da Fiore and the In-
ternational Center for Joachimite Studies have provided the financial support. The entire project and
the results of the research are published in the monograph FONSECA, ROUBIS, SOGLIANI 2007.
344The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy)...
2). Near the northern edge of the upper terrace, just below the ground
level, a large building was discovered (Architectural Complex A), built in
two phases due to a fire that destroyed most of the buildings in the se-
cond decade of the 13th century. Later on the building was abandoned
and a new monastic settlement was built in S. Giovanni in Fiore, a site
that was climatically more favorable. The old church of the monastery of
Jure Vetere, after a hiatus of three centuries, was occupied by she-
pherds who used it as a shelter during the 17th century.
1.2. Jure Vetere and the medieval Calabrian monasticism
With its absolute novelty, this important discovery has increased our
knowledge about the fundamental experience of coenobitic life regarding
the monastic “florense” organization. The study of this monastic settle-
ment falls within the national and international debate concerning the re-
search on the monastic settlements of the Middle Age, considering both
the historical-architectural aspects and the archaeological ones. The
first aspect deals with the detailed debate on the adoption of architec-
tural patterns that were specific to buildings of worship and monastic
complexes. This debate unfolds through a more evident articulation in
Fig. 2. Jure Vetere: the Digital Terrain Model of the area with the monastic settlement
and the surrounding water courses (elaboration: Dimitris Roubis and Diego Gnesi).
345Francesca Sogliani, Dimitris Roubis
early medieval monastic architecture, and, only after the 9th century,
does it reach a more organic building structure and a hierarchical distri-
bution of spaces.
At the same time, the second aspect concerns the role that the mo-
nastic settlements, Latin and Greek (Sogliani 2015a, 2015b, 2018),
played as mediators of power relations in the exploitation and manage-
ment of local territorial contexts and were investigated by taking into
consideration the written and archaeological sources.
The studies on medieval Calabrian monasticism have, up to now, mainly
focused on historical-architectural and documentary features relating to
the Greek and Latin monasteries, as well as on the relations between the
religious, cultural and economic organization of the Greek and Latin prie-
sthoods (Enzensberger 2001; Corsi 2001). The archaeological approach
to monastic settlements instead appears to be underestimated. The ex-
ception concerns the researches focused on early medieval fortified mo-
nasteries of north Tyrrhenian Calabria and the excavations of monaste-
ries in the central and southern part of the region: S. Giovanni Theresti
at Bivongi (RC), S. Elia il Vecchio at Curinga (CZ), S. Elia lo Speleota at
Melicuccà (RC), S. Angelo in Frigillo at Mesoraca (KR) and S. Maria di Co-
razzo (CZ) (Roubis, Sogliani 2007). There are so far no archaeological
data available for the ordo florensis monasteries in Calabria (Zinzi 1992,
1999). The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere offered
a first consistent set of data, useful in addressing this topic. The overall
analysis of the structure, developed over a five year period of research,
showed that the location of the monastic structures fits perfectly with
the standard requirements for the normal course of monastic life. The val-
ley of Jure Vetere is well suited, from the geomorphological point of view,
for the implantation of a monastery close to perennial streams (Arvo
River and its tributary). It is located, apart from the built-up areas, in the
middle of agricultural and sheep-rearing grounds, enriched by abundant
forests allowing the supply of timber for everyday use such as fuel and
raw materials for building purposes.
1.3. Gioacchino da Fiore and the foundation of the monasterium
The cross reading of the documentary data and archaeological arti-
facts rescued in the stratigraphic sequence, confirms that the large re-
ligious building unearthed on the plateau of Jure Vetere, inter frigidissi-
mas alpes, is the first foundation of the protocenobio of Gioacchino da
Fiore, datable to the last years of the 12th c. (Sogliani 2007a).
Written sources are not suitable to determine the exact year when
Gioacchino da Fiore started the construction of the monastery. Some
346The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy)...
observations suggest between 1188 and 1194, when the term mona-
sterium appears for the first time simultaneously with the mention of
Gioacchino da Fiore as abbas de Flore. The monastery was already esta-
blished and was endowed with a wealth of property rights sufficient for
its operation.
