NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 6/2015 - FSI
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6/2015
Kr 48,-
INTERPRESS NORGE
RETURUKE09
N orwegian D efence and
S ecurity I ndustries A ssociation
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CONTENTS
Contents:
TRITON
Editor-in-Chief: 2 Exit Orion, enter Triton?
M.Sc. Bjørn Domaas Josefsen
AIP
7 Air independent conventional submarines
THE REFUGEE CRISIS – IS FSI
11 Norwegian Defence and Security Industries
THIS JUST THE BEGINNING? Association
At the same time as hundreds of thousands of refugees are s warming 12 Technology seminar with the Norwegian
to Europe following the atrocities of the Syrian civil war, the influx Special Operation Forces
of refugees keeps up a steady flow across the Mediterranean Sea RADARS FOR NORWAY
from Africa.
16 Norwegian Defence in the closing stages of the
The refugee crisis has caused massive problems for the c ountries
radar project
in Europe and the European Union.
The Schengen agreement, which regulates the border control BULLETIN BOARD FOR DEFENCE,
co-operation and the passportless travel within the Schengen
INDUSTRY AND TRADE
sphere, is subject to enormous pressure, and the Dublin agreement 19 Four more F-16 Fighters to Egypt
that calls for refugees to be recorded in the first EU nation they come 20 M109A7 production contract for US Army
to, has to all intents and purposes collapsed. 22 RBS 70 missiles for Latvia
The current result is that the governments of the European
26 First order for Carl-Gustaf M4
nations are all but competing to make their nations seem as
unattractive as possible for the migrants, in the hope that the influx RADAR
of refugees take another direction to other countries in Europe. 28 Giraffe 4A, reducing the stealth effect
While a solution to the Syrian crisis seems to be remote
indeed, tensions are building in other countries in the Middle East TERMA
and North Africa. Developments in countries such as Libya, Egypt, 31 Commercial contract is Terma´s safety net
Yemen, Nigeria and South Sudan give every reason to fear that more ARMATA
countries can succumb to chaos and civil war. When this happens, 32 The new Russian T-14 Armata main battle tank
the current flood of refugees may be just a small preamble to what
Europe can expect over the coming few years.
Viewed from this perspective, it is even more vital that E urope
is able to coordinate its refugee policies. Such coordination cannot
merely be about where the refugees should be recorded, but must Coverphoto:
Test flight with a US Navy Triton UAV
include the requirements for being granted asylum status, and Photo: US Navy/Northrop Grumman
whether the asylum should be temporary; other topics include
the rights and financial support arrangements for the asylum
seekers, as well as return facilities, et cetera. And even if a joint
European coordination in these fields will entail a powerful re-
striction towards the asylum seekers to a number of European
countries, a common set of regulations will be a prerequisite for
Europe to function as a safe haven for those people who are in a
real need of protection. The alternative looks likely to be a Europe
where more and more countries are closing their borders to refugees
entirely.
1 9 9 5 – 2 01 5 | 2 0 Y E A R S A N N I V E R S A R Y
MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015 1
TRITON
EXIT ORION, ENTER TRITON?
The Norwegian defence Commander wishes to phase out the surveillance aircraft. In both cases, the
Triton UAV from Northrop Grumman is the
current fleet of P3 Orion aircraft. In the future, Norway may
UAV of choice for unmanned surveillance
follow many other nations in the use of huge unmanned air- of the national seascapes. Representatives
craft as a basis for the surveillance of their seas. of Northrop Grumman have recently paid
a visit to Norway to give a presentation of
the possibilities that the Triton represents
N orway is responsible for huge ocean
spaces, and a major proportion of the
surveillance of these have been performed
tent. Said drones will then be operated
from the Evenes Air Station, some 40 miles
south of the Andøya Air Station, between
as a potential successor to the Norwegian
P3 Orion aircraft.
through the years using P3 Orion aircraft the cities of Narvik and Harstad. MQ-4C Triton
based on the Air Station Andøya (in the far Triton is a maritime version of the G lobal
north of Norway, some 100 clicks SW of UAV’s for surveillance Hawk, explains Drew Flood, Europe
Tromsø). The Orion aircraft are coming up The Norwegian Defence Commander’s Manager for the Triton Programme. Where
on the end of their operative life span, and thinking on increased use of UAV’s and the Global Hawk was developed for the
when the Norwegian Defence Commander satellites in surveillance operations is not US Air Force, the Triton was developed
presented his military advice for 2015 on all that fresh and unique. Several countries for the US Navy. At the outset the Global
the 1st of October, one of the proposals was are working on solutions aimed towards Hawk and the Triton are substantially
to phase out the Orions and shut down the same end. For example, the United similar, which means that the technology
the Andøya Air Station around the year of States Navy is about to procure 68 large used in the Triton has been put through
2021. UAV’s for surveillance of American sea its paces over several years in the Global
The Defence Commander further interests, in collaboration with the new P8 Hawk programme. Nevertheless, the Navy
suggests that the surveillance tasks in the maritime surveillance aircraft also being has a few special operational requirements
North Sea, The Norwegian Sea and the procured at this time. Similarly, Australia versus the Air Force, and it is to meet these
Barents Sea should in future be done using is also opting for a combination of seven we have developed the Triton, says Flood.
satellites and drones to an increasing ex- large UAV units and a number of crewed
2 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015
TRITON
Test flight with a Triton UAV.
Triton could be an alternative for replacement of the
Norwegian P3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft.
Photo: Northrop Grumman
Triton is what you would call istinction between the Triton and the land
d subject. The Triton will transmit all the in-
a HALE UAV, which unscrambles into surveillance craft Global Hawk. At lesser formation it has picked up to the operator
High Altitude Long Endurance UAV, and altitudes, the weather challenges assume station in real time.
the craft can operate at altitudes of 55 much greater proportions, in particular Triton also has the capacity to be
000 feet, flying missions of more than 24 with regard to icing. Triton is therefore equipped with extra sensors according to
hours’ duration, surveying a million square equipped with a de-icing system, which the requirements of the customer. The craft
kilometres in one assignment. The craft is important for any aircraft supposed to can for instance carry sensors dedicated to
has a range of no less than 15 000 clicks, operate in cold ocean areas. The Triton is surveillance of land areas, or with special
enabling it to cover the entire Norwegian also strengthened in the front and along submarine-sensing detectors. Triton is on
economic zone at sea in just 14 hours. A the wings’ leading edges against hail- the other hand not equipped or designed
Triton UAV based at the Andøya or Evenes storms, which are capable of inflicting to perform air space surveillance.
