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out of dahlem
ASTA FU MAGAZINE | No 15 | SUMMER SEMESTER 2014 | ENGLISH VERSION
In Remembrance of Mahmud Azhar
DOCTORAL STUDENT AND SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT AT THE BIO-CHEMISTRY
INSTITUTE OF FREE UNIVERSITY BERLIN. ON JANUARY 7th 1990 HE WAS
SEVERELY INJURED BY A RACIST ASSAULT ON HIM ON FU CAMPUS.
TWO MONTHS LATER HE DIED FROM HIS INJURIES.
contents
University and Antifascism
4 Thoughts, Irritations and Open
Questions
In Remembrance of
6 Mahmud Azhar
A Racist Murder on the Racism and Colonial Continuities
FU Campus
14 at the University
Interview with
Wandji Chamberlin
Cheering away
18 Thomas de Maizière
Protests Against the Former On the criticism of the
‚Defence‘ Minister‘s Visit to
Humboldt University
19 Coburger Convention
as a self-named racial and
fraternity elite in Germany
Women and
28 Right-Wing Extremism
Interview with Forschungsnetzwerk Frauen
und Rechtsextremismus [Research network
women and right-wing extremism]
A Newspaper Project of the New
32 Right is Looking for Movement
The Blaue Narzisse [Blue Dafodil]
and the Identitarians
On the Education Policy of the party
38 „Alternative für Deutschland“
[alternative for Germany]
Putting the Record Straight
Exhibition “Russenlager”
42 [Russian Camp] and Forced Labour
Pictures and Accounts of
PfiFf
The “Projekt für interdisziplinaere
Soviet Prisoners of War
46 Faschismusforschung [project for
interdisciplinary research on fascism]
as an Example for Critical Education and
Research from Below
Anti-Fascist Research
and Education
48
Interview with apabiz [Anti-
Fascist Press Archive and
Educational Centre]
ANTI-FASCIST ISSUE
editorial
Sorry for the wait. It took a long, now
it‘s time again: After almost one year of
work, we present you the new anti-fas-
cist issue of the out of dahlem.
We want to dedicate this issue to
Mahmud Azhar, a person only very few
remember. Azhar was a PhD student
at the Institute of Biochemistry at the
Free University of Berlin, when he was
insulted with racist taunts and brutally
beaten up in early 1990 at the campus
of the university. Two months later he
died from his injuries in hospital. With
this issue we want to commemora-
te and point out that racism - just like
any other form of oppression - does not
simply stop at the doorsteps of univer-
sity.
To make the story of Mahmud Az-
har - as well as the our other contents
- available for as many people as possi-
ble, out of dahlem is published in three
diferent languages for the irst time.
There is a German, an English and a
French edition of the magazine.
At the end of this editorial we want to
add a trigger warning: The articles and
interviews are about documenting and
criticizing right-wing, sexist and racist
activities or ideologies at university and
elsewhere from an emanzipatory - es-
pecially feminist, anti-racist and anti-
fascist - perspective. We couldn‘t help
but quote right-wing student unions,
‚new rights‘ oder nazis in some artic-
les. We still hope to have created you an
informative, exciting and empowering
issue!
Your out of dahlem editorial staf
3
OUT OF DAHLEM | NO 15
University and
Antifascism
Thoughts, Irritations and
Open Questions
by Laura* (correspondence from Marburg) That means, if fascism is characterized
by components like centralism, oppressi-
on, discrimination and being determined
u
by others – doesn‘t antifascism need to be
niversity and antifascism – an un- decentralized and plural, as non-hierarchi-
common combination? Before I cal as possible, sensitive for discriminati-
was able to answer that question, on and aiming for self-determination? And
I irst had to think about the terms: Antifa does antifascist work therefore not neces-
– fascism – antifascism. An insight in irst sarily include much more than just the core
connotations: sector of antifascist action (with the menti-
oned resistance against and the information
What comes to mind when I think about ‚an- about right-wing/fascist attempts)? From
tifa‘? this perspective, a much broader view on
the connections between the university and
Blocking nazi-demonstrations. Stickers the possibilities and necessities of antifas-
such as „Being nazi means getting in troub- cist approaches opens up.
le“. Batches, black-and-red-coloured lags.
I think about white men in the black block. At this point I wanted to add a bigger ca-
talogue of questions concerning content and
(Fair?) enough. social position of the university, its space, its
aspects of hierarchy and participation plus
So what about Antifa plus university? An- the interactions between its members...
tifa-department of the students’ union?
Talks about right-wing rock Buses to de- However, in the interest of not getting it
monstrations? Activism against repressi- completely wrong, I decided to do a short
on? I am struggling to ind overlaps at irst: research concerning the terms of fascism,
On the one hand the political scene with its antifascism and antifa. Just to end up more
clear positioning; focused on active resis- confused than before. Well, doesn‘t seem to
tance – on the other the seemingly ‚politi- be so simple after all: Fascism regarded as
cally neutral‘ (but national) institution as a the historical period or a theoretical concept?
place of abstract knowledge and ‚objective What‘s the role of capitalism? Antifascism
discourse‘ ... as resistance particularly against neo-nazis
or against the state in general? Diferences
I‘ll try to approach it from the other side: between antifa(scism) within a fascist re-
What comes to my mind when I think about gime and within a democracy (and who de-
‚fascism‘? cides about the borderline)? And what can
these terms be reasonably used for? Whe-
Right-wing ideology, dictatorial/hierar- re are they actually meant to describe so-
chical/oppressive systems, a concept of the mething diferent? Which terms are used
enemy, exclusion and violence, repression synonymously and what consequences does
and a false entity/uniication. determined that bring along? ...
(gender-)roles. Being determined by others
and basic orientation by proit/use. Nationa- In some articles I recognized most of my
lism. antisemitism. racism. ableism. antizi- own connotations, in others less so – in few
ganism. of them I would have totally missed the de-
inition.
4ANTI-FASCIST ISSUE
After all, I came to the conclusion that [For example renting space for advertise-
even if ‚antifascism‘ is a commonly used ment and students‘ resistance against com-
term in some settings (close to university), merce & sexism: campaign „kick UNICUM
it is a) more ambiguous than maybe assu- from the campus“/ „UNICUM vom Campus
med and b) not even clearly deined on eve- kicken“]
ry antifascist website.
HIERARCHY & SELF-DETERMINATION/
So – what do I do with my half-inished cata- PARTICIPATION at the university:
logue of questions?
