Overview of Traditional Aromatic Medicinal Plants for Diabetes in the City and Proximal area of Khemisset (Morocco)
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456 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October-December 2021, Vol. 12, No. 4
Overview of Traditional Aromatic Medicinal Plants for
Diabetes in the City and Proximal area of Khemisset (Morocco)
Khal Layoun Soad1, Ibrahimi Halima2, Benkhnigue Oufae1, Lerhlibi Hajar2, Bour Abdellatif1,
Mohamed Fadli2
1
Laboratory of Biological Tests; 2Laboratory Nutrition, Health and Environment; Faculty of Sciences Kenitra,
Ibn Tofail University, B. 133 Kenitra Morocco
Abstract
According to the French Diabetes Federation, 5 million people died of diabetes in 2015. One person dies of
diabetes every 6 seconds in the world. In developing countries, patients often resort to traditional medicine
using aromatic medicinal plants (AMPs).
Some of these plants contain toxic phytochemicals. In this work, we used questionnaires distributed to
patients to develop an inventory of the MPA used in the city of Khémisset and its province, geographic area
located east of the city of Rabat (political capital of Morocco). The way of use and the used part or parts of
the plant are determined.
So, a catalog of 41 used antidiabetic plant species has been inventoried in this region. These species are
systematically grouped into 40 genera and 24 botanical families. The Brassicaceae and Fabaceae families,
with four species each, are the most represented; The Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae and Lamiaceae families
have three species each. Olea europaea, Allium cepa, Coriandrum sativum, Caralluma europea, Citrullus
colocynthis, Tetraclinis articulata and Lupinus lotus are the most popular species. The leaves are the most
used organs (26.83%) and 43.90% of the used medicinal flora contains a significant number of toxic
compounds.
Keywords: Diabetes; Therapy; Medicinal plants; Way of use; Khemisset; Morocco.
Introduction Note that diabetes and its complications have
significant socio-economic repercussions on the
Diabetes is a real public health problem in the
patient and on his family environment. About the
world. It affects about 4% of the world’s population
patient, for example, it can cause high blood pressure,
and is expected to increase to 5.4% in 2025 [1]. It is
disrupt cardiovascular activity and damage the blood
a chronic multi-factorial disease resulting in a high
vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys and disrupt.
blood sugar level. The normal value for fasting blood
glucose is 0.8 to 1.2 grams per liter. Below these So, in many patients, especially in countries
values, one is in hypoglycemia, and above one is in where treatment is not supported by the state, the
hyperglycemia. This metabolic abnormality is due to high costs of conventional treatments direct diabetics
the insufficiency or misuse of insulin by the body. to traditional remedies [2]. Thus, the WHO has
been interested in this behavior by encouraging the
intensification of pathway research, including those
Corresponding Autor : using traditional herbal treatments [3].
Mohamed Fadli
Email: fadli_fadli@hotmail.frIndian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October-December 2021, Vol. 12, No. 4 457
In this context, we have designated the present Amaryllidaceae :
work for a study of these types of plants in the
Allium cepa L : consumption of the bulb in kind.
region of Khemisset, a geographical area located 50
km north-east of Rabat (Administrative capital of Apiaceae :
Morocco). Thus, in this context, an ethnobotanical
study was carried out in this region to establish the Coriandrum sativum L : infusions of the seed are
catalog of medicinal plants used in the traditional used.
treatment of diabetes in order to valorize them with Petroselinum sativum Hoffman : decoctions of
a view to the subsequent production of improved the leafy stem are eaten.
traditional medicines.
Apocynaceae :
Material and Methods
Caralluma europea L : the racket (leaf ) is
Study environment
consumed in powder form.
The city of Khemisset is 86 km from Rabat,
Nerium oleander L : leaf-based in cataplasm are
55 km from Meknes and 120 km from Fez. It hosts
used.
About 185 124 inhabitants. It is also the capital of the
province of the same name, the province of Khemisset Asteraceae :
which is located in the region of Rabat-Salé-Kenitra
Artemisia absinthium L : infusions of the leafy
Study methods To achieve the objectives, we stem are eaten.
have established a questionnaire survey. As in the
Cladanthus arabicus L : infusions of flower head
works of Benkhnigue et al. [4], it is a questionnaire
are consumed.
that was based on the systematic determination of the
plant used and its used part or parts, the way of their Lactuca sativa L : the leaf is consumed in kind.
use. The nomenclature of plant species follows that
Brassicaceae :
of the third version of the botanical classification of
angiosperms established by the phylogeny group of Brassica oleracea L : the leaf is consumed in kind
angiosperms [5].