Air Station has the capability of flying to massive damage to planes. Many countries also use large UAV’s
the Mediterranean or North Africa to do for environmental surveillance. The US
surveillance flights, staying in the area for Sensors aerospace administration agency NASA
5-6 hours, before returning to its base in The main sensor on the Triton is of course has conducted flights with the Global
the far north of Norway. the radar, with its 360 degree coverage. At Hawk in the Arctic to monitor the melt-
Operating at 50 to 55,000 feet, 55,000 feet, the diameter of the covered down of oceanic ice. During one of these
the Triton soars well above all civilian surface image will be from 290 to 300 flights, dust coming from the Gobi desert
air traffic, which rarely ventures above a nautical miles, or a swath 550 kms (340 was discovered near the North Pole. Like
ceiling of 35 to 39,000 feet. miles) wide. the Global Hawk, Triton can be used to
At these altitudes, the Triton will This means that a Triton flying in provide governmental agencies with in-
also rise above the majority of all w eather the Barents sea will provide radar coverage formation on natural disasters and major
problems, such as windstorms, icing and of the whole passage from Finnmark, the accidents. The Global Hawk has for in-
precipitation. But since the main p urpose northern part of main land Norway and all stance been useful in charting the devel-
of the Triton is that of maritime surveil- the up to the arctic archipelago of Svalbard. opment of forest fires in the USA, and the
lance, the craft can also “dive” from cruising The radar can also focus or ”zoom aircraft was also of crucial importance in
at 55,000 feet to some 3000 feet in order in” on objects of particular interest, to give connection with the tsunami that struck
to give the operator close-up images of the operator a sharper image of what is Japan in 2011. Here, a Global Hawk
interesting objects on demand. This is happening on the ocean surface. And by could fly in over the damaged Fukushima
a capability that has been a prerequisite stooping to lower altitudes, the operator nuclear power plant, transmitting images
of the US Navy, and which makes a can acquire electro-optical images of the of the damages to Japanese authorities.
MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015 3
TRITON
with high capabilities of data, information the process of procuring the P8, for its use
FACTS AND FIGURES
and communications exchange as a design as their successor to the P3 Orion. The cost
E ndurance: 24+ hours criterion. of a Triton UAV is much lower, and even if
L ength: 14.5 metes actual price tags are rarely given, the unit
W ing span: 39.9 metres
H eight: 4.7metres
Lower operational costs, cost of the Triton will probably underscore
W eight: Max design gross take-off; reduced price that of the P8 by half.
14,600 kilograms It comes as no surprise that the opera-
A irspeed: 320 knots/ 600 km/h tions costs for an unmanned aerial vehicle The human factor
C eiling: 60.000 feet/ 18,300meters are lower than those of a crewed aircraft, The main challenge to the UAV concept in
R ange: 8200 nautical miles/ 15,200 km
with the natural savings related to the general lies probably on the human plane.
C rew: 4 per ground station.
missing crews. There is, however, a need Most people will harbour some unease that
for a manned control room whenever the a pilotless aircraft of several tons may be in
UAV is in the air, so the savings are less the air above us. But the emotional unrest
than 100 percent of the crew costs. The US is actually without foundation in fact.
Triton as data link Navy is nevertheless expecting a saving of - The US Defence has gained
The ability of Triton to operate at these 2 to 3 persons when compared to manned considerable experience over time with the
elevated altitudes enables it to be used aircraft of the P3 Orion type. Specifically, Global Hawk and other massive UAV’s, and
to advantage as data link for other units. the Navy has a goal of keeping the costs these aircraft have shown themselves to be
Particularly in the northern territories and per flying hour below 10,000 dollars. Most less accident-prone than others, with fewer
over ocean spaces, where satellite coverage manned aircraft have substantially higher faults and the greatest reliability. A signifi-
is sparse, the Triton can offer an important hourly costs than this. cant factor in this is the ruling out of pilot
boost to for instance the communication For the US Navy, the procurement error when it comes to these aircraft, Flood
between Navy vessels, aircraft and shore- cost for the Triton is also significantly lower explains.
based units. It is worth noting that both than that for the new P8 maritime surveil- - All tests and exercises indicate
the Triton and the F-35 have been devised lance aircraft. The US Navy is currently in that the aircraft are behaving quite
4 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015
TRITON
e xemplarily, doing exactly what they are
programmed to do. If they lose contact
with the ops room, they do an automatic
return flight, landing at the base and
taxiing into the hangar. And if the craft
should incur faults or damages sufficiently
serious to preclude its return to a landing
field, it will perform a controlled setdown
at sea, well away from other vessels.
The probability that an UAV should fall
uncontrolled from the sky is extremely
limited.
For Norway, where unmanned craft A Norwegian P-3 Orion coming in for landing at Andøya Air Force base in Northern Norway. Photo: FMS
will primarily be used in the policing of
huge, deserted ocean expanses, the chance
GERMAN-NORWEGIAN
of such an aircraft losing control, then
plunging from the sky to hit a vessel at sea,
is not even microscopic.
- Even today, unmanned aircraft
are overflying us from time to time, says
Drew Flood in closing. In May last year,
COLLABORATION
in connection with the exercise Unified
Vision 2014, a Global Hawk flew over
England and entered huge parts of the
STRENGTHENS AERIAL
south Norwegian airspace.
SURVEILLANCE
Co-operation on spare parts supply with Germany gives Nor-
wegian P-3 Orion surveillance aircraft more hours in the air.
