Panjamishri (Dactylorhiza Hatagirea D.Don Soo.) A Potent Drug in Ancient Medicine: A Review on Its Historical and Phyto-Pharmacological Perspective
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Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN: 1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 1, 2021, Pages. 5004 - 5022
Received 15 December 2020; Accepted 05 January 2021.
Panjamishri (Dactylorhiza Hatagirea D.Don Soo.) A Potent Drug in Ancient
Medicine: A Review on Its Historical and Phyto-Pharmacological Perspective
G Raju1, Rajitha V2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, SreeGokulam Medical College & Research Foundation,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India & Research Scholar,Vinayaka Mission‘s Research Foundation (Deemed to be
University),Salem, Tamilnadu,India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy,Vinayaka Mission‘s KirupanandaVariyaar Medical College,
Vinayaka Mission‘s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamilnadu, India
Email: 1rajugangadharakurup@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Panjamishri (DactylorhizahatagireaD.DonSoo) could also be really celebrated botanic origin drug in ancient
system of medication. Monocot genus hatagirea(D. Don) Soo, noted as 'Panchaunle' in Nepali; crucial
medicative plant species ―distributed at intervals range at elevation between 2800 - 4000m above water level‖.
D.hatagirea mostly used as nutritive and restorative tonic for its properties of aphrodisiac and astringent, wide
used to cure communicable disease, diarrhoea, persistent fever, cough, stomach ache, injury to living tissue,
injury caused by exposure to heat / flame, fractures, general weakness, significantly in a very weakened ladies
once birth including improve tending to liquid‖. In this evaluation feature Initiation, Explanation, Vital
ingredients and Healing uses of D.hatagirea to be specified nearer something. Recent analysis explains
confirmed outcome in opposition to Escherichia coli; objective inquiry points out known some herb along with
leaflets, seeds instead flowerets worn on seasoning, nourishment, healing or rather fragrance is additionally
nearly new to rise the volume of androgen besides facilitate to improve sensual impulse. It‘s been found that
evolution activities - grazing, trampling, over exploitation, unscientific suggests that of harvest jointly account
for declining population size of liliopsid genus hatagirea. Further investigation on plants will extend segregation
of latest molecules; ready been useful medicaments of erotic pathology. This flora need to been jurisdiction to
characteristic of animals along with a human being research seeing easily identified potency, underpinning
chemical characterization of herb, their result on male reproductive gland functions may offer substantial proof
in future. Vast utility of Panjamishri in ancient system of medication with additional scope for developing it as
potent therapeutic tool.
Keywords
Monocot genus hatagireaD.Don So, Panjamishri, Panchaunle, Ancient system of medication
INTRODUCTION
It has been calculated that around 250,000 to 750,000 species of upper plants exist on world but
ball unit of measurement scientifically investigated for healthful effectiveness. There unit of
measurement over 2000 species of plants with Ethnobotanical importance out of that relating to
1,600 species of plants unit of measurement calculated to be used in ancient medication and
majority of that awaits correct documentation. 49% of listed healthful plants unit of measurement
herbs, 29% trees, 14% shrubs and eight unit of measurement climbers[1]. Out of 437 species,“82
species happiness to 40 genera unit of measurement nearly new healthy functions within
Nepal[2]”. Among the 82 species of healthful importance, 33 unit of measurement terrestrial
(40%), 43 unit of measurement epiphytes (53%) and 6 unit of measurement of mixed
surroundings(7%).
Liliopsid genus NeckerexNevski(Orchidaceae) is additionally a variety of concerning seventy five
species, “distributed throughout planet with fifty eight categories in Europe and northern portion
of the African continent[3]”.Foremost effective groups strong establish in Northwest Europe
whereas, nine sorts of liliopsid genus unit of measurement endemic. “Distribution of liliopsid
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genus surrounds greatest in amount of Europe, pleasant Asia, northern portion of the African
continent, Japan, Aleutian Islet than north segments in Northern America. Monocot genus
additionally a awfully tough group and forever gift categorization difficulties[4][5]”.Relating to
fifty species primarily distributed in Europe and Russia, extending east to peninsula, Japan, and
North America, and south to alpine areas of sub tropic Asia and N continent (Zhengyi and
Deyuan, 2009), only one species is found in Kingdom of Nepal (Press et. al,2000). Liliopsid
genus hatagirea mentioned under vulnerable species in Kingdom of Nepal. It's categorized in
CITES appendix II (WWF,2002),―verified by Convention Assessment Management organize
(CAMP) study group,2001 placed it below vulnerable status‖. It's a vital healthful “plant species
importance for analysis and management given by government. Government of Kingdom of
Nepal (GoN) belonging to Forest act (1993) in addition to Forest Regulation (1995), maintain
prohibited assortment, business, import and use of liliopsid genus hatagirea (DPR,2006).”
“Utilization of Orchids like D.hatagirea in medication choices a awfully vast history and first to
use themasseasoningmedication by Chinese[2](Bulpitt,2005).”
“Orchids valuable as medication by the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids,
glycosides”[2].Existing follow, over-exploitation, illegal trade and grazing unit of measurement
golf stroke nice pressure on its wild population.
D.hatagirea is one in every of the foremost important species of flower with high value in
medication and trade. Orchids unit of measurement found in good selection of “ecological
conditions, throughout year other than oceanic surroundings including habitation having ultimate
freezing.”[2] Related to environmental conditions altitude play associate outsize influence on
composition of flower species and easily identified division (Jacquemynet al.,2005). Bulk is
found among the tropics, for most part Asia, S. America and C. America, but they're put together
found on high of Arctic Circle, Southern Pantagoina, even a pair of species of Namatocera on the
brink of Antartica(Bulpitt,2005). Monocot family is one in every of foremost various families of
flowering plants, morphologically various and widespread. “It's considered among second largest
family of flowering plants” once asteroid magnoliopsid family. “Plants unit of measurement
terrestrial, epiphytic and saprophytic in surroundings[2]”.“Orchids unit of measurement
documented not just the value of ornamental, consider put together his or her utilities in
seasoning medication[6]”(Sumner,2000).
