Nuancing the Narrative-CALLS FOR CONSTRUCTIVE NEWS - Constructive Institute
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2019–20
Annual Report
Nuancing
the Narrative
– CALLS FOR CONSTRUCTIVE NEWS
CONSTRUCTIVE INSTITUTE
ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20
PUBLISHED IN DENMARK BY
CONSTRUCTIVE INSTITUTE
EDITOR
MONICA SENKER HOLBECH
PHOTOS
YONAS TADESSE
MATHIAS SVOLD
PETER DAMGAARD KRISTENSEN
SHAHIN-KHALAJI FOR UNSPLASH
FLORIAN STEFFEN FOR UNSPLASH
COVER PHOTOS BY
YONAS TADESSE
FRONT:
FROM THE PHOTO COLLECTION
“FINDING MEANING IN A PANDEMIC” BY YONAS TADESSE:
HEALTH WORKERS SURPRISE COVID-19 PATIENT IN RECOVERY
WARD WITH A CAKE ON HER BIRTHDAY.
GRAPHICS & LAYOUT
MONICA SENKER HOLBECH
CONTACT
CONSTRUCTIVE INSTITUTE
C/O AARHUS UNIVERSITY
BARTHOLINS ALLÉ 16
BYGNING 1328, 1. SAL
8000 AARHUS C
DENMARK
+45 601 38 600
INFO@CONSTRUCTIVEINSTITUTE.ORG
Constructive institute is an
independent center at the heart of
the constructive journalism movement.
Our mission is to change the global
news culture in five years.
Join us @ConstructiveIn.
CONSTRUCTIVE INSTITUTE IS SITUATED ON AARHUS UNIVERSITY CAMPUS.
THANK YOU TO STUDENTS, RESEARCHERS, STAFF AND THE SENIOR
MANAGEMENT FOR THE COLLABORATION AND FOR HOSTING US.
2
CONTENTS
PAGE 4
Introductory Note:
“Beyond the Problem”
By CEO Ulrik Haagerup
PAGE 6
Introduction:
The Corona Virus is a Global Call
for Responsible Journalism
PAGE 8
“Journalism During Corona”
By Professor Liesbeth Hermans
PAGE 10
Covering Corona Constructively
“Word Matter”
PAGE 12
New Report:
“Danes Ask for Constructive News”
By Professor Hans Henrik Knoop
& CFOO Peter Damgaard
Kristensen
PAGE 14
“Solutions to News Avoidance”
By Professor Morten Skovsgaard
& Ass. Professor Kim Andersen
PAGE 18
How To Do Constructive Journalism?
PAGE 22
Global Constructive Master Class
PAGE 24
Constructive Journalism Fellowship
PAGE 26
Fellows Essays
By Morten Runge, Mette Aaby,
Kasper Kaasgaard, Sarah Golczyk,
Jo Williamson, Friederike Felbo,
Minna Skau, Tine Tud Seerup,
Mathilde Graversen, Hans
Davidsen-Nielsen, Jakob Risbro
and Katja Boxberg
PAGE 38
Events & Activities
PAGE 44
Funders & Sponsors
PAGE 46
Constructive Institute Organisation
3
Constructive Institute
Beyond
the
Problem
4 Annual Report Photo: Mathias Svold
Constructive Institute
“applies
Constructive journalism
a new vocabulary,
so both news people and
the people we serve can
have a better conversation.
– ULRIK HAAGERUP, CEO CONSTRUCTIVE INSTITUTE
WRITTEN BY ULRIK HAAGERUP,
CEO OF CONSTRUCTIVE INSTITUTE
Any sales person, interest group or politician The internet and the disruption have had reporting” emerged. To many it sounded
knows, perception is reality. seismic impacts on the news industry. Not strange because wasn’t all reporting
only have business models for journalism investigative? No, it was not, far too
People make decisions when they vote, shop been shaken and competition for the much of it was printing of press releases
or make any decision in their personal or attention of news audiences exacerbated and handing politicians the microphone
professional lives based not on what the but news has also sped up, increased and the message. It was not enough to
facts are, but on what they perceive to be in volume and become increasingly talk about the need for “better” or more
the facts. Where do we get that from? We all sensationalist. “quality” journalism but now the news
get our perceptions from what we can see industry had a new vocabulary.
with our own eyes and from what we hear The results have been people in their
from others around us, the rest is media. millions turning their back from traditional IT'S TIME TO INVEST IN NEW TOOLS
news – and so have the advertisers who
“Editorial choices for more than a century have been the
main funders of independent journalism.
News organisations could start investing
in tools for “investigative” reporting: New
about what news News avoidance has become a growing
ways of organizing in reporting units; new
ways of interviewing people with power,
should focus trend, as especially woman and new
generations avoid the “noise” of a news
who wanted to hide the truth; new ways
of researching using documents and
on… have huge cycle that is overwhelming, always on and
always on-hand through digital devices.
data; and new ways of publishing in series
and documentaries applying storytelling
impact on the way In Reuters Digital News report 2020 from
over 30 countries 32% of respondents said
techniques from fiction and movies.
other people see they actively avoid the news. Nearly 60% of Constructive journalism applies a new
themselves, each
these said it was because it had a negative vocabulary, so both news people and
effect on their mood, others described the people we serve can have a better
other and the world
feeling powerless to change events. conversation, both about what is missing
in traditional reporting and also how we
they live in.”
“News avoidance has become a growing can do it better with new questions, new
trend, as especially woman and new focus, new roles, new concepts and new
generations avoid the “noise” of a news tools.