–T his agreement was signed in
May 2015 and ensures that the
materiel is ready and accessible whenever
will thereby ensure that Norway will be
able to keep these aircraft operational for a
long time ahead, says Andreassen.
it is needed. This is of the utmost im Previously, the Air Force has been
portance for the operative capabilities of procuring necessary spare parts through
the Air Force, says the system owner for a joint programme with the US Navy. The
the P-3 Orion, Odd Arne Andreassen from US Air Force is planning to replace its P-3
the Defence Logistics Organisation. Orion fleet with P-8 Poseidon craft over
He describes the agreement, v alued the period of 2013 to 2020, however, so
at some 50 MNOK (6 MEUR) as very Norway will therefore not be able to source
favourable, including as it does both new its spare parts in the same manner as
acquisitions, repairs and transport out to previously.
base. The main criterion is that Airbus – As early as 2011, the Air Force
Defence in an operational situation will
realised that a spare parts collaboration for
have delivered 75 percent overnight, 95 the P-3 Orion with Germany could be to
percent within three days, and 100 percent our advantage. The Ministry of Defence
in 30 days. assigned the task of establishing such
– In addition to the basic procure- collaboration with Germany to the Defence
ment of spare parts, the agreement com- Logistics Organisation in 2013. Germany
prises what is referred to as “Obsolescence already had a good spare parts agreement
management”. This means that Airbus with Airbus Defence, which we were able
Defence, who is contracted to Germany, to subscribe to, says Andreassen.
and now also to Norway, ensures that Entering into this agreement saves
spares that are taken out of production, will us massive amounts of cash, and provides
be replaced with new spares sourced else- better access to the resources required to
where. Germany is planning to use these keep the planes aloft and operational.
aircraft at least until the year 2035, making – Briefly summarised, the agree-
Takeoff for test flight
Triton UAVs taking off might be a the agreement very important in order to ment ensures that the Norwegian Orion
common sight at Evenes airport in maintain these aircraft in operational status fleet produces more hours in the air,
Northern Norway in years to come. through the same period. The agreement Andreassen concludes.
MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015 5
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AIP
AIR INDEPENDENT
CONVENTIONAL SUBMARINES
Air independent propulsion
(AIP) for conventional
submarines offers huge
operational benefits. Today,
two competing technologies;
the Stirling engine and fuel
cells are the base of AIP.
A ir-independent propulsion (AIP) is a
technology that allows a non-nuclear
submarine to operate without access to
oxygen from the air. A conventional sub-
marine without AIP will normally have the
capacity to operate submerged 1-3 days,
depending on variables such as speed and
operational pattern. After this relatively
short time, the submarine will be in need
of oxygen supply from the surface. This is
done either by going up to the surface or
pumping oxygen into the submarine by
snorkelling. Both operations represent a
high risk of revealing the submarine’s posi-
tion. A few decades ago, the possibilities of
detecting a submarine´s snorkel coming up
of the water were quite limited. But today´s The latest version of the Sterling engine Photo: Kockums
modern radars has no problem spotting a
football sized snorkel head breaking the
water surface, giving away the position of Submarine propulsion The battery capacity will set the standard
the submarine below. To reduce the risk of Most conventional submarines t oday for how long a submarine can stay under
being detected, the submarine can move have so-called diesel electric propulsion, water before coming up to the surface or
away from enemy vessels, hoping to find meaning that the submarine has two
going up for snorkelling, and starting the
a more safe position for snorkelling, for different kind engines on board,
diesel diesel engines for recharging of the batteries.
instance hiding behind an islet. But by engines and an electric motor that runs With a AIP system onboard, the
frequently moving away from the theatre, on batteries. A submarine will typically submarine can recharge its batteries while
the operational effect of the submarine be using the electrical motor running on submerged, and as the acronym tells, in
is significantly reduced. And even while batteries for submerged propulsion. Besides dependent of getting air through a snorkel.
snorkelling in a distant and more hidden submerged propulsion, the batteries and The AIP is normally an auxiliary
position, the chances of being spotted by the electrical system also provides “hotel engine for electricity production and
for instance helicopters, is still a risk. services” – ventilation, lighting, heating, battery charging. The submarine will
Conventional submarines with an etc –although this consumes just a small still have the diesel engine on board, for
AIP unit, often named AIP submarines, amount of power compared to the required surface propulsion and battery charging
have the capacity of staying submerged propulsion at higher speeds. when on the surface or snorkelling. And
for a significantly longer period of time. The diesel engine drives a gene as a typical diesel engine can provide up
Depending on AIP system and operation rator for charging the batteries, when to 3 m egawatts for battery charging, the
variables such as speed and movements, running on the surface or during snorkel- AIP unit as of today provides around 10%
an AIP submarine can stay submerged for ling. The propulsion motor uses electrical of that. So the d iesel engine when getting
about 18-21 days or more, according to energy from the batteries both in surfaced air for from the surface can recharge the
open sources. and submerged conditions. batteries a lot faster than an AIP unit. But
This of course both reduces the The main limitation of a diesel- the AIP unit can provide electricity for
risk of the submarine being detected and electric submarine is the need snort to run charging the batteries over a much longer
brings also the operational capacity of the the diesel engines and the signature it cre- period of time, when the submarine is sub-
submarine to a whole new level. ates through noise and hot exhaust gases. merged.
MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015 7
AIP
AIP systems
Most submarines in planning or under
construction today will have an AIP system
integrated.
But an AIP system can also be retro
fitted into an existing submarine hull by
inserting an additional hull section. This
is done by cutting the submarine in two
half, adding an approximately 8-9 meters
long extra section in the middle. The two
Swedish Navy´s Södermanland class sub-
marines were in 2003-04 cut in two be-
hind the sail and given an extra 12 meters
section containing two AIP Stirling units.
The solution of lengthening the
submarine for giving space to an AIP unit
has been considered for the N orwegian
Ula class submarines. But as the Ula class
of today have a length of 59 meters and
beam of 5.9 meters, is has been concluded
that an extra 8-9 meters length will give
the submarines an unfavourable length-
beam ratio, that will give a significant
reduction in the submarines capacity for
manoeuvring in narrow littoral waters
along the Norwegian coastline. Taken in
additional account the very high cost of
lengthening a submarine, the Norwegian 2nd generation of the DCNS AIP unit being tested Photo: DCNS
navy has turned down this alternative.