The documentation consists of biographical sources about Gioacchino
da Fiore, written a few years after his death, and of some documents
concerning donations and privileges, drawn up, at the beginning of its
foundation, by the Emperor, the Pope and Nobles for the benefit of the
monastery of Jure Vetere. The physiognomy of the economic and prop-
erty pattern of the first Florense monastery, reflects the monastic ex-
perience of its founder, between “continuity” with the Cistercian order
and the new Florense order. The Vita Beati Joachimi tells us that the
Abbot Joachim moved there from Pietralata in 1188, while he was still
the Abbot of the Calabrian monastery of Corazzo, wanting to establish
a new monastic order with a few monks (De Fraia 2006).
The first document that mentions the establishment of the community
of monks at Jure Vetere is a privilege of 1191. In January 1190 The Nor-
man Tancredi, King of Sicily in Palermo, granted Gioacchino with the pos-
session of the territory “in the place called Fiore” and with “50 annual
some of grain and 300 sheep for the perpetual maintenance of the
monks”. In the view of the 12th century, the first Florense foundation at
Jure Vetere counted quite a few monks, a property which included culti-
vation lands, forests and water next to the monastery and some posses-
sions from the other neighboring monasteries. Moreover, rights and free-
doms were added such as free grazing in the tenimentum of Fluca (in the
territory of Rocca di Neto), the pasture right in aliis tenimentis, que sunt
per totam Calabriam, not having to pay erbatico and ghiandatico and the
right to salt extraction from Calabrian salinae. A further privilege, a pri-
mary source of income, was the freedom to collect incomes of erbatico
and ghiandatico from those who, upon permission of the monks, wanted
to graze their animals on lands owned by the monastery.
1.4. Abbot Matthew and the crisis of the monastic community
With the successor of Gioacchino, Abbot Matthew (1202 to 1234),
disagreements occurred in the monastic community about moving to an-
other place because: Monasterium ipsum positum in montanis usque
ventis expositum adeo est, ut pre acerbitate et assiduitate frigoris
hyems not solum sibi ver vendicaverit et autumpnum, sed in menses es-
tivos suos terminos dilatari. The monks addressed a request to Pope In-
nocent III, concerning an exchange of lands with the Archbishop and the
347Francesca Sogliani, Dimitris Roubis Fig. 3. Jure Vetere: the monastic church discovered by the archaeological investigation (photo: Dimitris Roubis and Francesca Sogliani). “Capitolo” of Cosenza, in order to get the territory of Botrano to move to a more favorable site as regards the climatic conditions. A crisis marked the monastic community and the monastery of Jure Vetere in 1214, when the written sources detected a fire, which de- stroyed most of the buildings of the monastery. Constance of Aragona, wife of Frederick II, mentions the same fire in two documents dated Jan- uary 1215 and June 1216. The monastic settlement suffered a trau- matic event that perhaps caused the collapse and the destruction of some of its parts, which were subsequently restored, due to the eco- nomic help of the Kingdom itself. In a document of Pope Innocent III, dated February 1215 and addressed to Abbot Matthew, the climatic troubles negatively affected the survival of the monastic community at Jure Vetere. The latest mentions regarding urgent displacement needs to a more favorable site, are in a grant by the Metropolita of Santa Sev- erina, in March 1219: quod in frigidis Sylae locis noscitur esse situm, ubi nec animalia, quorum velleribus monachi vestiuntur, algoris rigiditate yemare sinuntur, nec legumina, cotidiana monachorum cibaria, sufficien- ter fieri possunt, proposuimus de amplis possessionibus ecclesiae nos- trae subvenire tibi et monasterio tuo in aliquo tenimento, ubi eiusdem monasterii praedicta et necessaria quaeque valeant exerceri. It is prob- 348
The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy)...
ably between 1215-1216 and 1220 that the first Florense monastic
community permanently displaced and moved, but not far away, to San
Giovanni in Fiore where the Abbey stands today.
