OREGON 2018 - 2019 Motorcycle & Moped Manual - Oregon.gov
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2018 - 2019
OREGON
Motorcycle & Moped Manual
Driver and Motor
Vehicle Services
Visit us at our web site
www.OregonDMV.com
Published by
Oregon Department of Transportation
Driver and Motor Vehicle Services
1905 Lana Avenue NE
Salem, Oregon 97314
Graphics/Layout
DMV Related Questions: (503) 945-5000
ODOT is an Equal Employment Opportunity and
Affirmative Action Employer.
ODOT does not discriminate on the basis of disability in admission
or access to our programs, services, activities, hiring, and employment
practices. To report any complaints or concerns related to
discrimination, please call:
1-877-336-6368 (EEO-ODOT).
This information can be made available in an alternative format by
contacting a local DMV field office.
The majority of the content of this manual is directly from the
American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrator’s Motorcycle
Operator Manual, with inserts from Motorcycle Safety Foundation,
Team Oregon and particulars of Oregon law.
The purpose of the Oregon Motorcycle & Moped Manual is to help riders prepare for
Oregon licensing tests by providing rules of the road and safe riding practices.
This manual condenses and paraphrases selected language in the Oregon Revised
Statutes. It also provides safety advice not included in law. This manual is not a proper
legal authority to cite and should not be relied upon in a court of law. Local governments
may have additional ordinances not covered in this manual.
Please check DMV’s website OregonDMV.com for updates, office locations and hours, fees
and additional information.
ivContents
Section One.................................................................................. 1
Riding in Oregon...........................................................................1
Motorcycles and Mopeds............................................................1
Riding Mopeds, Autocycles, Mini-Motorcycles,
Pocket Bikes, ATVs and Off-Road Motorcycles..........................5
Section Two ................................................................................. 6
Factors Affecting Rider Performance..............................................6
Effects of Alcohol and other Impairing Drugs............................6
Other Factors Affecting Rider Performance................................8
Section Three ..............................................................................11
Before You Ride...........................................................................11
Selecting and Wearing Protective Gear.....................................11
Know Your Motorcycle ...........................................................14
Required Motorcycle Equipment .............................................16
Section Four ...............................................................................18
Vehicle Control Skills...................................................................18
Getting Started........................................................................18
Shifting Gears .........................................................................20
Stopping ..................................................................................21
Turning....................................................................................22
vSection Five ................................................................................24
Street Strategies............................................................................24
Rider Risks and Responsibilities ..............................................24
SIPDE......................................................................................25
Intersections ............................................................................26
Sharing the Road.....................................................................28
Increasing Visibility .................................................................32
Section Six ..................................................................................35
Roadway Management.................................................................35
Crash Avoidance......................................................................35
Handling Hazardous Surfaces..................................................38
Section Seven ..............................................................................41
Special Riding Situations..............................................................41
Section Eight ..............................................................................45
Passengers, Cargo and Group Riding...........................................45
Carrying Passengers and Cargo................................................45
Group Riding ..........................................................................47
Section Nine ...............................................................................49
Three-Wheel Motorcycles.............................................................49
Common Operating Characteristics of Three-Wheeled
Motorcycles and Motorcycles with a Sidecar.............................49
Unique Operating Characteristics of Triple-Track
Motorcycles .............................................................................51
Unique Operating Characteristics of a Motorcycle
with a Sidecar ..........................................................................52
viONE
Section One
Riding in Oregon
Motorcycles and Mopeds
Motorcycles and mopeds are defined as vehicles designed to travel with no more
than three wheels in contact with the ground and with a seat or saddle for use of
the rider.
A moped must have an independent power source that is a power drive system
that functions directly or automatically and does not require clutching or
shifting by the operator after the system is engaged. A moped cannot be capable
of speeds of more than 30 mph on level ground AND, if the moped’s power
source is a combustion engine, it cannot be larger than 50 ccs. Mopeds also
include cycles designed as bicycles, if they are equipped with a power source
meeting the legal definition.
Mandatory Rider Education
If you need to obtain a motorcycle endorsement and you do not have a valid
motorcycle endorsement or license from another state, the District of Columbia,
a United States Territory or Canadian Province, you must complete an approved
motorcycle rider education course.
Team Oregon is the only approved motorcycle rider education provider in Oregon.
You can find information and sign up for courses at www.team-oregon.org.
Following are approved Team Oregon courses and the tests that a completion
card waives at DMV:
• Basic Rider Training (BRT) is approved for riders of any age and waives both
the motorcycle knowledge and skills tests.
• Intermediate Rider Training (IRT) is approved for riders 21 and older and
waives only the motorcycle skills test.
• eRider™ Basic is approved for riders of any age and waives only the motorcycle
skills test.
• eRider™ Intermediate is approved for riders 21 and older and waives only the
motorcycle skills test.
Riders who complete an approved motorcycle rider education course may qualify
for a discount on the insurance premium for their motorcycle.
1Riding Unendorsed
ONE
Riding a motorcycle without a motorcycle endorsement is a Class A traffic
violation.
Studies show that 27% of motorcycle riders involved in fatal crashes in 2015 were
riding without a valid motorcycle endorsement.1
Mandatory Insurance
Oregon’s insurance law requires every driver to insure their vehicle, including a
motorcycle or moped, if it is operated on any highway or on premises open to the
public. The minimum amount of liability insurance required is:
• Bodily injury and property damage liability — $25,000 per person; $50,000
per accident for bodily injury to others; and $20,000 per accident of damage
to property of others.
• Uninsured motorist coverage — $25,000 per person; $50,000 per accident for
bodily injury.
Instruction Permits
Moped – There is no instruction permit available for a moped.
Motorcycle – In order to be issued a Motorcycle Instruction Permit you must:
• Have a valid driver license from Oregon.
• Be at least 16 years of age.
• Present proof of legal presence, full legal name, identity and date of birth.
• Present proof of your current physical address.
• Provide a verifiable Social Security number (SSN) on the application or proof
of ineligibility for an SSN.