Saab Kockums Stirling engine in a Stirling Engine, not explosions, like in have been operational in submarines since
The Saab Kockums Stirling engine is a Otto or Diesel engine. The Stirling engine 1990. Over this period of time, the system
one of the most proven operational AIP reuses its working fluid, as the combustion has become smaller and lighter with higher
systems. Kockums bought the Stirling
takes place in a separate combustion operational reliability and a significant
Engine
patent in 1969 from the Dutch chamber. The pressure in the combustion drop in maintenance cost. And while we
company Phillips, and installed the Stirling chamber is higher than on in the surround- have about a 70% availability on today`s
engine for the first time in the submarine ing ocean allowing the water vapour and submarines, we expect the new Kockums
Näcken in 1988. The Gotland class sub- carbon dioxide produced to be dissolved in A26 submarines that are currently being
marines, commissioned by the Swedish the sea cooling water. A combustion engine constructed, to have more than 80%. This
Navy from 1996 have the system installed needs a permanent supply of oxygen, naturally also means that the life cycle cost
from the be ginning. Today, besides the generally through air. The Kockums s tirling will go down, Wicklander concludes.
three G otland Class submarines, Stirling engine uses pure oxygen and standard
engines have also been retrofitted into the diesel fuel form onboard tanks. Further on, Fuel cell based AIP
two older Sødermanland class submarines. with continuous combustion, the noise and The other main AIP technology for con-
In addition, Japan and Singapore have AIP vibrations from a Stirling engine is almost ventional submarines is based on fuel cells.
submarines based on the Stirling engine. zero compared to a diesel engine. A fuel cell converts the chemical
Sweden has currently started the construc- The vibrations from Kockums energy from a fuel into electricity through
tion of the A26 that will operate a Stirling- Stirling engine is so small that we can put a chemical reaction of positively charged
based AIP system. So far Sweden is plan- a coin standing upraised on the top of the hydrogen ions with oxygen or another oxi-
ning to purchase two A26 submarines. engine while it is running, says Hans Wick- dizing agent. Fuel cells are different from
The Stirling Engine is a heat engine lander at Saab Kockums. The reason for batteries in that they require a continuous
that operates by cyclic compression and this is the smooth stirling cycle combined source of fuel and oxygen or air to sustain
expansion of air or other gas (the working with the V4-configuration of the cylinders, the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery
gas). Kockums uses helium. Hydrogen double balance shafts and the continuous the chemicals present in the battery react
would give better performance, but is not combustion. And when we in addition put with each other to generate an electromo-
accepted from a safety point of view. The the whole stirling system in a sound insu- tive force (emf). Fuel cells can produce
basic principle of the engine is that when lated module on rubber suspensions, both electricity continuously for as long as these
heated, the working fluid in the cylinder the noise and vibrations signatures of the inputs are supplied. The first generation of
expands its volume and the pressure submarine are reduced to almost zero. Fuel Cell AIP used hydrogen coming from
created drives a piston. -As of today we have been tanks onboard the submarine.
Compared to a diesel engine or a developing Stirling engines for submarines Since fuel cells produces electricity
fuel engine, there is continuous combustion for more than 30 years, and the engines though a chemical reaction, there are no
8 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015AIP
and adds that he is confident that this new
generation of AIP represents a techno-
logical breakthrough which will definitely
meet navies’ operational needs and offers
unrivalled capabilities compared with the
previous propulsion systems. As of today
the system has not yet been installed in any
submarine.
Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems
(TKMS)
Fuel cells have been under develop-
ment by thyssenkrupp Marine Systems
( previous Howaldswerk-Deutsche Werft;
HDW) in Kiel for more than 25 years. So
far 36 contracts for submarines equipped
with HDW fuel cell AIP system have been
concluded with seven navies, including the
German navy, Italian navy, Turkish navy,
Hellenic navy, Portuguese navy, Israeli
navy, and South Korean navy. The HDW
AIP system has a maximum power output
of approximately 240 kW (the system on
board the HDW Class 214 submarines)
and the electrical efficiency of the AIP
system is up to 60%.
However, the current HDW AIP
Thyssenkrupp Marine systems has chosen methanol as basis for hydrogen production for their next genera- system is based on relatively heavy onboard
tion fuel cells AIP system. Photo: Thyssenkrupp
hydrogen storage. For a submarine with a
displacement larger than approximately
pistons or other “moving parts” in the So far, three Agosta 90B for the 2000 tonnes, and with high AIP power
actual electricity productions in the fuel Pakistan Navy have been equipped with demand, a different solution is necessary.
cell. This means there is neither noise nor the MESMA® AIP module. Installation of more hydrogen metal
vibrations coming from the fuel cell unit. A -The MESMA® AIP is our first hydride cylinder for hydrogen
storages
submarine with fuel cell based AIP is there- exported AIP, says marketing director
would add significantly weight and require
fore very silent and hard to detect from Xavier Mesnet at DCNS. The MESMA®
additional volume.
anti-submarine surface vessels. system requires storage of pure oxygen in Based on this, TKMS started to
tanks on board the submarine. explore the use of fuel cells based onboard
Next generation of fuel cells - We decided after MESMA system hydrogen production, based on liquid fuel.
Several companies are currently develop- to jump directly to the second generation -In our next generation of AIP
ing fuel cell based AIP conventional sub- of Fuel Cell AIP. In our 2nd generation of we have chosen methanol as the basis
marines today. AIP, hydrogen is produced on demand. for h ydrogen production, says Joachim
But as of today, the French That means that we don´t need to store Schoenfeld at thyssenkrupp Marine
company DCNS and German Company
pure h ydrogen on board the submarine. Systems. -This is due to the need of storing
Thyssen Krupp Marine systems are testing Through a chemical reaction, hydrogen is liquid oxygen (LOX) for the AIP system,
out the next generation of fuel cell based produced from diesel oil, so that we do not and the LOX tank is a dominant compo-
AIP systems. add any harmful substance, that is all the nent defining system size. Consequently,
more important in a confined atmosphere, the oxygen consumption of the AIP system
DCNS and we considerably increase safety on is very important, and should be kept as
DCNS has been working for a long board. We closed on diesel oil as the base low as possible. TKMS has considered
time on the air independent propulsion for hydrogen production, as diesel oil is three feed stock for onboard hydrogen
systems since the Group exported its first easy to get in any port and diesel oil is production, diesel, ethanol and m ethanol,
MESMA® AIP (MESMA® for
Module common on board any conventional sub- Schoenfeld explains. -The final choice
d’Energie S ous-Marine Autonome) in marine. was in favour of methanol due to the
the late 1990 for conventional Agosta -In addition, the oxygen for the fuel high hydrogen/carbon ratio in methanol,
sub marines. It is essentially a modified cell is mixed with nitrogen, a mixture close leading to a high production of hydrogen
version of their nuclear propulsion system to normal air. By doing this we signifi and a relatively low rate of carbon d ioxide
with heat being generated by ethanol and cantly reduce the corrosion problem in the which means reduced consumption of
oxygen. As installed on the submarine, a AIP system. oxygen. This of course means that an
MESMA® system requires adding a new We have been running on shore test AIP system based on methanol produces
8.3 metres (27 ft), 305 tonne hull section on our second generation AIP system for relatively high rate of hydrogen, spending
to the submarines. quite some time now, Mesnet continues, a relatively low rate of oxygen.
MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015 9NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION ( FSI )
N o r w e g i a n D e f e n c e a nd S e c u r i t y
I nd u s t r i e s A ss o c i at i o n ( F S i )
THE LEADING ASSOCIATION IN NORWAY ADVOCATING THE INTERESTS OF ITS SECTOR, AND THE PRIMARY
INTERLOCUTOR FOR THE GOVERNMENT IN MATTERS OF IMPORTANCE TO THE INDUSTRY. AFFILIATED WITH THE
CONFEDERATION OF NORWEGIAN ENTERPRISE (NHO) AND REPRESENTING MORE THAN 100 COMPANIES
Lederen har ordet:
NASJONAL FORSVARSINDUSTRIELL STRATEGI - FORSVARSEVNE OG VERDISKAPNING
Forsvaret er avhengig av industrien for å opprettholde kompetanse på En annen forutsetning for en
levedyktig nasjonal forsvarsindustri er
komplekse sensor- og våpensystemer. Derfor må forholdene legges til rette eksport. Leveranser til utlandet sikrer
for å sikre at vi kan opprettholde og styrke en nasjonal forsvarsindustri som videreutvikling av teknologi og systemer
kan levere kosteffektivt materiell som møter Forsvarets krav og understøtte og at industriens kompetanse opp
rettholdes og forblir relevant. Det er
materiellet. Det forutsetter at Forsvaret anskaffer fra norsk industri når en forutsetning for at industrien skal
den kan levere, at forsvarsindustrien blir en strategisk partner som sikrer kunne understøtte Forsvaret i krise og
materiellets tilgjengelighet og relevans i hele levetiden, at anskaffelser til krig. Leveranser til utenlandske kunder
Forsvaret fra utlandet sikrer markedsadgang og et stabilt og forutsigbart gir også stordriftsfordeler som bidrar til
å redusere Forsvarets driftskostnader
regime for eksportkontroll. og til å redusere kostnadene ved opp
graderinger av materiell. Derfor er
I løpet av noen måneder skal Stortinget Meldingen bekrefter at norsk fors- varsindustrien yte et viktig bidrag til å eksport av forsvarsmateriell avgjørende
behandle både Meld St. nr. 9 (2015 varsindustri styrker forsvarsevnen og bi- ivareta behovet for leveransesikkerhet for å ivareta nasjonens vesentlige sikker-
– 2016) “Nasjonal forsvarsindustriell drar til å ivareta vesentlige nasjonale sik- og støtte drift og vedlikehold av Fors- hetsinteresser.
strategi” og Meld. St. nr. 8 (2015-2016) kerhetsinteresser. Norske forhold krever varets materiell i fred, krise og krig. Det I et internasjonalt forsvarsmarked
“Eksport av forsvarsmateriell fra Norge ofte tilpasset materiell for at Forsvaret forutsetter at industrien brukes i den der proteksjonisme er hovedregelen, er
i 2014”. Vi forventer at behandlingen skal kunne løse sin viktigste oppgave – daglige driften av Forsvaret. Derfor er det også helt avgjørende at Forsvarets
gir forsvarsindustrien stabile og forut- å forsvare Norge. Derfor er en nasjonal det på enkelte områder helt nødvendig å anskaffelser i utlandet konsekvent
sigbare rammebetingelser som både forsvarsindustri som har kunnskap om foreta et valg mellom åpen internasjonal brukes til å bryte ned handelshindringer
sikrer at industrien fortsatt kan bidra norske forhold, og som kan utvikle mate- konkurranse og strategisk samarbeid og sikre markedsadgang for norske
til å styrke forsvarsevnen og til å skape riell og systemer som er tilpasset Forsva- mellom Forsvaret og norsk forsvars systemer og løsninger, gjennom at det
verdier og interessante arbeidsplasser i rets behov, nødvendig for å ivareta nas- industri. Det lar seg ikke gjøre med en stilles krav om forpliktende industri-
en høyteknologisk industri som er inter- jonens vesentlige sikkerhetsinteresser. kombinasjon dersom forsvarsindustrien samarbeidsavtaler ved alle store an
nasjonalt konkurransedyktig. En uforutsigbar sikkerhetspolitisk skal ha en rolle i å understøtte Forsvarets skaffelser til Forsvaret fra utenlandske
I stortingsmeldingen om Nasjonal situasjon gjør at leveransesikkerhet drift av materiell og eventuelt militære leverandører.
forsvarsindustriell strategi, som ble igjen blir viktig. Oppstår en sikkerhets operasjoner. I tillegg til forsvarsevne, bidrar
lagt frem i slutten av oktober, legges politisk krise som berører en eller flere Derfor må norsk industri fore- forsvarsindustrien til økonomisk vekst,
det vekt på at nasjonale løsninger for nasjoner som leverer materiell til Norge, trekkes når Forsvaret skal utvikle og/ arbeidsplasser og industriell utvikling
utvikling, produksjon og/eller vedlike- er det sannsynlig at nasjonen det gjelder eller a nskaffe materiell og systemer som i lokalsamfunn mange steder i Norge.