The building work of the monks, who settled in this remote place of the
Calabrian Sila in the wake of Gioacchino da Fiore and of those who lived
there under the leadership of his successor Matthew, is represented only
by the church of the monastery, discovered during the excavation cam-
paign. The archaeological excavation (fig. 3), which covered an area of
about 700 sq. m, provided a chronological sequence of life settlement,
completed by some considerations on the various diachronic aspects
which characterized this area (Roubis 2007a). The first chronological pe-
riod (Period I), running from the last decade of the 12th c. until about
1213/1214, corresponds to the construction, occupation and destruction
of the entire first religious building (Constructive Unit 1 = CU 1). Gioac-
chino da Fiore was responsible for this construction, consisting of a 8.10
m wide and 26 m long large nave, oriented E-W, terminating in a 5.10 m
wide and 4.65 m deep straight choir, flanked by a north wing ending with
a small semicircular apse (fig. 4). The nave is also flanked on the south side
by a small chapel with a second small semicircular apse. The rest of the
monastic complex developed beyond this, probably with the eastern wing
of the cloister, the construction of which was never completed.
The architecture and the layout of this part of the building refer to
planimetric patterns of Cistercian origin, as suggested by the long north
wing and the large straight choir that closes the entire complex to the
east (fig. 5). In the church yard, a casting pit for a bell was found in the
southern part of the structure, near the south chapel, in an area not
paved and not covered and where the walls had not yet been built. It was
well suited to the needs of a craft installation of this kind (figg. 6-7).
The casting pit for a bell in Jure Vetere is a new discovery and increa-
ses the number of known cases dating back to the Middle Ages on Italian
territory3. The realization of the bell of Jure Vetere presents strong si-
milarities to some of the practices described in handbooks by Biringuc-
cio, which involves the manufacturing of the bell with the technique of
false clay bell, although it differs in some ways from the codified models
(Biringuccio 1, 2 and 3) (Neri 2006).
Written sources provide further information to support this discove-
ry: a document from October 1216 records the donation of two bells
3 PISTILLI 1993; SOGLIANI 2007b; LUSUARDI, NERI 2007. The only craft installation published in Calabria
is the casting pit in the castle of S. Severina (CS), near S. Giovanni in Fiore, dated thanks to strati-
graphic data between the end of 11th c., and the first half of 12th c., and placed within the productive
work of Teofilo.
349Francesca Sogliani, Dimitris Roubis Fig. 4. Jure Vetere: reconstruction hypothesis of Constructive Unit 1 (drawing: Giulia Sterpa). Fig. 5. Jure Vetere: map with the two Constructive Units, the entrances and the ditch for casting bell (elaboration: Dimitris Roubis). 350
The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy)...
Fig. 6. Jure Vetere: ditch for casting bell; a)
last stage of production, b) finished production
process (photo: Dimitris Roubis and Francesca
Sogliani).
Fig. 7. Jure Vetere: ditch for casting bell; frag-
ments of the mold (photo: Dimitris Roubis and
Francesca Sogliani).
from Abbot Matthew, the successor of Gioacchino, in favor of the sub-
sidiary monastery of Calabromaria, located just to the south, to control
the salt flats on the River Neto, from which the monastery of Jure Ve-
tere derived the revenues each year: “…Pro aliquibus autem rebus, quae
aliquam inde percepimus, damus eis campanas duas, ollam et caldaream
de metallo, ut igitur ipsi libere sibi collata distincte possideant et mutua-
ta, tamquam reddenda custodiant…” (De Leo 2001, pp. 61-68).
A big fire, pointed out by written and archaeological sources (fig. 8),
which probably occurred before October 1214 caused the loss of fun-
ction of the religious building. With regard to the cause of the fire it is
not possible to speculate accurately, however the lack of seismic dama-
ge to the structures shows that it was not an earthquake that determi-
ned the collapse. After the damage caused by the fire, a second smaller
351Francesca Sogliani, Dimitris Roubis
Fig. 8. Jure Vetere: Constructive Unit 1. Macro charcoals remains (photo: Dimitris
Roubis and Francesca Sogliani).
church with apse was built on the ruins of the former building, inserted
into the previous structures (Period II: restoration, building and occupa-
tion of the church; Constructive Unit 2) (fig. 9; see also fig. 5).
In the narrowing of the presbytery, building material from the walls of
the earlier construction was used for the creation of the backward apse.
This material was also used in the reconstruction of the external walls
of the church. This building site returned a lot of archaeological evidence,
relating to the storage areas of lime and sand, aimed at the processing
of the mortar and postholes for scaffolding. An interesting “architectural
indicator”, consisting of an “arched test” relative to the triumphal arch
of the semicircular apse, was found in the southern part of the presby-
tery, which remained undeveloped from its first implementation phase.