Who decides about the interests of the univer-
Probably, it can‘t provide the tools for an sity, the teachers, tutors, janitors, students, ...?
antifascist analysis; but given some thought Who has legal inluence, inancial means, pub-
to (de)centralized organization, (abolishing) licity/media, institutional representation? What
hierarchy, (sensitivity towards) discrimina- binding rules are there at the university? (e.g.
tion as well as (lacking) self-determination/ about language in documents; about calls for
participation within the institutions we are new teachers; guidelines against discrimination
part of – that can‘t be of any harm; in ge- in pictures etc.?) Are irst-year students infor-
neral and concerning antifascism. Therefo- med about existing possibilities and organs of
re (ignoring all the term-related confusion): participation? How are claims of students trea-
some questions and thoughts for a critical ted, e.g. for more self-determination?
discussion about more or less ‚independent/
open‘ universities: [inglorious example: threat of char-
ges against squatters of the (T)Raumklinik
CONTENT within courses and other (dream/space clinic) and evacuation by po-
events: lice forces in Marburg, July 2013, directed by
the head of the university]
What is (not) talked about? (Where) is (Ger-
man) colonialism, imperialism, nationalism, INTERACTIONS between members of the
fascism, … talked about? Where not? Who has university:
inluence on the contents and designs of courses
and events? How do members of the university treat each
other? Is there an attitude of fallibility, can au-
The university‘s social POSITION: thorities be criticized? Are there embedded
structures for raising awareness, e.g. concer-
Who is university supposed to be for? To who- ning discrimination, language as a tool of pow-
se conditions do we work and study at universi- er, (sexualized) assaults? Are there any places to
ty? To whose proit? Who can even be part of the go and ofers of support for this?
university?
My incomplete conclusion:
[keywords: selective systems of socie-
ty and education; employability; state as Emancipatory, feminist, antiracist, post-
a location for business; lacking inancing; colonial, discrimination-sensitive and pow-
third-party funds; inluence by companies/ er-critical perspectives and acts are maybe
Hochschulrat(council of higher education, not always a central part of antifascist com-
ed.); tuition fees; critical/emancipating edu- mitment – but for sure a necessary addition,
cation] if it is about the abolishment of oppression
and the increasing realization of self-deter-
The SPACE university: mination.
Whom is it provided for? Whom not? Under In the lyrics of a song by Sookee and Spe-
which conditions? With which aims? zial K. there‘s the line „Antifa means ques-
tioning everything, everyday“/„Antifa
How accessible are the buildings? heißt Tag für Tag das Ganze hinterfragen“.
And that, I dare assume, applies as well for
[For example students‘ resistance against university.
renting the university‘s rooms in the cam-
paign „no space for sexism, homophobia
and religious fundamentalism“/Bündnis
„Kein Raum für Sexismus, Homophobie und
religiösen Fundamentalismus“]
5OUT OF DAHLEM | NO 15
Remember
Mahmud Azhar!
In commemoration of a racist murder on the campus
of the Free University of Berlin
by Arvid Peschel he was 40 years old and he would have ini-
translation by Miriam Zimmermann shed his graduation in May 1990.
On the evening of the 7th of January in 1990
A
Mahmud Azhar was just leaving the Institute
t the Freie Universität Berlin almost when the DDR citizen Thomas H. came ac-
nobody remembers Mahmud Az- ross him on the parking space in front of the
har anymore. 24 years ago, on the building. He racisticly insulted and threate-
7th of January 1990, the FU-student who was ned him:
born in Pakistan became victim of a violent
and racist assault on the campus of this Uni- “There, the stranger continued with the insults
versity. He died two months later on the 5th and abuses (e.g.: fucking foreigner! What do you
of march 1990 from the direct consequences want here? Germany for the Germans. You stole
of the assault. Neither at this university nor our jobs. You shall all die. I’ll kill you.)”1
elsewhere in Germany Mahmud Azhar’s case
is remembered. There is an inevitable neces- From the building of the faculty Azhar
sity to change this and to ofensively face the twice tried to call the police in vain.2 There,
unbearable conditions that made this oblivi- he was knocked down by the drunken per-
on possible. petrator and injured at the head with parts of
a ire extinguisher. In a recorded conversati-
This article doesn’t succeed in telling much on with a collegue Azhar later declared that
about the life of Mahmud Azhar. It rather re- he hadn’t hit back because the “perpetrator
ports on grounds of archive material about was a German” and he had feared that
the racist murder and the following public
and university reactions, about the initiati- “(...) the police could completely blame him
ves and the lawsuit against the culprit. This (Azhar) and perhaps arrange his departure, so
is, amongst other things, problematic be- that the conclusion of his PhD would be in dan-
cause the person Mahmud Azhar is just writ- ger.”3
ten about by means of the racist assault on
him. The police of West Berlin did not react un-
til the third emergency call that was dispat-
Unfortunately I did not manage to contact ched by a passing cab driver. Mahmud Azhar
relatives, former collegues and activists in was brought to the hospital. Thomas H. was
an adequate manner to change this. So that arrested for a short time and after his inter-
there won’t be another year passing without rogation during which he allegedly could not
remembrance of Mahmud Azhar I, I decided remember anything he was set free again. As
nevertheless to collect material about the ra- was to be expected, the 25 year-old culprit
cist murder and to bring the memory of it relocated to East Berlin where he was untra-
back to the public. ceable for the West Berlin authorities.