“One third of the family related to Terrestrial species[6](Swarts and Dixon,2009) possess very
little and because of isolated population inserting them in danger to survival[6].”
Panjamishri (DactylorhizahatagireaD.DonSoo.) may well be a vital healthful plant used in
ancient system of medication. The name monocot genus, genus of monocot genus springs
“daktylos, implies finger, rhizaimplies root, from Greek words relating genus as palmately two -
to five-lobed. Resembling to five fingers Panchaule,common name in Nepali put together
resolves particular reality the genus name (Dactylorhiza)”. Monocot family, best delineate by
species monocot genus“hatagirea(D.Don)Soo, thought of manifold uses world widely”. It's wide
accustomed cure varied diseases like communicable disease,“diarrhoea, persistent fever, cough,
abdomen ache, injury to living tissue, injury caused by exposure to heat / flame, separation,
extensive tiredness along with wide nearly new stylish medication”. A shot no longer of any
significance created get the measure of healthful “prospective type” every in the middle of
ancient put together as in stylish medication system. These properties unit of measurement
presupposed “rehabilitate beyond altogether completely distinct combination of active; gift
among the flora”[7]. Writing paper come up with appropriate knowledge relating to healthful
resources to consider as very important healthful flower.
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Dactylorhizahategirea (D. Don) Soo additionally be also a monocotyledonous species of Orchid
family also observed as Panchaunle, Aralu, Salap(Sanskrit),Lob, Hatajadi(Nepali) and
Ongulakpa(Sherpa).It‘s a range endemic medicative flower, happens “from 2800-4200 m on top
of from water levelin sub-alpine and alpine zones.”“Usually found in Jammu and geographic
region, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh of Republic of India and
different countries like Pakistan, Bhutan and China”(Baral and Kurmi,2006)[8].Terrestrial, erect
herb, up to sixty cm high. Plant options a high worth as a medicative flower, obtaining employed
in “relating toIndian arrangement of medical science, significantly the science of life (Ayurveda),
Siddha and Unani treatment”[9].“Protuberant part are sweetened, chill, softening, styptic,
soothing, nervine also rejuvenating stimulant, helpful in the middle of polygenic disorder,
dysentery, pulmonary tuberculosis, long standing looseness of bowels, pioneering delicacy,
nervous break down, cerebropathy, thinness and general debility”(Dhar and
Kachroo,1983)[10].“A simmering of rhizome is beneficial in colic pain”. Powder utilized to
alleviate pyrexia; be sprent above lesions to visualize hemorrhage. ―Tuber is in addition worn in
relating to urinary difficulties, conjointly pre-owned even as containing starch food”. “Rotund
taproots of monocot genus hatagirea(D.Don)Soo (Fam. Orchidacea) similar to protuberant part
of Orchismacula(Orchidaceae) and performance supply of Salep, handed-down historically
within relating to India landmass for a special purpose among facing the north along with Nepal
even as venereous and sensual restorative”[11]. “Belonging to thought of simultaneously
nutritious associate degreed serving to restore stimulant in addition to conjointly an alternate
supply of Salep worn terribly usually inside Europe”(Thakur and Dixit,2007)[12].
“The plant protuberant part of D. hatagireacarry glucoside, a pungent material, amylum,
adhesive, ovalalbumin, detect in evaporative lubrication together with cinders”(Dutta and
Karn,2007).“Tubers contain glucosideloroglossin, a bitter substance, starch, mucilage
(45%),albumen, phosphate(2.7%), chloride, uncover of volatile oil with ash”(Bhatt
etal,2005)[13].“Synthetically, Dactylorhins A-E, Dactyloses A with B, fats exist
unexpectedlyeventhough prime components”[14].Immature leaflets with shoots ingest
simultaneously a herb. Basis is medicinal drug, styptic, relieving inflammation or irritation,
extremely nutrient. Powdery root is canopy wounds to manage hemorrhage. “A simmering of the
idea is given in cases of abdomen hassle, conjointly used as aphrodisiac and sexual stimulant”
(Badola and Pal,2002)[15]. It's propagated by seed and rhizomes. “Pits exist terribly minute
(dusty) carry hardly any nourishment set aside. Seed germination within nature is extremely poor,
0.2% to 0.3%”[16].
Historical Background :
“Phrase Orchid was expressed by Theophrastus as inquiry of flora correspond having testicles.
Greek expression Orchid accurately means testicles”[17].“This could record to be used of Orchids
as stimulant in olden culture; the past of classical various arrangement of medication Ayurveda
and ancient Chinese medication are on forefront”(Badola and Pal,2002)[15].“Ancient Chinese
medication wide employ orchids in therapeutics. A number about it are exposed to phytochemical
and pharmacological studies”[18].“In Republic of India effort own bring moving on chemical
investigation of number of being medicine helpful orchids. Eulophiacampestris, Orchislatifolia,
Vandaroxburgiiare number of vital flora to mention”[19].“Dendrobiummacraeiis further vital
orchid action starts Ayurvedic purpose of perspective. It‘s talked ofthe future supply of
Jivanti”[20]. “Cypripediumparviflorais wide worn as stimulant moreover a nerve tonic within
originating from the West now especially as a form of alternative medicine”[17,18].“Asthavarga is
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very key element of assorted classical Ayurvedic formulations like Chavyanprasa”[21].Many
medicative orchids happen announced to carry organic compound.
“Germicide benefits of infrequent orchids are recommended though elaborate investigations are
still warranted”[22].Present day efforts own described separation of Anthocyanins, Stilbenoids in
addition to Triterpenoids activity starts Orchids. Orchinol, Hircinol, Cypripedin, Jebantine,
Nidemin and Loroglossin unspecified vital biochemicals described out of Orchids.