More than probably any other profession cycle that is overwhelming.”
journalism is a filter between reality and the “Constructive journalism applies a new
public perception of reality. Editorial choices Political polarization has also encouraged vocabulary, so both news people and
about what news should focus on, what the growth of partisan agendas online, the people we serve can have a better
reporters ask, how their stories are angled which together with clickbait and various conversation.” Constructive journalism
and what to publish and not to tell all have forms of misinformation is helping to is neither an alternative to being the
a huge impact on the way other people see further undermine trust in media – raising watchdog, nor a quick fix for a profession
themselves, each other and the world they new questions about how to deliver in desperate search for a future and a
live in. balanced and fair reporting in the digital purpose.
age. Business as usual is no longer an
WAR OF ATTENTION IN THE DIGITAL AGE option for news organizations. At Constructive Institute we do not have all
the answers but we do believe in curious
The war of the public attention has A NEW TERM FOR JOURNALISM and critical questions and that applies
increased in the digital age in many to the role of journalism itself. We are
newsrooms for the last 20 years. And the That’s why we came up with the term certain that we now need this conversation
strategy in too many of them has been to constructive journalism – because positive, because in the words of Bulgarian writer
just turn up the volume button with more happy, fluffy non-critical, North Korean Maria Popova “Hope without thinking is
breaking news alerts, more stories, sharper version of reporting it is not. It builds on all naïve – but critical thinking without hope
headlines, more drama, more conflict. the old journalistic values about fairness, is cynical”.
fact-fulness and serving people “the best
Doing all this on more platforms, all with less obtainable version of the truth”. We want to change the global news culture
and less money and fewer and fewer people. because we fear that journalism is partly to
It doesn’t sound like something McKinsey It was Watergate-reporter Carl Bernstein blame for the trust meltdown in media and
would call a “winning strategy” in any other that coined the term “the best obtainable democracy. But mostly because we are
business, does it? Well, it’s not in the news version of the truth” and it was during the certain that journalism needs to be part of
industry either. 1960’s and 1970’s the term “investigative the solution too.
Annual Report 5
Constructive Institute 6 Annual Report
Constructive Institute
In a
Time of
Isolation
the Media
Must
Provide
Trusted
News The coronavirus
pandemic is a global
call for responsible
media. Constructive
journalism places the
focus of journalism
and public attention
beyond the glare
of global problems
and looks to address
potential solutions
to the challenges
facing us all. Here
we map out how
some of the world’s
most significant news
outlets cover the
biggest health crisis
of our time.
Photo: Shahin Khalaji
Annual Report 7
Constructive Institute
Journalism
During Corona
The Coronavirus has offered a significant challenge to the financial situation
of many news media but it has also been a catalyst for audiences returning
to trusted media sources. In the Netherlands and beyond this could be an
opportunity for journalists to turn towards the more constructive content
that their audiences have been asking for. Here Liesbeth Hermans identifies
several constructive principles that can be applied to news production.
WRITTEN BY LIESBETH HERMANS,
PROFESSOR, CONSTRUCTIVE JOURNALISM,
WINDESCHIEM UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
CLICK HERE TO READ ONLINE
In the Netherlands, as in many other the opposite. An overload of almost often seems to direct news selection
countries, subscriptions to newspapers identical, often superficial news, and news coverage.
are up and more people are watching causes people to feel restless and
television news. People return to uncertain about what is really going We know that exposure to negative
traditional news media in times of on, because the context behind the angles in news messages increases
crisis such as the corona pandemic numbers is missing. negative emotions, such as fear
because they expect to get accurate and anxiety. Experiencing negative
and trustworthy information. Work by GapMinder and IPSOS Mori emotions narrows people’s scope
on the “perception gap” shows that of attention and increases people’s
At the beginning of the Corona crisis, the current interpretation of facts feelings of inefficacy and lack of
combating the problem together often does not lead to an accurate control.
was central in most news reports. world view. People overwhelmingly
Unfortunately, the initial shared have a more pessimistic estimation In contrast, findings show that
focus on solidarity, prevention, and of issues, ranging from global poverty exposure to constructive news
solutions seems to be giving way to to teenage pregnancy, than the (as compared to traditional news)
increased focus on political and social objective reality. brings about the opposite and has
contradictions and disagreements. beneficial effects. According some
Journalists often believe that ongoing research of mine (soon to be
Sadly, many journalists are reverting declining news consumption is published) it also stimulates feelings
to prior routines in which they mainly caused by people’s diminishing of hope and inspiration. Further
focus on negative developments and interest in social issues. On the studies indicate that constructive
emphasize political conflict. contrary my research has found that news leads to higher engagement on
young people in the Netherlands for social issues.
DEMAND FOR CONSTRUCTIVE example experience a gap between
ANGLES what they want and expect from A MISUNDERSTANDING
news and what journalism offers.
The demand for constructive angles Not everybody agrees with the
can prove difficult for journalists Dutch millennials criticise news for constructive approach. Some
trained to provide a 24 hour stream being too elite- and institutionally opponents think that constructive
of breaking news and new ‘facts’. This focused and for being not being journalism secretly means positive
practice makes it intuitive to post relevant and valuable to their own news, this is a misunderstanding.
continuous updates on the numbers lives. Worldwide news avoidance Constructive journalism motivates
of infections, deaths or economic is growing because audiences feel journalists to look beyond the usual
shrinkage. Yet, instead of helping frustrated and depressed by the problem- and conflict- oriented
people understand reality, this does predominantly negative focus that format and to search for additional
8 Annual Report
Constructive Institute
An overload of
almost identical,
often superficial news,
causes people to feel
restless and uncertain
about what is really
going on, because
the context behind
the numbers is
missing.
– LIESBETH HERMANS,
PROFESSOR, WINDESCHIEM UNIVERSITY
OF APPLIED SCIENCES
SEVEN
CONSTRUCTIVE
PRINCIPLES
angles such as solution- future- and and to be open to new values and
action-oriented perspectives, for practices that will frame their stories
• DEEPENING:
example, to try to include more give context and insight
in ways that can lead to productive
inspiring and engaging formats. through more explanation. change. To achieve this, a new, more
creative news-process is needed that
When utilizing a constructive mindset, • EMPOWERING: focuses on new angles and ideas
journalists move beyond the detached inform the public about to replace standard modes of news
observer role to become facilitators of existing and possible solutions coverage.
democratic conversation. This leads to for reported problems and
a more public-oriented journalism, in about possibilities to take In my article “Placing Constructive
which the audience becomes a serious action. Journalism in context” I identify
stakeholder in the news process. several principles that can be applied
• FUTURE in order to help journalists make
TIME TO BREAK OLD HABITS PERSPECTIVE: constructive based decisions in the
inform the public beyond the
production of news (see list).
daily events and raise attention
Today’s circumstances are a good for long-term processes.
moment to break with old habits; a These principles should be seen as a
catalyst for reflection on how best • INCLUSIVE: mix of strategies that apply in several
journalists can contribute to well- include a broad range of stages of the news process. They
being in society. It is an opportunity to perspectives and sources are not fixed tools but instruments
implement the type of news advocated (representing the diversity that can help journalists to broaden
by Constructive Journalism, that wants of society) and provide their mindset and attitude towards
to provide citizens with contextual information that contributes journalism.
news on social issues, without over- to public dialogue.
emphasizing the sensational and what The corona era has shown us that
goes wrong. • COOPERATIVE: the news remains indispensable
involve citizens actively in the and clarifies how important quality
news process.
