Ohio IT 2023 Ohio Instructions for Allocating and Apportioning Income
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Ohio Ohio Instructions for Allocating and Apportioning Income IT 2023 General Instructions
IT 2023 Rev. 12/05 tax.ohio.gov Form IT 2023 is solely for use by individuals and estates for determining the numerator of the fraction used to calculate the nonresident or part-year resident credit. See Ohio Revised Code sections (R.C.) 5747.20 through 5747.231. These instructions apply to part-year residents and nonresi- business income worksheet located on page 7). Please note dents of Ohio who have business and/or nonbusiness income that the net business income consists only of those items of within and without Ohio. Use this form (pages 7 and 8) solely income and deduction included in Ohio adjusted gross income for determining the numerator of the fraction used to calculate (Ohio form IT 1040, line 3) or Ohio taxable income (Ohio form the nonresident or part-year resident tax credit. Do not use IT 1041, line 3). this form to compute Ohio adjusted gross income. Each factor is weighted: The property and payroll factors are If you are participating in the filing of Ohio form IT 4708 and if weighted at 20% each and the sales factor at 60%, for a total you are not filing Ohio form IT 1040 and Ohio form IT 1041, you of 100%. If any factor has a denominator (total everywhere do not need to complete this form. If you are an investor in a figure) of zero, the weight given to the other factors must be pass-through entity that is a financial institution (as defined in proportionately increased so that the total weight given to the R.C. 5725.01), you cannot use this form. For assistance please combined factors is 100%. For example: If the business en- contact the Department of Taxation at (614) 387-0232. tity has no payroll everywhere, then the property and sales factors are weighted at 25% and 75%, respectively, to total Definitions: 100%. Business Income and Nonbusiness Income Nonbusiness income and deductions, if any, are allocable “Business income” means income, including gain or loss, aris- only as provided by R.C. 5747.20 and 5747.221. However, in ing from transactions, activities and sources in the regular general, all income is business income, which is apportioned course of a trade or business and includes income from real, in accordance with R.C. 5747.21, rather than allocated. tangible, and intangible property if the acquisition, rental, man- agement and disposition of the property constitute integral R.C. 5747.22(B) and (C): parts of the regular course of a trade or business operation. Taxation of Nonresident Investors in Pass-Through Also, “business income” consists of income, including gain or Entities for Purposes of the Nonresident Credit loss, from a partial or complete liquidation of a business, in- cluding, but not limited to, gain or loss from the sale or other Apportionment of Pass-through Entity Business Income disposition of goodwill. R.C. 5747.01(B) and Deductions In general, income, deductions, gains and losses recognized With respect to a pass-through entity where one or more of by a sole proprietorship or a pass-through entity are items of the nonresident or part-year resident investors are subject to business income that the nonresident and part-year resident the Ohio income tax, the business income and deductions of taxpayer must apportion (rather than allocate) using Section I the pass-through entity shall be apportioned to Ohio in the on page 7. hands of the pass-through entity according to the instructions for apportioning business income. Such business income and “Nonbusiness income” means all income other than business deductions thus apportioned to Ohio are then allocated to the income and may include, but is not limited to, compensation, investors in proportion to their right to share in such business rents and royalties from real or tangible personal property, income. capital gains, interest, dividends, distributions, patent or copy- right royalties, and lottery winnings, prizes and awards, R.C. Allocation of Pass-Through Entity Nonbusiness Income 5747.01(C). Show nonbusiness income, if any, in Section II and Deductions on page 8. With respect to a pass-through entity where one or more of R.C. 5747.20, .21 and .221: the nonresident or part-year resident investors are subject to Apportionment of Business Income and Deductions the Ohio income tax, the nonbusiness income and deduc- and Allocation of Nonbusiness Income and Deductions tions of the pass-through entity shall be allocated to the inves- for Purposes of the Nonresident Credit tors in proportion to their right to share in such nonbusiness income. Then such pass-through entity shares of nonbusi- The amount of business income and deductions apportioned ness income shall be allocated within and without this state in to Ohio is determined by multiplying the net business income the hands of the investors according to the instructions on by an Ohio apportionment ratio, which is the sum of the prop- page 6 for allocating nonbusiness income by individuals. erty, payroll and sales factors (please refer to the Section I – -1-