Historical aspects:
“Indicating the source eight components of Ashtavarga, four are described of the future Orchids”
[23]
(Table.1).
Table.1 manifest octadmedicative floras employed within Ashtavarga, blended
Ayurvedicexpression[23].
Table 1.Medicative floras employed withinAshtavarga[23]
S.No. Ayurvedic Botanic title Ancestry Slice worn
1 Jivaka Malaxismuscifrea Orchidaceae Bulb
2 Rishbhaka Malaxis acuminate Orchidaceae Pseudo-bulb
3 Meda Polygonumverticilliatum Polygonaceae Rhizome
4 Mahameda Polygonumcirrifolium Polygonaceae Rhizome
5 Kakoli Roscoeaprocera Zingiberaceae Root
6 KshiraKakoli Fritillariaroyeli Liliaceae Root
7 Riddhi Habenariaintermedia Orchidaceae Root
8 Vriddhi Habenariaedgeworthii Orchidaceae Root
“Undetermined relating to phytochemistry outlying activity starts Orchids in conjunction having
organic supply”[23] are tabulated in Table2.
Table 2.Vital flavonoids secluded following Orchids[23].
S. No Title of Flavonoid Flavonoid category Origin
1 Aeridin Phenanthropyran Aeridescrispum
2 Agrostophyllinol Triterpenoid Agrostophyllumbrevipes
3 Agrostophyllinone Triterpenoid Agrostophyllumbrevipes
andAgrostophyllum callosum
4 Isoagrostophyllol Triterpenoid Agrostophyllum callosum
5 Arundinan Stilbenoid Arundinagraminifolia
6 Cypripedin 1-4 phenanthrenequinone Cypripedium calceoluspubescens
7 Loroglossin Glucoside Orchislatifolia
8 Jebantine Alkaloid Dendrobiummacraei
9 Gigantol Bibenzyl Dendrobiumnobile
10 Moscatilin Bibenzyl Dendrobiumnobile
11 Dendrobine Alkaloid Dendrobiumnobile
12 Anthocyanins Dracula Chimaera12
13 Nudol Phenanthrene Eulophia class Nuda
14 Melianin Glycoside Vanda roxburghii
15 Nidemin Triterpenoid Nidemaboothi and Scaphyglottis
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16 Kinsenoside Glycoside Anoectochilusformosanus
17 Rotundatin and Phenanthrene Dendrobiummoscatum
moscatin
18 Gymopusin Phenanthrene Bulbophyllum gymopus23
Scientific / Taxonomical Categorization :
Kingdom: Plantae
Unranked: Angiosperms
Unranked: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Tribe: Orchideae
Subtribe: Orchidinae
Genus: Dactylorhiza
Species: Dactylorhizaincarnata
Botanical Name: Dactylorhizahatagirea(D.Don) Soo.
Synonyms: Orchislatifoliavar.indica
Fig. 1 :The plant of D. hatagirea.
( Photo Courtesy: Pant and Rinchen) .
Taxonomic description:
Dactylorhizahatagirea (D. Don.) Soo( Orchidaceae )
Herb with five fingered tubers; stem 0.3-0.9m long; leaves several, 5-15 cm; flowers in spikes
and lip noticed with dark purple. Flowering in June-July and mature in July-September.
Botanical Description :
“Tellurian, straight herb, becoming sixty cm big, besides lobed split up tuberous root. Leaflet
area unit generally simple otherwise elongate-tongue shaped or ovate. Floret purpled-lavender,
rose or seldom colour less, numerous blossom closely set barrel-shaped
inflorescence”[24].“Unusual nature of flora exist it residue vertical in inadequate snowfall”[25].
Structural traits[50]:
“Flora is sublunary hairless herb be at peak of 20-25 cm. Rootsomewhat planar, lobed carve up
into 3-5, digit like fold, shoot up to ninety cm lengthy, upright, vacant, lush all round otherwise
bottommost segment bring little protective cover lamella. Leaflets area unit 4-6, cauline, foliage
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rectangular straight simple, 8.0-15.0cm x 1.5-3.0 cm proportions, bottom protective cover, crest
dull alternately of a leaf shape” [49].
Floral Characteristics[49] :
“Inflorescence is flower cluster, 5.0-15.0 cm extended, thronged in addition to several floret.
Floweret area unit purple, thereforeleaflike part inexperienced, barely shaft formed, bottommost
husk prolonged in contrast to floret, higher a bit small.Floweret area unit concerning 1.8 cm
lengthy, together with spiral stimulus.Calyces as well as perianth area unit about alike.Thrice of
that kind a cocktail, therefore 2 sides unfold outward. Margin is orbit, slight 3-lobed, noticed
unlighted blue-violet. Stimulus linear, cylindric, all but extensive because ovary; string terribly
tiny; reproductive structure adnate to its features, section disunite; pollinia a pair of, caudicles
connected to a pair of little spheric, glutinous glands engulfed in a very tiny sac impending the
wide, 2-lobate brand”[49].
Climate and Soil[49] :
“Plants grow within high weather middle and Western mountain range wherever median summer
transposition extent allying 15 to 18°C with cold area unit terribly rasping usually beneath the
temperature. Florafill out marvelous in wet hayfield ground. Aforesaid humus area unit
sometimes black gray, powdered, sabulous top soil, mineral granular loam next to bigger pit.
Germination and maturation occur between Gregorian calender month June - July of the year, as
long as the flora display floret connecting Gregorian calender month - August of the year,
typically floweret area unit detected up to September. Mature happens when September until the
onset of Fall. 25% have seen the plant stay exchange the snow like wise. Respondents were but,
unaware concerning the means that of propagation.”[49]
Uses:
Tuber : medicament, Glycoside aphrodisiac, astringent, demulcent, nerve tonic, in infectious
disease, respiratory disease and burns.