It critically questions journalists who journalism is to understand both
solely focus on problematic angles in the global and the local impact of
• INSPIRING:
stories and who (disproportionately) give attention to positive
the major issues society faces. More
represent institutions, and the logic of examples and developments. constructive journalism will only
power. strengthen citizens’ engagement
• TRANSPARENT: and mutual understanding, whilst
Constructive Journalism calls for be accountable for your enhancing the role of journalism in
journalists to change their mindset choices and their impact. our democracies.
Annual Report 9
Constructive Institute
COVERING CORONA CONSTRUCTIVELY
WORDS MATTER
Photo: Florian Steffen
How to cover Corona? Based on address nuance, context and hope. reporting are essential for covering
great journalism from around the The time is now to show why the pandemic of the coronavirus.
world we examine how to apply journalism is essential to audiences,
the principles of constructive society and democracy. These two modes of reporting use
journalism as an additional critical journalism in order to inform
The coronavirus pandemic is a global news audiences around the world and
element when reporting on the
call for responsible journalism. hold the people in power responsible
coronavirus.
Constructive journalism is a mindset for their actions, or lack of action.
which places the focus of journalism
DRAMA OR NUANCE
and public attention beyond the In what way could the principles
Words matter. In this grave international glare of global problems and looks of constructive journalism offer
crisis they are absolutely necessary. to address potential solutions to the additional elements when covering the
Just take a moment to consider the two challenges facing us all. coronavirus?
headlines below.
AN ADD-ON TO BREAKING NEWS Constructive journalism is based on
“Many Loved Ones Will Die“ AND INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM three pillars and here are 3 examples
“Together We Can Save Many Lives“ of how these principles could be used
Constructive journalism compliments in covering the evolving pandemic.
With journalism acting as a filter between the two major modes of news Some of the recommendations may
reality and the public perception of reporting: Breaking news and seem to be simply good, thorough,
reality journalists must ask themselves if Investigative journalism (see opposite critical and balanced journalism but
they want to angle their coverage solely page). It goes without saying that that is essentially what constructive
on the drama of news stories or instead both breaking news and investigative journalism is all about.
10 Annual ReportConstructive Institute
P I L L AR 1 P I L L AR 2 P I L L AR 3
FOCUS ON COVER PROMOTE DEMOCRATIC
SOLUTIONS NUANCES CONVERSATION
Report not only on the problems Strive for the best obtainable Engage and facilitate debate.
but also look for possible solutions. version of the truth.
G L O B AL H U B
F O R G R E AT
J O U R N AL I S M
FOR MORE GREAT
EXAMPLES ON HOW
TO COVER CORONA
VISIT OUR WEBSITE’S
HOW TO SECTION.
CLICK MAP TO VISIT.
1 2 3
E X AM P L E P I L L AR 1 E X AM P L E P I L L AR 2 E X AM P L E P I L L AR 3
MEDIA MEDIA MEDIA
THE BBC DIE WELT THE NEW YORK TIMES
C O U N T RY C O U N T RY C O U N T RY
UK GERMANY USA
J O U R N AL I S T S J O U R N AL I S T S J O U R N AL I S T
HARRIET AGERHOLM, DANIEL ECKERT & JESSICA GROSE
JAMES LAW & HOLGER ZSCHÄPITZ
JENNIFER MEIERHANS T H E S T O RY
T H E S T O RY Based on questions from readers
T H E S T O RY Die Welt cover nuances with a (via an interactive tool for questions)
The BBC devotes entire segment Historical Perspective. Thus this article the New York Times gets help from
for possible solutions to corona. zooms out to the macro view of the doctors, public officials and other
The journalists have gathered a crisis and its global economic impact. experts to answer many of the
number of stories that show how Using a historical perspective the questions parents have about public
people are helping each other and journalists describes the three big playgrounds, visiting grandparents,
finding solutions in response to the financial crashes of the last 100 years general hygiene, birthday parties,
coronavirus. and tries to identify some learning testing, homemade hand sanitizer and
points. more.
AN ADD - O N T O B R E AK I N G N E W S & I N V E S T I G AT I V E J O U R N AL I S M
Annual Report 11Constructive Institute
New Report:
A S U M M ARY O F T H E M O S T
I M P O R TAN T F I N D I N G S
F R O M O U R R E S E AR C H
Danes 16% of Danes periodically avoid news.
Ask for
People who report that news often
makes them feel bad and who think that
the media focus too much on conflict
are more prone to avoid news. News
Constructive
avoiders use traditional media sources
less compared to non- avoiders. Instead,
avoiders use social media and streaming
News
as their source of news.
•
A third of the population feel that news
often puts them in a bad mood. More
than half of the population believes that
news focuses more on negative than
positive perspectives on events. Almost
six out of ten Danes think that far too
much news focuses on conflict.
EXCERPTS FROM THE REPORT
‘NEWS EXPERIENCES AND OPINIONS IN DENMARK 2020’
•
CLICK REPORT READ IN FULL.
News credibility in Denmark is lukewarm.
WRITTEN BY Around a quarter of Danes agree that the
PETER DAMGAARD, CONSTRUCTIVE INSTITUTE media paint a fair and accurate picture of
HANS HENRIK KNOOP, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, AU the world. News credibility varies across
segments of the population.
We have asked the Danish analytics company Epinion •
to conduct an independent and representative study
68% of Danes would prefer news that
on “news experiences and opinions” among more than
focuses more on illuminating a case from
2000 Danish citizens. The survey was made possible different perspectives, on informing about
with support from the Salling Foundations as part of the solutions to societal problems (58%) and
Constructive News Lab. on inspiring action (51%).
•
The report investigates current media
trends with a profound focus on news 57% of Danes would prefer to read a
credibility, perceptions of news negativity news article with a constructive rather
and the tendency of some to avoid news. than a conventional news headline.
More specifically, the report looks at •
how Danes perceive the news media,
and we use this to get an impression People who read a constructive
of the current state of the news. This is newspaper article are less inclined to feel
important in identifying what problems uncomfortable and more likely to agree
the broader population are seeing in the that ‘the world needs more articles of
media. Next, the report tests whether the this kind’ compared to a control group
constructive news paradigm is a potential who read a conventional article about the
solution to some of the issues raised. same topic.