Mahmud Azhar was a doctoral student and Still in the hospital, when the investiga-
scientiic assistant since the mid 1970ies at tions had been started, Azhar received a let-
the Free University of Berlin. He studied and ter from the Public Prosecutors in which he
worked at the Institute for biological che- was informed “that the investigation can
mistry which was still housed in a building at currently not be continued since the resi-
the Ostpreußendamm 111 in Berlin Lichter- dence of the perpetrator is unknown.” The
felde at that point. At the time of his death letter ended with the cynical appeal, “if you
6ANTI-FASCIST ISSUE
receive knowledge about his residence, I ask “The hopes for more freedom and liberality
you for a message to the above stated refe- after the Wall came down changed into a night-
rence number.”4 mare for a part of Berlin’s population. East Ber-
lin and parts of West Berlin became efectively
After a stay in hospital of two months restricted areas for immigrants refugees and
Mahmud Azhar died in the night from the black Germans. Racist abuses and assaults from
05th to the 6th of March 1990 of the direct Neo-Fascists, Skinheads and from “ordinary”
consequences of the racist assault that was civilians and the complicity of passive spectators
committed on him. became daily routine.”8
“We let out our rage, a few people look – And yet, even in the top management le-
and then everything is forgotten again.5 vels of the Free University there was a ru-
dimentary awareness of these societal cir-
As a reaction to Azhar’s death the “com- cumstances and the meaning of Azhar’s
mittee of action for Mahmud Azhar” was murder that was racist in nature. In an inter-
founded in Berlin. Together with other so- nal memo to the president of the FU it says in
lidly united and antiracist groups such as the a sober administation language:
Pakistani Student’s Union, the OROMO Horn
of Africa centre e.V., the Refugee’s Coun- “It is not ruled out that this case, with the pre-
cil Berlin, The AK Antifa-Info in Moabit and sent political climate, will draw special attention
the Student’s Union of the FU Berlin (AstA) from the press and the public. It is proposed that
they organised a demonstration and several the FU reacts to the death of Mr: Azhar with a
remembrance guards. In the demonstrati- death notice or an obituary which will take ac-
on around 300 people took part. In the “in- count of the speciality of this case.”9
terim” a magazine of the autonomous scene
of Berlin, these groups published an obituary On the initiative of Azhar’s collegues from
with the title “we mourn over our pakistani the Institute for Biological Chemistry re-
friend Azhar who died last week at the age of sulted an obituary which was printed in the
40 because he was a foreigner.” University’s info-magazine, the “fu info”.
It was left at that. The committee of action
In it the authors reminded: for Mahmud Azhar soon found themsel-
ves forced to criticise the presidium of the
“We all know that the assaults on foreigners FU that furthermore ther was never a pu-
have accumulated, especially since the electo- blication of the obituary in any of the dai-
ral successes of the Reps and the frenzy of the ly newspapers, which would have reached a
German uniication that has started on the 9th broader public.
of November 1989. Thus, there were for examp-
le the murders of the two turkish fellow citizens In general, the handling of Azhar’s vio-
Üzüm Sadik und Ufuk Sahin which were com- lent death at the university developed gro-
mitted on the basis of racist motives. As such Az- tesque tendencies. The FU administration at
har is just for the moment the latest victim of the irst denied the relatives the death beneits
alarming increase of hatred of foreigners.”6 and delayed the inancial aid for the trans-
fer of the body to Pakistan. Not until there
A continuous work for remembrance of were repeated complaints from members of
Mahmud Azhar was proving to be diicult the institute and student’s initiatives the FU
under the signs of the lasting students’ pro- was persuaded to handle things “unbureau-
tests as well as the excessive Nationalism of craticly”.
the new united society and the intensifying
racist climate. Already in the summer of 1990 In the Academic Senate (AS) of Freie Uni-
the public handling of Azhar’s violent mur- versität arose a long discussion about the
der was criticised in the “Antifaschistisches memorial plate which should be installed at
Infoblatt” (antifascist info paper): the Institute of Biological Chemistry to re-
mind of Azhar’s death. As there was no dei-
“All in all the incident was hardly publicly nite date for a court trial, which was actually
acknowledged. Just as the governmental ra- scheduled nine months after Azhar’s death,
cism in the form of tightened immigration the FU authorities in charge postponed the
laws, also the racist terror on the streets is decision about the inscription of the tablet.
no issue in the burgeois media. The connec-
tions shall be kept in the dark.”7 As there hadn’t been any legal conviction,
it was argued, there would allegedly not be
These connections were explicitly cha- any clarity about the racist background of the
racterised by the action committee a few deed. According to FU authorities, refering
months later in a pamphlet: to a racist motive for the crime or even cal-
ling it “racist murder” would therefore not
7OUT OF DAHLEM | NO 15
have been legally supportable. Yet there was In an article published by the taz in the end
evidence in reports from memory of some of june, entitled “Will the convict be puni-
of the witnesses that Azhar was beaten up shed at all?”13, it was reported that Thomas
under racist slogans. These protocols were H. could live “undisturbed” in the DDR be-
known to the presidium. cause the public prosecutors of West Berlin
found it “disproportionate” to issue an arrest
Except for a resolution by the Academic warrant. Finally the proceedings were trans-
Senate on the 9th of May 1990 there was no ferred completely to the judiciary oicials
further public engagement of the university. in East Berlin, which were in a chaotic sta-
Besides, the text of the resolution turned out te of restructuring at that point. The questi-
extremely noncommittal: on asked by the article could at that time be
answered with “possibly not at all”.
“On the occasion of Mahmud Azhar’s death
the Academic Senate appeals to all members of The hope for a “just” but at any rate harsh
the Freie Universität to take a stand against ra- judgement did not seem very high amongst
cism and increasing xenophobia.”10 the supporters. This scepticism was based on
the experiences with other lawsuits, as the
In this statement a deeper confrontati- Antifascist Info Magazine Berlin pointed out:
on with racism as cause for Azhar’s death
is unintelligible. As is its meaning as relati- “If there will be a lawsuit at all in this case, it
onships of oppression which are intrinsic in can be expected that the deed will once again be
society and don’t stop at a university and its declared as an “isolated case”. So it was with the
members. murderer of Ufuk Sahin, when neither court nor
prosecution wanted to see xenophobia and ra-
The “tageszeitung” had written in march cism as a cause for the deed and saw to a mild
of the same year: judgement” 14
In this statement a deeper confrontation with racism
as cause for Azhar’s death is unintelligible.
“Neither the foreigners’ representative nor the Similar was the statement of the Action
Freie Universität wanted to make any more spe- Committee Mahmud Azhar in a lealet. It
ciic comments on the case. All that the Fu ap- was unclear if the court would really try to
parently managed to do until now is to notify enlighten the racist background of the deed
the police about damage to property becase the or if they would play it down in seeing it as
convict had impaired a ire extinguisher when he an individual case without racist motivation.
attacked the Pakistani scienitst. The foreigners’ It read further on:
representative wanted to familiarize with the
background irst before she could issue a detailed “‘German for the Germans’ and ‘I am German,
statement.”11 you have no rights here’ the culprit shouted at
Mahmud. These sentences are no statements of
Indeed, the university did not take part in ‘an isolated individual’ they become the basis of
the trial against Thomas H. as joint plaintif. German policy with increasing clarity.”15
Repeatedly the authorities in charge were
criticised for that and asked to engage in On the 20th of December 1990 the jud-
the criminal proceedings. After examinati- gement against Azhar’s murderer was deli-
on by the legal oice of Freie Universität and vered. The culprit was only sentenced to one
the attorney who represented the family of year on probation.