• Have parental/guardian consent if under age 18.
• Pass the motorcycle knowledge and vision tests.
• Pay $23.50 for the permit.
A motorcycle permit is valid for one year. The permit allows you to learn how
to safely operate a motorcycle on public streets and highways. You should learn
balance and control of the motorcycle off the street.
1 National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2016, December). Motorcycles:
2015 data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 353). Washington,
DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
2Restrictions on a Motorcycle Instruction Permit:
ONE
• Rider must be accompanied by, and under the supervision and visual
observation of, a rider on a separate motorcycle who is at least 21 years of age
and who has a valid motorcycle endorsement.
• Rider must operate during daylight hours only.
• Passengers are prohibited.
• Rider must wear a DOT compliant helmet.
Three-Wheel Motorcycles – There is no instruction permit available for a three-
wheel motorcycle.
Endorsements
Moped – You may operate a moped with any class of driver license. No
endorsement is required.
If you are riding a bike that has an independent power source and can go over 30
mph on level ground, unassisted, you must have a motorcycle endorsement.
If you are riding a bike equipped with a combustion engine power source of more
than 50 ccs, you must have a motorcycle endorsement.
Motorcycle – In order to be issued a motorcycle endorsement:
• You must have a valid driver license from Oregon.
• You must be at least 16 years of age.
• You must present proof of legal presence, full legal name, identity and date of
birth,
• You must present proof of your current physical address.
• You must provide a verifiable Social Security number (SSN) on the
application or proof of ineligibility for an SSN.
• You must have parental/guardian consent if under age 18.
• If you have an Oregon Driver License, you must complete a Team Oregon
motorcycle rider education course.
• Depending on the Team Oregon course completed, you may be required to
take and pass the DMV motorcycle knowledge test.
If you have a valid out-of-state motorcycle license or endorsement, you must
surrender your license or endorsement from another state, District of Columbia,
a United States Territory or Canadian Province. You are not required to take a
Team Oregon course or take the motorcycle knowledge test with DMV.
Motorcycle endorsement fees vary depending on the class of license held or
issuance type. For a complete list of fees, please visit: http://www.oregon.gov/
ODOT/DMV/pages/fees/driver.aspx.
3ONE Three-Wheel Motorcycle – This restricted endorsement allows you to operate
only three-wheel motorcycles.
In order to be issued a three-wheel restricted motorcycle endorsement you must:
• Have a valid driver license from Oregon.
• Be at least 16 years of age.
• Present proof of legal presence, full legal name, identity and date of birth,
• Present proof of your current physical address.
• Provide a verifiable Social Security number (SSN) or proof of ineligibility.
• Have parental/guardian consent if under age 18.
• Take and pass the DMV Motorcycle Knowledge test.
If you have a valid out-of-state three-wheel restricted motorcycle license or
endorsement, you must surrender your license or endorsement from another state,
District of Columbia, a United States Territory or Canadian Province. You are
not required to take a Team Oregon course or take the motorcycle knowledge test
with DMV.
Motorcycle endorsement fees vary depending on the class of license held or
issuance type. For a complete list of fees please visit: http://www.oregon.gov/
ODOT/DMV/pages/fees/driver.aspx.
Testing at DMV
Vision – You must take and successfully pass a vision screening to get a
motorcycle endorsement on your Oregon Driver License.
Knowledge – The knowledge test is based on information in this manual and the
questions are multiple choice. You must answer 20 questions correctly to pass.
• You must take and successfully pass the DMV motorcycle knowledge test
if you want to be issued a motorcycle instruction permit or a three-wheel
motorcycle endorsement.
• You must take and successfully pass the DMV knowledge test or present a
Team Oregon Basic Rider Training course completion card when you apply
for your endorsement.
Skills – DMV does NOT administer motorcycle skills tests. The motorcycle skills
test is waived when you take and successfully pass an approved Team Oregon
course. You must present your completion card to your local DMV office.
If you have a valid motorcycle endorsement from another state, you are not
required to take the motorcycle knowledge or skills tests.
4Riding Mopeds, Autocycles, Mini-Motorcycles, Pocket Bikes, ATVs
ONE
and Off-Road Motorcycles
Riding Mopeds
Moped operators in Oregon generally obey the same rules of the road as
motorcycle operators.
Motorcycles and mopeds, while similar in appearance, differ in the way they
operate. Motorcycles are heavier and more powerful. Mopeds may have a top
speed, unassisted, of no more than 30 miles per hour while on a level surface.
Since they are not built the same, mopeds and motorcycles should not be used for
some of the same purposes. Mopeds are designed for leisure travel. Oregon law
allows a moped to use bicycle lanes or paths if the moped is being pedaled. When
under its own power, a moped must use regular traffic lanes. It is against the law
to carry other passengers when operating a moped.
Autocycles
Autocycles handle much differently than motorcycles or mopeds. These vehicles
operate more like a car because they are equipped with three wheels, a steering
wheel, a non-straddle seat and a manufacturer-installed three-point safety belt or
safety harness.
An autocycle may be operated with any class of driver license. A motorcycle
endorsement is not required. Operators and their passengers must wear a DOT
compliant helmet if the autocycle is NOT enclosed. Autocycles may not ride
more than one abreast in a lane.
Mini-Motorcycles, Pocket Bikes, ATVs and Off-Road Motorcycles
A mini-motorcycle, pocket bike, go-kart or all-terrain vehicle (ATV) is not
legal for use on public roads in Oregon. To be legal on public roads, motorized
vehicles, including motorcycles, need to meet the U.S. Department of
Transportation’s vehicle design safety and equipment requirements and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards.
Motorcycles originally manufactured for off-road use generally do not meet the
emission standards for on-road use and cannot be registered for highway use
in Oregon. For information about converting an off-road motorcycle to street
use, visit the Transportation Safety Division’s website at: http://www.oregon.gov/
ODOT/TS/Pages/Vehicle-Equipment.aspx
5Section Two
Factors Affecting Rider Performance
TWO
Riding a motorcycle demands your full attention. Responsible riders pay
attention to the riding environment, identify potential hazards, look for escape
routes and make good decisions.