•
Specifically we test if there is a demand
for constructive news and if reading People high in the trait neuroticism, who
constructive news content is any different are generally more prone to negative
from reading conventional news. thoughts, are more likely to avoid news
and less likely to think that following news
Lastly, the report provides novel evidence is important. People who are agreeable or
on the effect of the corona outbreak on conscientious tend to think that following
Danes’ opinions and behavior towards the news is important but are more likely
news. to experience today’s news as too conflict
oriented.
12 Annual ReportConstructive Institute
When left with a choice
we see that a majority will
choose a headline with a
constructive angle even
though conventional wisdom
is that ‘if it bleeds, it leads’.
– PETER DAMGAARD,
CONSTRUCTIVE INSTITUTE
KEY FINDINGS
57% 58% 68%
of the time, Danes prefer a of Danes say that news focuses of Danes want the news to focus
story with a constructive heading too much on conflict more on Illuminating a case from
several different sides
F I G U R E : N E W S FO C U S O N F I G U R E : N E W S AVO I DAN C E
N E G AT I V I T Y AN D C O N F L I C T I N T H E DAN I S H P O P U L AT I O N
2%
4% 16% 6%
2%
8% 39% periodically
avoids news 43%
10%
28%
17%
58%
agree that too
19% much news
focuses on 22%
conflict
Agree Partly agree Neither agree nor Agree Partly agree Neither agree nor
(39%) (19%) disagree (28%) (6%) (10%) disagree (17%)
Disagree Partly Don’t know (4%) Disagree Partly Don’t know (2%)
(2%) disagree (8%) (43%) disagree (22%)
N=2.014 N=2.014
Wording: How much do you Wording: How much do you agree or
agree or disagree with the disagree with the following statement:
following statement ... I periodically try to avoid news.
Perceiving a more truthful and fairer
blend of negative and positive news would
not only help people make better sense of
the world, it would significantly strengthen
journalism by improved public trust.
– HANS HENRIK KNOOP,
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Annual Report 13Constructive Institute
Solutions to News
Avoidance
News avoidance is considered an increasing problem for the news industry
and democracy at large. As news companies lose consumers, democracy
loses the informed foundation for an engaged citizenry. Meanwhile, research
on news avoidance is hampered by the lack of a common understanding of
the phenomenon.
WRITTEN BY MORTEN SKOVSGAARD, PROFESSOR WSR,
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK
KIM ANDERSEN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF
SOUTHERN DENMARK AND UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG
News avoidance is a problem for the sell subscriptions and maintain their such news has a negative impact on
news media as well as for democracy at societal relevance. But news avoidance their mood and their well-being. A
large. So what can be done to engage is also a problem for democracy.” subsequent feeling of powerlessness
people in news coverage? Among makes them change the channel, turn
other things, constructive, fact-based, UNINTENTIONAL AND INTENTIONAL off the television, drop the newspaper,
transparent, and slow news may be NEWS AVOIDANCE or delete the news app.
possible solutions.
News avoidance has a number
More news is available now than ever of different causes and, as a Constructive
news is one
before. Still, a significant amount of consequence, also a number of
people consume no, or a very limited, potential solutions that are dependent
amount of news and even amongst
those who are regular audiences a
on actions from different stakeholders.
In a study recently published in the possible way to
substantial proportion answer that they
sometimes or often avoid news content.
international journal Journalism Studies
we have reviewed and classified the avoid people
Furthermore, studies indicate that news
avoidance is growing over time despite
different causes and potential solutions
related to two types of news avoidance
turning their backs
an increasing supply of journalism – intentional and unintentional. on the news due to
its negative focus.
output.
Contrary to unintentional news
News avoidance is a problem for avoidance, which we will return to
the traditional news media. News below, intentional news avoidance – MORTEN SKOVSGAARD
& KIM ANDERSEN
organisations need readers, listeners, or is based on an active and deliberate
viewers to generate advertising revenues, choice to avoid news. Studies show that
sell subscriptions and maintain their when people actively avoid the news Constructive news is one possible way
societal relevance. they often do so because they find the to avoid people turning their backs
news too negative, because they do on the news due to its negative focus.
But news avoidance is also a problem not trust the news, or because they The idea behind constructive news
for democracy. In general, news feel overloaded by the magnitude of is to not only address problems and
consumption has a positive impact available news. shortcomings but also the solutions
on people’s knowledge of society and and positive examples that can serve
politics as well as on their political NEGATIVE NEWS as inspiration for how to handle
engagement and participation. So, how challenges.
do we encourage people to participate It cannot come as a surprise that
in the news cycle? It would be great if a many people feel that the news is too The aim of this more balanced
simple answer to that question existed. negative. It is next to impossible to approach to journalism is to
tune into a television news broadcast, replace the feeling of distress and
“News avoidance is a problem for click onto a news website, or open a powerlessness with a feeling of hope
the traditional news media. News newspaper without being confronted and a sense of being able to make a
organisations need readers, listeners, or with war, crime, scandals, natural difference in society.
viewers to generate advertising revenues, disasters, and suffering. For some,
14 Annual ReportConstructive Institute
News organisations
need readers, listeners,
or viewers to generate
advertising revenues,
sell subscriptions and
maintain their societal
relevance. But news
avoidance is also a problem
for democracy.
– MORTEN SKOVSGAARD,
PROFESSOR WSR, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK
Constructive journalism has gained To counter this cause of news develop so-called public service
traction in recent years, in Denmark avoidance, news media would have to algorithms. These algorithms ensure
for instance several news media put a break on the accelerating news that people are presented with trusted,
have introduced constructive news cycle, offering news which explains quality news when they stream their
in particular programs or sections of the context behind headlines. News favourite entertainment show on
programs. The regional television station overviews that make it easier to identify demand or when they browse through
TV 2/Fyn is even working to implement the most important news stories of their social media feed.
a constructive mindset amongst all the day would also attract these news
journalists to ensure that constructive avoiders. This can be done in different WHO CAN SOLVE THE PROBLEM?