Active constituents : Glycoside
Materiamedica of Medicinally Vital Orchids :
( Singh& Duggal,2009) ( Ranpal,2009)[23,24]
Dactylorhizahatagirea(D.Don) Soo.
Syn :OrchislatifoliaL.
Common name :Salampanja, Marsh orchis, salep orchid.
Ayurvedicname :Munjataka.
Botany :
Tubers area unit slightly planar, palmatelylobate. Stem is typically 30-50 cm big, lush with
one or two protective cover scales within the lower portion. Leaves area unit upright, ovoid-spear
shaped, 7-15 cm lengthy, dull along with a protective cover base. Flowers area unit pink-purple,
thronged in terminal, inflorescence racemes”[27].
Parts used : Roots.
Phytochemistry: “Mucilage, Starch, Glucoside: Loroglossin, albumen, volatile oil and ash”[26].
Actions: “Aphrodisiac, medicament and nervine tonic”[26].
Therapeutics: Polygenic disease, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Paralysis, Recovery, Impotence and
Deficiency disease.
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Vernacular Names :
Arabic:Salab,khaziyat-ul-salab,salabpanja; Chinese:ZhangLieLan;
Latinname: Dactylorhizahatagirea (D. Don) Soo, Orchislatifoliavar.indica;
Hindi:Salam,Salammisri, Salampanja, Salampanja, Salap, Salibmistri, Salampanja;
English: Himalayan Marsh orchid, Orchis, Marsh orchid,
Salep.Urdu:Oodsaleeb(oodgharqi),Salabmisri(khusyat-us-
salab),Salabmisri,Salap;Telugu:Salamisri; Kannada:Salamisri; Tamil:Salamisri;
Malayalam:Salamisri; Sanskrit:Mujjataka, Munyatakah, Salampamisri, Salampamisri;
Ayurvedicname :Salampunja ;
Unani name:Buzidan, Salabmisri; Kumaon: Hatajari;
Nepali:Paanchaule, Paanchaonle, Paanchaunle
(resembling to 5 fingers);
Kashmiri: Salem panja; Ladakhi :Ambolakpa;
Common name: Himalayan Marsh Orchid, Spotted Heart
Orchid
Trade name:Salampanja
Habit and Habitat:
Table 3: Study Species
Species/Family Local Name Altitude(m) asl
Dactylorhizahatagirea Panchaunle (N)Wanglak (S) 2800-4000m
(D. Don.) Soo (Orchidaceae) (9,200–13,100 ft).
Distribution:
―Plant is indigenous and close to endemic to Indian chain region‖(Samantetal,1998)
(Vedetal,2003)(Vijetal,1992)[29,30,31].Genus“Dactylorhizahatagirea (D.Don)Soo,earlier
renowned OrchislatifoliaHook‖(Kala C P,2000)[32].Terrestrial orchid normally referred to as
Salampanja, Hatajari in Garhwal Himalaya. “Tubers of this species, normally told as
‗Salampanja‘ area unit renowned to yield prime quality ‗Salep‘ extensively utilized in native
drugs as restorative tonic for its propertiesofaphrodisiacandastringent(KalaCP,2000)[32],
arranged as critically endangered[33]rare[34],listed beneath appendix II of CITES”[35].“Studies
points to evaluate allowance per handiness in healing vital orchid D.hatagirea(D.Don)Soo, within
its essential fame.InIndia,rumored from Jammu and Kashmir,Sikkim,
ArunachalPradesh,Uttarakhand,HimachalPradesh”(DharandKachroo,1983)(Bhattetal,2005)[10,1
3,34,36]
.It‗sregionally referred to as in Uttarakhand as “Panja, Salam-panja, Hath-panja,
HattaHaddi or Hatajari ; in Kashmir as Salem panja and in numerous elements of Ladakh as
Wanglak or Angulagpa. DonSoó could be a terrestrial perennial nonwoody orchids. “Plant is
native, close to endemic to Himalayan region in open grassy slope, alpine meadows (Dhar and
Kachroo,1983)[3,10,35,36]purple in a very terminal spike, borne on a sturdy leafy stem. Grows well
in wet sites, defoliated zones, woody plant land with extended meadows as Palmatelylobate root
tubers”.
Distribution and Occurrence:
Flora of China Editorial Committee,2009 encryptitsdistributionfrom600–
4100m);WesternHimalaya(Afghanistan, Pakistan), India (Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim),
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Kingdom of Nepal (Hulma, Dolpa, Doti, Kaski, Gorkha, Rasuwa, Sindhupalchok, Dolakha),
Bhutan, South – East China.D.hatagirea could be a Himalayan endemic medicative orchid found
in range of mountains Hindu Kush Himalaya. Incidence is highland and tall areas out of 2800-
4200 m on top of from water level (IUCN, 2004).“Aside from Kingdom of Nepal chain of
mountains, happens within same elevation span of India, Pakistan, Bhutan with China
too”[23].Within India, it‘s been recorded within range region across Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
Table 4: Frequency ofoccurance and density of genus Dactylorhizahatagirea among four
environment within the study space
Habitat type Frequency (%) Density (individuals/m2)
Scrubland 85.416 1.791
Rocky surface 55.555 1.222
Meadows 33.333 0.666
Mixed 94.117 4.058
Attitude of native individuals towards harvest home of genusDactylorhizahatagirea :
In line with responses of native households of Ghasa, Lete VDC, following medicative plants
were employed in the village. Medicative plants collected from neck of woods, forests and
grasslands. D. hatagirea(Panchaunle) prohibited for harvest home, majority (84.37%) respondent
square measure unaware concerning it, customarily harvest for several uses. Harvest home is
completed by employment of ancient tools. Once harvested, because plant's tuber is very
important, none were left within the space near settlement. Process includes sundry, squash,
grinding.