Mahmud Azhar an engagement in the pro-
ceedings, which started in the end of 1990, “[public prosecutor] Wehdorn didn’t think it
as joint plaintif seemed to be impossible. provable that racism could be the motive for the
assault although the accused insulted the victim
“We must not let the lawsuit xenophobic paroles. Doubt should beneit to the
pass unobserved.”12 accused. A sentence because of ‘bodily harm with
results of death’ was deemed wrong by Wehdorn
Family, collegues and supporters had to as the death of the victim ‘wasn’t predictable’ at
wait in uncertainty for several months un- the time of the ofence. (…)
til the trial against the murderer of Mahmud
Azhar was opened on December 17th 1990. The opinion of the court followed main-
ly the statements of the prosecutors but the
8Do you remember Mahmud Azhar? stencil template for own use
ANTI-FASCIST ISSUE
actual sentence was even less than the pro- company is situated in there. Whom does a
secutor had proposed for his client. The war- memorial tablet serve, that can not be seen
rant of arrest against the accused was remo- fromt the outside? Whom does the tablet
ved.”16 exhort and whom does the tablet remind of
Mahmud Azhar and his violent death?
Next to many negative reactions the jud-
gement of the ‘Berliner Morgenpost’ was The tablet is the only relict of a person,
downright hateful. Title of the trial’s report: who should never have been forgotten.
“Court braves public pre-condemnation”17
Considering the oicial politics of remem-
The outcome of the trial is like a templa- brance and the active self-marketing of this
te that was applied to many of the following university, it is even more unbearable. The
proceedings which dealt with murders on university pride themselves with many in-
grounds of racism and neo-Nazism. Provi- ternational guests from political, science and
ded that these crimes were brought to justi- cultural sectors, whose visits shall stand for
ce.18 The story of each individual murder is a the FU’s cosmopolitanism. Elsewhere, over-
bestiality, elusive, upsetting and their public sized portraits of the most popular alumni,
avengement or even prevention is incredibly with whom this institution adorns itself,
insuicient and peridious. hang on the walls.
Overall, it can be asserted quickly that There are no commemoration ceremonies,
“although right-wing [as well as racist; no hints in print publications or on websites
author’s note] attitudes or motives in tri- of the university, no oicial remembrance.
als are acknowledged, they are not rated as As if this racist attack, as if the FU-scientist
being fundamental for the decision.”19 A re- Mahmud Azhar had never existed. As if this
newed juristic approach to Mahmud Azhar’s act at a university like this was unimagina-
murder is still a long way of, as well as an ble.
acknowledgement by public authorieties.
„Racism at the universities, in the center of
“Mahmud Azhar is mentioned in the list of social enlightenment? The upset reactions make
death victims caused by right-wing violence it clear that many do not want to accept the re-
because he was killed by a racist motivation of ality.“22
the culprit. However, he has the number ‘0’ be-
cause an oicial acknowledgement by the Fe- At the same time, the list of incidents,
The tablet is the only relict of a person, who should never have
been forgotten.
deral Government can be ruled out. The Federal from racist assaults by lecturers, to ever new
Government keeps statistics about death victims racist and neo-Nazi toilet graiti at the FU,
of right-wing violence only since the 3rd of Oc- to the well-known cases, in which members
tober 1990. Consequently, Mahmud Azhar is not of the Neue Rechte could become lecturers,
included in the oicial statistic.”20 continues until today.
At this point it should be said that the The current state is a result of a develop-
number of murders acknowledged by the ment that has lasted over decades. The abo-
Federal Government difers considerably ve quoted lealeat of the Antirassistische
from statistics such as from the Amadeu- Aktion (ARA) [antiracist action, note of the
Antonio-Foundation – 58 compared to 183. transl.] of the FU Berlin says further:
„Who does still remember „The examination with racism, neo-Fascism
Mahmud Azhar?“21 and right-wing extremism at the FU must not
remain ‘only academic‘. It should increasingly
The long political discussions about the refer to irstly, special responsibility of the in-
memorial tablet ended with the court deci- dividual disciplines and secondly, the factors,
sion that became operative. On the 15th of that can make students particularly vulnerable
January 1991, the memorial tablet for Mah- to right-winged views. The Uni has to provide
mud Azhar was disclosed inside the Institu- room for ‘educational’ processes in this respect.
te of Biochemistry at Ostpreußendamm 111 In this context, it is an evidence of incapacity that
in Berlin Lichterfelde. The institute has left so far it has not even been possible to have day of
the building years ago. Today, a marketing action at the FU as it happened on the 29th Ja-
11OUT OF DAHLEM | NO 15
nuary 1993 at the Technische Universität23, also, much more important to recall a person to
that the inancial support for memorial tours by this university’s memory, where it was pos-
Pif have been withdrwan.“24 25 sible that he was forgotten in the irst place.
As well as the educational institutions in
Germany cannot be disregarded when it co-
mes to a critical examination of racism in our Endnotes:
society, society itself can not be omitted re-
garding the racist conditions at the univer- 1 Report from memory of a relative. Archive
sities reference on request. This relates to all non-pu-
blicistic source references.
Memorial policy
2 Until today it is not solved why the police of
Mahmud Azhar seems to be forgotten by west Berlin did not react to the irst two emergen-
the left wing of this country, too. This calls cy calls.
the atention to a problem with which the left
winged politics of remembrance deals with, 3 Report from memory from a collegue
or has to deal with: „It is not enough to be a
victim to gain publicity in the left milieu.“26 4 Public Prosecutor of the Regional Court of
Berli, letter to Mahmud Azhar, 29.01.1990
Or, as it was put by a person in the begin-
ning of 1991in the Interim as a conclusion 5 Contribution to a discussion at an event of the
about the closed trial against Thomas H.:27 Pakistani student’s union “To the violent death of
Mahmud Azhar”, see tageszeitung 10.3.1990. Title
„By the way, at the second day of the trial the- of the article: “Wettlauf gegen das schnelle Ver-
re was –despite broad mobilization – hardly gessen”.
It is much more important to recall a person to this university’s
memory, where it was possible that he was forgotten
in the irst place.