news stories will blend with news ways. Some of the traditional media are
stories that focus on problems and now producing newsletters that outline In consequence, the potential to
shortcomings the most important stories of the day counter intentional news avoidance
or daily news podcasts that go in-depth primarily lies with journalists and the
MISTRUST IN MEDIA with one or a few new stories and news media. Editorial teams are able
provide further context. An example of to change news content to make it
Low trust in news media and journalists this is The Daily by the New York Times. less negative and more constructive;
has also been recurrent issue in recent There is also a trend towards the rise less opinionated, more fact-based and
years. For some, the trust in news is of digital born slow news media which transparent; and less overwhelming,
so low that they tune out completely. focus on a few stories each day. These more contextualized and slower. The
Often, low trust in news media is caused news providers offer long-format in- potential to counter unintentional
by a perception that journalists are not depth journalism that contextualize the news avoidance to a larger extent
neutral and do not report the truth. One issues more extensively than regular lies with the owners and manager
way that news media can potentially news. Some examples of these are of media corporations, social media
change this perception is to make a the Dutch De Correspondent, British platforms and politicians. Multipurpose
clear distinction between opinion and Tortoise Media or Zetland in Denmark. media organisations and social media
journalism based on indisputable facts. companies can decide to develop
Another potential way to increase trust UNINTENTIONAL NEWS AVOIDANCE public service algorithms or other
among news users is to increase the opportunity structures conducive of
transparency in order for people to For those who unintentionally avoid incidental news exposure. In turn
check the information included in the news, the underlying causes are politicians can decide to support the
journalism and learn how reporters different. They do not turn their media companies developing such
constructed the news story. backs on news based on a specific opportunity structures.
dislike of news or certain aspects of
AN OVERWHELMING NEWS FLOW news. However, when the supply of It is crucial that journalists, media
media content increases dramatically, managers, and politicians all make an
A third reason why people turn their it is much easier for people to pick effort to counter news avoidance in
backs to the news is that they find the exactly the content that meets their order to ensure that the citizenry is as
stream of news stories overwhelming. preferences. Thus, this type of news well-informed as possible. However, if
The 24-hour television channels or the avoidance is—rather than an active they are to succeed it is also important
news websites constantly offer updates rejection of news—based on a choice that the citizens reward their efforts.
on the latest developments across of other types of media content—often Citizens can also help to counter news
several news stories. While some enjoy entertainment—that in effect crowds avoidance by supporting constructive,
the almost endless supply of news, out news consumption. fact-based and transparent, and slow
others have the sense of being hit by a and contextualized journalism.
news tsunami that is hard to manage. One possible way of alleviating this
unintentional news avoidance is to
Annual Report 15Constructive Institute
Perhaps,
we journalists
took a wrong
turn
16 Annual ReportConstructive Institute
What about ...
A journalism
for tomorrow?
Watch our explainer
‘The World Needs Better News’
click to visit constructiveinstitute.org
Annual Report 17Constructive Institute
How To Do P I L L AR
Constructive
1: SOLUTIONS
MEDIA
Journalism?
THE UPSIDE,
THE GUARDIAN (UK)
S U M M ARY
‘HOW TO’ IS A SERIES OF BEST PRACTICE ARTICLES SHOWCASING HOW HOW TO
THE WORLD’S LEADING MEDIA HOUSES WORK WITH CONSTRUCTIVE EDIT A STREAM
JOURNALISM. HERE WE PRESENT A SELECTION BASED ON OUR THREE OF CONSTRUCTIVE
PILLARS, SOLUTIONS, NUANCE, CONVERSATION STORIES
The Upside is the Guardian’s
constructive journalism “stream”.
It is solution-focused reporting
Dive into “that seeks out answers,
solutions, movements and
our compiled initiatives to address the biggest
problems besetting the world”.
best examples
of constructive
journalism
from all over
the world.
P I L L AR
2: NUANCES
CLICK MAP FOR MORE
ONLINE EXAMPLES. MEDIA
BERLINGSKE
NUANCERER,
BERLINGSKE (DK)
S U M M ARY
HOW TO
EMBRACE NUANCE IN
POLITICAL COVERAGE
“We wanted to show that reality
is often not black and white,
it can be grey and must have
nuances in order to be real,”
Editor-in-Chief at Berlingske
Mette Østergaard says.
P I L L AR
3: CONVERSATION
MEDIA
EINIG?,
NRK (NO)
S U M M ARY
HOW TO
HOST A CIVIL AND
CURIOUS POLITICAL
DEBATE SHOW
The national broadcaster NRK
launched a political debate
show with a difference. With
this format guests find points
of connection and agreement
rather than look for ways to
discredit one another.
18 Annual ReportConstructive Institute
How To
P I L L AR
1: SOLUTIONS
Edit ‘A Stream’ of
MEDIA
THE UPSIDE,
THE GUARDIAN
C O U N T RY
UK Constructive
Stories
T O L D T O C I BY
MARK RICE-OXLEY
EDITOR,
THE UPSIDE
The Upside is the Guardian’s SOLUTIONS FROM THE DEMOCRATIC
constructive journalism “stream”. REPUBLIC OF CONGO
It is solutions focused reporting
“that seeks out answers, solutions, In 2019 a piece commissioned and
produced for the Upside stream won
movements and initiatives to the Journalism of Tomorrow award
address the biggest problems presented by the Constructive Institute
besetting the world”. and the Solutions Journalism Network.
The media The piece was written by Guardian Health
Editor Sarah Bosely in collaboration
must recognise HOW THEY DID IT with photographer David Levene and
it reflects the
video producer Millie Harvey and was an
The driving force behind the series is editor investigation into how the Democratic
Mark Rice-Oxley. Mark embarked on the
world we live
Republic of the Congo has all but
project in 2018 because it was “urgently defeated sleeping sickness.
in… When
needed in a world where a surfeit of dismal
news is demoralising audiences as never Accepting the award, Sarah Boseley
we report before.” noted that “Most of the media think
that stories have to be about something
progress, The constructive focus of the Upside was
championed by the Guardian’s editor-in-
terrible that is happening and it’s only
more progress
very occasionally that you can turn the
chief, Katharine Viner in her 2017 speech tables and say, yes, there are terrible
sketching out the future of the newspaper.
ensues. What
things happening, but within that there
Katharine promised that “we will develop are some fantastic things too and maybe
better way to
ideas that help improve the world, not just we should look to the positive.”
critique it. Despair is just another form of
change the denial. People long to feel hopeful again –
and young people, especially, yearn to feel
CONNECTING WITH AUDIENCES
world? the hope that previous generations once
had.” You can listen to Katharine’s thoughts
The Upside has sought to deepen
the connection between readers and
– MARK RICE-OXLEY, on “A mission for journalism in a time of subjects through a weekly newsletter of
EDITOR, THE UPSIDE crisis”. over 30,000 subscribers. Mark stresses
the importance of proactively engaging
Mark started with an experiment to with recipients of the newsletter by
discover whether Guardian readers had an asking teasing questions and offering
THE UPSIDE’S appetite for solutions focused journalism. a straightforward method of replying.