Your ability to trust your judgement and to be aware of changing conditions or
potential hazards is influenced by how fit and alert you are.
Alcohol is a major contributor to motorcycle crashes, particularly fatal crashes.
Studies show that, in Oregon, 46% of all riders killed in motorcycle crashes
during 2015 had been drinking.2 Riding “under the influence” of alcohol or other
drugs poses physical and legal hazards for every rider.
Effects of Alcohol and other Impairing Drugs
It is important to understand the effect of alcohol, marijuana and other drugs to
see that they don’t mix with riding. Alcohol and other drugs impair your:
Judgment – Alcohol and other impairing drugs affect those areas of your brain
that control judgment. You may not be able to make good decisions about traffic
conditions or how you can protect yourself.
Vision – Alcohol and certain types of drugs can blur your vision, slow your
ability to focus and cause double vision.
Reaction Time – Alcohol and other impairing drugs slow your ability to process
information and impact your ability to react quickly to a situation.
Riding under the influence of alcohol or other drugs
poses physical and legal hazards for every rider.
2 National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2016, December). Motorcycles:
2015 data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 353). Washington,
DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
6Don’t Drink and Ride
The safest and most responsible choice is to
not drink and ride. Your ability to think
clearly and ride safely is affected by as
little as one drink. Once you start, your
TWO
judgment is affected and your ability to
say “no” gets weaker.
If you plan on drinking, leave your
motorcycle at home and find other
transportation so you won’t be tempted to
ride impaired. Or, call ahead to where you plan
on drinking and ask if there is a secure place for
you to store your motorcycle overnight so you can find an
alternative way home – such as a taxi or designated driver.
There are no shortcuts to removing alcohol from your body. None of the
“remedies” you may have heard about – cold showers, hot coffee, or physical
exercise – will remove alcohol faster. The only proven remedy to removing alcohol
is time. Remember – your body can process about one drink an hour.
Other Impairing Drugs and Riding
Marijuana and other cannabis products slow your reaction time, interfere with
your concentration, impact your perception of time and distance and affect your
ability to ride safely. Its negative effects are most evident when individuals handling
multiple tasks are confronted with something unexpected. Your response and
performance at these times need to be quick and accurate.
This is true of many prescription, over-the-counter, and illegal drugs. If you are not
sure if it is safe to take a drug and ride, ask your doctor or pharmacist about any
side effects.
Never drink alcohol while you are taking other drugs. These drugs could multiply
the effects of alcohol or have additional effects of their own. These effects not only
reduce your ability to operate your motorcycle, but could cause serious health
problems, even death.
Combining drinking and drug use with the operation of a motor vehicle can have
fatal consequences. Motorcyclists are more likely than automobile drivers to be
killed or severely injured in crashes.
7Other Factors Affecting Rider Performance
Distracted Riding
A distraction is anything that takes your attention away from riding. Rider
TWO
distractions may occur anytime and anywhere. Distracted riding can cause
TWO
collisions, resulting in injury, death or property damage. Taking your eyes off the
road or hands off the motorcycle presents obvious riding risks. Mental activities
that take your mind away from riding are just as dangerous. You must maintain
your attention on the riding task. You are completely and solely responsible for
operating your motorcycle in a safe manner.
Health
There are many health conditions that can affect your riding, even minor
problems. Check with your doctor if a health condition could interfere with you
operating a motorcycle.
Emotions
Emotions can interfere with your ability to think, create mental distractions,
increase risk-taking, create a lack of attention and interrupt your ability to
process information. You may not be able to give all your attention to operating a
motorcycle if you are overly worried, excited, afraid, angry or depressed.
Fatigue
Fatigue can affect your control of the motorcycle. To minimize potential for
fatigue, be sure to be properly rested and take frequent rest breaks when riding long
distances. Experienced riders seldom try to ride more than about six hours a day.
Weather
Riding a motorcycle requires a great amount of mental alertness and physical
skill. Sometimes changes in your environment can affect your visibility. Physical
changes may occur as well, which may affect your riding performance. Responsible
riders know how to adjust or compensate for factors that affect rider performance.
Cold Weather
In cold weather riding, protect yourself by wearing proper protective gear like a
windproof jacket and insulated layers of clothing. An additional windproof outer
layer can prevent cold air from reaching the skin.
Cold weather can significantly increase your reaction time. To compensate for the
slower reaction time, reduce your speed and increase your following distance and
space on your sides.
8Hypothermia
Riding for long periods in cold weather may lower your body temperature and
cause hypothermia.
Symptoms of hypothermia may include:
• Deterioration in physical coordination.
TWO
• Irrational, confused behavior.
• Sluggish movement.
• Shivering.
• Muscle tension.
• Shallow, slow breathing.
If a chill is experienced, leave the roadway at your first opportunity and find
shelter. Drink warm liquids, do some exercise to warm yourself and change out of
wet clothes.
Extreme Hot Weather
In extreme hot weather, wear protective gear that breathes. It is important to wear
a jacket and long pants to protect you in a collision and to prevent dehydration.
Drink plenty of water, stop and remove unnecessary heavy clothing and dry your
hands if they become slippery due to perspiration.
Symptoms of heat stroke may include:
• Throbbing headache.
• Dizzy or light-headed.
• Muscle weakness or cramps.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Rapid heartbeat, which may be strong or weak.
• Rapid, shallow breathing.
9Test Your Knowledge
1. What is the only proven remedy to remove alcohol from your body? (Page 7)
A. Hot coffee.
B. Time.
TWO
C. Physical exercise.
2. Prescription drugs: (Page 7)
A. Always help you ride safer.
B. Are safe to use while riding.
C. Can affect your ability to ride safely.
3. To compensate for the slower reaction time in very cold weather, you should:
(Page 8)
A. Ride close to other vehicles.
B. Speed up.
C. Increase your following distance.
10Section Three
Before You Ride
A responsible rider makes a point to:
THREE
1. Wear protective riding gear.
2. Be familiar with the motorcycle.
3. Inspect the motorcycle.
4. Be free of impairments (alcohol and drugs).
Selecting and Wearing Protective Gear
Anytime you ride a motorcycle:
• You must wear a helmet compliant to U.S. Department of Transportation
(DOT) standards.
