Operation Manual for clinical use of SIARE Pulsar - This manual is for clinical use only
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Operation Manual for clinical use of SIARE Pulsar
This manual is for clinical use only
1-12INDEX
1) Indications /Contraindications and cautions
2) Questions to ask before using a MI-E machine
3) Guideline for PULSAR setting
What to do
• Before starting
• During use
• After use
4) Special Considerations
• Use of Pulsar in acute context
• Use of Pulsar in chronic context
• Use of Pulsar in Paediatric context
5) Possible side effects
6) Frequent Questions
1. Which are the correct settings?
2. Can Pulsar be used on patients with bulbar problems?
3. Can patients with learning difficulties use Pulsar?
4. How many times a day should Pulsar be used?
5. How long does it take for a treatment session with Pulsar?
6. Can Pulsar be used in presence of secretions?
7. Can Pulsar be used if the patient had a pneumothorax?
8. Which are the contraindications for Pulsar?
9. Can the same Pulsar be used with different patients?
10. Can Pulsar be used with newborns?
11. Can I use Pulsar with a mouthpiece?
2-12Introduction
Cough is an important mechanism to eliminate exceeding secretions and foreign bodies from
airways. In patients with airways intrinsic diseases or with respiratory muscles’ weakness, the
ineffective cough is one of the main cause of mortality and disease, since it can close lungs areas to
the inspiratory flows, due to the formation of thick mucus plugs obstructing the small and medium
airways and causing repeated bronchitis and bronchopneumonia.
Cough stimulation techniques are used in patients presenting weak or ineffective cough: the scope
of these techniques is to increase the cough flow, by assisted inspiration and /or expiration,
improving the cough effectiveness. When the conventional physiotherapy techniques of
assistance for secretions removal are ineffective, the cough stimulator (Pulsar) should be
considered.
Action mechanism of cough stimulator.
The mechanism at the base of the device is the simulation of a cough act with prior delivery of a
positive pressure (inflation phase) and, in rapid sequence, a negative pressure (exufflation phase).
The inspiration of air volumes is to make up for a deficiency of 1st phase of the cough (increase
of pre-tussive Volume). The acceleration in the expiratory phase with a negative pressure is to
facilitate the lack of the 3rd phase of the cough (secretions expulsion). The 2nd phase of the cough
(i.e. that of glottis closure, which is necessary to increase the intra-thoracic pressures) is
compensated by the increase of kinetic force acquired by the chest wall during inspiration, thanks to
the acceleration caused by the negative pressure during expiration.
1) Indications /Contraindications
1. Weakness of respiratory muscles, with ineffective cough [Peak of cough flow (PCF) < 270
l/min.]
2. Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP) < 40 cm H2O
3. In case of ineffectiveness of the air stacking. manoeuvres (insufflations of air bolus with
ambu bag or ventilator) and consequent rapid exsufflation with or without thoracic
compression.
4 In particular in all conditions of neuromuscular impairment.
The relative contraindications are:
o Recent barotrauma
o Pneumothorax or Pneumomediastinium
o Bullous emphysema
o Recent thoracic and abdominal surgery
o Epitasis or haemoptysis
o Homodynamic instability
o Maxillofacial trauma
3-122) Questions to ask before using Pulsar
BEFORE STARTING
1) Does the patient’s disease matchs the clinical indications?
Follow this outline:
- Does he present a neuromuscular disease (NMD), congenital or acquired?
- Does he present a PCF under 270 L/min?
- Does the patient present secretion at auscultation?
2) Are there any contraindications for the use of the cough device?
• Keep on mind the table of the previous paragraph.
3) Have you been trained on Pulsar use, and do you feel confident in its application?
• Do you know how to access and turn-off the device?
• Have you been trained to apply the catheter mount to the tracheotomy cannula or to
the mask?
• Do you know how to set Pulsar?
• Did you study the application protocols?
• Have you been trained to monitor the haemoglobin saturation by pulse oximeter?