GROUND RULES After 18 months and 150+ articles he and These efforts have been rewarded with
his fellow journalists found that there several good solutions story tips.
• LOOK FOR SOLUTIONS FOR THE was significant audience engagement in
BIG CHALLENGES OF OUR TIME journalism that “sought out the good things
Upside stories are not PR. They Output for the series has been primarily
happening in the world”. focused on text articles but earlier in
look for solutions that appear
replicable, robust and confront June 2020 Mark launched his inaugural
the big challenges of our times, Readers spent longer on the articles, often Upside: In Conversation live stream
e.g. the environment, atomised reading until the end, and around 1 in 10 (record and now available online -see
communities, flagging democracy shared the stories on social media. There constructiveinstitute.org for more).
etc. was also a significant volume of responses
and enthusiastic messages from readers Introducing the discussion Mark
• GO THAT EXTRA MILE asking for more constructive reporting.
Efforts are made to find and
explained that just as with the Upside’s
speak with the communities articles the aim for the conversations
The Upside was launched with funding are “Hope, potential, ideas and solutions,
working to address the significant
problems. The aim is to report
from the Skoll Foundation in order to anything really that can give us a dose
on places, their reporters rarely commit more deeply to a solutions focused of optimism in challenging times.”
visit, broadening reach and stream of content. This funding has now Depending on the reaction from the
understanding both for the dried up but the Upside continues. audience they may be planning more.
journalists and their reader.
Annual Report 19Constructive Institute
How To
P I L L AR
2: NUANCES
Embrace Nuance
MEDIA
BERLINGSKE
NUANCERER,
in Political
BERLINGSKE
C O U N T RY
DENMARK
Coverage T O L D T O C I BY
METTE ØSTERGAARD
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF,
BERLINGSKE
Berlingske Nuancerer takes a Normally headlines at the paper are
deep dive into the central topics a conclusion to the story and give a
discussed by Danish politicians and particular angle. The team wanted to
voters. The project goes beyond keep them open for Nuancerer. With no
conclusion in the headline the reader
fact checking what is correct and needs to dig into the content and decide
incorrect to explore the nuances their own opinion.
of central questions in political
debate. Important questions are The tone is authoritative and factual with
unpacked, experts are consulted
but politicians are left out of the
very few quotes, they aren’t opinion piece
and are a “politician free zone”. We wanted
conversation.
Once the Berlingske journalists have
to show that
HOW THEY DID IT written a first draft of the article it is then reality is often
not black and
read by a team of external experts who
The respected Danish Daily newspaper further fine tune the piece and correct
white, it can be
Berlingske wanted to approach the 2019 any assumptions or inaccuracies.
Danish election with a different tactic.
Editor-in-Chief Mette Østergaard felt that in
the past journalists had been manipulated
Each article is accompanied by a
drawing sketched by the same illustrator grey and must
by politicians who successfully twisted facts
to support their agendas.
using a style distinct from the rest of
the newspaper. The team never uses
have nuances
reportage photographs for example, in order to be
real.
Inspired by a project in the Swedish Nuancerer always has another look
newspaper Dagens Nyheter Mette and and feel to the rest of the paper. For
her colleagues invited the project lead some stories there is a video explainer,
to travel to Copenhagen and share some these are heavy production and only – METTE ØSTERGAARD,
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, BERLINGSKE
inspiration. Off the back of that meeting accompany stories which hold sustained
the Berlingske team then developed interest for their readers.
Berlingske Nuancerer (Berlingske Nuances)
a new editorial concept where every story Berlingske Nuancerer is managed by a
starts with a question taken from the most data journalist, Philip Sune Dam, who THE KEY
important issues discussed in political takes a deep dive into the statistics and TAK E AWAY S
debate. dissects the numbers. Questions that
have been tackled so far have ranged • TRUTH IS NOT BLACK AND WHITE
The topics covered are high on the agenda from “Is the integration of non-western Sometimes the truth is not black
immigrants a failure?” to “Does Demark and white, and audiences distrust
for the average Danish voter and citizen.
journalism that depicts the world
Each question is answered by exploring the have the highest tax burden in the
through a simplistic lens.
complexity of the topics thereby offering a world?”
more precise response for their readers. • AUDIENCES SHOWED INTEREST
The aim is to re-examine allegations, REACHED NEW READERS IN DEEPER COMPLEXITY
accepted truths and uncritical use of facts. Counterintuitively, audiences
It is “a way of giving people new eyes on The project has had a great response welcome an opportunity to delve
a topic that they previously thought they both for reads and engagement but also into complex issues without neat
knew what the conclusion was,” says Mette by persuading new readers to subscribe answers.
Østergaard. to the news website. It has been a
valuable tool for branding, showing that • OFFERS SPECIALISED INSIGHTS
Giving external experts an
The paper put together a team of a “Berlingske is a quality paper that isn’t
editorial role offers specialised
data journalist, 3 text reporters a video interested in doing just click bait” says insights and integrity to the
journalist and an editor to drive the stories Mette Østergaard. journalism.
through. Together these journalists build
out stories with new clearly identifiable With the success of the concept the • REQUIRES MAN POWER
elements. editorial team is now continuing AND TIME
Berlingske Nuancerer beyond the Projects such as Berlingske
elections publishing a couple of Nuances Nuancerer require extra
NEW TOOLS TO OPEN UP FORMAT
resources in terms of man
Each headline always asks a question. every month.
power and time.
20 Annual ReportConstructive Institute
How To
P I L L AR
3: CONVERSATION
Host A Civil
MEDIA
EINIG?,
NRK
C O U N T RY
NORWAY And Curious
Political Debate Show
T O L D T O C I BY
GRO ENGEN
EDITOR,
EINIG?
Einig? Or “Agreed?” in Norwegian attacks, being argumentative and listing
aims to change the culture of political agenda points without regard
polarizing political discussion. to what other guests are contributing
The national broadcaster NRK are all frowned upon. The editorial team
also offers advice on how to lead a
launched a political debate show constructive conversation, encouraging
with a difference, with this format guests to ask questions about each
guests find points of connection other’s views and to be curious.