6 Interim, Number 95, 22.3.1990, page 9.
anybody from the „scene“ in the court room. It
may be because trials are rarely attended in ge- 7 Antifaschistisches Infoblatt, No. 11, May-June
neral, or because many had the position – not 1990, p.36, “Rassictischer Mord in Westberlin”.
to go to the trial – straight and just stayed away
– maybe it was because mahmud azhar did not 8 See footnote 12.
belong „to us“ – or was it maybe because mah-
mud was a „foreigner“?“28 9 Internal memorandum of the presidium of the
FU, 12.03.1990.
The fact that nowadays, after the revela-
tion of the murders by the „national socia- 10 Resolution transcript of the 396th session of
list underground“ there is talk about a „new the Academic Senate on May 9th 1990, Resolution
dimension of right-winged violance“ may No. 369/2505/90
suggest that the victims of the „Zwickauer
Terrorzelle“ were the irst victims of racism 11 Taz, March 16th 1990.
and neo-Fascism in general. The fact that
the 183 known death victims of racist and 12 Closing word of a lealet that was distributed
neo-Nazi violence are forgotten and have in the beginning of december about the beginning
never been remembered or publicly ack- lawsuit against Thomas H. Appealing organisati-
nowledged29 is omitted as well as the non- ons: Action committee Mahmud Azhar, Antiracist
existing confrontation with the daily racism Initiative, “Ausländer”Innen-Referat AstA FU, An-
within our society. tifascist contact oice (AstA FU), Oromoro Centre.
January 2014 is the 24th anniversary of 13 Taz, 25th of June 1990.
the racist attack against Mahmud Azhar. The
chances for an oicial rememberance of his 14 Antifascist Info Magazine No.11 May-June
death and the racist motivated reasons are – 1990, p.36, “Rassistischer Mord in Westberlin”.
under the current circumstances – conceiva-
bly little. But this cannot be the only aim of 15 Pamphlet for the start of the trial, beginning
a left-winged politics of remembrance. It is of December 1990.
12ANTI-FASCIST ISSUE
16 Taz, 21th of December 1990. evolved during the UniMut strike in 1988/89 at
the school of history of the FU
17 Berliner Morgenpost, 22nd/23rd of Deceme-
ber 1990. 25 ARA, Rassistische und faschistische Schmiere-
reien, p.11.
18 On the contrary, that concerns the murders
of Grigore Velcu and Eudache Calderar, which are 26 Jungle World, No. 49, “Erinnern mit links”
not solved until today. The circumstances of their [left-wing remembrance] 6.12.2012.
murders are discussed in the 2012 documentary
‘Revision’. See http://www.revision-ilm.eu/in- 27 Whereas the chosen wording is already a part
dex69c5.html?id=1&lang=de. of the problem that the person tries to criticise:
a construction and contrasting of a “we”/”us” as
19 Jungle World No. 27, “Schuld war nur der Al- a part of the scene and the seemingly deviant
kohol”, 04.07.2013 “other”.
20 http://www.opferfonds-cura.de/zahlen-und- 28 Interim No. 129, “Der Prozess um den Tod
fakten/erinnerungen/januar/mahmud-azhar. Mahmud Azhar’s.- Kritik am Aufruf zum Prozess”
[The trial about the death of Mahmud Azhar. -
21 Papmhlet about the beginning of the trial, Criticism of the appeal for the trial.]10.1.1991. p.25
begninning of December 1990.
29 See “183 Todesopfer rechter Gewalt” [183 death
22 Antirasstische Aktion (ARA) FU Berlin, “Scheiß vistims of right-wing violence], an overview of
drauf. Rassistische und faschistische Schmiererei- the victims fund Cura of the Amadeu-Antonio-
en an der FU”, 1993, p.4 foundation.
http://www.opferfonds-cura.de/zahlen-und-fak-
23 On that day there was a ‘University day ten/todesopfer-rechter-gewalt.
against fascism and racism’ at the Technische
Univertät with lectures, dicussions and workshops.
24 The Projekt für interdisziplinäre Faschismus-
forschung (PiFF) [project for interdisciplinary
reasearch on fascism] was a student’s project that
13OUT OF DAHLEM | NO 15
“At university, nobody‘s
interested in ighting racism“
Wandji Chamberlin is one of the anti-racism-oice
representatives of the students‘ union of Humboldt University
(HU). We met him to talk about his experiences with racism at
institutions of higher education.
interview by Nora Huberty had already heard from others: When I han-
translation by Nora Huberty and Niklas Walendy ded out lealets and told everyone I wanted
to be a part of StuPa, people were suddenly
holding back, I got suspicious looks and they
B
said: „Do you actually want to be our Angela
efore we start, I‘d like to introduce Merkel?“ It was meant as a joke, but I think
myself. My name is Wandji Cham- they just couldn‘t accept the idea of a foreig-
berlin, I am from Cameroon. I‘ve ner - let alone a Black person - to represent
already been politically involved there for them. Some tried to connect this to the Ob-
quite some time. Since my arrival in the Fe- ama campaign, but I didn‘t react to that. It
deral Republic of Germany as asylum seeker was really noticeable, you could see that they
in 2004, I‘ve been concerned with the situa- were afraid.
tion of refugees and the struggle for human
rights. The graduate degree that I received in Then you got elected into StuPa...
1998 in Cameroon wasn‘t recognized here,
which is why I decided to start studying ag- Actually, StuPa isn‘t just for the elec-
ricultural sciences in 2009. I reckon, I‘m still ted student representatives, every student
young and there is still plenty to learn in that is allowed to participate in their meetings
ield. This is how I ended up at HU. and ask questions, the meetings are public.