hold av enkelte typer kritisk materiell vil prioritere egne behov. Det svekker inneholder teknologi og/eller produkter Forsvarsindustrien er en lønnsom
er et nødvendig tiltak fordi det kan ikke vår forsvarsevne. Derfor er forsvars som er definert som en del av nasjo- fastlandsbasert høyteknologisk eksport
forventes at det internasjonale forsvars- industrien også viktig for nasjonal nens vesentlige sikkerhetsinteresser. industri. I en tid da deler av norsk
markedet alltid vil være i stand til fullt ut forsyningssikkerhet og beredskap. Dette er en forutsetning for at indus- industri har store utfordringer, opplever
å levere materiell som dekker særegne Innenfor åtte prioriterte teknolo- trien skal kunne fortsette å bidra til å forsvarsindustrien økt etterspørsel og
norske behov. Det vil derfor være nød- giske kompetanseområder legger stor styrke forsvarsevnen. Uten at dette er økende ordreinngang fra utenlandske
vendig å opprettholde og videreutvikle tingsmeldingen opp til å samarbeide en del av rammebetingelsene for norsk kunder. Forutsatt at rammebetingelsene
kompetanse innenfor norsk forsvars med norsk industri. På disse områdene forsvarsindustri, slik det er for andre
er på plass, vil det sikre aktivitet og
industri på områder av betydning for vår har norsk industri unik kompetanse om nasjoners forsvarsindustri, er det ikke videre utvikling av industrien i lang tid
nasjonale sikkerhet. mye av Forsvarets materiell og betydelig mulig å opprettholde nasjonal kompe fremover.
produksjonskapasitet. Derfor kan fors- tanse og leveransesikkerhet over tid.
P.O. Box 5250 Majorstuen, Tel: + 47 23 08 80 00 E-mail: fsi@nho.no
NO- 0303 Oslo. NORWAY Telefax: + 47 23 08 80 18 Internet: www.fsi.no
MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015 11NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION ( FSI )
TECHNOLOGY SEMINAR WITH
THE NORWEGIAN SPECIAL
OPERATION FORCES (SOF)
On the 4th and 5th of November, a Technology
Seminar was organised by the FSi, FFI and SOF
at the venerable Karljohansvern base in the city
of Horten, where some 25 exhibitors from the
defence industry had set up stands
in the convention section of the seminar.
Text and Photos: Henning Lønn is important, because the
Special Operations Forces are
D uring
section,
the seminar
Director
Research Espen Berg-Knutsen
of
the elite and the entrepreneurs
of the Defence, often the very
first to try out and be supplied
from the FFI, discussing how with new equipment and
the FFI d iscussed the long- cutting-edge technology. For the
lasting cooperation with the future, this should be carried
Norwegian Special Operation forward to the effect that the
Forces (SOF), not least within SOF must be the early a dopters
materiel aspects. if not the actual originators of Ola Strand, Senior Development Engineer at Techni, located in Borre south
- The collaboration with the innovation, Berg-Knutsen of Horten. Techni has evolved from a small recourse centre to a certified
subcontractor for the F35 JSF program.
the Special Operations Forces concluded.
Nammo, short for Nordic Ammunition Company, is a Norwegian/Finnish aerospace and defence group specialized in production of ammunition, rocket motors and
space applications. The company has subsidiaries in Finland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Australia, the United States and Canada. The company
is owned 50/50 by the Norwegian Government represented by the Norwegian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries, and the Finnish defence company Patria.
The company has its headquarters in Raufoss, Norway. From left Magne Myvang, Jan-Ove Bråthen, Andreas Gaarder, Anne Kathrine Prytz and Helge Stadheim
12 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION ( FSI )
David Reeves, Director of International Business Development for Ultralife. Ultralife is organ- Cecilie Dybo presented Axnes Aviation AS. The company has been supplying
ised into two business segments: Battery and Energy Products, and Communications Systems. its wireless intercom systems to the industry for almost two decades, and is an
Ultralife manufactures batteries using various chemistries including Lithium Manganese EASA Part 21 and Part 145 approved organization. AXNES is an approved
Dioxide, Nickel Metal Hydride, Lithium Manganese Oxide, Lithium Polymer, and Lithium supplier to OEMs such as Agusta Westland, Airbus Helicopters, Bell Helicopter
Thionyl Chloride among others. Communications Systems harnesses the collective design and and Sikorsky. Axnes Aviation AS was founded in 1995, and is a 100%
engineering strengths of two brands acquired via acquisition: AMTI and McDowell Research. privately owned company located in Grimstad, Norway.
Olav Heieren from Vinghøg AS, Presents The Reinmetall 40 mm System Karl Marius Norschau from Norsafe. Norsafe is the global market leader in
House. Vinghøg is a subsidiary of Rheinmetall Nordic AS, which has been marine life-saving systems for the merchant and offshore markets. Norsafe has
an established player in Scandinavia for over half a century, with some 140 grown rapidly over the past 25 years – from a small Norwegian company into
employees at location in Tønsberg. a multinational group, with worldwide presence.
MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015 13NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION ( FSI )
THE PROGRAM
CONFERENCE FOR
LAND, LOGISTICS AND
SOLDIER SYSTEMS
This year’s program confernence for land,
logistics and soldier systems was held at the
Holmen Fjord Hotel in Asker, south of Oslo.
The delegate count was around 80, of whom
approximately half came from the defence
establishment and the Ministry of Defence. Col. Ivar Omstad and Captain Bjørn Hurlen (right). Photo: MilitærTeknikk
B rigadier Inge Kampenes
opened the conference
with his presentation of the
defend Norway and assist our
allies.
In conclusion, both options
the new report takes into con
sideration Norway’s relations to
the European Union’s Defence
report entitled “Strategic 1) and 2) will entail that the and Security Directive of 2009,
Defence Review” by the Chief Norwegian Defence is rendered and the importance of inter
of Defence. In drafting this unable to resolve its tasks. For national co-operation.
document, the Chief of Defence alternative 3), the Chief of Bjørn Hurlen, Captain in the
has based his premises on three Defence has suggested a sober Artillery Batallion, explained
different economic scenarios for defence structure that is the how the Norwegian firing man-
the years ahead: bare minimum required to agement system ODIN was de-
1) zero real growth in the address the current threat veloped for connecting to other
defence budgets, perception. countries’ artillery systems via
2) an annual growth of Colonel Ivar Omstad from ASCA, a multi-national pro-
Brigadier Inge Kampenes presented
0.5% per annum, and the Ministry of Defence presented gramme for integration between the “Perspective Plan for Materiel”
3) the priorities of the Chief of the new Parliamentary Report firing management systems. as well as the “Strategic Defence
Defence in the event of on National Defence Industry - In the development of Review” by the Chief of Defence.