R.C. 5747.23(A) and (B): bonus depreciation claimed for the taxable year. In each of Taxation of Trust Income Received by Beneficiaries the five subsequent taxable years the taxpayer can deduct for Purposes of the Nonresident Credit one-fifth of the amount previously added back. Apportionment of Trust Business Income and Deductions The taxpayer must also add back five-sixths of the qualifying I.R.C. 179 depreciation expense. “Qualifying I.R.C. section With respect to a trust where one or more of the beneficiaries 179 depreciation expense” is the excess of (1) the amount of are subject to the Ohio income tax, the trust’s business in- depreciation expenses directly or indirectly allowed to the come (net of deductions) received by beneficiaries shall be taxpayer under I.R.C. 179, and (2) more than $25,000 (the apportioned to Ohio in the hands of the trust according to the amount of depreciation expense directly or indirectly allowed above instructions for apportioning business income by indi- to the taxpayer under I.R.C. 179 as that section existed on viduals. Such trust business income and deductions shall then Dec. 31, 2002). In each of the five subsequent taxable years be allocated to the beneficiaries in proportion to their right to the taxpayer can deduct one-fifth of the amount previously share in the business income of such trust to the extent of the added back. distribution made to the beneficiary. The “add-back and subsequent deduction” laws also cover (i) Allocation of Trust Nonbusiness Income and Deductions depreciable assets acquired by the taxpayer’s disregarded entities and (ii) depreciable assets that are owned by pass- With respect to a trust where one or more of the nonresident through entities in which the taxpayer directly or indirectly or part-year resident beneficiaries are subject to the Ohio in- owns at least 5% (see R.C. 5747.01(A)(20)(a)). come tax, the trust’s nonbusiness income (net of deductions) received by beneficiaries shall be allocated to the beneficia- In addition, if the taxpayer is an equity investor in a pass- ries in proportion to their right to share in such income (net of through entity that has claimed I.R.C. 168(k) bonus deductions) of the trust. Then the share of nonbusiness in- depreciation and/or I.R.C. 179 depreciation, and if, because come shall be allocated to Ohio in the hands of the benefi- of the federal passive activity loss limitation rules or because ciary pursuant to R.C. 5747.20. The beneficiary is subject to of the federal at-risk limitation rules, the taxpayer is unable to Ohio income tax for the taxable year in which the beneficiary fully deduct a loss passing through to the taxpayer, then to recognizes income with respect to trust distributions. the extent that the taxpayer does not recognize the loss, the taxpayer can defer making the “5/6 add-back” until the taxable Business Income and Deductions (Section I, Part A) year or years for which the taxpayer deducts the pass-through Line 1 entity loss and receives a federal tax benefit from the bonus With respect to the guaranteed payments or compensation depreciation amount and/or I.R.C. 179 amount claimed by the paid by pass-through entities (S corporations, partnerships, pass-through entity. Of course, the taxpayer cannot begin limited liability companies treated like partnerships for income claiming the related five-subsequent-years deduction until the tax purposes, etc.) the “reciprocity agreements” between Ohio first taxable year immediately following the taxable year for and neighboring states do not apply to those nonresidents which the taxpayer makes the 5/6 add-back. directly or indirectly owning at least twenty per cent of the For detailed information and examples regarding this stock or other equity of the pass-through entity. That is, these adjustment, see the department’s information release entitled nonresidents cannot use the “reciprocity agreements” in order Recently Enacted Ohio Legislation Affects Depreciation to deduct, as non-Ohio income, any guaranteed payments or Deductions for Taxable Years Ending 2001 and Thereafter by compensation received from such pass-through entities. visiting tax.ohio.gov. The department posted this release on Rather, the guaranteed payments or compensation are in- July 31, 2002, and revised the release in July 2005. cluded in Ohio taxable income and are treated as business income which is subject to apportionment for purposes of com- Line 9 and 11(f) – Miscellaneous Federal Tax Adjustments puting the individual’s nonresident credit. R.C. 5733.40(A)(7) Add back on line 9 all business income-related deductions allowed solely on account of any I.R.C. amendments enacted Line 1(a) – Related Member Add-back after June 30, 2005. Deduct on line 11(f) all business income R.C. 5733.042(A)(6) and 5733.04(P) disallow expenses and and gain required to be recognized solely on account of any losses incurred in connection with all direct and indirect trans- I.R.C. amendment enacted after June 30, 2005. actions between each pass-through entity and its related members. As such, you must add back on line 1(a) your dis- Apportionment Formula for Business