Oceana case studies and recommendations - Building a GFCM framework to combat IUU fishing - Oceana EU
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Building a GFCM framework to combat IUU fishing
Oceana case studies and recommendations
Oceana submission to the Working Group on IUU Fishing
Beirut, Lebanon 24-27 April, 2018
INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS Monitor, control and surveillance are crucial to ensure
proper fisheries management and to rebuild stocks,
in particular in the Mediterranean Sea, where 80% of
Global Fishing Watch is a free transparency platform
that uses public broadcast data from Automatic
Identification Systems (AIS), collected by satellite and
the stocks are considered to be outside biologically terrestrial receivers, to show the movement of fishing
safe limits. The General Fisheries Commission for the vessels over time. AIS was initially designed as a safety
Mediterranean (GFCM) has taken significant steps in the mechanism for vessels to avoid collisions at sea; a vessel
INTRODUCTION 3 last years towards reversing this situation, including the equipped with an AIS transponder autonomously
adoption of a new and better adapted Agreement text. broadcasts vessel identity and location information as
METHODOLOGY 3 In addition, last October, the GFCM adopted a Regional
Plan of Action for the fight against Illegal Unreported and
frequently as every few seconds, which includes vessel
name, position, speed and direction. Global Fishing
Unregulated (IUU) fishing (RPOA-IUU). This is therefore Watch applies a fishing detection algorithm to this global
CASE STUDIES 4 a crucial moment to strengthen adopted management feed of AIS data to classify fishing or non-fishing
1. AIS signals from fishing vessels with prohibited gear in measures with a sound regional framework to tackle IUU (i.e. transiting) activity based on vessel behaviours
fishing and implement the FAO International Plan of such as speed, direction and rate of turn.3 Oceana used
Fishing Restricted Area 4 Action to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing (FAO Global Fishing Watch data to examine apparent fishinga
1.1 The Strait of Sicily 4 IPOA-IUU)1 using an effective and up‑to‑date approach. activities in the GFCM agreement area between January
2013 and January 2018.
1.2 Lophelia reef of Santa Maria di Leuca 6 In that spirit, Oceana would like to contribute to the
1.3 Gulf of Lion 7 debate through these case studies and recommendations, Fishing effort was calculated by aggregating apparent
which have been gathered using AIS data provided by fishing hours, defined as the time each vessel spent
2. Unreported access agreements and possible IUU fishing 9 Global Fishing Watch: apparently fishing. Active vessels from the European
1. Suspected cases of bottom trawlers operating Union (EU) were confirmed by matching each vessel’s
3. Recommendations 12 name, International Radio Call Sign (IRCS), Community
in existing Fisheries Restricted Areas (FRAs)
2. Suspected cases of foreign fishing vessels Fleet Register (CFR) number and International Maritime
Annex I Vessel Information 13 active in waters under the jurisdiction of a Organization (IMO) number to the Community Fishing
country that could be: Fleet Register of the EU4. A potential limitation of
this analysis lies in the weaknesses that exist in the
• Access agreements between a flag state and
regulations in terms of the requirements for vessels
a coastal state or between an individual
to be equipped with AIS systems. The United Nations’
operator and a coastal state that have not
© OCEANA / Alberto Iglesias IMO requires all ships over 300 gross registered tons
been reported.
on international voyages to be fit with AIS5, whereas
• Potential illegal intrusions of a fishing the EU requires all vessels over 15 meters to carry AIS6.
vessel into the waters that are under a Therefore, AIS data is biased to represent larger vessels
country’s jurisdiction that qualify as IUU whose flag states require them to carry AIS. But even
fishing activities. those vessels can cheat the system by falsifying their
location or by turning off their AIS transponders at
We would like to draw the attention of the working will. It is also reasonable to assume that some vessels
group in particular to the commitment made in March engaged in illegal fishing will intentionally not broadcast
2017, by Mediterranean states which gathered and their AIS to avoid being caught. Oceana was unable to
agreed on a benchmark text for the future of fisheries document the fishing effort of vessels not transmitting
in the region. The Malta Declaration2, also called the AIS, therefore, the results of this analysis are a
“MedFish4Ever” Declaration, committed amongst other conservative estimate of fishing effort in this region and
key steps, to create a network of Essential Fish Habitats only include those vessels transmitting AIS.
by 2018, develop a culture of compliance and eliminate
IUU fishing.