• You should wear face and eye protection.
• You should wear motorcycle protective riding gear (gloves, long pants, jacket
and sturdy footwear).
Helmet Use
Oregon requires you to wear a DOT-compliant motorcycle helmet whenever
you ride a motorcycle, moped or unenclosed autocycle as either an operator or
passenger.
Here are some facts to consider:
• Helmets protect you from the elements (wind, bugs, debris, etc.).
• A DOT-compliant helmet does not restrict vision or mask important sounds.
• Crashes are unpredictable and may happen at any time, even on short rides or
within minutes of starting the ride.
• Regardless of speed, a helmet will reduce the chances of severe or fatal head
injuries.
11Full Face Three-Quarter Half
Helmet Helmet Helmet
Helmet Selection
THREE
Protection should be the first consideration when buying your motorcycle helmet.
There are three primary types of helmets: full face, three-quarter, and half. A
full face helmet gives the most head protection since it covers all of the head and
face. This design has a flip-up face shield that protects the eyes. A three-quarter
helmet affords riders good head protection and is constructed with the same basic
components, but doesn’t offer the face and chin protection of full-face helmets. If
you wear a three-quarter helmet, you should use an approved snap-on face shield
or goggles. Half helmets provide the least amount of protection.
Whichever style you choose, make sure that the helmet:
• Is DOT compliant. You can tell if a helmet is DOT compliant if it has a label
attached to the helmet that
states the manufacturer’s name
and/or brand, model, and
says DOT, FMVSS No.218,
CERTIFIED.
• Has no obvious defects such as
Mfr. Name and/or Brand
Model Designation
DOT
FMVSS No. 218
CERTIFIED
cracks, loose padding or frayed
straps. Back of Inside of
• Fastens securely. Half Helmet Half Helmet
Helmet Fit
A helmet should fit comfortably, but snug all the way around. A helmet that is
too loose can lift in the wind or come off your head in a fall. One that is too
tight can create sores or cause headaches. When choosing a helmet, try on several
brands and sizes to get an idea of fit and comfort.
Here are a few tips for the best fit:
• Cheek pads should touch your cheeks without pressing uncomfortably.
• There should be no gaps between your temples and brow pads.
• If the helmet has a neck roll, it should not push the helmet away from the
back of your neck.
• On full face helmets, press on the chin piece. The helmet or face shield should
not touch your nose or chin.
12Face and Eye Protection
Without face protection, an object could hit you in the eye, face or mouth. A full
face helmet provides the maximum face and eye protection while riding and in
the event of a crash. A plastic shatter-resistant face shield can help protect your
eyes and face from wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects and pebbles thrown up from cars
ahead. These distractions can be painful and can take your full attention from
the road. Whatever happens, keep your eyes on the road and your hands on the
handlebars.
Windshields will not protect your eyes from wind and debris; neither will
THREE
eyeglasses or sunglasses. A windshield is not a substitute for a face shield. Glasses
will not keep your eyes from watering, and they might blow off when you turn
your head while riding. Goggles protect your eyes but won’t protect the rest of
your face like a face shield does. Goggles can also reduce peripheral vision. Tinted
eye protection or shields should not be worn at night or any other time when little
light is available.
Hearing Protection
Long-term exposure to wind noise can cause irreversible hearing damage.
Properly worn hearing protection can reduce wind noise and make your ride
more enjoyable while still allowing you to hear important sounds like car horns
and sirens. You can choose from a variety of styles from disposable foam plugs to
reusable custom-molded devices.
Protective Riding Gear
Riding gear designed for motorcycle riders provides protection in the event of
a crash as well as from heat, cold, rain, debris and hot or moving parts of the
motorcycle. Sturdy synthetic or leather materials provide the best protection.
Wearing brightly colored clothing with retro-reflective material will make you
more visible to other roadway users.
Sturdy synthetic or leather materials provide the
best protection.
• Jackets and Pants should cover arms and legs completely and be made of
durable material. Jeans do not provide adequate protection. Wear a jacket even
in warm weather to prevent dehydration. Many motorcycle riding jackets are
designed to protect without getting you overheated, even on summer days.
• Protective Footwear provides protection for the feet, ankles and lower parts
of the legs. They should be high and sturdy enough to cover your ankles and
give them support. Leather boots are best. Soles should be made of hard,
durable slip-resistant material. Keep heels short so they do not catch on rough
surfaces. Tuck laces in so they won’t catch on your motorcycle.
13• Gloves allow a better grip and help protect your hands. Your gloves should be
full-fingered and made of leather or similar durable material.
• Rain Suits designed for motorcycle riding resist tearing apart or ballooning up
at high speeds. You will be much more comfortable and alert than a rider who
is wet and cold. One- or two-piece styles are available. A rain suit with retro-
reflective strips or high visibility orange or yellow colors are good choices.
Whatever the weather conditions, always wear protective gear that will keep you
comfortable, enabling you to concentrate on your riding.
Know Your Motorcycle
THREE
You should get to know your Choke
(varies) Engine Cut
motorcycle. Learning how Off Switch
Light Switch
things work and what parts (high/low)
need the most attention
could reduce your chances of Horn
Button
being in a crash and extend
Turn Signal
the life of your motorcycle. Switch Electric
You should allow extra room Start
Button
for stopping if you are not
familiar with your motorcycle. Speedometer Tachometer
Throttle
& Odometer (if equipped)
To make sure that your
motorcycle will not let you
down:
• Read the owner’s manual Front Brake
Clutch Lever
first and get to know it. Lever
• Be familiar with the Ignition Key
(varies)
motorcycle controls. Fuel Supply
Valve Rear Brake
• Conduct a pre-ride check (if equipped) Pedal
of the motorcycle before Kick Starter
every ride. Gear (if equipped)
Change
• Check your tire pressure. Lever
Low tire pressure can
affect steering, stopping
and how the bike handles.