Income tributive/proportionate share of such expenses and losses. (Section I, Part B) However, do not add expenses or losses incurred in connec- Note: When calculating the fraction used to compute the non- tion with sales of inventory to the extent that the cost of the resident credit, a taxpayer who has invested in a partnership, inventory and the loss incurred were calculated in accordance an S corporation or a limited liability company (treated as a with Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C.) 263A and 482. partnership for federal income tax purposes) must apply the “aggregate” (conduit) theory of taxation. That is, the character Lines 8 and 11(d) – Depreciation Adjustments of all income and deductions (and adjustments to income and In determining Ohio taxable income a taxpayer that for fed- deductions) realized by a pass-through entity in which the eral income tax purposes directly or indirectly claims I.R.C. taxpayer has invested retains that character when recognized 168(k) bonus depreciation must add back five-sixths of that -2-
by the taxpayer. Furthermore, the taxpayer’s factors must in- • The original cost of real property and tangible property (or clude the proportionate share of each lower-tiered pass-through in the case of property that the sole proprietor or pass- entity’s property, payroll and sales. See R.C. 5733.057 and through entity is renting from others, eight times its net 5747.231. annual rental rate) within Ohio that is used exclusively during the taxable year for qualified research. Property Factor The property factor is a fraction the numerator of which is the Do not include in column 1 but do include in column 2 the average value of the sole proprietor’s or pass-through entity’s original cost of qualifying improvements to land or tangible includable real and tangible personal property owned or rented, personal property in an enterprise zone for which the taxpayer and used in the trade or business in this state during the holds a Tax Incentive Qualification Certificate issued by the taxable year, and the denominator of which is the average Department of Development. value of all the sole proprietor’s or pass-through entity’s includable real and tangible personal property owned or rented, Line 1(a), Column 1 – Owned Property Within Ohio and used in the trade or business everywhere during such Enter the average value of the sole proprietor’s or pass-through year. entity’s real property and tangible personal property, including leasehold improvements, owned and used in the trade or The property factor specifically includes real property and business in Ohio during the taxable year. tangible personal property that the sole proprietor or pass- through entity rents, subrents, leases, or subleases to others Line 1(a), Column 2 – Owned Property – Total if the income or loss from such rentals, subrentals, leases, or Everywhere subleases is business income. Ohio law specifically excludes Enter the average value of all the sole proprietor’s or pass- from the factor property relating to, or used in connection through entity’s real property and tangible personal property, with, the production of nonbusiness income allocated under including leasehold improvements, owned and used in the R.C. 5733.051. trade or business everywhere during the taxable year. Property owned by the sole proprietor or pass-through Line 1(b) – Rented Property entity is valued at its original cost average value. Enter the value of the sole proprietor’s or pass-through entity’s Average value is determined by adding the cost values real property and tangible personal property rented and used at the beginning and at the end of the taxable year and in the trade or business in Ohio (column 1) and everywhere dividing the total by two. The tax commissioner may (column 2) during the taxable year. Property rented by the require the use of monthly values during the taxable sole proprietor or pass-through entity is valued at eight times year if such values more reasonably reflect the average the annual rental rate (annual rental expense less subrental value of the sole proprietor’s or pass-through entity’s receipts). property. Line 1(c) – Total Property Within Ohio and Everywhere In determining average value do not include in either column 1 Add lines 1(a) and 1(b) for column 1, (within Ohio) and column (within Ohio) or in column 2 (total everywhere) the following: 2 (total everywhere). • Construction in progress. Line 1(c), Column 3 – Property Ratio • Property relating to, or used in connection with, the Enter the ratio of property within Ohio to total everywhere by production of nonbusiness income. See R.C. 5733.05(B)(2) dividing column 1 by column 2. as amended by Amended Substitute House Bill 95, 125th Line 1(c), Column 4 – Weighted Property Ratio General Assembly. Multiply the property ratio on line 1(c), column 3 by the property • The numerator and the denominator of the property factor weighting of 20 percent. factor specifically include real property and tangible personal property that the sole proprietor or pass- Payroll Factor through entity rents, subrents, leases or subleases to The payroll factor is