The rare archaeological artifacts rescued during the excavation of the
monastic site, not exceeding the first half of the 13th century, attest that
this last construction activity did not seem to last long. It was, presum-
ably, towards the end of this second phase that the monastic community
permanently moved elsewhere and began the desertion of the site. Pot-
teries, metal objects and glass rescued during the archaeological excava-
tion provide a good comparison sample, in the panorama of medieval arti-
352The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy)...
fact productions in the Calabria region. The higher percentage is repre-
sented by ceramic artifacts, mostly painted and glazed vessels used for
the table and a few cooking pots; glassware is represented by “bicchieri
a bugne”, a typology very well dated between 12th and 13th c. and well
known in archaeological sites in Italy. There is a substantial number of in-
dicators relating to the production of the casting bell (Sogliani 2007c).
It is probably between 1215-1216 and 1220 that the entire mona-
stic community finally moved to the site where the Abbey of San Giovanni
in Fiore is located today, in locus Faraclonus. It was undoubtedly more a
suitable area for the development of monastic life and therefore the pro-
sperity of the florense community. Since then a long hiatus until the
post-medieval age (16th-17th c.) affected the monastery. After the aban-
donment of the site (Period III) the whole building underwent a process
of slow decay, up to the post-medieval period, due to the continual expo-
sition to severe weather.
Between the end of 16th and the first half of the 17th c., the collap-
sing masonry fragments and the seasonal occupation of the ruins, used
as a shelter by the shepherds who frequented the surrounding pastures,
Fig. 9. Jure Vetere: virtual reconstruction of the monastic church (Constructive Unit 2)
from the north-west (reconstruction: Francesco Gabellone).Francesca Sogliani, Dimitris Roubis
produced thicker horizons of collapse. It was not only natural degradation
but also the strong earthquake that hit the region in 1638 that accele-
rated this decay.
In the 18th century (Period IV) only some of the ruins of the monaste-
ry were still preserved, still in sight in the first half of the century, as
evidenced by a letter from the Prince of Cerenzia of 1774. The letter
mentioned a few fragments of masonry and some squared stones “pietra
lanova lavorata a scarpello”, perhaps appertaining to the walls of the se-
micircular apse. Over the centuries the abandoned structures became
an open-air quarry, as evidenced by the reuse of a substantial part of the
collapsed masonry even in the walls of the surrounding houses. Between
the 19th and the 20th c. memory of the site was lost, hidden under the
protective mantle of cultivations.
(F.S.)
2. The landscape archaeology of Jure Vetere: research strategies
and exploitation dynamics in the florense proto-monastery
2.1 Methodology
One of the main objectives of the whole multidisciplinary research pro-
ject on the monastic site of Jure Vetere, refers to the methods of ex-
ploitation of the territory of Jure Vetere during the medieval period, be-
tween the 12th and the 13th century4.
Thanks to the multidisciplinary approach applied to a landscape ar-
chaeology research (fig. 10), together with the archaeological strati-
graphic excavation and survey, the research program has integrated the
study of written sources, ethnoarchaeological data, photo-interpreta-
tions, geological and geopedological research, georadar, geomagnetic
and geoelectric prospections, chronotypological and archaeometric
analysis of artifacts, pollen and botanic analyses. In this perspective, fol-
lowing a holistic methodological investigation, we established a working
group collecting historians, archaeologists, geologists, architects, che-
mists, paleobotanists, archaeobiologists, engineers and graphic desi-
gners looking for an integrated methodological approach, which was able
to return the physiognomy of this particular type of settlement and, at
the same time, offer a level of interpretation as acceptable as possible
(Fonseca, Roubis, Sogliani 2007, pp. 87-104, fig. xII, 7) (fig. 11).
4 The multidisciplinary archaeological research highlighted, together with the surrounding medieval lan-
dscape, a remarkably sized ecclesiastical construction (Architectural Complex A) that features two dif-
ferent construction phases called construction unit 1 (CU 1) and construction unit 2 (CU 2): see fig. 5.
354The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy)...