• Keep it serviced and maintained. A motorcycle needs more frequent
inspections and maintenance than a car. A breakdown is more likely to cause
an accident.
Make sure your motorcycle fits you. Your feet should reach the ground while you
are seated on the motorcycle.
14Motorcycle Controls
There are six primary controls needed to make the motorcycle move and stop.
You will need both hands and both feet to operate these controls.
• Handlebars – The handlebars are used to initiate and control motorcycle
lean, which turns the motorcycle.
• Throttle – Is the right handgrip and is operated by rolling the handgrip
toward you to increase speed and away from you to decrease speed. When
released, the throttle snaps back to an “idle” position. To use the throttle
safely and comfortably, keep four fingers around the throttle/handgrip and
THREE
the wrist in a flat position.
• Clutch Lever – Located in front of the left handgrip. To operate, squeeze
the clutch lever in toward the left handgrip, disconnecting power from the
rear wheel. To reengage power, slowly release the clutch lever while gently
applying throttle.
• Gearshift Lever – Is usually located on the left side of the motorcycle in
front of the footrest and is operated by the left foot. To shift to a higher gear
(upshift), squeeze the clutch lever and then lift the gearshift lever. To shift to
a lower gear (downshift), squeeze the clutch lever and then press the gearshift
lever. Motorcycle transmissions shift only one gear per each lift or press.
The shift lever must be released before you can shift again. A typical shift
pattern is 1-N-2-3-4-5- (6). Neutral (N) is a half-shift up from first or a half-
shift down from second; a full upshift or downshift will bypass neutral. An
instrument light indicates when the transmission is in neutral.
• Front Brake Lever – Located in front of the right handgrip and controls the
brakes on the front wheel. To operate, squeeze the front brake lever smoothly
and progressively.
• Rear Brake Pedal – Located in front of the right footrest and controls
braking on the rear wheel. To operate, press down on the rear brake pedal
with your right foot.
Other Controls and Equipment
Along with the six primary controls there are a few other controls on most
motorcycles that are important to know and locate. The location and operation
of some of these controls vary from model to model. Refer to your motorcycle
owner’s manual.
• Engine Cut-Off Switch – Located on the right handgrip and operated by
the right thumb. It allows you to shut off the engine without removing your
hands from the controls.
• Fuel Supply Valve – Controls fuel supply to the engine. To run, turn from
OFF to ON. Also may include RESERVE and PRIME positions. It may not
be present on some motorcycles.
• Ignition Switch – Usually located near the instrument cluster, on the gas
tank or under the tank and activated with a key. Positions include ON, OFF,
15LOCK and PARK. The LOCK position allows the key to be removed and
engages a steering-lock mechanism. PARK activates the taillight for increased
visibility if you park alongside a roadway at night.
• Choke (if equipped) – Frequently located near the left handgrip, the
instrument cluster or the carburetor. It is important that you consult your
owner’s manual for more information. The choke provides an enriched fuel
mixture to assist in cold engine starts. Turn to OFF position when engine is
warmed.
• Turn Signal Switch – Usually located on the handgrip(s) and operated by the
thumb. Most models do not self-cancel. Check your owner’s manual.
THREE
• High/Low Beam Headlight – Located on the left handgrip. On most
motorcycles the headlight activates when the ignition is on.
• Horn – Located on the left handgrip. Operate by pressing with your thumb.
• Starter – Located on the right handgrip. Operate by pressing with your
thumb.
• Speedometer – Indicates motorcycle road speed. An odometer shows miles
ridden, and a re-settable trip meter can be used to show trip miles or miles
since the last gas stop.
• Tachometer (if equipped) – Indicates motorcycle engine speed in revolutions
per minute (RPM). Never exceed red line RPM.
• Indicator Lights – Located in the instrument cluster. Includes neutral, turn
signals, oil pressure, high beam, side stand down and possibly others.
• Mirrors – Located on the left and right sides of the motorcycle. Some mirrors
are convex. Convex mirrors provide a wider view than flat mirrors but make
vehicles look further away than they really are. Adjust them so you can see
the road behind you.
• Side and Center Stands – Supports the motorcycle when parked. Not all
models have center stands. Most stands have return springs that snap up and
hold them in place. Always raise the stand before riding.
Required Motorcycle Equipment
All motorcycles and mopeds must have:
• At least one but not more than three white headlights. Modulating headlights
are allowed during daylight hours. Oregon law requires that the headlight be
on at all times.
• At least one red taillight.
• One white license plate light.
• At least one rear license plate.
• At least one red brake light (stop lamp).
• Front turn signal lights may be white or amber if the motorcycle was built
after 1972.
16• Rear turn signal lights may be red, amber or yellow if the motorcycle was
built after 1972.
• A red reflector on the rear.
• At least one rear view mirror.
• One horn.
• Fenders on all wheels.
• At least one brake operated by hand or foot.
• An exhaust system in good working order, constant operation and meets noise
emission standards determined by the Department of Environmental Quality.
THREE
• All lighting must be DOT compliant.
Test Your Knowledge
1. When choosing a helmet, for the best fit, make sure the helmet: (Page 12)
A. Loosely fits the top of your head.
B. Tightly fits at the base, loosely at the top.
C. Fits snugly all the way around your head.
2. What type of riding gear provides the best protection when riding a
motorcycle: (Page 13)
A. Denim jeans.
B. Synthetic or leather clothing.
C. Cotton pants.
3. Before every ride, it is important to: (Page 14)
A. Change the oil.
B. Conduct a pre-ride check.
C. Reset the odometer.
17Section Four
Vehicle Control Skills
The following section offers basic riding information on getting started, shifting
gears, stopping, straight-line riding and turning. These basic skills are important
to learn before moving onto more complex skills.