Brassica rapa L : cooked root is eaten.
Sampling of the studied population
Lepidium sativum L : seed-based decoctions are
A sample of 190 individuals was questioned. consumed.
Individuals were randomly selected from the weekly
souk at a rate of 30 persons surveyed per week. Thus, Raphanus sativus L : the root is consumed in kind.
a total of seven (7) weeks was required. Cucurbitaceae :
Resultats et Discussion Citrullus colocynthis (L.) : the fruit is used as a
Catalog of used plants: poultice.
The inventoried species are cited in the catalog Cucumis sativum L : cooked fruit is consumed in
(below) according to the botanic Family. Also, The kind.
mode of use and used parts of the plant are cited :
Cucurbita pepo L : cooked fruit is eaten.458 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October-December 2021, Vol. 12, No. 4
Cupressaceae : Myrtaceae :
Juniperus phoenicea L : leaf-based macerations Myrtus communis L : leaf-based decoctions are
are used. consumed.
Tetraclinis articulata Benth : leaf-based Oleaceae :
macerations are used.
Olea europaea L : leaf-based decoctions are
Euphorbiaceae consumed..
Euphorbia echinus Coss et Hook : macerations Plantaginaceae:
based on the stem are used.
Globularia alypum L : leaf-based infusions are
Fabaceae : eaten.
Ceratonia siliqua L : pod-based infusions are Poaceae :
used.
Hordeum vulgare L : macerations based on seeds
Lupinus albus L : seed infusions are used. are used.
Phaseolus vulgaris L : the pods are cooked and Phalaris canariensis L : seed-based decoctions are
directly used. used.
Trigonella foenum-graecum L : seed-based Rosaceae :
macerations are used.
Prunus armeniaca L : almonds are eaten in nature.
Gentianaceae :
Rutaceae :
Centaurium erythraea Rafn : stem-based
Citrus aurantium L : fruits are eaten in kind.
decoctions are eaten.
Sapotaceae :
Juglandaceae
Argania spinosa L : almonds are eaten in kind.
Juglans regia L : leaf-based infusions are used.
Solanaceae :
Lamiaceae :
Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. : fruit-based
Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb : leaf-based infusions are
decoctions are used.
used.
Theaceae :
Lavandula stoechas L : leaf-based infusions are
used. Camellia thea Link : leaf-based decoctions are
used.
Salvia officinalis L : leaf-based infusions are used.
Xanthorrhoeaceae :
Lauraceae :
Aloe succotrina Lamk : macerations based on the
Cinnamomum cassia Blum : bark-based
stem are used.
decoctions are eaten.
Zygophyllaceae :
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees : bark-based
decoctions are eaten. Zygophyllum gaetulum Emberger & Maire :Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October-December 2021, Vol. 12, No. 4 459
decoctions based on flower heads are used. histological alteration of the kidneys and disruption
of biochemical tests [16]. The tannins of Ceratonia
Mode of use and used parts of the plant
siliqua inhibit trypsin function, resulting in male
Of the 41 used species, fifteen (15) were used in elimination of tryrosin causing inflammation of the
«leaf» form, seven (7) in stem form, five (5) in «seed» pancreas [17]. Trigonella foenum-graecum, taken in
form, and three (3) in «root» form. . But sometimes high doses, causes neurological disorders, depression
the use may concern the whole plant or several parts and central nervous system stimulation [18]. Salvia
of the plant; Thus, the results show that for five species officinalis is dangerous for children because of the
a simultaneous use of the leaf and the stem. important presence of b-thuyone and its essential oil
can cause epileptiform convulsions [19]. Cinnamomum
Various ways of using to benefit from the zeylanicum taken in high doses, has an abortifacient
medicinal virtues of the used plants but the infusion, and / or embryofetotoxic effect in rats [20]. The toxicity
the decoction and the direct consumption of the plants of Prunus armeniaca is due to hydrocyanic acid and
are the three principal ways of use causes headache, confusion, tachycardia, respiratory
Toxicity of certain used plants: disturbance, vomiting, muscle rigidity, convulsive
coma, dilated pupils, acidosis, hypotension [19].