For politicians and agreement rather than look for
ways to discredit one another.
entering
Panelists are not given the questions
ahead of time but instead discuss
traditional TV HOW THEY DID IT thought provoking statements that are
read off a screen in the studio. This
debates it is like Einig? Is a prime-time politics show with a
difference. The aim of the program is to
means no one has prepared talking
points with their communications teams
winning a match. reverse the toxicity that disfigures public and political language is avoided by all.
When they
discourse and to avoid shows where
the conversations ends as it began, with The program is recorded in garage at
decide it’s about nothing being learnt. The team found that
many viewers, particularly those under
NRK rather than a traditional election
campaign studio because the team want
“winning” then the age of 50, had given up on debate
programs and were tired of politicians
to strip away the glamour and drama.
their objective arguing and interrupting each other. “We found that the panelists were more
is not to inform
civil and real with each other when the
The show’s website explains their cameras were off and they were having a
viewers about philosophy stating that “TV debates are
often a battle to be won, but to some
coffee, we want to re-create that type of
atmosphere”, Engen says.
political issues or extent the same participants must listen to
each other, not interrupt and must try to ABSENCE OF HOST OPENS UP
find resolutions understand the opponent. What happens DISCUSSIONS
to problems.
then?” According to the Times of London
“This approach has led to outbreak and The team also experimented with
generosity and accord from across the removing the host from the studio
– GRO ENGEN,
EDITOR, EINIG?, NRK political spectrum”. and leaving the guests to take the
responsibility for their own conversation
In an effort to change the status quo and conduct.
a number of standard practices for
THE KEY Norwegian debate shows have been The aim is to open up new kinds of
TAK E AWAY S changed at Einig?. discussion when politicians are taken
away from the comfort of traditional
• NEW DEBATE CULTURE For a start the program team chooses confrontational formats and the
Audiences, particularly young politicians that they believe are capable of journalist in the room isn’t acting as a
audiences, want a new kind of
abandoning political posturing and point judge to moderate behaviour.
political debate format. They are
tired of the blame and shame
scoring in order to have an open and
culture. honest conversation. All this doesn’t mean that the program
doesn’t tackle divisive and controversial
• CALM AND CURIOUS After many years working in the political topics, so far they have explored
Politicians are capable of calm debates the program’s editor Gro Engen immigration, abortion, climate, economy
and curious discussion, if they knows who those individuals are. and tax.
are offered a venue in which to
discuss their views. UNACCEPTABLE ELEMENTS EDITED OUT The conflict between those with different
political standpoints remain but the hope
• IN DEPTH ANALYSIS ON AIR
Political discussions offer more
A lot of time and preparation is then is that they may learn from one another.
information and in depth analysis spent with the guests before they take Gro’s advice to politicians “Relax, listen to
for audiences without the conflict part explaining what is unacceptable in the questions and think. Just be yourself,
and point scoring. the show and will be edited out. Personal that’s what voters want.”
Annual Report 21Constructive Institute
Journalists from
around the world
signed up for
our Constructive
OUR GLOBAL
Journalism Master
Class hosted at
Aarhus University,
in Aarhus,
Denmark.
CONSTRUCTIVE
MASTERCLASS
Photo: Peter Damgaard
The Constructive The idea of constructive Gro Engen is Editor of the international constructive
journalism is spreading debate program “Einig?” fellowship program. So how
Journalism Master quickly all over Europe. But at NRK, that renewed the do you change the culture of
Class took place in why is it important, what do political debate. journalism?
Aarhus at Aarhus we actually know of how to
University, Denmark do constructive journalism, Often TV-debates are a battle Kristina Lund Jørgensen,
how it is introduced in that must be won. But what if editor at TV2 Fyn is
and brought different formats for the partipants in the debate constructive editor of the
together participants different platforms and must listen to the others, may regional Danish TV-station.
from around the how the audiences react to not interrupt and must try to She was appointed with the
world. We are proud constructive stories? understand the opponent –
what happens then?
exact purpose of turning the
TV-station into a constructive
that so many media Those were some of the news media and was given
professionals took questions participants were Annette Hoth of Zweites free hands to put that
the time to attend invited to learn more about Deutsches Fernsehen, ZDF, concept of constructive
the master class at the two day master class has been a commissioning journalism into the daily news
hosted at Aarhus University. editor for „plan b“ since flow. How do you do such a
and discuss how In the following we take you the program went on air turn around of a news media?
journalism can be through the main topics from two years ago, being the
improved for a some of the front runners in first constructive TV format Gerd Maria May has her
constructive journalism. in Germany. As one of the own company, Room of
better tomorrow. creators of „plan b“, she is Solutions and has developed
Anne Lagercrantz , head of committed to continuously an entire new concept of
News and Sports at Swedish developing a successful TV local journalism, including
Television, SVT, since 2015. approach to constructive the enganging of local high
SVT is going through a journalism. school students and she is
digital transformation. With writing a book about a new
success: the number of first- Ulrik Haagerup, founder and ways of looking at the role of
time-voters who considers CEO of Constructive Institute, journalism.
the digital offer of SVT as Aarhus. The institute has the
trustworthy, has increased goal of changing the global Orla Borg, Head of Fellowship
from 54 percent to 74 news culture in five years by Program at Constructive
percent. SVT News is listed three means: Institute, was an investigative
as one of Sweden’s most Passing on new knowledge journalist before joining
purposeful digital brands of research, education Constructive Institute. He has
this year and for two years material and new concepts, been working with defining
in a row they are the fastest giving new inspiration and developing constructive
growing digital news site in through conferences, global stories and presents answers
Sweden. What did it take to seminars and keynotes and to the question: So how
get there? by creating new journalistic could journalists actually do
role models through an constructive stories?
22 Annual ReportConstructive Institute
CONSTRUCTIVE MASTER CLASS MOMENTS
GERD MARIA MAY, KRISTINA LUND ANNE LAGERKRANTZ,
CEO AND FOUNDER, JØRGENSEN, HEAD OF NEWS AND
ROOM OF SOLUTIONS CONSTRUCTIVE EDITOR, SPORTS,
REGIONAL TV-STATION SWEDISH TELEVISION, SVT
Former fellow Gerd Maria May CEO TV2 FYN
and founder of Room of Solutions “I feel like I’m part of a global
introduced the audience to her How do you change the culture movement, and I’m so inspired by
analysis of a local news media’s of a TV- station and introduce the knowledge in this room.”
efforts to engage and empower the constructive journalism? This was the main output Head
citizens of their community. In the Constructive Editor at TV2 Fyn of News and Sports at SVT Anne
presentation it became clear that and former fellow Kristina Lund Lagercrantz took with her from our
the constructive news strategy not Jørgensen presented her strategy Constructive Master Class this year
only effected its readers positively for the transistion of the news when she gave her presentation
but also the staff at the local room at the regional tv-station. of the digital transformation that
newspaper. the Swedish broadcaster has gone
through.
