OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WASH INFRASTRUCTURE WEBINAR SERIES - Tuesday, April 6, 2021 9:00 - 10:00 AM ET
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OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WASH INFRASTRUCTURE WEBINAR SERIES Tuesday, April 6, 2021 9:00 – 10:00 AM ET
BEFORE WE BEGIN… Everyone must select a language! Click “interpretation” at the bottom of your Zoom window and select English or French. Chacun doit choisir une langue ! Cliquez sur « interprétation » au bas de votre écran Zoom et sélectionnez anglais ou français.
BEFORE WE BEGIN… • Introduce yourself in the chat box with your name and where you’re calling from • Post your questions in the Q&A box at the bottom of your screen (do not include your questions in the chat box)
PRESENTERS
Jude Cobbing James (Jim)
Gibson
Senior Water Services
Specialist, Engineer, IRC
Water associate in the
Infrastructure Hague
and Governance
Experiences in Operation and
Maintenance of Rural Water
Schemes at Chris Hani District
Municipality in South Africa
James Gibson
Water Services Engineer, IRC associate in the Hague
Photo by: Save the Children
OVERVIEW Contents • Background to the Water Sector in South Africa • Chris Hani District Municipality Support Service Agent • Research on Other Countries in Africa • Summary
SOUTH AFRICA TIME LINE
Large Service Constitution says all Norms and
Delivery Backlogs have a right to water Standards
Pre-1994 1996 2002
1994 2001 2003
Water and San Powers and Functions Strategic Framework -
White paper Water Service Authorities and Free Basic Services for
Water Service Providers Indigent Households
WATER SERVICES FUNDING AND EQUITABLE SHARE In 2021:- • Water = approx. USD10-00 per household per month • Sanitation = approx. USD 7-50 per household per month
CHRIS HANI DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY
• 36,000 km2
• Human settlement shaped by
apartheid planning
• Many Spread out rural Villages
Photo: KA Eales
BUSINESS PROCESSES
Pipeline
Pipeline
Maintenance
Operational Support New Customer
Management Performance
Repair
Electro-Mech Building Structures Monitoring
Quality
Maintenance Maintenance Maintenance Structures
Fuel Delivery Control
OHS / EIA
WSP/CSP Building
Repair
Hydraulic
Engineering
Management Repair New
Electro-Mech
Potable Water Repair
Connections Analysis
Support
Tech
Specification
Resource Abstraction Treatment Transmission Storage Distribution
WRM
Customers WDM
Sewerage
IAM
Disposal Treatment Transport Collection Capture
IT/GIS
Forecasts
& Planning
Disposal Treatment Transport Collection Storage Capture
FSM Cash & Credit
Administrative
Fleet Procurement
Control
HR
Management
Financial
Billing/Sales
Support
Management ManagementSSA ARRANGEMENTS
Scope of Work
Schemes 486
Villages 709
Towns 8
Population 384,787
Pump installations 426
CBM Staff
Operators 485
Administrators 369
Board Members 279REPORTING
PERFORMANCE • CHDM was largely groundwater (electro-mech pumping) • ANDM was largely surface water (mountain springs)
FUNCTIONALITY SURVEYS
Regional Regional S-Alone S-Alone Regional Group
Observation
A B 1 2 C Scheme
No service on
32% 30% 20% n-a 49% 28%
day of visit
significant
interruption in 64% 68% 40% 29% n-a n-a
past 6 months
Overflowing
25% 26% 49% n-a 41% 53%
reservoirs
Interruptions Photo: KA Eales
longer than 1 25% 21% 11% n-a n-a n-a
month
No compelling evidence that regional schemes provide a more reliable serviceOPERATIONAL CHALLENGE
High Tech
Technical High
Regional
Tech
Challenge Schemes
Low Tech
Low Stand-Alone
Tech Schemes
simple
simple complex
complex
Logistical ChallengeOPERATIONAL CHALLENGE
High Tech
Technical High
Tech Regional
Challenge Schemes
Low Tech
Low Stand-Alone
Tech Schemes
simple
simple complex
complex
Logistical ChallengeOPERATIONAL CHALLENGE
The reality requires
organisations with a
High Tech
Water wide range of capabilities.