When I went to the meetings for the irst
When I arrived at HU, I knew from the irst time, a student came up to me and asked me
days, in fact, the very irst hours that so- if he could help me. He treated me as though
mething was wrong. I wasn‘t surprised - I‘ve I was lost. Apparently, he couldn‘t wrap his
probably been prepared for this on a subcon- head around the idea that I was a student or
scious level. When you - also as a refugee - simply a person interested in StuPa. Why
get around a lot and face a lot of discrimina- should someone ask me if s_he could help
tion on the street on a daily basis, you don‘t me in a room within university, that is ac-
necessarily expect it to be completely dife- cessible to all students? If that guy hadn‘t
rent at university, which is also a part of so- wanted to come to StuPa, he wouldn‘t have
ciety. But you expect it to be less than what come, but when he comes, nobody‘s going
you experience on the street. Unfortunately, to ask him if he needed help.
that was not the case. Therefore I decided to
engage myself with higher education policy. I think that‘s funny, but at the same time
I ran for a seat in the students‘ parliament I take it very seriously, because it shows the
(StuPa). I was familiar with such forms of mindset that students have internalized.
organization in Cameroon, where students‘ It‘s like a foundation that supports racist
representatives are elected as well. structures and discrimination. I don‘t want
to brush these people of, but instead show
I ran a campaign [laughs]. During the them what subconscious racism is - someti-
course of that campaign I experienced what I mes you try to have a certain understanding
14ANTI-FASCIST ISSUE
for them, in keeping with the motto „Well, of this oice is free of racism at all. And my
s_he just didn‘t know what s_he was doing answer to that is immediately, without a
or saying, s_he is naive or dumb“, but s_he‘s thought: No. Absolutely not. There‘s still a
neither naive nor dumb. Otherwise you could lot to be done.
ask them: „Why didn‘t you ask the person
over there, why do you speciically ask that Here, I am situated in a /white/ space and in
person?“ But when you ask that question, front of me I see people that are potentially
you‘ll hear them say: „Hey, no ofense me- racists because they form part of this struc-
ant!“ When I go to a lecture at HU, I put my ture. They were brought up by structurally
jacket on the seat to my right and my bag on racist educational methods - which is why
the seat to my left and make myself comfor- you can‘t expect them not to be racist. Out
table. Why? Because it has happened too of- of ignorance these people are racists, that is
ten that my surrounding seats are left emp- to say they reproduce this in their daily lives,
ty. When people come in looking for seats, probably without even noticing. The ques-
they see that there is plenty of space around tion is, however: Are they willing to analy-
me, but then they still look somewhere else. ze their own behaviour and critically chal-
They only sit close to me if there is no other lenge themselves? They don‘t have to prove
option. And then I can think about whether I to me that they‘re not racist - they have to
should take my bags of the seats or not, be- prove that to themselves. I promised mys-
cause apparently nobody really wants to sit elf that as anti-racism-oice representative
next to me. So I sit comfortably. I wouldn‘t let myself be used as a signboard -
I rather seek to do my work properly, so as to
When someone suddenly spots you as an change things on a bigger level at university
object of interest and can‘t hold back her_his so that people who sufer racist discrimina-
curiousity, they approach you: To observe tion may actually ind a safe space to retreat.
you, to touch you. Then they ask the usual
question: „Where are you from? Are you do- What kind of service or contact structure is
ing alright? If you need help or don‘t under- there on the side of university?
stand something, feel free to ask me.“ You
see, this person doesn‘t know who you are, Apart from the representatives for wo-
what skills you have, s_he doesn‘t know a men and chronically ill persons, there is no
thing about your language skills or your dif- real representative for racially discriminated
iculties. But this manner immediately ma- people on the administratory level to turn to
kes you feel like you‘re lacking certain skills, and receive suitable support. I‘ve only re-
and s_he ofers to help. You‘re confronted cently come to know that actually the head
with all those racist stereotypes. Others may of the presidial oice is responsible in ca-
ask you: „Why have you come to Germany? ses of discrimination at the university. No
Why couldn‘t you study in your country?“ one was aware of that. She is a /white/ ger-
No matter what your answer is there will be man person who is holding a position she
more questions, and their real intention is to is in no way qualiied for. Besides, it is per-
spurn you, to tell you: „Poor fellow!“ fectly clear that this position was installed
by the university only to be able to apply for
the Exzellenzinitiative. The university ma-
When you‘re exposed to situations like that do nagement has no serious interest in ighting
you have to put up with them all by yourself or racism at institutions of higher education.
is there any kind of place or person around the Non-/white/ students are exposed to racist
university that you can turn to? Are there safe statements by staf members and fellow
rooms where people can get support? students on a daily basis. Another problem is
that there is no oicial prescription against
racism or discrimination in general - there
No. When I arrived at HU I kept looking for even isn‘t a statement that discrimination is
this kind of thing for a long time and I re- not to be tolerated.
alized that there is none. There is the an-
ti-racism-oice at the students‘ union. So Once I myself was discriminated against by
if we‘re just talking about the name, then HU‘s postal service when they told me expli-
there is a place all right. In fact it‘s the usual citly and in the presence of witnesses: they
stuf: we establish a structure. The purpose discriminate against me because I am Black.
of the structure is solely to show the world I appealed to the university management
we‘re ighting against discrimination. In re- and iled a complaint but instead of hearing
ality we aren‘t ighting, though - instead, we me out the people in question only listened
live with discrimination and to distract us to the postal service personnel. Then they
from this fact we have the structure. Thus, send me a statement saying that the pos-
if there is this anti-racism-oice, we should tal service personnel said, I had compared
really be asking ourselves whether the space them to Hitler. No member of the university
15OUT OF DAHLEM | NO 15
management tried to get in touch with me - to the people. For AK UniWatch the seminar
instead, they turned to the perpetrators. on Racism within the German Educational
System proved to be a good opportunity for
Every year since then, we‘ve been organi- advertising their group, to hand out lealets
zing a three-day seminar on Racism Within and publicize their work at university. That
the German Educational System. I‘m al- annoyed me. I told them I was open for col-
ways trying to involve the HU management laborations, provided that there wouldn‘t be
more and more closely with these seminars. a mess. We‘re right in the middle of a longer
Last time, we‘ve invited the president, he debate with the university‘s administration
addressed the participants and also atten- and a confusion of our strategies could po-
ded the panel discussion. As a result there tentially threaten our eforts. This process
have been meetings between him and I on has been going on for more than a year now,
a regular basis. We will give an account of and they just come by and try to take it over.
the current status of these meetings during I wrote them that I really appreciate their
the next seminar session and we will try to cause but that the way they treat me doesn‘t
change the situation, also with the help of provide a good basis for teamwork.
people that hold positions in the district ad-
ministration and share our concerns. So there are structures in institutions of
higher education, including the student
Do you make any demands to institutions of body, but they are only names. They are em-
higher education? pty promises. If you try to look beneath the
surface, you‘re very likely to be disappoin-
We ofered to set up an anti-discriminato- ted.
ry agency at HU. Of course we are convinced
that this position requires to be hold by a I always get the feeling that there may be
non-/white/ person because racism is not a room at university for /white/ people to dis-
theory that you can grasp on a rational le- cuss racism on a theoretical level, but it fails
vel - it is a sentiment. And so if someone is to come into practice.