Vegetative propagation:
Dependent germination has sensible benefit for each conservation and gardening; remains
associate in nursing “underused implement for orchids in danger on Indian landmass. Genus
Dactylorhizahatagirea(D. Don)Soo – theme about such research-indigenous to India, Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Nepal, Tibet with Bhutan wherever it‘s record since vulnerable. Reported precious
discussions point toward cultivate D.hatagirea out of seed victimization mycorrhiza fungi
resulting in its introduction”. “Seeds exist get out of potted, planted at length oat meal agar along
with fungi remote since tuber in grown D.hatagirea herb”. “Victimization little enactment
method, literature exist transferable to teleomorphic subdivision Ceratobasidium. Ingrain seeds
prompted inside 100% sprout inside ten periods about planting, well protocorms exist granted
when forty periods. Seedlings along with mature radicle, beet, stalk last attain when three
calendar months”. “Initial report documenting in application of dependent seed germination to
acquaint associate in nursing an orchid native to the Indian landmass”[39].
Propagation Material[49]:
“Substances for increase in numbers square measure pits and protuberant part fragments. Flora
may exist adult on cacophonous the maturation rhizome. Undisturbed pits failed to appear
sprouting as per and thermoregulator as well as wet ( temp.10-150C; humidity 90+5%)
situations. It in all probability needs thawing below snowdrift toward concerning 4-5 calendar
months, mycorrhizal class towards sprouting. It‘s reportable to exist associate in nursing naturally
creeping, imperfectly create strains due to inseminate distinction” [49].
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Fig.2 : Adaptation of undisturbed seedlings in the greenhouse
(Photo Courtesy :https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-p.
Agrotechniques of Selected Medicinal Plants: Vol.III : 18 - 20 )
Increasing Seeds and Spores[49] :
“Vegetational procreation between truffle piece is sort of during unspecified flora. Little portions
of root of 4.0 mm size, along plant tissues square measure reportable spread a small plant once
relocated at 5.0cm -7.0cm bottom by separate of 15cm x 15cm. Flora lifted against truffle
fragment evolve tuberaceae with rhizome when one year and it suit concerning 4.0 - 8.0 cm
high” [49].
Propagation time estimate, Prearrangement[49]:
“Propagation between pits is incredibly short with by no means fertile outcomes are acquired to
date. In essential environment, grain gravidness last organize designate among 20 to 30%. Seeds
down in land possessed against owned innate environment on minor distances offers higher
outcomes. Assortment about premature along with recent grains against quality increased
fertilization proportion. About 1,11,150 roots or segments square measure needed only area unit
dry land with square measure displaced at ranging of thirty cm aside”[49].
Soil Cultivation & Dung Approach[49]:
“Dry land ought to exist plowed with intersect plowed to own a excellent condition. The sector
ought to be ready and created at large from isolate prior to transplantation. Eutherian dung with
woodland debris therapy enlarge being alive, extension with capitulate. About five t manure is
needed for one area unit of land. Dung demand will increase at bottom elevations with at 1800-
2000 m roughly 10.0-15.0 t/ha dung is needed relying upon soil fertility”[49].
Implanting and Ideal range[49]:
“Little portions of truffle of 4.0 metric linear unit dimensions along plant tissues square measure
reportable to grow a young plant once implanted at 5.0 -7.0 cm bottom around range up to 15cm
x 15cm”[49].
Mixed cropping process[49] :
“Mixed cropping with A. heterophyllum Wall.exRoyle is set up appropriate thanks to close
oligotrophic conditions permanently growing with capitulate. Manuring with
Swertiachirayita Roxb. ex Fleming is additionally recommended toward lesser financial gain
against the growing of medicative flora”[49].
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Inter reliantly with Conservation applications[49] :
“Recurrent segregating at each seven to ten days particularly throughout the flavour approval
best growing”[49].
Sprinkling operations[49] :
“At the first phase, 80-90% humidness is needed on flora evolution about growth with foliate
beginning. Irrigating by each twelve hours is required, particularly toward bottom height
throughout the phase”[49].
Harvest majority and gathering[49] :
“Truffle exist normally gather following five years to get a fine capitulate. Occasionally it is
collected following two or three years of the truffles exist nearly new nourishment,
nervinestimulant andvenereous”[49].
Ethnomedicinal Uses of Medicativeflora :
In line with responses of native households of Ghasa, Lete VDC, following medicative plants
were employed in village. These medicative plants were collected from neck of woods, forests
and grasslands. Root stock paste of D.hatagirea employed in cut, burn, infectious wound, all
kind of skin allergies, skin diseases for fast healing. Locally, it‘s processed by cleansing and
drying. Dried rootstock is created power, employed in wounds. Powder either may be drink with
milk as tonic or may be used as spice.
Table 5 :Ethanobotanical Literature :
Scientific name Vernacular name Source/Locality Habit
Dactylorhizahatagirea(D. Don) Soó Hatajari Sub-alpine forest Herb
(Orchidaceae)
Ailments Plant used Methods of Doses
Preparation
Wounds, HatajariDactylorhizahatagirea) Root paste is 5gm (bid)(x 3d)
Cutsand applied to treat cuts
Boils
Local use of Dactylorhizahatagirea:
“All over 81.25% per respondent usage herb as assorted view-medicative, nerve stimulant,
decorative with consumed as herb; out of that entirely 7.5% responsive raise its believing usage”.
Total responsive usage herb tubers within blow with injury. Puree out of root put in among injury
related between blow, terribly useful once there‘s cut on back of ears. Plant extremely
“functional toward handling indigestion, acute rhinitis than sometime stated till expectant
female. Dehydrated as well as fine – grained root assorted along with milk of a yak with honey
than along with Yartsagunbu, (Cordycepssinensis or Ophiocordycepssinensis) Caterpillar fungus,
act although a stimulant, sometime specified to the youngster as well”. Powder is in addition
terribly successful during spermatic frailty, trot than constant suffering”. Bloom remain engaging
during complexion, sometimes usage toward ornamental motive.