allocations in excess of the Strategy, to replace Parlia ODIN, we have devoted a lot of Photo: MilitærTeknikk
annual growth of 0.5%. mentary Report no. 38, Strat- effort to ensuring that the sys-
egy for Business Political A
spects tem should be in compliance give credit to the very dedicated
The Chief has emphasised in Defence Procurements. with NATO standards. This may efforts of the Kongsberg system
in his recommendations that The new parliamentary report have added to the demands of programmers for a comendable
our security and political continues the intents and pur- the situation at the time, but we job.
situation has undergone pro-
poses carrying forth the sup- are seeing solid returns on the - And when we took part in
found changes in recent years. porting elements in the PP38. invested efforts now. the Bold Quest exercise in Texas
The key conclusion of the Chief The new report has nevertheless In less than one year, in October, it felt very special
of Defence based on these been clarified and strengthened we were able to develop supple- to be able to receive firing
premises is the recommendation in its form, basing its view- mentary software that lets us control data from the systems of in
to make a marked upturn in our point on the international de- communicate with our allies. The total seven different nations,
efforts, with significant en- velopment as well as national project was carried through fully digital with no voice used,
hancement of our ability to secuirty interests. Further to this, easily, and I want in this respect to explained Hurlen in closing.
14 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015NORWEGIAN RADAR PROJECT
NORWEGIAN DEFENCE IN
THE CLOSING STAGES OF
THE RADAR PROJECT
The process to procure new air s urveillance
radars enters its next phase when the
Defence before Christmas submits its recom-
mendation to the Ministry of Defence for
the next stage in the relay. The Air Force is
expecting the matter to be submitted before
the Parliament around the beginning of 2016.
The systems to be chosen will remain in
operation until well into the 2020’s. Portable
radars are heading up the wish list. They
will increase survivability, while at the same
time improving surveillance quality. Portable
radars are the new trend in Europe.
Text: Tor Husby
-N orway has a number of air surveillance sensors that are
fast approaching the end of their effective lifespan. We
need replacements for these, in order to carry forward into the
future the ability to perform air surveillance 24/7, 365 days a
year for Norway and adjacent regions. The threat perception has
changed since the old system entered operation. The Air Force
demands of the new radars that they must ‘see’ better than the
old ones, detecting anything that moves in the air space, be it
slow drones or hypersonic missiles flying high or low, stealthy
or not, says Colonel Torgeir Berg, head of the Air Force develop-
ment division.
Green light soon
The Air Force is coming up on the final stretch. A procurement
solution describing several alternative options will this autumn
be submitted to the Ministry of Defence, where a green light
for one of the solutions is expected. The exact number of radar
sensors needed by the Defence is yet to be clarified. The Defence
16 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015NORWEGIAN RADAR PROJECT
NEW CHALLENGES FOR NOR
WEGIAN AIR WARNING RADARS
The story about the Norwegian air warning radars reads
almost like the story of the F-16. On the outside, not much
FFI Project has changed, while the inside has been uprated and renewed
Manager
K arl-Erik Olsen a number of times. Now, however, it is time for the entire
system to be replaced. The comparison is presented by FFI`s
Project Manager, Karl-Erik Olsen.
Logistics Organisation, FLO, will be tasked
with looking into which suppliers can meet Text and photo: Tor Husby – Suddenly, you have radar systems
the Defence requirements at what costs. It capable of simultaneous multitasking,
will be an open competitive bid.
The new air warning radars of
the Defence will form a part of the inte-
T he project manager considers that the
tasks expecting the new radars are some
50 times greater than what for example the
where detection and target tracking is
being performed by the same system. But
even with the added flexibility, we are not
grated NATO air warning chain, which German air defence radars are faced with. expecting any quantum leaps, Karl-Erik
may be viewed as NATO’s valiant air The radar systems of both these countries Olsen opines.
watch. Radars are just a part of the system, are surveying the same approximate
though. The warning chain also comprises geographical volume. But where Germany is Lacking collaboration
of communications and link solutions as compact and fairly flat, Norway is elongated When focus is shifted from technology to
well as command sites. The introduction and mountainous with many deep fjords. society, what becomes apparent is a lack of
of NATO’s new Air Command and C ontrol The highest elevation of the Defence radar collaboration between the civilian systems
System (ACCS) is yet another new upgrade installations is some 1000 meters. All in all, operated by Avinor and Luftfartsverket on
in the process of being implemented. this creates a different set of challenges for one side, and the Air Force systems on
The nations of the Alliance may be using us. Fortunately, both nations are integrated the other side. Society nowadays expects
different sensors while they all contribute in the NATO air d efence. more extensive collaboration. One further
to building an airspace image. The current dimension is that the European Union is
trend in Europe is to use mobile air surveil- New dynamics currently in a process of reorganising all air
lance radars. Furthermore, a whole new dynamic a spect transport.
The Norwegian air traffic agency has been raised on the military side in – All in all, we are seeing a whole
Avinor, with whom the Defence enjoys the discovery of airborne objects. The new world that the new radars will be
good co-operation, has ‘secondary’ radars. new radar systems must be able to de- required to handle in a positive manner,
But the Defence has a need of seeing even tect anything from small model aircraft- says the project manager from FFI.
those aerial vehicles who would prefer to like drones flying at virtually walking The function of the Norwegian
remain unseen. speed, up to fast and high flying fighter Defence Research Establishment FFI is to
- The control and warning system aircraft and ballistic missiles coming in provide the Defence with the sufficient
(K&V) is in a state of readiness all day at speeds well over supersonic. And all overview in order to make the optimum
and night, all year. In the same manner as the while, stealth is becoming more and decisions. In this capacity, Karl-Erik Olsen
we have a Coast Guard at sea, and Border more common. D ifferent objects produce has been ‘hunting high and low’, but in
patrols on land, the K&V system keeps different radar images. Interpreting them the normal order of things, the FFI does
a continuous watch over Norwegian air requires
abundant time and resources. not seek out the industry. It is the Defence
space. Which it must continue to do into The huge amounts of data are producing Logistics Organisation, FLO, that conducts
the future, using new and modern sensors. a continuous bottleneck. But is there a the market investigations. In total, there
This is the most important, Col. Torgeir need for all these data? Technology is pro are more than 10 relevant manufacturers
Berg emphasises. gressing in two different directions. to choose from.