a Any and all references to “fishing” should be understood in the context of
It is therefore of paramount importance that the Global Fishing Watch’s fishing detection algorithm, which is a best effort
culture of compliance with GFCM management and to determine “apparent fishing effort” based on vessel speed and direction
conservation measures is strengthened and that an data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) collected via satellites
and terrestrial receivers. As AIS data varies in completeness, accuracy and
adequate framework is proposed ahead of the upcoming quality, it is possible that some fishing effort is not identified and conversely,
GFCM Commission meeting in October this year. that some fishing effort identified is not fishing. For these reasons, Global
Fishing Watch qualifies all designations of vessel fishing effort, including
synonyms of the term “fishing effort,” such as “fishing” or “fishing activity,”
as “apparent,” rather than certain. Any/all Global Fishing Watch information
about “apparent fishing effort” should be considered an estimate and must be
relied upon solely at your own risk. Global Fishing Watch is taking steps to
2 make sure fishing effort designations are as accurate as possible. 3
In June 2017, Oceana notified the European Commission Oceana compiled a list of vessels on the basis of the
CASE STUDIES that it had detected over 13.000 hours of fishing activity following criteria:
by Italian flagged bottom trawling fishing vessels • Vessels that might have been engaged
1. AIS signals from fishing vessels with prohibited gear in Fishing Restricted Areas operating in the three FRA established under the in bottom trawling from the 1st
multiannual management plan in the Strait of Sicily. of December 2016 until the end of
One of the most representative management measures adopted in the region by Contracting Parties to the GFCM are the
These infractions have not been dealt with, almost one December 2017;
spatial closures to bottom trawling because of the areas unique ecosystems (Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem) or because
year later. • Within the three FRAs established
the areas represent an essential habitat during the fish stock’s lifecycle (Essential Fish Habitats), or both combined.
These areas, also called Fisheries Restricted Areas (FRA), have been declared since 20067. Generally, FRAs adopted in under the multiannual management
Commission sessions enter into force 120 days from the notification day, in line with Article 13 of the GFCM basic text8. plan of the Strait of Sicily.
Table 1: List of bottom trawling vessels that the Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm suggests are operating in the
FRAs of the Strait of Sicily. Source: Global Fishing Watch; European Fleet Register. (OTB: Bottom otter trawls; PS: Purse seines
1.1 The Strait of Sicily Gear; GND: Drift net; LLS: Set longlines; PTM - Midwater pair trawls; LHP - Handlines and pole-lines; FRA 1: East of Adventure
Three FRAs - East of Adventure Bank, West of Gela Listed below are 20 bottom trawl vessels for which Bank; FRA 2: West of Gela Basin; FRA 3: East of Malta Bank); GFCM fleet register
Basin and East of Malta Bank - were established in the the Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm
Strait of Sicily by a decision adopted at the 40th session of suggested a combined total of more than 10,000 Nr Vessel Name Flag CFR Gear in Second gear in Gear Total fishing hours FRA
European European fleet authorized in FRA
the GFCM Commission9 (June, 2016) (see Map 1). They fishing hours within the FRAs established under this Fleet register in GFCM December 2016
were established under a multiannual management multiannual plan, between December 2016 and December register December 2017
plan (MAP) covering Geographical Sub Area 12 to 16. 2017. Oceana included only the vessels that have one
1 Irene Italy ITA00001074211 OTB No Trawl 1,299 1
According to Article 13 of GFCM basic text Agreement10, licensed gear listed in the EU fleet register, otherwise the
this plan was to enter into force by the 1st of October 2 Nuovo Leonardo Italy ITA000026808 12
OTB No Trawl 879 1
number of vessels would have been much larger. All the
2016, and should have been transposed into national law vessels detected carry the EU-Italy flag. It is important 3 Eliana Italy ITA000010913 13
OTB No Trawl 878 1
by then as well. to note that these figures are likely underestimated, 4 Anna e Giuseppe S. Italy ITA000015105 14
OTB No Trawl 850 1
considering that some vessels fishing in the FRAs may 5 Nuovo Ardor Italy ITA000010885 15
OTB No Trawl 769 1
The FRAs aim to improve the management of have either lacked AIS equipment or have turned off AIS
6 Maria Ausiliatrice Italy ITA000018743 16
OTB No Trawl 745 1
overexploited fisheries of European hake (Merluccius broadcasting.