Fig. 10. Jure Vetere: diagram with the archaeological research method used on the site. At bottom
virtual reconstruction of Constructive Unit 2 (diagram: Dimitris Roubis; reconstruction: Francesco
Gabellone).
355Francesca Sogliani, Dimitris Roubis
Fig. 11. Jure Vetere: some of the research methods used on the site (archaeological ex-
cavation, pollen study, geophysical prospections) (elaboration: Dimitris Roubis and
Francesca Sogliani).
The discrete amount of written sources, confirming the existence of
the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere, has certainly stimulated the
questions related to the strategy of the archaeological investigation and
therefore the comparison with the material sources. Furthermore, par-
ticular attention has been paid to the analysis of pedological horizons, in
order to evaluate its main features and define the pedogenetic and geo-
morphic processes. This study, integrated with climate and geochemical
data, allowed us to relate the history of the settlement to the different
evolutionary phases of the landscape, closely connected to the local and
global climatic conditions coeval to the monastic settlement (Roubis et
al. 2008; Roubis et al. 2010). The geomorphological and climatic medie-
val context of the monastic settlement was followed by research into the
historical seismicity of the area, which highlighted that the earthquakes,
and in particular the local earthquake of 1638, were a key element for
the ‘degradation’ of the architectural structure. A series of diagnostic
tests were also carried out on the site, aimed at the identification of ad-
356The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy)...
ditional anomalies, with the primary purpose of driving with precision the
excavation strategies simultaneously applied.
The applications of remote-sensing techniques, based on the use of
multispectral satellite images with a high spatial resolution, allowed us to
integrate the data of the aerial photo interpretation and to expand the
research to the area occupied by the “protocenobio florense”, where the
rest of the monastic complex should have developed. In this area, imme-
diately to the south of the monastic church, four techniques of non-inva-
sive high-resolution geophysical prospections (geoelectric, GPR, geomag-
netic and HVSR), were used to verify the existence of any other buried
structures and to find a response to the anomalies highlighted by the re-
mote sensed images of the area.
The application of this broad spectrum of geophysical methods gave
significant answers to the questions expressed by the archaeologists
during the excavation, from the optimization of the time of data acquisi-
tion, to the investigation cost reduction and ambiguities in the phase of
data interpretation. The archaeological excavation was fundamental for
the interpretation of layers and structures, functional to the subdivision
in periods, phases and activities evidenced by the stratigraphic diagram,
such as the construction / occupation / abandonment / reuse of the site,
as well as the definition of the absolute chronology of the settlement.
The data resulting from the research carried out on the field and
those obtained through the maps elaboration, were computerized in
order to be developed with the Geographic Information System (GIS). Of
particular interest was the study on the paleo environment, which sur-
rounded the monastery at the time of its foundation and during its life.
The archaeobotanical (wood and seed/fruits), pollen and microcharcoal
analyses, allowed the reconstruction of the environment and plant lan-
dscape of the plateau where the protomonastery was founded. They pro-
vided the necessary data for an interpretive reading of the dynamics of
the surrounding land use, from the monastic community (mainly devoted
to pastures) and of the economic exploitation of the territory and, ulti-
mately, the climatic inferences, mainly suggested by pollens.
These studies were able to define the palaeoeconomical characteri-
stics of the site and to provide information on plant use in daily life and
in productive activities (Roubis et al. 2009; Roubis et al. 2010). The
chrono-typological mapping of wall textures, concerning the different
structural parts of the monastic church, was compared to other recent
methodological experiences on medieval architecture in Calabria. Ar-
chaeometric analysis was also carried out on building materials and mor-
tars, both functional for the identification of local or other areas that
supplied the monastic site.
357Francesca Sogliani, Dimitris Roubis
Fig. 12. Jure Vetere: virtual reconstruction of the medieval landscape from the south. 1)
ecclesiastical building; 2) spring; 3) lime kiln; 4) quarry; 5) cultivation land – horticultural
gardens and cereal fields; 6) cultivation land – cereal fields; 7) land used for grazing / po-
tentially used for cultivation; 8) woods / land partially suitable for grazing; 9) stream Pino
Bucato; 10) river Arvo (reconstruction: Francesco Gabellone).