• Have you been trained on aspirator and ambu use?
4) Since the Pulsar application can mobilize a large quantity of secretions and cause their
accumulation in the central airways and then the temporary obstruction of the same, are you
equipped with emergency kit (oxygen, ambu and resuscitation kit) and aspirator?
• Did you check their efficiency and functionality?
5) Is there the possibility to connect the patient to Pulsar in a correct way?
- Have you masks of different sizes?Have you the suitable mask or kit for tracheal
cannula connection?
6) Are you using the antibacterial filter?
4-123) Guideline to PULSAR setting
• Before starting
• Verify the functionality of Pulsar:
1) Connect it to the main power supply.
2) Connect the double hose, position the filter to the Y connection
3) Choose the most suitable mask and place it at the Y connection. If the patient has a
tracheostomy tube, insert a catheter mount.
4) Position the cough stimulator on a rigid surface without underlying sheets or covers
(the Pulsar aspire air from his base) because they could impede the ambient air
collection affecting the functioning.
5) Verify the pressure and flow test as indicated in the operation manual.
6) Set initially the manual mode.
7) Set low pressure of In-Ex (+/- 10-15 cmH2O).
8) Set the patient, possibly in sitting position, (in his chair or on the bed placed at 45°).
9) It is important, during the treatment that:
− The patient head is well fixed (lying on the rear head restraint or held with a hand
by therapist or caregiver)
− The mask does not allow air leaks and it is close to the face
− If a mouthpiece is used, also use a nose clamp
− In case of tracheotomy: cuff the cannula
10) By using the manual remote control (supplied with the device) stay beside the patient.
If the patient cannot correctly manage the mask himself, keep it in plece with your
hands placing behind the patient and use the foot remote control (optional accessory).
5-12• During the use
1) Explain in a concise and clear way the treatment to the patient.
2) The therapist (or the caregiver) must explain to the patient how to be coordinated during
the insufflations and exsufflation manoeuvres (e.g. “keep the air in!” means insufflations
and then the patient inspiration “throw off the air!” means exsufflation and then the
patient expiration)
3) The insufflations manoeuvre must be kept for more than two seconds (2-6 sec) until
reaching the pressure set (since the Pulsar has a smoother insufflations and exsufflation
curves, it is necessary to keep for longer times than those used with other cough
machines)
4) The full treatment is composed of 4-6 cycles of in-exsufflation, with pauses of 20-30 sec
to avoid the patient hyperventilation.
5) The pressure standards and the time of use are different from one study to another and not
all the authors give precise indications on the parameter’s setting. Normally, pressures set
are higher than 30 cmH2O, on average 40-45 cmH2O).
6) The titration of pressure and inspiratory time is, anyhow, based on tolerance and real
thoracic capacity of the patient.
7) The inspiratory time is usually longer than expiratory time as much as the inspiratory
pressures are higher than expiratory ones. (To facilitate as much as possible the passive
recoil and prevent the collapse of airways in expiratory phase)
8) Some therapists make various insufflations, take a pause between inspiration and
expiration then proceed with exsufflation. Usually, between inspiration and expiration
there is no pause.
9) Always monitor Cardiac Rate and Hb Saturation with pulse oxymeter.
10) If the patient cannot spit out the mucus, help him possibly with an aspirator, through the
nose, the mouth or tracheotomy tube.
Special Functions
If the patient does not cooperate, it is suggested, after adaptation, to change modality from manual
to trigger mode (ASSIST), which allows a better synchronization of insufflations with inspiratory
phase of the patient.
Otherwise, if the patient cannot perform spontaneous acts it is suggested to use the automatic
modality (AUT).
If the patient is fully cooperating and thus he is perfectly synchronised with the device phases, it is
possible to make the operator’s work easier thanks to the automatic modality.
• After use
Turn-off the device as indicated in the manual
Check the circuit: if secretions obstruct it, replace it.
6-12If the patient uses an oral-nasal mask, clean the mask with mild soap and water.