The used plants, although they are hypoglycemic, Some gastroenteritis has been recorded in infants
some of them could be toxic. As, long-term and breastfed in cows fed on stalls with Argania spinosa
high-dose treatment with Pisum sativum causes [13]
. Regular and prolonged consumption of Camellia
inflammation of the nerves and a risk of abortion thea can create chronic intoxication, theism, which
in women [6]. In high doses all parts of Caralluma. is manifested by insomnia, anorexia, weight loss,
europaea are very toxic [7, 8]. Nerium oleander constipation and nervous disorders [13]. At a very high
contains cardiotonic glycosides and the ingestion of a dose, Aloe succotrina juice is irritating to the skin and
single leaf can be fatal to an adult [9] and the addition mucous membrane [21].
of crushed seeds of this plant to the diet of rats has led
to the death of rats [10]. The poisoning is manifested About species richness, this study allowed
by vomiting, vertigo and cardiac blockade [11]. Due us to develop a catalog of 41 species of
to the presence of a psychoactive compound, the antidiabetic plants systematically divided
essential oil of Artemisia. absinthium is toxic even into 40 genera and 24 botanical families.
at moderate doses. It causes seizures, epileptiform The Brassicaceae and Fabaceae, with four species each,
and tetaniform seizures [12]. Seeds of Lepidium are the most represented botnic families, followed by
sativum, taken in large quantities, cause irritation Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae and Lamiaceae families
of the mucous membranes. Similarly, the poultices with three species each. The leaves are the most used
of this plant can cause skin inflammation [13]. The organs in local therapies against diabetes. With an
Ingestion of Citrullus colocynthis causes irritation of utilization rate of 26.83% leaves are the most used.
the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, This choice is justified by the fact that they are known
bloody diarrhea and kidney damage [14]. Residues of as the site of synthesis of secondary metabolites in the
Tetraclinis articulata cause serious disorders of the plant [22] and the ease and speed of their harvesting.
digestive tract and pollen could cause allergies [15]. Moreover, herbal remedies were prepared as a
All parts of Euphorbia echinus contain a milky decoction, infusion and in-kind. The «decoction»
latex that causes irritation on contact with the skin and, mode remains the most frequent, with a rate of 26.83%,
extracts of this plant added to the diet of rats cause this could be explained by the fact that this mode
remains the most efficient way for the extraction and460 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October-December 2021, Vol. 12, No. 4
assimilation of the active ingredients while warming Conclusion
the skin. However, this mode destroys some active
41 species of AMP divided into 40 genera and
principles of the plant [23].
24 botanical families are used as antidiabetics in the
These antidiabetic preparations are all prescribed geographical area studied. The most consistently
orally and rarely macerated or dermally. This represented families are Brassicaceae and Fabaceae
prescription could be explained by the fact that this with four species each, followed by Asteraceae,
pathology is linked to deep organs. To reach them, Cucurbitaceae and Lamiaceae with three species each.
any compound must pass through the digestive system Olea europaea, Allium cepa, Coriandrum sativum,
to facilitate its assimilation [24]. Caralluma europea, Citrullus colocynthis, Tetraclinis
articulata and Lupinus lotus species are the most
Olea europaea, Allium cepa, Coriandrum sativum, popular species. For 70% of the plants used, leaf or
Caralluma europea, Citrullus colocynthis, Tetraclinis leafy stem, seed or fruit are the parts of the plant most
articulata and Lupinus lotus are seven species the exploited to lower blood sugar. 75% of them are used
most demanded in antidiabetic preparations in the in kind, infusion or decoction. The sheet alone is used
study area. Works by Benlamdini et al. [23] confirmed with a rate of 26.83%.
the traditional use of these plants in the treatment of
diabetes. The results also show that 43.90% of the
inventoried species has a variety of toxicity that can
Moreover, in the study area 18 species (43.90%) affect different biological systems of the diabetic.
used, beside their antidiabetic power, are toxic. Their Thus, vigilance vis-à-vis the use of these AMP is
intoxications are cited in previous phytochemical required.
studies. So, to avoid misuse of these plants their
toxicities are to know. Conflict of Interest: The authors of this work
agree to publish it in the form in which it is presented
Moreover, in the study area 18 used species and declare that they have no conflicts of interest
(43.90%), beside their antidiabetic power, are toxic.
This toxicity depends on the species and / or the part Funding : This research received no specific grant
used in the plant, the frequency of use, the duration of from any funding agency in the public, commercial,
use and the used dose. The consequences of the toxic or not-for-profit sectors.
plants used vary depending on the species as well.
Ethical approval :
However, the toxicity of some can not categorically
prohibit their therapeutic uses [25]. Indeed, many All stages of this study were carried out in
plants are known to be toxic and to be medicinal. accordance with the recommendations of the Internal
Thus, the use of poisonous plants in the therapy of Ethics Committe of the Ibn Tofail University Kenitra.
certain diseases must respect the saying of paracelsus This procedure were examined and approved by the
«nothing is poison, everything is poison: only the dose Committee.
makes the poison». However, for chronic diseases
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