The state of preservation of the architectural complex gave us a full
image of the plan, but only a partial perception of the height of the roof as
the walls do not exceed one-meter high. We tried to overcome this critical-
ness with the application of mathematical estimates of the volumes of buil-
ding collapse, to calculate the height of the original church. Finally, we pro-
posed the axonometric and 3D reconstruction of the ecclesiastic building.
The technical and stylistic-cultural study on the genesis of the architectural
building provided useful elements, comparing it to the later Abbey of San
Giovanni in Fiore and with other architectural complex of “ordo Florensis”.
Finally, thanks to the archaeological data, it was possible to realize a
virtual reconstruction of the medieval monastic complex merged in its co-
eval landscape (fig. 12) emphasizing the first evidence of the archeology of
medieval landscape investigated in the Calabrian Sila (Roubis et al. 2011,
fig. xII,8). The detailed study of spatial analysis based on GIS, the ar-
chaeobotanical analysis and the study of pollen samples taken from differ-
ent points of the excavation area, informed on the existence of horticultur-
al gardens and open sown cereal fields (fig. 12, nn. 5 e 6), land used for
grazing (fig. 12, n. 7) and woodlands (fig. 12, n. 8), together with the ex-
istence, in the surrounding area, of several springs, quarries, lime kilns and
ancient paths which were detected during the field surveys. Even the flora
and fauna were derived from the painstaking and detailed study of the
358The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy)...
bioarchaeological samples from various points identified inside the excava-
tion area. The recovery of seeds, particles of charcoal and other charred
material was achieved by means of micro-excavation in order to determine
not only the types of species present, but also their concentration.
2.2. The medieval landscape reconstruction
The landscape archeology of the site of Jure Vetere, thanks to the in-
tegration of all these data, proposed a model of the territory of Jure Vet-
ere exploitation during the monastic settlement life (end of the 12th cen-
tury – first decades of the 13th century). The GIS platform returned the
results of the exploitation, following the method of the “site exploitation
territory”. The processed data helped us to recognize the two main
areas where the primary (raw) and secondary materials came from, that
were necessary for monastic life (Roubis 2007b; Roubis et al. 2009;
Roubis et al. 2011): (fig. 13) an inner area (A), lying with a radius of 1
km (about a 20 minute journey) characterized by intensive exploitation of
resources, and an outer area (B), lying with a radius of 2.5 km (between
a 20 and 60 minute journey) for subsidiary production activities of a
more extensive nature. There was a functional internal basin that thor-
oughly exploited the resources available and an external basin necessary
for the extensive complementary working activities. The analysis carried
out on the GIS enabled us to calculate the cost of shift referred to time
and to understand the dislocation of the different types of soil that could
be exploited around the site. Regarding the period of monastery life, the
GIS-based processing of the geographical and territorial information con-
cerning the different types of soils, made it possible to identify various
potentially exploitable Environmental Units (= EUs) (fig. 14). The units
were identified using: a) the distance from the monastic site and b) the
land slope. The analysis of the spatial distribution developed on GIS sug-
gests that the lands suitable for the primary activities of the monastery
(activities that were performed almost exclusively by the monks every
day), were included within these Environmental Units. In the Unit closest
to the site (EU 1 = agricultural soils suitable for growing vegetables and
cereals) lands used for seasonally horticultural cultivation - from April to
October might be included. Other units are detectable outside the envi-
ronment of the hill, at a distance of more than 5 minutes walk from the
religious building (EU 2 = area shared in agricultural soils). These areas
are located beyond the rivers flanking the hill and during the Middle Age
it is likely that they were used for intensive cultivation. Using the same
procedure on GIS data processing, the perimeter of the site exploitation
around the monastery, to be covered up to a maximum of 60 minutes,
359Francesca Sogliani, Dimitris Roubis Fig. 13. Jure Vetere: cost surface analysis of the potential exploitation territory around the monastic site (elaboration: Dimitris Roubis and Diego Gnesi). Fig. 14. Jure Vetere: graphic representation of the Environmental Units of the potential exploitation territory around the monastic site (elaboration: Dimitris Roubis). 360
The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy)...
was also drawn. Within this basin we can put extensive supplementary
activities (breeding and exploitation of forests), that were conducted pe-
riodically for a few months each year, mostly by families or single per-
sons employed by the monastery. The main activity was summer grazing
on mountain slopes (EU 3 = terrain which, when free of woods and
maquis or adequately deforested, could be exploited mainly for short-
range grazing). Some other important activities for the economy of the
monastery, were related to the exploitation of forests (EU 4 = terrain
suitable for intensive exploitation of forest).