INITIAL TITRATION
• The device can be used in manual or automatic modality. Initially, the device is set in manual
modality with an oral-nasal mask or catheter mount (tracheotomy); this guarantees the
maximum comfort for the patient. The device is often switched in automatic modality, which
allows it to be used at home without any practitioner. First it is necessary to monitor the
oxygen saturation, specially during an acute event (theoretically, it should be used whenever
Pulsar is used)
• Start insufflations (positive pressure) with pressure at 10-15 cm H2O (1.0 – 1.5 kPa), then
gradually increase it until having an inspiration at total lung capacity. It is possible to require
a positive pressure over 40 cm H2O (3,9 kPa); (the delivered pressure can be limited by
lifting the mask from the face). The insufflations time should still be higher than 2 sec.
• Start exsufflation (negative) with a pressure equal to the insufflation’s one, and then increase
the positive pressure of 10-20 cm H2O (1.0-2.0 kPa) respect to negative pressure. The
positive pressure is then maintained for 3-6 s, simulating the air flows that naturally occur
during the cough. The best indicator of effectiveness is an increase of the cough sound: then it
is recommended to listen carefully the noise of patient flow in the expiratory phase. Often,
the patient can independently assess the effectiveness of the cough.
• The patient must learn to synchronise his acts when the device switches from insufflation to
exsufflation.
4) Special Considerations
• Use of Pulsar in acute context
Some authors [1] compared 11 patients with neuromuscular diseases who have received an
average of ± DS 2,7 ± 0,9 sessions of MI-E per day combined with 16 historical checks, who
have been treated with postural drainage, manual assisted cough and aspiration when needed.
The results of the retrospective study demonstrated that the patients who received MI-E had a
rate of treatment failure (defined by the need to insert a mini-tracheotomy or intubations) of
18 vs 62,5%, p = 0,047. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the
proportion of patients who need non-invasive ventilation at positive pressure (NIPPV, p =
0,37) or intravenous antibiotics (p = 0.25), in the duration of NIPPV (p = 0.93) or in the
proportion of patients who needs bronchoscopy (p = 0,71).
The study of J. Sancho et al. conducted on tracheotomized patients affected by SLA,
compares the tracheo-aspiration to the use of MI-E: the use of mechanic removal of
secretions is more effective both to facilitate the oxygenation and to decrease the airways
resistance (18). The use of NIPPV combined with MI-E during exacerbation, how observed
by J. Bach, can reduce the number and duration of hospital admissions (17). Miske reports
the effectiveness of MI-E in the resolution of atelectasis, reiterating the importance of its use
in critical conditions. (6).
7-12• Use of Pulsar in a chronic context
Some authors (16-17) believe that the use of MI-E is extremely effective in acuity but its use
alone not always guarantees the complete secretions removal, therefore the regular daily use
of MI-E, also in absence of secretions allows maintaining the adaptation and an optimal use
in case of exacerbation. It should be also empathized that the MI-E not only covers the
expectoration with assistance, but it is also a support for maintaining the lung compliance,
which is a fundamental for cough enhancement manoeuvres (16).
Therefore, Pulsar besides to be a cough stimulator, for its intrinsic characteristics, can be used
in absence of exacerbation for :
o maintaining and increasing the elasticity of the rib cage
o facilitating the recruitment of peripheral airways
o maintaining a degree of skill in the use of the machine
Then, we would like to conclude that in cases where there is a pathophysiology (PCV, VC,
MEP) and clinical indication, the MI-E should be used, in critical periods, for secretions
removal, while in the period of stability, like an instrument for maintaining lung elasticity.
• The use of Pulsar in Paediatric context
Pulsar can be used in paediatrics. The age is not a contraindication, there are also some
literature cases describing treatments on newborns patients. The titration technique is the
same as for the adult: initially low pressures have to be preferred then gradually increased
until the target pressure is reached (2.6).