holding that position who cannot perceive of
this sentiment, this person cannot support An example: Just out the door is a monu-
victims in any suitable manner. ment for Hegel. Here at university, we know
who Hegel was and which role he played in
Another demand is that every year there academia and among intellectuals planting
be an obligatory anti-racist training for eve- the seed and helping to legitimize racism in
ry member of the HU staf. I know of course relation to colonialism and slavery in Ger-
that on legal grounds this will be diicult to many. How can we tolerate that? That a guy
realize but we are still going to discuss it with like him would get such a monument? Of
the management. There needs to be space course, he was a philosopher. But is it pos-
for theory, too, because you have to discuss sible to only honor him for his achievements
theory irst, maybe talk about some terms in philosophy? At the same time there is not
and deinitions. And everyone needs to join a single monument for the victims of colo-
in, not only those who may already know nialism and slavery. The perpetrator is being
anything about it. Surely, discussing theory honoured and the victims ignored and for-
will have to stop at some point, so that we gotten. This behavior shows how the uni-
may start to put it into practice. versity wants to deal with this topic. But
we as students also need to be able to take
What other kinds of structure are there? responsibility for this injustice and rejec-
tion. Many people have sufered because of
For a few months there has been a group Hegel‘s statements. But the answer is: No,
called AK [ArbeitsKreis = study group] Uni- this doesn‘t concern us, we‘re a university.
Watch. Although the idea is very good, un- We are an intellectual and academic institu-
fortunately I have to say that the composi- tion. That‘s a paradox. I‘m standing here as
tion of this group is problematic. If you only a Black person and no one is willing to sup-
look at its purpose and the message, then port me and say: “I‘m sorry for what‘s hap-
it sure is good. I have, however, made the pening here.” We immortalise these the-
experience that the people working for AK ories, these scientiic analyses by erecting
UniWatch aren‘t willing to see their own ra- a monument. Just recently they put a fence
cism, although they are ighting against ra- around it. I‘ve said it time and time again on
cist structures. diferent events, but nothing ever happens.
I can‘t understand how people can live with
AK UniWatch may be able to do political this.
work, but as anti-racism-oice representa-
tive I can go beyond that, I can put pressure What do you think about Uni-Assist, the plat-
on the presidial oice and ofer legal support form which primarily students with a non-ger-
16ANTI-FASCIST ISSUE
man certiicate to enter universities need to use ase the chance that non-german applicants
to apply in Germany? enter university here.
Uni-Assist will be a topic in our upcoming We‘re currently working on pressing char-
seminar on Racism Within the German Edu- ges collectively against Uni-Assist. Also,
cational System, because it‘s an explicitly when African applicants hand in their ap-
racist structure. About 150 universities and plications they get refusals saying “if you
colleges are members of Uni-Assist, for in- have already paid the fees, you don‘t have
stance the HU – although we‘ve recently to pay them again the next time you apply”.
put a lot of pressure on them and handed in But when they re-apply, they‘re told that
many complaints, so that the HU is currently there‘s no money paid on their account.
considering to opt out of Uni-Assist.
We‘d also like to know in which ways /white/
Uni-Assist‘s general procedure is in its- students can show their solidarity.
elf discriminatory: Applicants from within
Europe and the United States pay almost no First of all they have to accept that they are
fees or at least a very low fees, whereas ap- part of this society. They have to realize that
plicants from Latin America pay slightly hig- they enjoy a certain privilege that they proit
her fees, those from Asian a bit higher than from. That means, they have to realize that
that and eventually applicants from Africa they themselves are part of this discrimina-
pay 5 to 6 times the amount people from the tory structure. They have to recognize that
US or EU pay. The application forms are ex- they are also partly responsible for the ex-
actly the same though, you need to hand in periences other people make. It is this awa-
your certiicate to enter universities or your reness, that one is born with a privilege and
diploma, your certiicate of birth and they beneits from it, while at the same time, be-
are assessed in the exact same way. There is cause of this privilege other people sufer
no reason to charge diferent fees on Uni- around you.
Assist.
How can I show solidarity with these peo-
Almost 75 percent of the applications from ple? Maybe I should listen irst. To start of
Africa aren‘t accepted or not processed with by saying “. By doing that I not only show
the explanation that something was missing that I have that privilege, but also that I have
or the forms were handed in too late. But more choices and abilities than they have.
that‘s not the truth. I‘ve experienced this You shouldat ask them “How can I support
myself when I handed in my own applica- you?” You have to pay attention to how you
tion several weeks before the deadline and word this, so that the word “help” doesn‘t
even paid the fee and then received a refu- come up easily. “How can I support you? I
sal of application that said the forms arrived may not understand the pain that you‘re
too late and couldn‘t be processed. They do feeling, but I will try.” Those are the basics
this because they know the applicants are far to me, they should be given. And depending
away and can‘t take legal steps. on what support the afected person needs,
can I think about whether I have the capacity
We went to the matriculation oice and to ofer this kind of support. If I have that ca-
asked how they processed applications prior pacity, then I can do something for them. If
to Uni-Assist: Everyone handed in their ap- you don‘t have that capacity, you shouldn‘t
plications and the fee was the same for eve- be ashamed of yourself. Then you show that
ryone. Why are the fees diferent now for it concerns you, but you can‘t do what you
diferent regions? By doing this they decre- can‘t do.
17OUT OF DAHLEM | NO 15
Cheering away Thomas
de Maizière
by Paola Mariposa money help killing around the world!”. The-
translation by Miriam Zimmermann re were also references made to war as cause
of light: “Say it loud and say it clear: refu-
gees are welcome here!”
F or the 10th of April, ‚Minister of De-
fence‘ Thomas de Mazière had been
invited by the Humboldt University
(HU) Berlin to hold a lecture in the Audimax
lecture theatre; the topic: “Army of the Uni-
After about half an hour the ‚Minister of
Defence‘ realised that he would not have his
say on this day and left the hall with police
protection a fact that was greeted with re-
newed applause. Because neither de Mazière
ty – contribution of German Armed Forces to nor Olbertz had been able to talk, the HU‘s
social solidarity”. But Mazière didn‘t have president addressed the audience with words
his say. When he entered the hall at about that were typed on a computer and shown via
6pm, thunderous applause was welcoming LCD projector. He tried to bring the audience
him. The president of the HU, Jan-Hendrik to start a discussion. One person was willing
Olbertz, had a forced smile on his face when to engage in a discussion and therefore as-
he patiently waited on the stage to be able to cended the stage. But as many people were
introduce de Mazière. But the cheering would not willing to have a dialogue with people
not end. Slogans like “Thomas we love you!” who support and operate war, the chanting
and “Freedom at the Hindukusch! Shalala- of slogans went on: “No war, no discussion!”
lala!” were chanted. Ironically, Protestants
were also demanding: “Another war!”. At some point a person wrote that they
would like to hear “what the president has
After some twenty minutes the smile on to say” and demonstratively stood on the
the HU president‘s face disappeared. When stage with some others. About thirty peop-
a few persons with bloody t-shirts stormed le followed their “call for solidarity” and joi-
the stage to represent killed persons, there ned them. As a reward they were shouted at
was a small commotion. A Person ascended with paroles like “Germany is crap and you
on their chair and rolled out a banner saying: are the evidence!”