merluccius) and deep-water rose shrimp (Parapenaeus 7 Nuova Virginia Italy ITA000010994 17
OTB No Trawl 729 1
longirostris). According to the plan, any bottom trawling 8 Luna Rossa I Italy ITA000024967 18
OTB No Trawl 703 1
activity is banned inside the FRAs. 9 Ermete Zacconi Italy ITA000010934 19
OTB No Trawl 666 1
10 Nuovo Genitore Italy ITA000018144 20
OTB No Trawl 632 1
Map 1. FRAs in the Strait of Sicily
11 Nuovo Lealdo Italy ITA000019247 21
OTB No Trawl 441 1
12 Nuovo San Pio Italy ITA000023260 22
OTB No Trawl 369 1
13 Nuovo Salvatore E Daniela Italy ITA000015082 23
OTB No Trawl 363 1
14 Nuova Galilea Italy ITA00002675124 OTB No Trawl 354 1
15 Madre SS. Di Pompei Italy ITA00001578725 OTB No Trawl 281 1
16 Immacolata Concezione Italy ITA00001062426 OTB No Trawl 276 1
17 Samuel Figlio Italy ITA00001062627 OTB No Trawl 272 1
18 Romana Madre Italy ITA000010978 28
OTB No Trawl 266 1
19 Adriana Madre Italy ITA000010561 29
OTB No Trawl 265 1
20 Giuseppe Pio Italy ITA000026653 30
OTB No Trawl 227 2
Total 11,264
Trawl marks in the Strait of Sicily. © OCEANA
4 5
Map 2. Cumulative fishing effort (number of fishing hours per square kilometre) for all vessels listed in Table 1, operating in East of Map 3. FRA Lophelia reef off Santa Maria di Leuca
Adventure Bank from December 2016 - December 2017.
1.2. Lophelia reef of Santa Maria di Leuca
This FRA (see map 3) was established in January GSA 19). In this FRA, fishing with towed dredges and Oceana detected two bottom-trawling vessels that likely A recent study also observed evidence of impacts in the
2006 under the Recommendation GFCM/30/2006/3 bottom trawl nets is prohibited, as it aims to guarantee fished in the FRA for more than 593 hours. The table FRA due to trawl nets57.
Establishment of fisheries restricted areas in order to the conservation of a unique ecosystem of cold-water below lists these two vessels.
protect the deep sea sensitive habitats (1,672.6 km2, corals.
Table 2: List of bottom trawling vessels that the Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm suggests are fishing in the FRA
of the Lophelia reef of Santa Maria di Leuca. Source: Global Fishing Watch; European Fleet Register. (OTB: Bottom otter trawls;
PS: Purse seines Gear; GND: Drift net; LLS: Set longlines; PTM - Midwater pair trawls; LHP - Handlines and pole-lines) GFCM
authorised vessels
Nr Vessel Name Flag CFR Gear in Second gear in LOA Gear Total fishing
European European fleet authorized hours in FRA
Fleet register in GFCM November 2013
register December 2017
1 Gabriella e Chiara Italy ITA00002609631 OTB No 17,3 Trawl 396
2 Nuovo Falco dell’ Adriatico Italy ITA000026906 32
OTB No 19,2 Trawl 197
1.3. Gulf of Lion
The FRA in the Gulf of Lion was adopted during the exploited species (e.g hake, Merluccius merluccius). The
33th session of the Commission in Tunis (23-27 March, sole restriction measure in the FRA to date, has been the
2009). It was agreed under the Recommendation freezing of fishing effort (for demersal stocks) of vessels
GFCM/33/2009/1 On the establishment of a Fisheries using towed nets, bottom and mid-water longlines,
Restricted Area in the Gulf of Lion to protect spawning bottom-set nets to levels that cannot exceed those applied
aggregations and deep sea sensitive habitats (GSA 07, in 2008 (vessels without records of fishing in the area
3741.6 km2) and aims to specifically protect part of the prior to 31 December 2008 are not authorized to start
continental slope of the Eastern Gulf of Lion, which fishing in the FRA)”. A total of 67 boats are included in
is a refuge for large spawners of several commercially the list of authorized fishing vessels33.
Deep-sea coral Lophelia pertusa. © OCEANA
6 7
Map 4. FRA Gulf of Lion vessel fishes in the waters of a non-EU country, outside
2. Unreported access agreements and the framework of a Sustainable Fisheries Partnership
possible IUU fishing Agreement, an RFMO or an agreement on exchange of
In 2014, the International Commission for the fishing opportunities.
Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) adopted
Recommendation 14-07 on Access Agreements36. This Internationally, the Fisheries Transparency Initiative
Recommendation was adopted to “ensure transparency (FiTI)39 released the FiTI Standard40 in 2017, which
among CPCsb in respect of conditions for accessing the includes a provision for FiTI countries to provide public
waters of coastal States, in particular to facilitate joint information of all foreign access agreements, as well as
efforts to combat IUU fishing;” and to ensure compliance the creation of a public registry of fishing authorisations
with Recommendation 13-02, which requires CPCs to or licenses, and information on payments and catches.
ensure that their vessels do not conduct unauthorized Indonesia, Guinea, Mauritania, Senegal and Seychelles
fishing within areas under the national jurisdiction have expressed their commitment to join FiTI and are
of other states, through appropriate cooperation with currently in the process of adhering to and meeting the
the coastal states concerned, and other relevant means FiTI standard.
available to the flag CPC.
Transparency, as well as validation by the coastal and
To comply with Recommendation 14-07, CPCs have flag state, could also be beneficial for operators, as such
to notify ICCAT (individually or jointly) prior to the a measure could reduce risks associated with access
beginning of the following scenarios: agreements.
• foreign-flagged vessels that fish in waters under
their jurisdiction for species managed by ICCAT
Box 1: Example of lack of transparency and
• CPCs whose vessels fish in waters under the
risks associated with access agreements
jurisdiction of another CPC or non-Contracting
party (NCP) for species managed by ICCAT In 2012, Spanish and French purse seine vessels
had to be withdrawn from Liberian waters when
A copy of the written agreement has to be provided, it became clear that licences extended to them by
as well as information on the number of vessels, gear a representative of the Liberian government were
authorized, time period of the agreement, stock or species not valid. Orthongel, OPAGAC and ANABAC called
authorised for harvest, any applicable catch limits, back their vessels (around 30 in total) and settled with
Using the Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm, Oceana found one mid water and bottom trawler vessel the CPC’s quota or catch limit to which the catch will Liberia for late payment of fees, following their use of
potentially operating in the FRA without being on the authorized vessels list. be applied, the monitoring, control, and surveillance what turned out to be forged licences for amounts of
measures required by the flag CPC and coastal State up to USD 50,000-300,000 per vessel41.
Table 3: The Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm suggests that one mid water and bottom trawler vessel was likely and the data reporting obligations stipulated in the
fishing in operating in the FRA of Gulf of Lion. Source: Global Fishing Watch; European Fleet Register. (OTM: Midwater otter trawl; agreement, including those between the parties involved. This case reveals the lack of transparency associated
OTB: Bottom otter trawls; PS: Purse seines Gear; GND: Drift net; LLS: Set longlines; PTM - Midwater pair trawls; LHP - Handlines
and pole-lines); GFCM authorised vessels
with access agreements, the risks for EU operators,
No access agreements have been reported by Albania, and the potential overfishing of local resources that
Nr Vessel Name Flag CFR Gear in Second gear LOA On Gear Total fishing Algeria, Egypt, Montenegro, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia and may result due to lack of oversight. In response,
European in European authorized authorized hours in FRA
Fleet fleet register vessel list in GFCM Turkey under this ICCAT reporting mechanism in 2016. the industry called for a system of “standardised
August 2014
register Gulf of August 2017 contracts, for example, EU-wide”, that would be the
Lion A similar reporting mechanism for access agreements has same country to country42.
1 Stephane Cardone France FRA00081957334 OTM OTB 24,9 No Yes - Trawl 28 been established in the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
(IOTC)37 in 2014. Following this case, Spain established a system
whereby licences issued to vessels under private
In addition, Oceana observed apparent fishing activities of one vessel that is authorized to fish using mid water In addition, in 2017, the European Union adopted the agreements are to be subjected to control and
trawls as well as bottom trawls in the Gulf of Lion for a limited number of days, and which, given the fishing Regulation on the sustainable management of external validation through diplomatic channels. In addition,
hours determined by Global Fishing Watch algorithms, might have surpassed its limit. fishing fleets (EU 2017/2403)38. In Article 39 of this payments are to be made directly to the public
Regulation, the EU sets out the creation of a public treasury of the countries licensing the fishing
Table 4: The Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm suggests that one vessel in the FRA of Gulf of Lion might have database that would include the fishing authorisations activities43.