Training, practice, time and experience are the only ways you can learn how to
safely operate a motorcycle and control direction, speed and balance. Being aware
of your abilities and knowing the rules of the road will help you as you learn how
FOUR
to operate a motorcycle.
Getting Started
Mounting the Motorcycle
To mount the motorcycle, stand on the left side of the motorcycle. Grasp both
handgrips, squeeze the front brake to keep the motorcycle from rolling, and
swing your right leg over the seat. Sit and straighten the bike; raise the side stand
with your foot and adjust the mirrors.
Starting the Engine
1. Turn the fuel valve and ignition switch ON.
2. Shift to neutral. Do not rely on the indicator light. Rock the motorcycle back
and forth. If the motorcycle rolls freely, it’s in neutral.
3. Turn the engine cut-off switch to ON.
4. Turn the choke ON for cold starts. Many motorcycles require squeezing the
clutch before the starter will operate. This is also a good precaution against
accidentally starting the bike in gear and reduces the load on the starter motor.
5. Press the starter button. Avoid using the throttle; the motorcycle should start
without it. Many motorcycles have a safety mechanism that cuts power to the
motor if the bike is placed in gear with the side stand down; so if you haven’t
brought the side stand up, do it now. If the motor doesn’t start in the first 5 to
8 seconds, stop and repeat the steps above.
18Stopping the Engine, Dismounting and Securing the Motorcycle
1. Turn the engine cut-off switch to OFF. Turn the ignition OFF. Turn the fuel
valve OFF if your motorcycle has one. Make sure all lights are off.
2. To dismount, put the side stand down. Lean the motorcycle onto the side
stand, while grasping both handgrips squeeze the front brake and swing your
right leg over. Turn the handlebar fully toward the side stand for stability.
3. After dismounting, remove the ignition key and engage fork lock or other
security device.
Riding Posture
To properly control a motorcycle:
• Posture – Keep your back straight and head and eyes up. Sit so you can use
your arms to steer the motorcycle rather than to hold yourself up.
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• Hands – Hold the handgrips firmly. Start with your right wrist flat. This will
help you to control the throttle.
• Knees – Keep your knees close to the gas tank when the motorcycle is
moving.
• Feet – Keep your feet on the footrests when the motorcycle is moving and
avoid pointing your toes down. Keep your feet near the controls so you can
easily and quickly use them.
Proper Riding Posture
19Friction Zone
Since most motorcycles have a manual
transmission, you will need to use the
“friction zone” to start
the motorcycle moving
and prevent stalling. The Friction Zone
friction zone is the point on
the clutch where the engine’s
power begins to transmit to the rear
wheel. As you reach the friction zone, roll
on the throttle and the motorcycle will start moving forward. Do not fully release
the clutch lever until your motorcycle is moving and stable.
Shifting Gears
There is more to shifting gears than simply getting the motorcycle to pick up
FOUR
speed smoothly. Learning to use the gears when downshifting, turning or
starting on hills is important for safe motorcycle operation.
• To upshift to a higher gear:
○○ Roll off, or close, the throttle as you
squeeze in the clutch lever.
○○ Lift the shift lever. Use firm pressure.
○○ Release the shift lever after each shift is (6)
completed. 5
○○ Ease the clutch out as you roll on the 4
throttle. 3
• To downshift to a lower gear: 2
N
○○ Roll off or close the throttle as you 1
squeeze in the clutch lever.
○○ Press down firmly (but don’t stomp) on
the shift lever.
○○ Ease out the clutch to avoid skidding the
rear tire.
When coming to a stop, you should shift down through the gears as you slow.
Always try to shift gears gradually; an abrupt change in power to the rear wheel
can cause a skid.
Starting on an Incline
Here are some important tips to remember when starting on a hill:
• Use the front brake to hold the motorcycle while you start the engine and
shift into first gear.
• Change to the foot brake to hold the motorcycle while you operate the
throttle with your right hand.
20• Open the throttle a little bit for more power.
• Release the clutch gradually.
• Release the rear brake when the motorcycle starts to pull forward. This means
the clutch is beginning to transmit power.
• Continue to release the clutch gradually. If you release it too quickly, the front
wheel may come off the ground, the engine may stop, or both.
• Continue to open the throttle gradually, as needed.
It is more difficult to start the motorcycle moving on an upgrade than on flat
ground. There is always the danger of rolling backwards into a vehicle behind you.
Stopping
Your motorcycle has brakes Rear
on the front and rear wheels.
Always use both brakes every
FOUR
time you slow or stop. When
used correctly, the front brake Front
can provide 70% or more of your
total stopping power.
Both
Using both front and rear brakes
shortens stopping distance.
Stopping Distance
To stop your motorcycle, squeeze
the front brake lever and press
down on the rear brake pedal smoothly until stopped. Grabbing at the front
brake or jamming down on the rear can cause the brakes to lock, resulting in
control problems.
Normal Stopping in a Curve
If you need to stop while leaned over in a curve, apply smooth gradual pressure
to both brakes as you start reducing your lean angle. The more you reduce the
lean the more traction you will have to stop. You can apply more brake pressure
as your motorcycle straightens up. If you apply too much brake pressure or do so
suddenly, a skid can occur.
Integrated Braking Systems
Some motorcycles have integrated braking systems that link the front and rear
brakes together by applying a single brake control. (Consult the owner’s manual
for information on the use of these systems.)
21Turning
New riders must be aware of the difficulty of negotiating turns and curves. Riders
often try to take curves or turns too fast. Reduce speed before entering the turn
and maintain this speed. These four steps will help you learn the skills for turning:
SLOW – Reduce your speed before
the turn. This can be done by
rolling off the throttle as
needed and, if necessary,
applying both brakes.
LOOK – Look through
the turn to where you
Normal Slow
want to go. Turn just your
Turning Turning
head, not your shoulders,
and keep your eyes level
FOUR
with the horizon.
ROLL – Roll on the throttle to maintain steady speed or gradually accelerate
through the turn. This will help keep the motorcycle stable.