Finally, according to the complementary exploitation of the basins,
which were located far away from the site, we can consider the use of
these basins for winter grazing, for cultivation and as a place of rest dur-
ing the long journeys that took the travellers from one place to another
(fig. 15). Indeed, according to written records from the early years of its
foundation, the monastery of Jure Vetere was equipped with landscape
estates located at a lower height and for this reason better climatically.
They were at a distance from the monastery ranging from a two-hour
walk to one or more days of travel and were used for the exploitation and
supply of subsidiary resources.
The landscape archaeology of the Jure Vetere site suggested the
construction of a settlement pattern of a monastic type built on the high
mountain of Sila, which can be defined through specific ways of land oc-
cupation and exploitation. The site of Jure Vetere, during its occupation
period in the middle Ages, had an exploitable area of a limited extent,
that was however able to maintain a small monastic community.
The economy of the monks was based on the exploitation of the local
surrounding area for crops, and, especially, for herding. The various ana-
lyses (like ancient sources, geopedology, pollen: to respond to what there
was), as well as the spatial distribution of lands on the GIS (to respond
where they were)5, show that the soils suitable for pastoral use prevail
to those suitable for agriculture, and then reveal that the monastic eco-
nomy was mainly based on breeding. Life in the monastery found itself
caught up in a particularly uncertain situation during the most severe win-
ter months, when the system of sustenance based nearly exclusively on
the supplies, hardly guaranteed a level of self-sufficiency over the collapse
threshold. The traumatic event of the catastrophic fire of 1214, gave a
hard blow to the monastic life, determining the degeneration of an already
compromised situation on the environmental and economic side6.
5 For other case studies of spatial analysis and GIS applications, see WALSH 1999; FARINETTI 2011;
ROUBIS, GNESI 2015.
6 See the final remarks in FONSECA, ROUBIS, SOGLIANI 2007, pp. 427-433.
361Francesca Sogliani, Dimitris Roubis
Fig. 15. Jure Vetere: hypothesis of the supplying resources, located far away from the
site (elaboration: Dimitris Roubis).
To conclude, thanks to the multidisciplinary and integrated study of all
the data, it was possible to provide the information required for an inter-
pretation of the exploitation dynamics of the surrounding territory of the
monastic community. Moreover the investigations allowed us to compre-
hend the economic aspects and the ways the monks exploited the land
by and, above all, the climatic conditions. Finally it was possible to explo-
re the “success” (or rather the misfortune) of this particular monastic
foundation, observed through the landscape archaeology.
(D.R.)
Acknowledgements
The excavation on the site of Jure Vetere benefited from the partici-
pation of researchers from the Institute of Archaeological and Monumen-
tal Heritage (IBAM) of the CNR and of students from the Post-graduate
School of Archaeology of Matera (University of Basilicata, Italy). For the
revision of the English language, special thanks to Sarah Wardrop.
362The discovery of the monastic settlement of Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Italy)...
References
P. CORSI 2001, La Chiesa latina: organizzazione ROUBIS et al. 2008: D. ROUBIS, F. SOGLIANI, M.
religiosa, culturale, economica e rapporti LAZZARI, A.M. MERCURI 2008, Climate,
con Roma e Bisanzio, in A. PLACANICA Geoarchaeological and Bioarchaeological
(ed), Storia della Calabria medievale, I. I Practices, Landscape Archaeology: a
quadri generali, Roma-Reggio Calabria, multidisciplinary approach to evaluate the
pp. 289-320. use and the transformation of a Monastic
Site (Jure Vetere, Italy), “Bulletin of the
V. DE FRAJA 2006, L’ordine florense dai Nor- Geological Society of Greece”, 42(2), pp.
manni agli Svevi (1190-1266), in P. LOPE- 49-60.
TRONE (ed), Atlante delle fondazioni floren-
si. Schede, Iconografia, Storia, Soveria ROUBIS et al. 2009: D. ROUBIS, F. SOGLIANI, A.M.