surpassed its authorised fishing hours. Source: Global Fishing Watch; European Fleet Register. (OTM: Midwater otter trawl; OTB: of all EU-flagged vessels outside of EU waters. It will
Bottom otter trawls; PS: Purse seines Gear; GND: Drift net; LLS: Set longlines; PTM - Midwater pair trawls; LHP - Handlines and also include, for each vessel, its name, flag and unique
pole-lines); GFCM authorised vessels vessel identifier, as well as its type of authorization and
Nr Vessel Name Flag CFR Gear in Second gear On Fishing Gear Total fishing target species, fishing area and fishing period. Any form
European in European authorized days in authorized hours in FRA of access agreements for EU vessels will be included in
Fleet fleet register vessel list the FRA in GFCM in 2017 this register, as will direct authorisations, where an EU
register Gulf of Lion per year
1 Bernadette II France FRA00033013935 OTM OTB Yes 2 Yes - trawl 100 b CPCs means Contracting Parties to the ICCAT Convention and Cooperating
8 Non Contracting Parties, Entities or Fishing Entities 9
Table 7: Vessels likely fishing, identified using the Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm in waters under Syrian
jurisdiction. Source: Global Fishing Watch; GFCM and ICCAT authorised vessels; FAO vessel finder
Vessels observed in waters under Syrian jurisdiction between January 2016 and January 2018
Nr Vessel Name IMO/National Flag IRCS Fishing GFCM ICCAT FAO fishing vessel
registration hours authorisation authorisation finder – gear and
number authorisations
1 Beyaz Melek TUR001432078 Turkey TC7705 103 Yes - Trawl Inactive - purse Purse seine
seine vessel and no
active ICCAT
authorisation50
2 Ibrahim Kaptan TUR001450248 Turkey TC7309 86 Yes - Trawl Inactive – purse N/A
seine
© OCEANA / Keith Ellenbogen
3 Nesa 1 TUR001440051 Turkey TC6150 41 Yes - Trawl No N/A
To have an overview of the possible existing access agreements in the GFCM agreement area, Oceana analysed data 4 Halil Karnas TUR002078699 Turkey TCA3793 30e Yes - Trawl No N/A
derived by Global Fishing Watch using the AIS signals of foreign flagged vessels in the waters under the jurisdictionc of Total fishing hours 260
CPCsd from January 2016 to January 2018.
The amount of fishing hours detected by Global Fishing Watch suggests that there might be access agreements for
From January 2016 to January 2018, Global Fishing Watch data suggests that at three EU-flagged vessels likely fished foreign vessels to access the waters of Albania and Montenegro. Listed below are five examples of vessels that may have
for more than 900 hours in waters under the jurisdiction of Libya, and 1,523 hours in Tunisia, possibly under an access fished for more than 1300 hours in waters under Albanian jurisdiction, and more than 2,600 hours in waters under the
agreement or possibly unauthorised. Transparency on access agreements between the CPCs would allow for legal jurisdiction of Montenegro in the period between January 2016 and January 2018.
fishing activities to continue operating and would bring to the surface any unauthorized fishing behaviour.
Table 8: Vessels likely fishing, identified using the Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm in waters under Albanian and/or
Table 5: Bottom trawl vessels likely fishing, identified using the Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm in waters under Montenegrin jurisdiction. Source: Global Fishing Watch; European Fleet Register. (OTB: Bottom otter trawls; PS: Purse seines Gear;
Libyan jurisdiction. Source: Global Fishing Watch; European Fleet Register. (OTB: Bottom otter trawls; PS: Purse seines Gear; GND: GND: Drift net; LLS: Set longlines; PTM - Midwater pair trawls; LHP - Handlines and pole-lines) GFCM and ICCAT authorised vessels
Drift net; LLS: Set longlines; PTM - Midwater pair trawls; LHP - Handlines and pole-lines) GFCM and ICCAT authorised vessels
Nr Vessel Name IMO / National Flag Gear in Fishing Fishing GFCM ICCAT
registration EU fleet hours In hours In authorisation authorisation
Vessels observed in waters under Libyan jurisdiction between January 2016 and January 2018 number register jurisdiction jurisdiction of
Nr Vessel Name CFR Number/IMO Flag Fishing Gear in Secondary GFCM ICCAT of Albania Montenegro
hours EU fleet gear in EU authorisation authorisation 1 Mar&Mar 115/3 Albania 1139 Yes - Trawls No
register fleet register
2 Aldebaran ITA00000706951 Italy OTB 815 46 Yes - Trawls Yes – Bottom
1 Alexander K CYP00000079144 Cyprus 502 OTB No Yes - Trawls Inactive - Tow Trawler
IMO: 5392238 boat 3 Pasquale E cristina ITA00001923852 Italy OTB 106f 723 Yes - Trawls Yes – Bottom
2 Stella del Mare 2 CYP000000780 45
Malta 341 OTB No Yes - Trawls No Trawler
4 Alba ITA00000134853 Italy OTB 102 693 Yes - Trawls No
3 Fenice ITA00000075746 Italy 117 OTB No Yes - Trawls Yes – Bottom
Trawler 5 Tonia ITA00000715154 Italy OTB 366 20g Yes - Trawls Yes – Bottom
Trawler
Total 960
Total fishing hours 1,389 2,621
Table 6: Bottom trawl vessels likely fishing, identified using the Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm in waters under
Finally, Global Fishing Watch data suggests that two Greek-flagged vessels may have fished in waters under the
Tunisian jurisdiction. Source: Global Fishing Watch; European Fleet Register. (OTB: Bottom otter trawls; PS: Purse seines Gear; jurisdiction of Lebanon and Egypt in 2017.