PRESS – To turn, the motorcycle must lean. To lean the motorcycle,
countersteer – press on the handgrip in the direction of the turn. Press forward
on the left handgrip – lean left – go left. Press forward on the right handgrip –
lean right – go right. The higher the speed or the sharper the turn, the greater the
lean angle.
Turning Techniques
In normal turns, the rider and the motorcycle should lean together at the same
angle.
In slow tight turns, counterbalance by leaning the motorcycle only and keeping
your body straight.
22Test Your Knowledge
1. How should you position your hands on the handgrips? (Page 19)
A. Keep the left wrist down.
B. Keep the right wrist up.
C. Keep your right wrist flat.
2. What is the “friction zone”? (Page 20)
A. Point on the clutch where the engine’s power begins to transmit to the rear
wheel.
B. Point when the clutch warms up.
C. Point on the throttle where the engine’s power begins to transmit to the rear
wheel.
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3. To bring your motorcycle to a stop: (Page 21)
A. Squeeze the front brake lever gradually and drag your feet until stopped.
B. Grab the front brake lever and firmly press down on the rear brake pedal
until stopped.
C. Squeeze the front brake lever and press down on the rear brake pedal
gradually until stopped.
4. What are the four steps for turning? (Page 22)
A. Slow, Look, Roll, Press.
B. Search, Evaluate, Decide, Execute.
C. Evaluate, Accelerate, Brake, Roll.
23Section Five
Street Strategies
Rider Risks and Responsibilities
You need to develop a set of street riding strategies that allows you to gather
critical information to make good decisions and avoid problems.
Rider Responsibilities
Accept the responsibilities associated with operating a motorcycle:
• You must have a motorcycle endorsement or instruction permit.
• You must follow the laws and rules of the road.
• You must share the road with other users (i.e. pedestrians, bicyclists, large
vehicles, etc.)
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• Always ride alcohol- and drug-free.
• Always wear protective gear.
Motorcycles are not as visible as other vehicles
because of their size. This puts you at risk!
Risk Awareness
Riding a motorcycle involves some risks not encountered when driving other
types of vehicles. Some of these risks include:
• Vulnerability – Motorcycles provide less protection in a crash and do not
have the stability of cars. This is why you should always wear protective gear.
• Visibility – Motorcycles are not as visible as other types of vehicles because of
their size. Other motorists may not be looking for motorcycles in traffic. This
places you at risk.
24Risk Management
To manage risk you must be aware of the potential risks and then have a plan to
reduce the risks.
SIPDE
Good experienced riders remain aware of what is going on around them. They
improve their riding strategy by using SIPDE, a 5-step process used to make
appropriate judgments, and apply it correctly in different traffic situations:
• Scan
• Identify
• Predict
S I P D E
• Decide
• Execute
Let’s examine each of
these steps.
Scan
Search aggressively ahead, to the sides and behind to avoid potential hazards even
FIVE
before they arise. How aggressively you search, and how much time and space you
allow, can eliminate or reduce harm. Focus on finding potential escape routes.
Identify
An aggressive scan allows you to identify potential hazards and conflicts before
you reach them.
• Vehicles and other motorcycles—may move into your path and increase the
likelihood of a crash.
• Pedestrians and animals—are unpredictable, and make short, quick moves.
• Stationary objects—potholes, guardrails, bridges, roadway signs, hedges or
trees may influence your riding strategy.
Predict
After identifying a potential hazard or conflict, you will need to quickly predict
what it will do. Before making your move, ask yourself: How critical is the
situation? What are my choices? What are the consequences? Do I need to take
action? This stage of SIPDE will develop as you gain experience and skill.
Decide
Determine what you need to do based on your prediction. You must decide when,
where and how to take action. You must constantly make decisions to deal with
constantly changing road and/or traffic conditions.
25Execute
Carry out your decision.
• Communicate your presence with lights and/or horn.
• Adjust your speed by accelerating, stopping or slowing.
• Adjust your position and/or direction.
When you encounter multiple hazards, adjust your speed to permit them to
separate. Then deal with them one at a time as single hazards. Decision making
becomes more complex with three or more hazards.
In potentially high-risk areas, such as intersections, shopping areas and school
or construction zones, cover the clutch and both brakes to reduce the amount of
time it takes you to react.
Intersections
The greatest potential for multi-vehicle crashes is
at intersections. At intersections, drivers entering
your right of way is the most common cause of
motorcycle and car accidents. Cars that turn left
in front of you, including cars turning left from
FIVE
the lane to your right, and cars on side streets
that pull into your lane, are the biggest dangers.
Your use of SIPDE at intersections is critical. In
2015, there were 2,448 two-vehicle fatal crashes
involving a motorcycle and another type of
vehicle.3 In 41 percent of these crashes, the other
vehicles were turning left while the motorcycles
were going straight, passing, or overtaking other
vehicles.
Increase your chances of being seen at intersections by riding with your headlight
on. Ride in a lane position that provides the best view of oncoming traffic. For
example, if a car is stopped to your right, slow down and move to the left. Provide
a space cushion around the motorcycle that permits you to take evasive action.
When approaching an intersection where a vehicle is preparing to cross your path:
• Slow down.
• Select a lane position to increase your visibility to that driver.
• Cover both brakes to reduce the time you need to react.
• Cover the clutch lever to prevent stalling. As you enter the intersection, move
away from the vehicle.
3 National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2016, December). Motorcycles:
2015 data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 353). Washington,
DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
26• Do not make radical movements, as drivers might think you are preparing to
turn.
• Be prepared to take action.
Blind Intersections
If you approach a blind intersection, move to the
portion of the lane that will bring you into another
Blind Spots
driver’s field of vision at the earliest possible moment.
In this picture, the rider has moved to the left portion
of the lane – away from the parked car – so the driver
on the cross street can see him as soon as possible.
They key is to see as much as possible and remain
visible to others while protecting your space.