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Action and Uses in other Ancient Medicines :
“From the tuber juice is extracted used both as tonic as well as for treatment of Pyorrhea”.
Application of root paste as poultice on cuts and injury to living tissue and extract is given in
abdominal anarchy. “It is worn as considering ossein wound may be coined the term
HattaHaddi”.
Dactylorhizahatagirea (Orchidaceae)
Part used Roots
Plant Extract Aqueous
Chemical constituents Steroids
Traditional uses
Aphrodisiac activity, Nutritive and restorative tonic.
Medicinal use ofDactylorhizahatagirea:
Dactylorhizahatagireaof its according ability to boost male virility and
[41]
strength”(Senwaletal,2010) .Medicative worn just as juice wherever it‘s consume into rebuild
woun. Basic history rather like mostVajikaran herbs, seems to be accustomed some restricted
medicative functions; “better do entirely worn just as a sensual catalyst as male human”. Tuber
yields salap, reputed as expectorant, aphrodisiac, as nervine tonic. D.hatagirea do utilised current
“assorted anarchy as age-old generation in Ayurveda, Unani also ancient Chinese medication as
owned varied medicative tract. Young petals unit of measure seized just as herb; Root do worn
just as delicious, abate, demulcent, bitter, erotic, balmy, reconstruct nervine boost, together just
as nutritionary supplement”. A stewing of“root inclined in bellyache irritation. Crumb known
alleviate delirium; dredge past bruise into analysis drain also accelerate curing”. “Root do in
addition utilized current urinary anxiety; put together worn just as starchy feed”. Entirely variety
of research square measure carried to illicit medicative property of D. hatagirea.
Medicinal plants employed by Vaidyas / native folks in Uttarakhand[43] :
Part Used :Tubers & Roots
Dose : 3-5 gram along milk either honey.
Fig. 3 :Panchamisri(DactylorhizahatagireaD.DonSoo.) root
Some of the analysis unit of measure illustrated below:-
D.hatagirea exhibit hygienic equity across S.aureus and E.coli. As E.coli, aerial element present
loads of sterile impact just as correlated via root. Here herb will do a hidden offer as deriving
recent antimicrobial composites as considering diarrhoea begin through E.coli. One more
research, root regarding D.hatagirea revealed erotic tract”[24].
Pharmacological activity:
Antibacterial activity:
―Between two elements of D.hatagirea, Zonation of inhibitions (ZOIs); in case of every
approved life forms,butEscherichia coli less complicated live rhizome part than aerial part.
Establish happen especially prone to take out of the indicated herb; discussing is disturbing out
of mythological utilize of D.hatagirea fascinating record such E.coli, single in every per the
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extremely immune bacterium via artificial medication. Now handling dysentery related on E.coli,
plant may exist likely offer as advancing current healthful composites.”(Ranpal,2009)[24]
Screening and analysis of antibacterial activity alloted by agar well diffusion methodology and
determination of MIC values alloted by two-fold serial dilution methodology. Test organisms
were Staphlococcus
aureus(A),Escherichiacoli(B),Shigellaflexineri(C),Pseudomonasaureginosa(D) and Bacillus
subtilis(E). All the diluted plant extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, except
petroleum ether extract of aerial part of D.hatagirea. Methanol extract of rhizome part, aqueous
extract of aerial part showed better ZOIs among other. Petroleum ether extract and chloroform
extract of aerial part and methanol extract of rhizome of D.hatagirea showed antibacterial
activity against E. coli. Other showed no activity. Chloroform extract of aerial part showed
foremost effective ZOI i.e.14 mm against E. coli among all tests conducted at intervals in the
laboratory.
Antibacterial activities of petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract of aerial elements,methanol
extract of rhizome found same against S.flexineri ; showed 6 mm of ZOI. Against S. flexineri,
aqueous extract of rhizome of D.hatagirea showed foremost effective activity having 13 mm of
ZOI.
Five antibiotics, namely, Azithromycin (At), Amikacin (Ak), Ciprofloxacin (Cp), Norfloxacin
(Nx) and Nitrofurantoin (Nf),were tested for all five bacteria. Simplest ZOI values of varied
extracts of rhizome and aerial part of D.hatagirea against five bacteria were compared 33 with
ZOI of antibiotics; was conducted to hunt out strength of antibacterial activity in relation to
antibiotics.Among five antibiotics, Ciprofloxacin and Nitrofurantoin was broad-spectrum
bacteria, having no any resistant choice developed against it. Azithromycin, Amikacin and
Norfloxacin haven‘t got a control on E.coli, i.e.,D.hatagirea has become proof against these
antibiotics.
D.hatagirea has larger ZOI than Ciprofloxacin on S.aureus, it‘s effective than Ciprofloxacin.
ZOIs of rhizome, aerial elements of D.hatagirea against S. aureus are capable that of
Norfloxacin, they are together equally effective against S. aureus. For E. coli, aerial part of D.
hatagirea less complicated than its rhizome. Throughout this case, effectiveness of aerial part of
D.hatagirea regarding Ciprofloxacin. For Sh.flexinerai, effectiveness of rhizome is greater than
aerial elements of D.hatagirea and shut to Ciprofloxacin, but low than various standards. For
P.aureginosa, aerial part of D.hatagirea has no resistance but its rhizome has low resistance as
compared to the standards.