5) Possible side effects of Pulsar use
1) In some patients (specially paediatrics) heart rate might increase as well as the blood pressure
(both systolic and diastolic) and an the cardiac output (2). It was seldom observed
bradycardia in case of myelopathy with spinal shock and in some paediatric patients with
SMA: in such cases it is important to increase the pressures gradually; a pre-medication with
anti-cholinergic drugs could help.
2) Some patients could feel chest pain because of stretching of the muscle-skeletal structures, in
particular on those with severe thoracic deformities. This can be prevented by gradual
increases in pressures.
3) Gastric and abdominal distension; nausea and vomiting could occur: the gastric distension
can be solved with the reduction of pressure level. In some cases there was the increase in
gastric pressure due to the concomitant use of abdominal thrust. (3). Some authors report the
presence of a Gastro-esophageal Reflux, therefore its use is recommended before meals (1)
4) Have been described cases of pneumothorax associated with the daily use of MI-E in
tetraplegic patients with C4 injury and with Duchenne Dystrophy (4). Nevertheless, in a wide
study, Barach and Beck have not detected a barotrauma in over 2000 applications and 103
patients treated with MI-E (5).
5) It may appear an early and transient de-saturation due to a secretion encumbrance in the
upper airways (6) caused by the central displacement of secretions. Pulsar, in case of need,
allows the safe use of over 21% O2 mixtures.
8-126) Blood traces can be noted in the secretions due to their detachment from the bronchial walls
to which they are tenaciously adherent.
6) FAQ
1. Which are the correct settings?
The settings vary from patient to patient. The parameters definition and settings is independent from
underlying disease. A study of Winck compares the effectiveness of different insufflation and
exsufflation pressures (15, 30, 40 cm H2O) on the PCF value and on tolerance (7). In particular, the
PCF, in patients affected by SLA and COPD increases only using pressures of +/- 40 cm H20. Some
authors report the use of lower pressures: Chatwin (8) applies positive pressure of 15 +/- 3 cm H2O
and negative pressures of 15 +/- 9 cm H2O but the PCF increment, although significant, remains
lower than that obtained by Bach (9) who uses higher pressures. Other authors (Sivasothy and oth.)
used pressures of +/- 20 cmH2O (10).
The guidelines of the American College of Chest Physicians Consensus statement for muscular
atrophy, dated 2009, report a protocol for the treatment of the patients affected by Spinal Muscular
Amyotrophy (SMA): they indicate pressure of at least 30 cm H2O, defining as ideal the pressures
over 40 cm H2O. (11). The mechanical in-exsufflation can be upgraded in its functions by coupling
methods: one of the most common is the abdominal thrust.
2. Can the Pulsar be used on patients with bulbar problems?
Keep in mind that in case of complete paralysis of the glottic function, there is the risk of airways
collapse in expiratory phase (12). Such a phenomenon can be explained by the fact that normally
the application of a negative pressure at the mouth at the end of an expiration determines the
stretching and the activation of the genioglossus, dilator muscle of the pharynx. Such a phenomenon
is finalized to keep the airways open (13, 14). In patients with injury to oropharingeal muscles, the
genioglossus cannot oppose to the closure of the high airways therefore MI-E generates an
expiratory collapse that prevents the PCF increase also in presence of an adequate lung compliance.
3. Can patients with learning difficulties use the Pulsar?
In patients with the competent glottic and cognitive functions to follow the inspiratory and
expiratory phases, the patient compliance can be a key factor. Pulsar can be used effectively in
patient with learning difficulties. In manual or automatic phases the adapting time can be extended.
To facilitate the adaptation of the patient it has been introduced in Pulsar the inspiratory trigger for
coupling the acts of the patient with those of the machine.
4. How many times a day should Pulsar be used?
Concerning the number of daily sessions there is a certain variability among Authors. Bach
recommend a very frequent use of MI-E (from 2 up to 4 times per hour) in presence of abundant
secretions (15, 16) while other authors recur at a very much lower frequency of application (17).