a fraction, the numerator of which is the others if the income or loss from such rentals, total compensation paid in this state during the taxable year subrentals, leases, or subleases is business income. by the sole proprietor or pass-through entity, and the See R.C. 5733.05(B)(2)(a) as amended by Amended denominator of which is the total compensation paid both Substitute House Bill 95, 125th General Assembly. Property within and without this state during the taxable year by the owned by the sole proprietor or pass-through entity and sole proprietor or pass-through entity. As used below, the leased to others is excluded from the property factor only if term “compensation” means any form of remuneration paid to the property generates nonbusiness income. an employee for personal services. • The original cost of property within Ohio with respect to Exclusions that the state of Ohio has issued an Air Pollution, Noise Exclude from column 1 (within Ohio) and column 2 (total Pollution, or an Industrial Water Pollution Control Certificate. everywhere) the following: See R.C. 5733.05(B)(2)(a). • Guaranteed payments or compensation that a pass-through entity paid to any investor if the investor directly or indirectly -3-
owned at least 20% of the pass-through entity at any time Sales Factor during the year. R.C. 5733.40(A) (7), The sales factor is a fraction whose numerator is the sole proprietor’s or pass-through entity’s includable business • Compensation paid in Ohio to employees who are primarily income receipts in Ohio during the taxable year and whose engaged in qualified research, and denominator is the sum of the sole proprietor’s or pass-through • Compensation paid to employees to the extent that the entity’s within Ohio and without Ohio includable business compensation relates to the production of nonbusiness income receipts during the taxable year. The sales factor income allocable under R.C 5733.051 (see R.C. specifically excludes receipts attributable to nonbusiness 5733.05(B)(2) as amended by Amended Substitute House income allocable under R.C. 5733.051 (see R.C. Bill 95, 125th General Assembly. 5733.05(B)(2) as amended by Amended Substitute House Bill 95, 125th General Assembly and the tax commissioner’s Do not include in column 1 but do include in column 2 April 2004 information release entitled Sales Factor Situsing compensation paid in Ohio to certain specified new employees Revisions. at an urban job and enterprise zone facility for which the pass- through entity has received a Tax Incentive Qualification Exclusions Certificate issued by the Department of Development. The following receipts are not includable in either the numerator or the denominator of the sales factor even if the receipts Line 2, Column 1 – Payroll Within Ohio arise from transactions, activities and sources in the regular Enter the total amount of the sole proprietor’s or pass-through course of a trade or business (see R.C. 5733.05(B)(2)(c) as entity’s compensation paid in Ohio during the taxable year. amended by Substitute House Bill 127, 125 th General Compensation is paid in Ohio if any of the following apply: Assembly): • The recipient’s service is performed entirely within Ohio; or • Interest or similar amounts received for the use of, or for the forbearance of the use of, money; • The recipient’s service is performed both within and without Ohio, but the service performed without Ohio is incidental • Dividends; to the recipient’s service within Ohio; or • Receipts along with any related gains or losses from the • Some of the recipient’s service is performed within Ohio sale or other disposal of intangible property other than and either the recipient’s base of operations, or if there is trademarks, trade names, patents, copyrights and similar no base of operations, the place from which the recipient’s intellectual property; service is directed or controlled is within Ohio, or the base • Receipts along with any related gains and losses from the of operations or the place from which the service is directed or controlled is not in any state in which some part of the sale or other disposal of tangible personal property or real service is performed, but the recipient’s residence is in Ohio. property where that property is a capital asset or an asset described in I.R.C. 1231. For purposes of this provision the Compensation is paid in Ohio to any employee of a common determination of whether or not an asset is a capital asset or contract motor carrier corporation who performs his regularly or a 1231 asset is made without regard to the holding period assigned duties on a motor vehicle in more than one state in specified in the I.R.C.; and the same ratio by which the mileage traveled by such employee within Ohio bears to the total mileage traveled by • Receipts from sales to (a) an at-least-80%-owned public such employee everywhere during the taxable year. The utility other than an electric company, combined electric statutorily required mileage ratio applies only to contract or company, or telephone company, (b) an at-least-80%-owned common carriers. Thus, without approval by the tax insurance company, or (c) an at-least-25%-owned