For B. subtilis, aerial part of D.hatagirea has no effectiveness. But ZOI values of rhizome of
D.hatagireaand Ciprofloxacin are same against B. subtilis, as a result they are equally effective
against this bacteria. “Aerial part restricted resistance against some bacteria whereas Rhizome
part of D.hatagirea has fight in case of all Gram-positive with Gram negative bacteria. Rhizome
part is less complicated than Aerial part in opposition to every trial being but E.coli when there is
comparison of ZOIs uniting pair elements of D.hatagirea.”(Ranpal,2009)[24]
Spermatogenicactivity :
“Helpful in up sexual behavior and performance also. Herbage display the success in up and
stopping usefulness in sex organ”(Thakur M and Dixit VK,2007)[12].“Herb is competent in
reference appointive as ingredient remedy as sensual pathology. Tight proof that plant increase
the level of testosterone in grown-up male rats. Analytic information about testosterone together
counsel that slightly elevated quantity in testosterone within grown-up males ends up by an
extend physical attraction than encouragement”(Bancroft J,2005)[9].
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Inflammation along with Immunology :
“Phagocytesin remote RAW264 phagocytes, a freed from water excerpt
of Dactylorhizahatagirea was ready to rise the discharge of nitrogen monoxide by more or less
161%” (Senwaletal,2010)[41].
Interactions with Hormones – Androgens :
―200mg/kg of the water excerpt specified to male rats everyday above route of twenty eight
period is in an exceedingly position reduce relating to testosterone concentrations from
2.33ng/mL to 9ng/mL (386% of basis merit;286%growth)‖(KunwarRM,etal,2006)[40].―Solitary
learning has renowned an growth in testosterone with concupiscence increasing quantity of
herbage‖.
Sexuality and Pregnancy:
Libido:
“200mg/kg of a preserved excerpt in radicles of Dactylorhizahatagirea for twenty eight days is
in a position to boost male rat appeal toward females (2.5-turn up) with live ready till alter
increase lag (36% depletion) with post-ejaculatory latency(36%)in an exceedingly way sexual
desire improvement.‖[41] ―There‘s a rise within the penile erection index beheld beyond
100mg/kg of Dactylorhizahatagirea(defatted water excerpt) everyday fortnight to rats, though
became but profitseenwith Curculigoorchioides and Chlorophytumborivilianum‖(Senwal
etal,2010)[41].― Such own exist eminent hence and 200mg/kg of root water excerpt above twenty
eight days[41] seems to own sexual desire enhance properties, and in comparison against different
ayurvedic herbage on erect penis sign charisma gave impression to exist smaller potentfertility‖.
―Within male rats,100mg/kg ofastringywaterextractof Dactylorhizahatagirea specified orally
above way about fortnight exist ready growth semen calculation by 28.22%;
(Senwaletal,2010)[41] a
efficiencyadmireidenticaldosageofChlorophytumborivilianum,Asparagusracemosusand Curculig
oorchioides‖(Senwal etal,2010)[41];was not related to multiplied fructose content of spermatids.
Implement concerned within Stimulant possibilities[50]:
On Sensual incentive seeing or else plenty of nerve cells of besidesympathetic nerves free nitric
oxide (NO)gas. cGMP successively causes involuntary non-striated muscle cells all over phallus
to moderate, resulting in expansion with multiplied variability in blood among penile tissue.
Blood is basically concerned within the penis associated leads to an erection (Palmer – 1999).
Erection ceases when a minute as a result of cGMP is hydrolyzed by Phosphodiesterase type-5
enzyme (PDE-5) among inactive GMP. (The PDE-5 enzyme resides within the penile tissues).
Stimulant possibilities impede the resolving activity of PDE-5 along with the outcome such vital
C.GMP multiply. ‗Collected‘ and lengthen the assembly between expand blood flow(Chew
etal.,2000).After numerous persons exist just now depending on medicinal herbs on health
protection(Griffin etal.,1998).In Ayurveda, one of the plants that have on aphrodisiac effect
which includes Dactylorhizahatagirea(Orchiadaceae) identical to rhizome of Orchis macula
(Orchidaceae) with present like origin as for root, traditionally old hindustan mainly inside north
sector with Nepal exist stimulant also sensual restorative. An alternative source of root worn
early often within Europe(Bhattarainet al.,1996), preserved dissolved draw out as for radicles
exist deliberate towards result on sensual conduct with spermatogenesis in male albino rats. Its
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regarded since major venereous herb within Ayurveda setting also occur engaged amplify
production too like enlarge robustness and liveliness (Bhattarainet al.,1996).
DISCUSSION:
Panchamisri(DactylorhizahatagireaD.DonSoo.) is one among foremost helpful medicine in
ancient system of medication.―Dactylorhizahatagirea is taken into account as a crucial stimulant
herb within Ayurveda writings utilized to boost production yet on growth strength along with
energy‖[43]. ―Utilization in such herbage by professionals of ancient medication occur recurrent,
though small or no research-based proof is offered for its putative sensual beliefs‖. Ascertained
energy storing activity proved come by physique and organ mass is connotative testosterone
intervention of medicine revive. It‘s possible that extracts facilitate in up testosterone handiness
to gonads. Rise in testosterone quantity outdated related to average; vital grow in physical
attraction yet. Clinical knowledge on testosterone additionally recommend that rather multiplied
quantity of testosterone in grown-up males leads to associate multiplied physical attraction and
arousability. “Additionally spare proof that for peripheral responses in SystemaNervosum
associate multiplied testosterone level may be a should that isn‘t the instance just in exhibition of
Systemanervosumcentrale venture”(Samant etal,1998)[29].Associate better serum
androgenamount when management of excerpt may well exist thought about jointly in
contributory elements liable considering associate general increase sensual production within
served teams. Anatomy of Impotence own additionally exist related to and small serum androgen
amounts. ―Increased quantities of androgen when therapy may well exist expected while an
occasion considering use in herbage within care per impotence yet‖(Thakur and
Dixit,2007)[12].Typically, ―Orchids are cultivated by vegetational method that yet as between
seeds‖.