Technical High
Board
Regional
Tech
Challenge Schemes
Low Tech
Low SSA Stand-Alone
or
Tech Schemes
Munic
simple
simple complex
complex
Logistical ChallengeHIDDEN COST OF COMPLEXITY
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
In rural water supply this hidden cost manifests as
service delivery failureSSA COSTS FROM CHDM AND ANDM Cost Equivalent in 2021:- • CHDM = USD 8-40 per household per annum • ANDM = USD 3-50 per household per annum
SSA RESULTS FROM CHDM AND ANDM
• The larger number of electro-mechanical
installations is the reason for the higher
costs in CHDM.
• More time spent by high skill artisans
(mechanics, electricians, technicians,
hydrogeologists and engineers)SSA RESULTS FROM CHDM AND ANDM • Municipalities gradually decided to take over and run water services themselves • Some don’t allocate the full amount of the subsidy to Water Service • “They are still municipalities after all” • Total estimate cost = R440m / yr • Total estimate cost = R286m / yr • E-share (water and san) = R320m / yr • E-share (water & san) = R172m / yr • Tariff collection (billed) = R100m / yr • Tariff collection = R 48m / yr
EXAMPLES OF RESOURCE REQUIREMENT FOR WATER SERVICES
Proportional Split of Estimated Cost
San - 10%
Fuel & Energy - 9%
HR - 41%
Matl - 8%
Plant & Equip - 28%
CBO - 3%• Even with substantial subsidy the available funding may not be sufficient.
• Nature of the infrastructure and geography matter a lot.
• Urban schemes can have very different cost drivers.
Warning…
While clearly necessary, free Basic Services has created a new set of challenges.
Be careful to not make mistakes that are difficult to undo.Recent study found that tariffs are unaffordable
by a huge percentage of rural population.
Counterintuitively –
The model suggests that more money will be collected if tariffs are reduced !
The reason is that more households are brought into the net faster than the amount on the bill drops.COUNTRY EXPERIENCE CONSIDERED
OBSERVATIONS
• Tariffs don’t cover repair and maintenance costs (day to day ops only).
• Transport is a challenge.
• Energy costs are high.
• Kiosk vendors lack financial management skills.
• People make use of alternative sources.
• Lack of capacity of staff to undertake O&M tasks
• None of the POs reported a profit in the first quarter of 2020!
• CBM enables rural water supply to ‘limp along’, with functionality of around 70%.
• Users do not fully value the health benefits of clean water.
• More attention needed on:
• professionalization,
• upward accountability
• centralization.
• Research shows ‘top-down’ performance discipline is key in effective service delivery.
• ‘local ownership’ can be a convenient fig-leaf for abdication of responsibility by those with power and
resources• There is a significant financial shortfall (75%), which is currently funded through donor support. • Other resources are not reported as being constraints.
MOZAMBIQUE (REVIEW OF USAID SCIP ACTIVITY)
• Functionality was between around 50%.
• 60% of water points had significant ‘repair’ issues.
• 12% of water points never got repaired.
• Water quality was poor, but is perceived to be safe!
• 30% of households used secondary sources.
• 80% of water points were ‘well managed’ by community committees.
• Tariff recovery was insufficient (60% pay for water.)
• Feeling was that tariffs were inappropriate
• (see SA example later)THE BIG QUESTION
What if the service has no fundamentally
viable commercial proposition?DEFICIT GENERATING COMMERCIAL MODEL
SUMMARY
• O&M requires large resources
• In many rural contexts these resources are unlikely to be financed from tariffs alone.
• Non-viable trading/commercial proposition.
• Allocating subsidies won’t guarantee that it will work…
• … but not allocating them will almost certainly guarantee that it wont.’
• A (controversial) point on technical assistance…
• … A person will expire if they have:
• No food for 3 weeks.
• No water for 3 days.
• No air for 3 minutes.
• If somebody has been without food for 2 weeks, without water for 2 days and without air
for 2 minutes.
• Doing things to address the shortage of food and water don’t help very much.Q&A Session
Thank you!
Join us for our other webinars:
Tuesday, April 20, 2021
9:00 - 10:00 AM ET
Thursday, April 29, 2021
8:30 - 9:30 AM ET
This presentation is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents and do not necessarily reflect
the views of USAID or the United States Government.You can also read