GND: Drift net; LLS: Set longlines; PTM - Midwater pair trawls; LHP - Handlines and pole-lines) GFCM and ICCAT authorised vessels
Table 9: Vessels fishing, identified using the Global Fishing Watch fishing detection algorithm in waters under Egyptian and Lebanese
Vessels observed in waters under Tunisian jurisdiction between January 2016 and January 2018 jurisdiction. Source: Global Fishing Watch; European Fleet Register. (OTB: Bottom otter trawls; PS: Purse seines Gear; GND: Drift
Nr Vessel Name CFR Number/IMO Flag Fishing Gear in Secondary GFCM ICCAT net; LLS: Set longlines; PTM - Midwater pair trawls; LHP - Handlines and pole-lines) GFCM and ICCAT authorised vessels
Hours EU fleet gear in EU authorisation authorisation
Nr Vessel Name IMO/National Flag IRCS Gear in Second Fishing Fishing GFCM ICCAT
register fleet register
registration EU fleet gear in hours In hours In authorisation authorisation
1 Alexander K CYP00000079147 Cyprus 510 OTB No Yes - Trawls Inactive -Tow number register EU fleet jurisdiction jurisdiction
IMO: 5392238 boat register of Egypt of Lebanon
1 Konstantinos GRC00003767855 Greece SVA4009 LLD GTR 155 80 No Yes –
2 Stella del Mare 2 CYP00000078048 Malta 390 OTB No Yes - Trawls No
Angeliki III IMO: 8229987 multipurpose
3 Fenice ITA00000075749 Italy 623 OTB No Yes - Trawls Yes – Bottom MMSI: 240994000 vessel, hooks
Trawler and lines
Total fishing hours 1,523 2 Chrysopigi GRC00074505556 Greece SY5740 LLD LLS 121 68 No Yes –
Taxiarchis IMO: 8229949 multipurpose
MMSI: 240452000 vessel, hooks
In addition, Oceana observed at least four vessels in waters under the jurisdiction of Syria, for which Global Fishing and lines
Watch data suggests that they may have fished for more than 250 hours under possible access agreements or possibly Total fishing hours 276 148
unauthorised.
e Global Fishing Watch algorithm suggests that this vessel is likely fishing, additional information on access agreements are needed to determine this with certainty.
GFCM currently does not require CPCs to report access agreements.
c Global Fishing Watch uses www.marineregions.org as a source for jurisdictions f Idem.
10 d Contracting parties and cooperating non-contracting parties (CPCs) in GFCM g Idem. 11
3. Recommendations Annex I Vessel Information
Transparency, accountability and an effective and deterrent monitoring and sanctioning system are the most
effective tools with which to tackle IUU fishing. Noting GFCM Recommendation 441/2017/7 on RPOA‑IUU and
Image 1. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Gabrielle e Chiara in FRA Santa
Recommendation 33/2009/8 on the establishment of a list of vessels presumed to have Maria di Leuca
carried out IUU fishing, and specifically Article 1,
Oceana proposes the following recommendations:
Transparency Monitoring and sanctioning
• Adopt a GFCM Recommendation to create • Mandate IMO numbers as per the Recommendation
a mandatory reporting system for all access GFCM/33/2009/6 concerning the establishment of
agreements that is transparent and appropriate for: a GFCM record of vessels over 15 metres authorized
- foreign-flagged vessels to fish in waters to operate in the GFCM area consistent with the
under a given CPC jurisdiction for species practice of other RFMOs.
managed by GFCM • Require fishing vessels above a certain length or
- CPCs whose vessels fish in waters under gross tonnage to be equipped with and continually
the jurisdiction of another CPC or non- transmit positions via AIS. In parallel, Oceana
Contracting party (NCP) for species encourages GFCM to strengthen provisions for
managed by GFCM VMS implementation in the region.