financial commissioner a manufacturer or merchant who operates its institution. own fleet of delivery trucks may not situs driver payroll based Note: Income and gain from receipts excluded from the sales upon the ratio of miles traveled in Ohio to miles traveled factor is not presumed to be nonbusiness income. All income, everywhere. See Cooper Tire and Rubber Co. v. Limbach gain, loss, and expense is presumed to be apportionable (1994), 70 Ohio St. 3d 347. business income – even if the related receipts are excluded from the sales factor. Line 2, Column 2 – Payroll Total Everywhere Enter the total amount of the sole proprietor’s or pass-through The law specifically includes in the sales factor the following entity’s compensation paid everywhere during the taxable year. amounts when arising from transactions, activities and sources in the regular course of a trade or business: (1) Line 2, Column 3 – Payroll Ratio receipts from sales of tangible personal property, (2) receipts Enter the ratio of payroll within Ohio to total everywhere by from the sale of real property inventory (such as lots developed dividing column 1 by column 2. and sold by a real estate developer), (3) rents and royalties from tangible personal property, (4) rents and royalties from Line 2, Column 4 – Weighted Payroll Ratio real property, (5) receipts from the sale, exchange, disposition Multiply the property ratio on line 2, column 3 by the payroll or other grant of the right to use trademarks, trade names, factor weighting of 20%. -4-
patents, copyrights and similar intellectual property, (6) receipt sale, everywhere. The physical location where the purchaser from the sale of services and other receipts not expressly ultimately uses or receives the benefit of what was excluded from the factor. These amounts are situsable to purchased is paramount in determining the proportion of Ohio as set forth below. the benefit in Ohio to the benefit everywhere. Note: For taxable years ending on or after Dec. 11, 2003, the Line 3, Column 1 – Sales Within Ohio “cost of performance” provision is no longer the law. Enter the total of gross receipts from sales not excludable from the numerator and the denominator of the sales factor, Line 3, Column 2 – Sales Everywhere to the extent the includable gross receipts reflect business Enter the total of such includable gross receipts, less returns done in Ohio. Sales within Ohio include the following: and allowances, from sales everywhere. • Receipts from sales of tangible personal property, less Line 3, Column 3 – Sales Ratio returns and allowances, received by the purchaser in Enter the ratio of sales within Ohio to total everywhere by Ohio. In the case of delivery of tangible personal property dividing column 1 by column 2. by common carrier or by other means of transportation, the place at which such property is ultimately received after all Line 3, Column 5 – Weighted Sales Ratio transportation has been completed is considered as the Multiply the sales ratio on line 3, column 3 by the sales factor place at which such property is received by the purchaser. weighting of 60%. Direct delivery in Ohio, other than for purposes of transportation, to a person or firm designated by a purchaser Line 3, Column 5 – Total Weighted Apportionment Ratio constitutes delivery to the purchaser in Ohio, and direct (add column (4), lines 1 (c), 2 and 3). delivery outside Ohio to a person or firm designated by a purchaser does not constitute delivery to the purchaser in Nonbusiness Income and Deductions (Section II) Ohio, regardless of where title passes or other conditions Line 7 of sale. Customer pick-up sales are situsable to the final With respect to depreciation expenses relating to nonbusiness destination after all transportation (including customer income, if any, add back excess depreciation. Follow the transportation) has been completed. See Dupps Co. v. principles and concepts set forth on page 2 of the instructions Lindley (1980), 62 Ohio St. 2d 305. for lines 8 and 11(d). Revenue from servicing, processing, or modifying tangible Also add back on line 7 all nonbusiness income related personal property is sitused to the destination state as a deductions allowed solely on account of any I.R.C. sale of tangible personal property. See Custom Deco, Inc. amendments enacted after June 30, 2005. v. Limbach, BTA Case No. 86-C-1024, June 2, 1989. Line 14 • Receipts from sales of real property inventory in Ohio. With respect to depreciation expenses relating to nonbusiness • Rents and royalties from tangible personal property income, if any, deduct one-fifth of the nonbusiness to the extent the property was used in Ohio. depreciation add-back made for each of the previous five taxable years. Follow the principles and concepts set forth • Rents and royalties from real property located in Ohio. on page 2 of the instructions for lines 8 and 11(d). • Receipts from the sale, exchange, disposition, or other Also deduct on this line all nonbusiness income and grant of the right to use trademarks, trade names, nonbusiness gain required to be recognized solely on account patents, copyrights, and similar intellectual