ORLA BORG, GRO ENGEN, ANNETTE HOTH,
HEAD OF FELLOWSHIP EDITOR, “EINIG?”, COMMISIONING EDITOR,
PROGRAM, NORWEGIAN PLAN B, ZDF
CONSTRUCTIVE INSTITUTE BROADCASTING
CORPORATION, NRK In Annette Hoth’s presentation
Our Head of Fellowship Orla Borg of ZDF’s constructive TV show
gave an introduction to ‘Three The Editor of the Norwegian debate ‘Plan B’ that zooms in on solutions
Ways of Constructive Journalism’, show “Einig?“, (“Agreed?” in English) to societal issues, the editor
taking the participants through the talked about renewing the public presented the case on how to
more practical part of the Master debate on TV through a completely make a constructive TV format a
Class digging into ‘how to do it’. new concept for political debates, success. Her conclusion? Make it
Here, Orla is playing the guitar for and zoomed in on what they relatable. “A constructive format
the first task of every day at the learned from that proces. “We can be challenging in the world of
institute; singing together. found that the panelists were more television,” editor Annette Hoth
civil when the cameras were off, said.
and we wanted to re-create that
type of atmosphere,” Gro Engen
concluded.
Annual Report 23Constructive Fellowship
Constructive
Journalism
Fellowship
2019-2020
Constructive Journalism
Fellows posing at Stanford
University in San Francisco
from left; Tine Tud Seerup,
Katja Boxberg, Minna
Skau, Morten Runge, Jo
Williamson, Mette Aaby,
Sarah Golczyk, Hans
Davidsen-Nielsen, Kasper
Kaasgaard, Friederike Felbo,
Mathilde Graversen and
Jakob Risbro.
24 Annual Report
Photo: Peter DamgaardConstructive Fellowship
The Constructive
Institute Fellowship
Program is modelled
after journalism
fellowship programs at
Stanford University in
San Francisco and at
Harvard University in
Boston.
The program aims to
give talented media
professionals, with a
potential to influence
the future of journalism,
access to an academic
bank of knowledge at
a top class university *The program
for the duration of an enables the fellows
to strengthen their
academic year. knowledge of their
chosen topic areas,
as well as to explore
On the next pages you existing solutions
to problems in the
can read about the fields they are or
fellowship 2019-2020.
will be covering. The
fellows have free
access to lectures at
Aarhus University, as
well as to workshops
and training on
constructive
journalism at the
Constructive Institute.
Annual Report 25Constructive Fellowship
“21 Things
I Learned
And Two
That I
Regret” WRITTEN BY:
MORTEN RUNGE,
JOURNALIST
AT DANISH
BROADCASTING
CORPORATION
AND FORMER
CONSTRUCTIVE
FELLOW
A 10 month stay at Constructive Institute I learned to be fair. accord is an underreported story.
has raised my awareness of almost I learned that we at Constructive Institute
everything. Here’s some of what I take should take care not to depict the I learned that the number of lawsuits
with me home. current state of journalism in sad black against independent media from big
and white while asking everyone else to companies under journalistic fire is
I learned that journalism today does not use colours. increasing rapidly.
always depict the true state of the world I learned that freedom of speech is not
and that its negativity bias is the key freedom of reach. You are entitled to I learned that reporting on solutions may
point of attack. your thoughts but not necessarily to have be the way forward for journalism but
them amplified. that you should also be careful as to who
I learned that if you are taken hostage gets to pick and assess these solutions.
by, say, Islamic State, you need to fix your I learned that it’s okay to fall asleep
attention on daily routines and get to when you prepare for class because that I learned that you have to close your
know fellow inmates in order not to go happens to everyone now and then. And presentation with something powerful.
nuts. it’s okay to blame it on the inaccessibility Like the one that ended an American
of academic texts. editor’s talk on investigative reporting
I learned the difference between and fake news: “The truth needs
causation and correlation. I learned that fake news was not created reinforcements and I’m here to recruit.”
by the internet. But the scale of it was.
I learned that one of the fastest ways to I learned our country must be strong // I regret not having tried to do a book on
rebuild trust in journalism is by making it that it’s always right and never wrong // trust. I did a podcast, which was fun and
transparent. our leaders are the finest men // we elect interesting, but I guess I also had the
them again and again chance to put everything down in writing,
I learned what 11 other bright and funny illustrations, characters, graphs, chapters,
fellows thought of journalism, politics I learned that politics often is about footnotes and maybe I would have hit
and life as a whole, and I learned how blame avoidance and that’s what’s a good balance between academic,
valuable such inputs and these people keeping us from really liking and trusting journalistic and popular angles.
can become. politicians.
I learned that you can’t always trust I regret that a 10 month leave from
I learned that my kids (12, 10 and 5) surveys on trust that tell you that trust your job is not for everyone in Denmark
ended up profiting a lot from a year all of a sudden goes up or down. It’s easy regardless of your occupation. Journalists
as exchange students in Eastern to confuse disagreeing with distrusting often succeed in convincing the world
Jutland, which is far enough away from politicians and many big polls don’t really that we are important. But teachers,
Copenhagen for them (or us) to exit care about this distinction. pedagogues and doctors would be cool
comfort zones. to invest in and develop too.
I learned that the power and influence
I learned that if you have two potatoes of the Danish parliament is decreasing,
and your neighbour has two chicken and sadly, while the power and influence
you really want a chicken and he really of the government is increasing, pretty
wants a potato and you exchange one unstoppably.
chicken for one potato – then you end up
with something worth more than what I learned to love a story’s nuances even
you had. It’s a beautiful thought and you though they may blur the angle
can win the Nobel prize in economics if
you can sort of expand and explain that I learned that 80 percent of all legislation
theory a little. is adopted by 80 percent of all parties in
Parliament and that this sign of unity and
26 Annual ReportYou can also read