5. How long does it take for a treatment session with Pulsar?
The complete treatment consists in 4-6 cycles of in-exsufflations, with pauses of 20-30 seconds to
prevent the patient hyperventilation. Pressure standards and application times are different from one
study to another and not all the Authors give precise indications on parameter’s setting principle.
Normally the duration of the treatment is around 20-30 min repeated several times a
day (minimum twice a day).
9-126. Should Pulsar be used in absence of secretions?
Miske reports on effectiveness of MI-E in resolution of atelectasis confirming the importance of its
use in critical conditions (6). On the other hand the patients treated only in occasion of bronchial
exacerbation are the ones that fit worse to the cough mechanical support, therefore the regular use
of MI-E, also in absence of secretions, permits to maintain the adaptation and optimal use in case of
exacerbation. Then it should be emphasized that the MI-E is not only covering the cough assistance,
but it is also a valid support for maintaining the lung compliance.
7. Can Pulsar be used if the patient had a pneumothorax (PNX)?
Pulsar is contraindicated if the patient with pneumothorax has not a proper drainage. If the patient
had a PNX in the past that was solved, the cough machine must be used with caution. If the patient
has a PNX with a drainage on site, a decision should be taken by the physicians, considering the
relation between risk and benefit, keeping in mind that negative and positive pressures can worsen
the air leaks.
8. What are the contraindications for Pulsar use?
It should not be used on patients with uncontrolled asthma or with bronchospasm. It should be
always considered that wheezing can be caused by the presence of secretions, and for this reason
the patient conditions must be evaluated very well under the clinical point of view. It should not be
used on hypotensive patients or with significant hemoptysis. The list here below refers to the table 1
where there are also the relative contraindications
- Recent barotrauma
- Pneumothorax or Pneumomediastinum
- Bollous Emphysema
- Recent thoracic or abdominal surgery
- Epistaxis or hemoptysis
- Hemodynamic instability
- Maxillofacial trauma
9. Can the same Pulsar be used with different patients?
It is necessary to clean the machine between a patient and the other; in particular, each patient
should have his own circuit, and the setting should be re-evaluated before starting the treatment. An
high efficiency antibacterial filter should be positioned between the machine and the patient circuit.
When introducing again the machine in sterile or “clean” areas it is necessary to respect the
guidelines of the health department where the machine is to be used.
10. Can the Pulsar be used on newborns?
The Pulsar, can be used on newborns. There are clinical experiences indicating the use of in-
exsufflators on three month old newborns. A special attention should be paid considering that
newborns have a limited collateral ventilation very next to their physiological closing volume;
consequently it is necessary to start with low pressures. When using the cough stimulator, initially
the patient does not necessarily stop using nasal aspiration.
11. Can the Pulsar be used with a mouthpiece ?
The Pulsar can be used with a mouthpiece. Anyway, when the patient coughs and open the mouth,
the good airtight could be lost and there could be a pressure fall during exsufflation phase.
10-12Bibliography
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neuromuscular disease patients with respiratory tract infections. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 84: 83–88.
2) Miske JL, Hickey ME, Kolb MS, Weiner JD and Panitch BH. Use of the Mechanical In-Exufflator in
Pediatric Patients With Neuromuscular Disease and Impaired Cough. Chest 2004; 125:1406-1412.
3) Mustfa N, et al. Cough augmentation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 2003; 61:1285-1287.
4)Suri P, Burns SP, Bach JR: Pneumothorax associated with mechanical insufflation–exsufflation and related
factors. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87:951–955.),
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Chest 2004; 126(3):774-780
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Assisted and Unassisted Coughing Techniques. Chest 1993; 104:1553-1562.
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11-12GLOSSARY
BPCO : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
DMD : Duchenne muscular dystrophy
MEP : Max.Expiratory Pressure
MIC: Max Inspiratory Capacity
MI-E : Mechanical insufflation exsufflation
MNM : Neuromuscular disease
PCF : Peak of cough flow
SLA : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
SMA : spinal muscular atrophy.
VC : Vital capacity
VMNI : Non Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
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