property of any I.R.C. amendment enacted after June 30, 2005. are sitused to Ohio to the extent that the receipts are based on the amount of use of that property in Ohio. If the receipts are not based on the amount of use of that Federal Privacy Act Notice property, but rather on the right to use the property and the Because we require you to provide us with a social secu- payor has the right to use the property in Ohio, then the rity account number, the Federal Privacy Act of 1974 re- receipts from the sale, exchange, disposition, or other grant quires us to inform you that your providing us your social of the right to use such property are sitused to Ohio to the security number is mandatory. Ohio Revised Code sec- extent the receipts are based on the right to use the property tions 5703.05, 5703.057 and 5747.08 authorize us to re- in Ohio. quest this information. We need your social security num- ber in order to administer this tax. Your failure to supply • Receipts from the performance of services and receipts any information requested on a tax form prescribed by the from any other sales not excluded from the sales factor tax commissioner may result in (i) the imposition of pen- and not otherwise sitused within or without Ohio under the alties for failing to file a complete tax return or (ii) the above situsing provisions are situsable to Ohio in the denial of a license, if applicable. proportion to the purchaser’s benefit, with respect to the sale, in Ohio to the purchaser’s benefit, with respect to the -5-
Summary of Ohio Tax Treatment of Income and Deductions Note: Except for lottery prizes and awards, all income and gain is presumed to be business income and business gain. Type of Income and Deductions Ohio Tax Treatment 1. Guaranteed payments and com- Allocate to Ohio to the extent earned in Ohio. However, if the individual directly or pensation paid to an individual indirectly owns at least 20% of the business, the individual must show the guaranteed for services performed payments or compensation on Section 1, Part A, line 1. 2. Gains or losses from the sale Apportion if gain constitutes business income; otherwise, allocate to Ohio if the prop- or transfer of real property erty is physically located in Ohio. 3. Gains or losses from the sale Apportion if gain constitutes business income. Nonbusiness gains and losses are allo- or transfer of tangible personal cated to Ohio if the property is physically located in Ohio. property 4. Gains or losses from the sale Apportion if gain or loss constitutes business income. If the gain or loss is from the or transfer of intangible personal sale, exchange or other disposition of a closely held business, special apportionment property provisions apply. See R.C. 5747.212. All other nonbusiness gains and losses are allo- cated to Ohio if the nonresident was domiciled in Ohio at the time of sale or transfer. 5. Rents or royalties from real prop- Apportion if gain constitutes business income; otherwise allocate to Ohio if the property erty is physically located in Ohio. 6. Rents or royalties from tangible Apportion if the rents or royalties constitute business income; otherwise, allocate to personal property Ohio to the extent the property is used in Ohio. Extent the property is used in Ohio = Number of days of physical location of property in Ohio during rental or royalty periods in the taxable year Number of days of physical location of property everywhere during all rental or royalty periods in the taxable year. If the physical location of the property during the rental or royalty period is unknown or unascertainable by the nonresident, and if the rents and royalties do not constitute business income, tangible personal property is used in the state in which the property was located at the time the rental or royalty payor obtained possession. 7. Patent and copyright royalties Apportion if the rents or royalties constitute business income; otherwise, allocate to Ohio to the extent used by the payor in Ohio. • A patent is used in Ohio to the extent it is employed in production, fabrication, manufacturing or other processing in Ohio or to the extent that a patented product is produced in Ohio. If the basis of receipts or accounting procedures do not reflect this, then the patent is used in Ohio if the business has its commercial domicile in Ohio. • A copyright is used in Ohio to the extent that printing or other publication originates in Ohio. If the basis of receipts or accounting procedures do not reflect this, then the copyright is used in Ohio if the business had its commercial domicile in Ohio. 8. Lottery prize awards Allocate to Ohio if the award was paid by the Ohio State Lottery Commission. 9. Depreciation expense add- If the depreciation relates to nonbusiness property, the 5/6th add-back and correspond- back/deduction ing 1/5th deductions are allocated as items of nonbusiness income and deductions using the Section II – nonbusiness income worksheet. Otherwise, these depreciation adjustments are apportioned as items of business income and deduction using the Section I – business income worksheet. -6-
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