Mannelli, pp. 201-278. MERCURI, C.A. ACCORSI, M. BANDINI MAZ-
ZANTI, G. BOSI, A. FLORENZANO, I. MASSAM-
P. DE LEO (ed) 2001, Documenti Florensi. Abba- BA N’SIALA 2009, Exploiting a monastic
zia di San Giovanni in Fiore, II, 1, (Codice territory: a multi-disciplinary approach
Diplomatico della Calabria, Serie Prima, using GIS and pollen analysis to study the
Tomo II), Soveria Mannelli. evolution of medieval landscape of the
H. ENZENSBERGER 2001, La Chiesa greca: orga- Jure Vetere monastery (Calabria-Italy), in
nizzazione religiosa, culturale, economica J-P. MOREL, A.M. MERCURI (eds), Plants
e rapporti con Roma e Bisanzio, in A. and culture: seeds of the Cultural Her-
PLACANICA (ed), Storia della Calabria me- itage of Europe, Bari, pp. 107-120.
dievale, I. I quadri generali, Roma-Reggio ROUBIS et al. 2010: D. ROUBIS, M. LAZZARI, A.M.
Calabria, pp. 263-288. MERCURI 2010, Fattori climatici, sistema
E. FARINETTI 2011, Boeotian Landscapes. A GIS- ambientale e scelte insediative: il caso di
based study for the reconstruction and studio di Jure Vetere (S. Giovanni in Fiore
interpretation of the archaeological - CS), in F. D’ANDRIA, D. MALFITANA, N.
datasets of ancient Boeotia, Oxford. MASINI, G. SCARDOZZI (eds), Il dialogo dei
Saperi. Metodologie integrate per i Beni
C.D. FONSECA, D. ROUBIS, F. SOGLIANI (eds) Culturali, Napoli, pp. 117-132.
2007, Jure Vetere: ricerche archeologi-
che nella prima fondazione monastica di ROUBIS et al. 2011: D. ROUBIS, F. SOGLIANI, F.
Gioacchino da Fiore (indagini 2001- GABELLONE, M. DANESE, D. GNESI 2011,
2005), Soveria Mannelli. Archaeological Landscapes through GIS
(Cost Surface Analysis) and Virtual Real-
S. LUSUARDI SIENA, E. NERI (eds) 2007, Del fon- ity: A case study on the monastic site of
dere campane. Dall’archeologia alla pro- Jure Vetere (Calabria – Italy), in On the
duzione. Quadri regionali per l’Italia set- Road to Reconstructing the Past. CAA
tentrionale, Atti del Convegno (Milano, 2008, Computer Applications and Quan-
23-25 febbraio 2006), Firenze. titative Methods in Archaeology, Pro-
ceedings of the 36th Conference (Bu-
E. NERI 2006, De campanis fundendis. La pro-
dapest, April 2008), Budapest, pp. 279-
duzione di campane nel medioevo tra fonti
287.
scritte ed evidenze archeologiche, Mila-
no. D. ROUBIS, D. GNESI 2015, An improved algo-
rithm for cost-surface allocation analy-
P.F. PISTILLI 1993, s.v. “Campana”, in Enciclope-
ses: the case-study of the Bradano Valley
dia dell’Arte Medievale, Treccani.
(Basilicata, Italy), in C. PAPADOPOULOS, E.
D. ROUBIS 2007a, Ricerche archeologiche a PALIOU, A. CHRYSANTHI, E. KOTOULA, A.
Jure Vetere. Organizzazione delle indagi- SARRIS (eds), Archaeological Research in
ni, strategie di intervento, scavo strati- the Digital Age, Proceedings of the 1st
grafico, in FONSECA, ROUBIS, SOGLIANI, pp. Conference on Computer Applications
87-132. and Quantitative Methods in Archaeolo-
gy, Greek Chapter (Rethymno, Crete,
D. ROUBIS 2007b, Archeologia del paesaggio a 2014), Rethymno, pp. 28-35.
Jure Vetere: il proto monastero florense
e le sue risorse territoriali, in FONSECA, D. ROUBIS, F. SOGLIANI 2007, Conclusioni, in
ROUBIS, SOGLIANI, pp. 389-416. FONSECA, ROUBIS, SOGLIANI 2007, pp.
427-433.
363You can also read