If you have a stop sign or stop line, stop there first. Then edge forward and
stop again, just short of where the cross-traffic lane meets your lane. From that
position, lean your body forward and look around buildings, parked cars, or
bushes to see if anything is coming. Just make sure your front wheel stays out of
the cross lane of travel while you’re looking.
Traffic Signals
FIVE
Many traffic signals are triggered
by electrically charged wires
buried under the pavement.
When a vehicle goes over
them, the metal disrupts the
current, which sends a signal to traffic
light control box. A computer directs the
signal to change at the appropriate time.
Most motorcycles contain enough metal to trigger the light, but you should know
where the most sensitive spots are. Look for the cut in the pavement, filled with
tar. Depending on the shape, the most sensitive spots are:
• Diamonds – just inside one of the points.
• Rectangles – up front, in the middle.
• Circles – about ¼ of the way in.
If a traffic control device, controlled by a vehicle detection device, fails to detect
your motorcycle and does not change to green after one complete cycle, Oregon
law permits a motorcycle to proceed with caution through an intersection even if
the traffic control device has not changed to green. You must wait for a complete
cycle and stop for any pedestrian before proceeding.
27Sharing the Road
Space Management
It is extremely important to maintain an adequate “cushion of space” between
vehicles.
Increasing the following distance between vehicles will provide you with:
• Time to react.
• Space to maneuver.
A responsible rider recognizes that space is the best protection against potential
hazards.
Lane Positions
Oregon law gives you the right to use a full traffic lane when you ride a
motorcycle or moped. In some ways the size of the motorcycle can work to your
advantage. Each traffic lane gives a motorcycle at least three paths of travel, as
indicated in the illustration.
Your lane position should:
• Increase your ability to see and be seen.
FIVE
• Avoid others’ blind spots.
• Avoid surface hazards. 1 2 3
• Protect your lane from other drivers.
• Communicate your intentions.
• Avoid windblast from other vehicles.
• Provide an escape route.
In general, there is no single best position for you to be seen and to maintain a
space cushion around the motorcycle. No portion of the lane need be avoided –
including the center, if weather and roadway conditions permit.
Use the whole width of the lane to help other
roadway users see you better.
Position yourself in the portion of the lane where you are most likely to be seen
and you can maintain a space cushion around you. Move from one side of the
lane to another to increase your distance from other vehicles. A responsible rider
changes position as traffic situations change. Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles or
other potential hazards are on your left. Remain in path 1 or 2 if hazards are on
your right. If vehicles are present on both sides of you, the center of the lane, path
2, is usually your best option.
28The oily strip in the center portion that collects drippings from cars is usually no
more than 2 feet wide. Unless the road is wet, the average center strip permits
adequate traction to ride on safely. You can operate to the left or right of the oily
strip and still be within the center portion of the traffic lane. Avoid riding on big
buildups of oil and grease usually found at busy intersections or tollbooths.
Following Another Vehicle
Motorcycles need as much distance to stop as cars. It is recommended that
motorcycle operators try to maintain a four-second following distance behind
the vehicle ahead. This allows you space to stop, swerve, and to keep a reasonable
space cushion.
A larger cushion of space is needed
if your motorcycle will take longer
than normal to stop. For example
if you are riding 40 mph or more, nds
eco
if the pavement is slippery, if you 4S
cannot see through the vehicle
ahead or if traffic is heavy and
someone may squeeze in front of
you, open up a five-second or more
FIVE
following distance.
Keep well behind the vehicle ahead even when you are stopped. This will make it
easier to get out of the way if someone behind you is not slowing down. It will also
give you a cushion of space if the vehicle ahead starts to back up for some reason.
To estimate your four-second following distance:
• Pick out an object, such as a pavement marking, sign, pole or other stationary
point on or near the road ahead.
• When the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead passes the object, count off the
seconds: “one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two, one-thousand-three, one-
thousand-four.”
• If you reach the object before you reach “four,” you are following too closely.
• Reduce speed and then count again at another stationary point to check the
new following interval. Repeat until you are following no closer than four-
seconds.
Remember that most drivers don’t look at
their side view mirrors nearly as often as they
check their rear view mirror. If the traffic
situation allows, the center portion of the
lane is the best place for you to be seen by
the drivers ahead and to prevent lane sharing
by others.
29Being Followed
Speeding up to lose someone following too closely can end up with someone
tailgating you at a higher speed.
A better way to handle tailgaters is to get them in front of you. When someone
is following too closely, change lanes and let them pass. If you can’t do this, slow
down and open up extra space ahead of you to allow room for both you and the
tailgater to stop. This will also encourage them to pass. If they don’t pass, you
will have given yourself and the tailgater more time and space to react in case an
emergency does develop ahead.
Passing and Being Passed
Passing and being passed by another vehicle is not much different from a car.
However, visibility is more critical. Be sure other drivers see you, and that you
see potential hazards.
Motorcycle and moped riders must follow the same rules in passing as drivers
of automobiles. It is against the law for motorcyclists to pass between moving
vehicles using an occupied lane on a multi-lane highway or a one-way street. It
is also against the law to pass on the right if you must drive off the paved part of
the road or use the shoulder to go around another vehicle. Oregon law allows one
FIVE
motorcycle or moped rider to pass another using the same lane.
Passing
• Ride in the left portion of the lane at a safe
following distance to increase your line of sight
and make you more visible. Signal and check for
oncoming traffic. Use your mirrors and turn your
head to look for traffic behind.
• When safe, move into the left lane and accelerate.
Select a lane position that doesn’t crowd the car you
are passing and provides space to avoid hazards in
your lane.
• Ride through the vehicle’s blind spot as quickly as
possible while maintaining the required speed limit.
• Signal again, and complete mirror and head checks
before returning to your original lane and then
cancel signal.
• When passing parked cars, stay towards the left
of your lane. The greatest danger is drivers pulling
away from the curb without checking for traffic
behind. Cars pulling out and making sudden U-turns are also dangerous.
Center
They may cut you off entirely, blocking the whole roadway and leaving you
with no place to go.
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