• Create a Compliance Committee (COC) regular • Adopt specific VMS or reporting requirements
revision mechanism of fishing activities conducted to monitor vessels authorised to conduct fishing
under a CPC jurisdiction by vessels flying the flag activities within FRA boundaries, to be able to
of a state other than a coastal state, which have not distinguish the vessels that would not be allowed to
been reported under the point above, aimed at the operate in the FRA. This is especially relevant for
inclusion of non-authorised vessels in the GFCM vessels with multiple gear licenses.
IUU vessels list in accordance with FAO IPOA-IUU
• Create a regular cycle of compliance assessment
and the RPOA-IUU.
for the region that is evaluated by the Compliance
• Increase the coordination and information exchange Committee and escalated to Commission level when
between ICCAT and GFCM on access agreements needed.
reporting. As the reporting gap affects both GFCM Image 2. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Nuovo Falco dell’ Adriatico in FRA Santa
• Adopt, similarly to ICCAT, a sanctioning Maria di Leuca
and ICCAT, and these case studies suggest that
scheme for countries that fail to comply with the
mandatory reporting under ICCAT might not have
Recommendations in force.
been fulfilled for the Mediterranean region.
© OCEANA IV
12 13
Image 5. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Alexander K in waters under jurisdiction
Image 3. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Stephane Cardone in FRA Gulf of Lion of Libya and Tunisia
Image 6. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Stella Del Mare 2 in waters under
jurisdiction of Libya and Tunisia
Image 4. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Bernadette II in FRA Gulf of Lion
14 15
Image 7. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Fenice in waters under
jurisdiction of Libya Image 9. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Beyaz Melek in waters under jurisdiction of Syria
Image 8. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Fenice in waters under jurisdiction of Tunisia
Image 10. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Ibrahim Kaptan in waters under jurisdiction of Syria
16 17
Image 11. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Nesa 1 in waters under jurisdiction of Syria Image 13. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Mar&Mar in waters under jurisdiction of Montenegro
Image 14. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Aldebaran in waters under jurisdiction of Albania
and Montenegro
Image 12. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Halil Karnas in waters under jurisdiction of Syria
18 19Image 15. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Pasquale e Cristina in waters under jurisdiction of
Albania and Montenegro
Image 17. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Tonia in waters under jurisdiction of
Albania
Image 18. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Konstantinos Angeliki III in waters under jurisdiction of Egypt
and Lebanon
Image 16. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Alba in waters under jurisdiction of
Albania and Montenegro
20 21Image 19. Global Fishing Watch data using the AIS signals for vessel Chrysopigi Taxiarchis in waters under jurisdiction of Egypt
and Lebanon
© OCEANA/ Keith Ellenbogen
27 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000010626&search_
type=CFR&search_id=2204&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
28 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000010978&search_
type=CFR&search_id=2012&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
29 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000010561&search_
type=CFR&search_id=4527&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
30 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000026653&search_
type=CFR&search_id=9039&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
31 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000026096&search_
type=CFR&search_id=8946&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
32 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000026906&search_
type=CFR&search_id=1618&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
1 FAO. International Plan of Action to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. Rome, FAO. 2001. 24p. 33 http://www.fao.org/gfcm/data/fleet-fra-gulf-of-lion/es/
2 Ministerial Conference on the Sustainability of Mediterranean fisheries, Malta 30 March 2017, Malta MedFish4Ever Declaration 34 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=FRA000819573&search_
3 McCauley DJ, Woods P, Sullivan B, et al. (2016) Ending hide and seek at sea. Science American Association for the Advancement of Science. 351: 1148-50 type=CFR&search_id=1259&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
4 Community Fleet Register http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm 35 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=FRA000330139&search_
5 IMO (2014) Implications of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the International Maritime Organization:137 type=CFR&search_id=539&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
6 Council Regulation (EC) No 1224/2009 of 20 November 2009 establishing a Community control system for ensuring compliance with the rules of the common 36 Recommendation by ICCAT on access agreements 14-07 https://www.iccat.int/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2014-07-e.pdf
fisheries policy. 37 RESOLUTION 14/05 CONCERNING A RECORD OF LICENSED FOREIGN VESSELS FISHING FOR IOTC SPECIES IN THE IOTC AREA OF COMPETENCE
7 REC.CM-GFCM/30/2006/3 Establishment of fisheries restricted areas in order to protect the deep sea sensitive habitats AND ACCESS AGREEMENT INFORMATION http://www.iotc.org/cmm/resolution-1405-concerning-record-licensed-foreign-vessels-fishing-iotc-species-iotc-area
8 Article 13 of the “Basic texts of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean of the FAO” 38 REGULATION (EU) 2017/2403 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 December 2017 on the sustainable management of external
9 As defined in REC.CM-GFCM/40/2016/4 establishing a multiannual management plan for the fisheries exploiting European hake and deep-water rose shrimp in the fishing fleets, and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1006/2008 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017R2403&from=EN
Strait of Sicily (GSA 12 to 16) http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6700e.pdf 39 http://fisheriestransparency.org/
10 Article 13 of the “Basic texts of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean of the FAO” 40 http://fisheriestransparency.org/fiti-standard
11 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000010742&search_ 41 Tallaksen, E. (2013). Tuna groups could ink private deal with Liberia. Undercurrent News, 6 June 2013: http://www.undercurrentnews.com/2013/06/06/tuna-groups-
type=CFR&search_id=1428&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C could-ink-private-deal-with-liberia/
12 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000026808&search_ 42 Ibid.