―Dactylorhizahatagirea(D.Don)Soo(Family Orchidaceae)may be a peak elevation liliopsid,
everlasting, earthly Orchidaceous plant. Its ordinary allocation enlarge out of European union to
northern Africa with main,
[13,32,37
westernalsoIndochina,Indonesia,PhilippinesandSingapore.(Bhattetal,2005)(KalaCP,2000)
]
reported its existence in mild to tall sectors (2500 to 5000 m) in India, Pakistan and Nepal.‖
―Truffle of infinite strains, normally trade in out as ‗Salampanja,‘ are noted to capitulate a prime
standard ‗Salep‘ comprehensively employed in native medication as nervine restorative for its
styptic and stimulant effects‖(Kala CP,2000)[32].―Classified as captiously vulnerable
(Conservation Assessment and Management Plan; CAMP status), seriously consistent
(International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural resources; IUCN status) record
beneath addendum II of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
(CITES)‖(Bhatt etal,2005)[13,37].
―About the premise in issue design, inhabitants standing with amount of phylogeny influences,
D.hatagireabecame put beneath class of ‗cramped issue than serious force‘[37]‖.―Fame particular
than innately moderate extending strains within the world[32,44],poorly make species thanks to
insect specificity, demand as mycorrhiza coalition as pit sprout‖. ―Absolutely exist additionally
ascertained all D.hatagireaown limited dispensation in their domain‖[45].Yearly use of ‗Salep‘
get in this regard strains in India regarding 7.38 tones (estimated roughly Rs.50.0 lakhs), highest
of it foreign against opposite nations[32].―Since flora is eatable than own tall healthful worth,
numerous extents of disruptions, such as feeding force, development with unknowingness of
assortment also generation own developed within reduce of infinite strains out of owned normal
domain‖[46].―One of foremost applicable steps toward protecting overused strains will boost
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multiplication techniques along with inspire farming. About the premise as for involved writings,
accomplished neither foregoing describe at length vegetation proliferation of D.hatagireaat
victimization root pieces about bottom promotion‖.
―Evaluate of overgrowth proliferation is incredibly steady, source development in the
environment additionally especially impoverished 0.2 to 0.3%‖[47].Single Orchidaceous plant
capsule contains several seeds, ―shortage metabolism mechanism including don‘t possess some
reproductive structure seed‖. ―Not withstanding awfully sizable amount of seeds made, solely
few seeds germinate in nature‖[48].Terrestrial species have lot of rigorous necessities for
germination; very little is thought regarding their specific necessities (DePauw et
al.,1995).―Several investigators experience rumored problems in developing source of
earthbound orchids (Ardittietal.,1981;Rasmussen,1992;Zettler etal.,2001).
Worldly orchids may live lot of enthusiastic about mycorrhizalmould in contrast to epiphytic
strains(Stoutamire,1974),creating invitrowithout symbiosis source shootup troublesome‖.
Invitrosprout of orchidaceous plant genesis is crucial a segment of preservation and propagation
plan, because ‗smut genesis‘ area unit little, carry little nourishment set aside. ―Vegetal raise
happen longtime technique of protective distinctive features of flora within ulterior relation.‖
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) area unit noted to have an effect on root formation, therefore
―position of auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid; Polyamines in ontogeny investigate‖
(Hartman et al., 2002).
CONCLUSION
Some healthful plants area unit employed in ―Ayurvedic statements as erotic capability to boost
staging similarly on expand strength including vigour‖. ―Vegetative medication run into possible
look on varied styles of physique disorders‖. ―Request of flavoring medication shoot up gradually
spread similarly as developing countries as a result of it guarded, completely permit balance such
medical aid medication‖. ―Knowledge is documented in herb‘s binomial nomenclature, familiar
title of herb, relations, half worn for stimulant venture & source‖. ―Researchers from varying
fields area unit investigation latest flora accompanied by a watch to their venereous quality‖.
Additional ―exploration working flora will multiply shielding of recent particles which can be
useful considering investigation of sensual malfunction; flora ought to be made prone to fauna
also human being examines to work out efficacy‖.
―Dactylorhizahatagirea is itemize in Supplement II of CITES, easily identified assortment,
marketing area unit banned; there has a decline within convenience of D.hatagirea, thanks to
extend in demand out of cropping as well as crushing. Deficiency of realization, gathering as
private utilize, dearth of safe keeping set up within research space might conjointly report to say
no D.hatagirea‖[48].
―Recent analysis shows favourable reaction counter Escherichia.coli, test manifest so herb is
additionally worn to expand levels of testosterone, moreover facilitate to extend physical
attraction‖. Most aim of this article is to target healthful potential of such wasting time healthful
“Future analysiscounsel thatOrchidaceous plant, ought to managed during a technique to stay in
mental properties precise surprise herb; scrutinizing/ segregating/ specifying dynamic essential(s)
combinations gift in it”[4].At the yet, ourselves must always conjointly attempt, establish active
compound to blame for every and each property, establish if they act one by one or together with
alternative compounds gift ‗within the surprise herb‘. Moreover, keeping seeable ‗urging besides
estimation experienced varieties‘, it‘s imperative this additional analysis required to beat these
issues, conjointly to market raising, proliferation, appreciation and preservation of such species
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through individuals contribution; infact across varied protection strategies for example, unaltered
and ex-situ[7]. It will be finished that there‘s immense utility of Panjamishri in Ancient system of
medication with additional scope for developing it as a potent therapeutic tool.
Results conjointly corroborate packaging that flora is doing entity appointed even as „made from
herbs rehabilitate for sensual abnormality‟(Thakur and Dixit,2007).Further research explaining
about the enzymatic composition of herb, easily identified impact on justification of the testis
might offer valid proof in the coming years.
Conflicts of interest
All authors own in no way to express.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the contribution of various resources from the library of Vinayaka Mission‘s
KirupanandaVariyaar Medical College, Vinayaka Mission‘s Research Foundation (Deemed to be
University),Salem, Tamil Nadu and therefore the faculties of the department of Anatomy.
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