“Make war to the war! Never again Germa-
ny!” Hereupon, the numerously present civil After more than an hour the protest faded
police oicers put on their police vests and away more and more because most people
positioned themselves close to the stage. were hoarse from the shouting. Meanwhile,
Some of the Security employees tried to get Olbertz was sitting on the stage, surround-
the person with the banner to descend the ed by a cluster of people who wanted the dis-
chair, in vain, as there were some persons cussion with him.
who stood solidly united in their way.
This action has shown that it is possible to
The slogans that followed from there on prevent pro-war events from happening –
were not ironical anymore. There were slo- also at universities. This can give us courage
gans like “Never again Germany! Never to oppose the operators of war in future. Be-
again war!” or “German weapons, German cause war starts here – Resistance also!
18“The Coburger Convention is a political association and as such, must be attacked politically and in an organized manner.“ On the criticism of the Coburger Convention as a self-named racial and fraternity elite in Germany. Turn the page to get started!
OUT OF DAHLEM | NO 15
by Tandem Verrat am Vaterland ever, has not taken place. Instead, student
translation by Ryan Plocher corps/fraternities are divided into “bad”
groups (Burschenschaften, especially in
the Deutsche Burschenschaft) and “good”
T
groups (Sänger-, Turner-, Landsmann-
he Coburger Convention (CC) holds schaften, e.g. in the CC). In this view, the
its “Pentecost convention” almost Coburger Convention is an apolitical student
without any trouble each year in the association which can evade any necessity of
small northern Bavarian town of Coburg. having political responsibility. This situation
City life continues as usual except that 5000 is not tolerable when one considers the posi-
student corps members marching through tions of the CC. The transitions between the
the streets and celebrating their German various types of fraternity are luid and any
masculinity. Any supraregional protest mo- dichotomy hides the real situation within
vement can hardly been seen, although the the Coburger Convent. With this article, we
fraternities and their umbrella organizati- want to indicate, make visible and attack
on can be criticized from multiple perspec- the position of the CC within societal power
tives. Nevertheless, a necessary public de- structures. This can only be done when the
bate about the reactionary power of student nationalist, patriarchal and elitist “normal
corps/fraternities has been missing for de- situation” in Germany is also criticized.
cades. Current protests are carried out ex-
clusively from local radical Leftists. It might German soldiers as “victims”*1
have been expected that a larger criticism of of National Socialism?
A colorful stream of frater-
BACkGROuND: [translaters note: In German-language history, fraternies/ nity brothers moves in two
student corps of men students (Landsmannschaften and Burschenschaften rows slowly up the fortiied
and men-only gymnastics groups (Turnerschaften) are associated wih con- hill. A fashion necessity this
servative, nationalist politics. Gymnastics (Turnen) is associated in German- Monday morning is full rega-
language political history with nationalist and liberal groups of the 19th lia, meaning: uniform or suit,
century agitating for a uniied germany.] cap, colored fraternity stri-
pe, sword and military postu-
The coburger convention (CC) is the umbrella organisation of 96 students re. They passed by the small
corps and men-only gymanstics groups at 45 instituts of higher education counterdemonstration at the
in Germany and Austria. All associations in the CC wear uniforms now as- foot of the hill long ago and
sociated with the pre-1918 German Empire (farbentragend) and have in- can now see the memorial.
itiation duels with sharp swords (plichtschlagend). The Deutsche Lands- Once they arrive, they arrange
mannschaft was founded in 1868 and the Verband der Turnerschaften an themselves with their ladies[i]
Deutschen Hochschulen (association of gymnastics assouciations at erman around the round platform at
universities) was founded in 1872. During the First World War and especially the foot of the memorial: a
during the Weimar Republic, the CC was part of a conservative, nationalist, high pedestal with the words
reactionary trend. These fraternities recognized the “Führer principle“ as “Honor, Loyalty, Fatherland”
early as 1933, three years before all private associations were dissolved and on which three warriors raise
the fraternities were merged into the National Socialist German Students their swords to the sky.
Leage. After Germany was liberated from National Socialism, the fraternities
in the CC were banned because of their right-wing positions. In 1951, the Every year, the CC memo-
association was re-founded in Coburg under the same name and has had rializes those fraternity brot-
a six-day convention every year since then over the Pentecost weekend in hers who died as soldiers in
erarly summer. This consists of lectures, ceremonies, pub crawls, athletic the First and Second World
contests, a formal ball and a march with torches(Fackelmarsch(also strongly Wars. In memorial speeches,
associated with Narcism)with a closing speech and a singing of the Ger- German soldiers are gloriied
man national anthem (Deutschlandlied). A further highlight is a meomorial with personal war stories and
at the CC monument. The motto of the CC is „Honor- Loyaliy-Fatherland- strong emotionalizing. The
Friedship“(translated by RP). The convention during Pentecost has been ac- German solider is made into
companied by antifascist and feminist resistence since the 1980s. Political a hero and myth. With this
work against the CC is consistently criminalized by the police, secred service, strongly personalized rheto-
local politicans and by the Coburg local Newspaper, „Neue Presse“. Activists ric, the acts and related res-
experiende massive repression. ponsibility attached to eve-
ry German soldier are made
to seemingly disappear. Any
student corps/fraternities take place in the event about German soldiers in the Third
course of the discussion (partially in main- Reich that does not mention the victims[ii]
stream media) about the racist selection po- of the Holocaust and fascism is marked very
licies of the Deutsche Burschenschaft and clearly in one ideological direction. Behind
the related “Arian paragraphs.” This, how- this kind of thinking is a perpetrator-victim
20You can also read