type=CFR&search_id=705&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C 43 Murias, A. (2014). Third country flagged tuna vessels to abide European controls. FIS.com, 30 April 2014: http://www.fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.
13 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000010913&search_ asp?l=e&country=0&special=&monthyear=&day=&id=68255&ndb=1&df=0
type=CFR&search_id=749&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C 44 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=CYP000000791&search_
14 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=ITA&CFR_CODE=ITA000015105&search_ type=CFR&search_id=4846&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
type=advanced&search_id=777 45 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=CYP000000780&search_
15 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000010885&search_ type=CFR&search_id=7181&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
type=CFR&search_id=2986&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C 46 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000000757&search_
16 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=ITA&CFR_CODE=ITA000018743&search_ type=CFR&search_id=7355&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
type=advanced&search_id=777 47 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=CYP000000791&search_
17 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000010994&search_ type=CFR&search_id=4846&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
type=CFR&search_id=8891&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C 48 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=CYP000000780&search_
18 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000024967&search_ type=CFR&search_id=7181&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
type=CFR&search_id=631&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C 49 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000000757&search_
19 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000010934&search_ type=CFR&search_id=7355&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
type=CFR&search_id=5319&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C 50 FAO Fishing Vessel Finder: http://www.fao.org/figis/vrmf/finder/!/display/vessel/UID/000007167#.Wyka8VUzbcd
20 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000018144&search_ 51 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000007069&search_
type=CFR&search_id=7999&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C type=CFR&search_id=3796&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
21 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000019247&search_ 52 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000019238&search_
type=CFR&search_id=2092&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C type=CFR&search_id=9614&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
22 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000023260&search_ 53 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000001348&search_
type=CFR&search_id=4501&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C type=CFR&search_id=8291&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
23 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000015082&search_ 54 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000007151&search_
type=CFR&search_id=8024&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C type=CFR&search_id=1082&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
24 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000026751&search_ 55 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=GRC000037678&search_
type=CFR&search_id=5493&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C type=CFR&search_id=8168&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
25 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000015787&search_ 56 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=GRC000745055&search_
type=CFR&search_id=720&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C type=CFR&search_id=3745&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C
26 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/fleet/index.cfm?method=Search.ListSearchSimpleOneVessel&COUNTRY_CODE=&CFR_CODE=ITA000010624&search_ 57 D’Onghia et al. Anthropogenic impact in the Santa Maria di Leuca cold-water coral province (Mediterranean Sea): Observations and conservation straits. Deep Sea
22 type=CFR&search_id=5172&CFID=8809081&CFTOKEN=94c021a9fe6a0412-E6830B28-D97A-A2D9-2B3FD8B0AC4AA87C Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography Volume 145, November 2017, Pages 87-101 23OCEANA EUROPE European Headquarters Gran Vía 59, 9th Floor 28013 Madrid, Spain Phone: + 34 911 440 880 Email: europe@oceana.org European Union Office Rue Montoyer, 39 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone: +32 (0)2 513 22 42 Email: brussels@oceana.org Baltic and North Sea Office Nyhavn 16, 4 sal 1051 Copenhagen, Denmark Phone: + 45 33151160 Email: baltic@oceana.org UK Office Audley House 13 Palace St, SW1E 5HX London, UK Email: oceanauk@oceana.org eu.oceana.org Cover page: © OCEANA/ Juan Cuetos
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