Sindre II is the newest of the existing radars and has lifetime expectancy until about 2030. The picture displays
the Sindre II radar at a mountain top at the island of Senja in Northern Norway. When under attack, the radar
can be lowered into a mountain hall beneath the radar. Photo: FMS
MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015 17NORWEGIAN RADAR PROJECT
RADAR RENEWAL VALUED AT with air defence, and there may be
opportunities for integration of the radars
APPROXIMATELY 2.5 BILLION NOK with air defence, air command and control.
Norway comprises one of the world’s
most competent air defence c ommunities
In the autumn of 2014, the Norwegian Government came to a at Kongsberg, and nothing will be more
decision on the continuation of military air space surveillance, natural than to utilise this competence
in relation to the radar project. There is
with the stipulation that ground-based radar was the best alterna-
also a radar development environ ment
tive. The project is still in the defining stages, and it is expected at H alden that may contribute, says Tor-
that the project will be presented to the Parliament in 2016. The bjørn Svensgård, current leader of the
renewal of the radar network has an estimated contract value of Norwegian Defence and Security Industries
Association (FSI).
approximately 2.5 billion NOK (260 million euro).
Exactly what role will be played
by the industry will in the final event be
Text and photo: Tor Husby the sensors are suffering from old age, soon dependent on which suppliers will be
becoming impossible to maintain within selected. If the delivery is sourced from
T he choice will be made in close co-
operation with the Norwegian Defence
Research Establishment (FFI). A possibility
reasonable cost constraints. This does
nevertheless not preclude the possibility
of selected updates and spare part
abroad, we will be looking for an industry
agreement that will provide Norwegian
industry with market access.
is a joint Nordic procurement under the procurements in order to keep the system – To the best of my knowledge,
direction of NORDEFCO, the Nordic operational until 2024-26. The newest of Norwegian industry is not tasked with ma-
Defence Co- operation. Co-operation with the existing radars, of the Sindre II type, jor assignments relative to the maintenance
other countries remains an open opportunity. have a lifetime expectancy until about 2030. of the current radar systems. What will be
A period of two years is expected from the case for the next generation, will de-
contract signature until delivery, dependent Ears buttoned pend on what operations and maintenance
on the level of ambition, including the Any Air Force procurement project to the concept the Defence opts for, and naturally
number of sensors, their type and location. tune of 2.5 billion NOK will always be on which radar types we buy. Until this is
The renewal of the radar system is met with keen interest from the defence clear, it is not possible to voice any firm
becoming necessary because a majority of industry. The radars have an association opinions on ths subject, says Svensgård.
18 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015BULLETIN BOARD FOR DEFENCE, INDUSTRY AND TRADE
– B u ll e t i n B o a r d for D e f e n c e , I nd u s t ry a nd Trade –
Four more F-16 Fighting Falcons
to Egypt
The Egyptian Air Force has major modification block of
received four F-16 Fighting
the F-16 that incorporates
Falcon fighter jets form the US, colour cockpit displays, a
further enhancing the country’s new electronic warfare suite,
warfare capabilities. advanced weapons and sensors
Lockheed Martin-built F-16 and more powerful engines. A Venezuelan Su-30MK2 Photo: André Austin Du-Pont Rocha
Fighting Falcon is a multirole In July, the US delivered
jet fighter, designed initially as eight F-16 Block 52 aircraft to
an air superiority day fighter, Egypt. Venezuela to buy Sukhoi aircraft
which later evolved into a The US has announced
successful all-weather multirole $1.3bn commitment to Egypt from Russia
aircraft for accurate delivery of this year in a latest contribution Venezuela has reportedly al- Powered by two A L-31F
ordnance during non-visual to its strategic partnership with located $480m for its Sukhoi turbofan engines, the
bombing conditions. Egypt that has continued for aircraft programme, moving Su-30MK2 is an upgraded
Block 50 / 52 is the eighth more than 30 years. a step ahead to strengthen the version of the Su-30 fighter,
country’s airspace. and is designed to conduct air-
In September, Venezuela to-air and air-to-surface deep
president Nicolas Maduro an- interdiction missions in all-
Thailand’s first Black Widow nounced that the country will weather conditions.
Spider armoured car buy at least 12 new Su-30MK2
fighters for its armed forces from
Equipped with an im-
proved fire-control system and
Thailand’s Defence Technology both land and water. Russia. an air-to-air and air-to-surface
Institute (DTI) has presented It can accommodate a squad The new Sukhoi aircraft will weapon suite, the aircraft can
the first Black Widow Spider of 12, and is capable of crossing expand the 23-aircraft fleet that also be used for pilot training
8x8 armoured car. steep and sloping terrain. currently in service with the missions.
The armoured car is said to DTI claims the Black Widow country’s force. The aircraft also features an
meet Natro specifications, and is resistant to small arms and According to the Centre for improved fire-control system
was developed by DTI and the .57 calibre machine gun fire. Analysis of World Arms Trade, that enables enhanced surface-
National Metal and Materials Fitted with a V-shaped Venezuela is expected to become target detection capabilities
Technology Centre, along with monocoque hull and suspended the second largest importer of and an air-to-air and air-to-
other private organisations. seats, the Black Widow can carry Russian weapons and military surface weapon suite, with the
Built for the Royal Thai a range of payloads, turrets and equipment between 2012 and ordnance mounted on 12 hard-
Army, the Black Widow is counter-measures in various 2015, Sputnik News reported. points.
equipped with a 30mm m achine operating environments.
gun, which can be operated on
Maintenance support for
Sweden’s Gripen aircraft
The Swedish Defence M ateriel The company will offer
Administration (FMV) has s upport and maintenance
awarded a SEK154m ($17.8m) operations with a focus on
contract to Saab to provide technical support, publications
support and maintenance for
and component maintenance to
Gripen aircraft. support the continued opera-
Saab signed a contract in tion of Gripen.
2012 with FMV for perfor- The 2012 contract in-
mance-based support and cludes options for additional
maintenance of the Gripen orders up to a maximum value
fighter and the new contract is of SEK1.37bn ($158m) to the
an exercise of an option held period ending in December
DTI developed Black Widow Spider for the Royal Thai Army. Photo: Ricardo under that contract. next year.
MILITÆRTEKNIKK 6/2015 19You can also read
