News from the Connecticut Chapter of The American Chestnut Foundation
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drawing courtesy of News from the Connecticut Chapter Dr. Fred Paillet of The American Chestnut Foundation Winter/Spring 2020 Our mission is restoration of the American chestnut in the State of Connecticut President’s Letter Looking back over this past year, to add back the missing genes by breeding program, planned to bring I have realized how much our chapter crossing trees that have less than 5% the American chestnut tree back. Over has had to diversify our approach to Chinese genetic composition with the years, scientific advancements in saving the American chestnut tree. At various hybrid trees of greater Chinese genetics and technology have given our annual membership meeting we or Japanese heritage to continue the us new tools to incorporate into our heard Dr. Jared Westbrook summarize backcross process. Further selections efforts. TACF has been instrumental the genetic analysis of our backcross in our orchards will be steered by blight in funding the complete sequencing breeding program. While the initial challenge, phenotypic characteristics of the American chestnut genome and intent of our founders was to have a and also genetic composition. Since is currently funding the same for the 15/16ths American chestnut tree with Connecticut has a sizeable collection of Chinese chestnut, to better understand enough blight resistance to return to hybrid chestnut trees at the Connecticut the role of genetics in blight resistance. the forests, the data showed that in Agricultural Experiment Station as well Our foundation has incorporated many of our trees, not enough Chinese as other locations, our chapter will also genetic analysis into maximizing blight genes were present to convey the be instrumental in identifying hybrid resistance in our backcross orchards. desired level of resistance. In July at trees that could potentially be used for According to Dr. Jared Westbrook, the TACF Chapters Science Meeting, additional lines of resistance in our TACF Director of Science, “Since 2015, he presented the Foundation’s plan backcross breeding program. TACF and collaborators have spent over $1.8 million in genomics initiatives Our chapter has also committed to accelerate selection in the breeding to supporting the Foundation’s 3BUR program, map genes for resistance, and strategy: Breeding, Biotechnology understand how chestnut trees adapt to and Biocontrol United for Resistance. climate”. Genomic funding has become A big part of that will include the up to 22% of TACF’s total annual deregulation of the transgenic chestnut expenditures. The best way for us to tree developed at SUNY-ESF. In continue supporting these scientific November they submitted a Petition for advancements is by regularly renewing Determination of Regulatory Status with your membership in TACF, or if you are USDA-APHIS. After the submission is not yet a member, please consider doing reviewed for completeness, the petition so. Continued membership will build will be made public on the Federal the strongest Foundation to grow with Register and it will open up a 60-day the changing landscape of American public comment period. When the chestnut restoration. public comment period opens, we will be contacting our members to encourage -- Jack Swatt writing to the USDA-APHIS in support President, CT-TACF of this petition for deregulating. I strongly think that this may give our program a giant leap forward towards The female flowers in the foreground our goal of returning a blight resistant are overshadowed by the male’s showy inflorescence display. The male catkins American chestnut tree to the forest. (rear) have been removed from the flower stalks exposing the female flowers (front) When TACF was founded there Photo by Jack Swatt was only one strategy, the backcross CT Chapter of TACF Page 1 www.acf.org/ct
Eversource Works with CT-TACF to Pollinate American Chestnut Trees By Jack Swatt of the tree services to help with this possibly due to pollination timing, During the 2018 growing season project. Lewis Tree Service as well weather or a host of other factors. In several mature bur-producing American as representatives from CT-TACF total, 32 nuts were collected from the chestnut trees were reported to CT- (Jack Swatt and Richard Wilhelm) Nehantic trees. Eversource Arborist TACF. One tree on West Flag Swamp and Eversource Arborist David Boyle Bear LeVangie also was able to help Rd. in Roxbury produced sterile nuts visited the Roxbury tree twice in late coordinate Asplundh to collect burs inside the burs indicating that there June and early July to first identify the from a pair of open pollinated trees was not another flowering chestnut tree female flowers and place protective bags growing close to a road in North Granby nearby to supply pollen for the female over them, and then a second time when retrieving 129 burs which yielded 213 flowers. Another tree in Nehantic State the flowers were ready for pollination. chestnuts from the two trees. The Forest in East Lyme was producing burs When Distinctive Tree Care met us at CT chapter of TACF would like to but we were unable to visit the tree early the Nehantic tree, the female flowers thank Eversource, Lewis Tree Service, enough in the fall to determine if the nuts were already mature enough to pollinate Distinctive Tree Care, Asplundh Tree were pollinated. Since the trees were on the initial visit. CT-TACF volunteers Expert Company and our volunteers accessible by bucket truck, we contacted Ginny Patsun, Michael Gaffey, Jack for working together to help preserve Eversource in the spring of 2019 to see Ostroff as well as Eversource Arborist American chestnut diversity through if they could help us bring pollen from Susan Stotts performed the pollination. this project. We would also like to thank other flowering trees, up to the female Once pollinated the trees were not the State DEEP for granting permission flowers of these two trees and ensure that visited again until late September when to perform the controlled pollination they can pass on their genes to future both respective crews returned to collect and collect the chestnuts from Nehantic American chestnut generations. the bags with the ripening burs inside. State Forest as well as other state-owned Eversource utilizes tree services such When the burs were allowed to dry properties. as Lewis Tree Service, Asplundh Tree and open, the chestnuts inside were Expert Company and Distinctive Tree collected and prepared for winter Care for their tree work. Eversource’s storage. In the spring many of the seeds Vegetation Management Supervisor, will be planted in our first Germplasm Doug Pistawka was able to schedule Conservation Orchards (GCO) and the time with their arborists and each rest will be potted to supply rootstock for future grafting and other TACF projects. Since three different trees were used to supply pollen for the Roxbury tree, the three sets of nuts harvested will have greater genetic diversity than if a single tree was used for pollen. A total of 221 nuts were collected from that tree. Only one source of pollen was used to manually pollinate the Nehantic tree, but on the day of harvest, CT DEEP Forester Emery Gluck led us to a second large American chestnut tree nearby that also contained many burs. Although that tree was not accessible by the bucket truck, the harvesting team was able to collect some burs with a pruner. Back at the original tree, in addition to the bags of burs pollinated manually, several other burs were collected which contained CT-TACF volunteer Michael Gaffey removes chestnuts that were open pollenated Scott Hall of Lewis Tree Service prepares the the male catkins from the chestnut flower Roxbury tree for pollination while CT-TACF cluster to expose the female flowers - Photo by the newly found second chestnut volunteer Richard Wilhelm (R) and Doug by Jack Swatt tree. The yield from the Nehantic trees Pistawka (L) from Eversource observe from unfortunately was lower than expected, below - Photo by Jack Swatt CT Chapter of TACF Page 2 www.acf.org/ct
Jim Gage - Stepping down from his position as Chapter’s Treasurer By Richard Bailey, CT-TACF Director orchard and TACF’s mission. collaborate on land protection efforts, to & Bill Adamsen, Director and former Everyone was excited about planting promote sustainable forestry practices, Chapter President nuts to start the orchard. No problem and to organize public.outreach and With a heavy heart we accept Jim’s getting volunteers. Months later when education efforts in order to increase the request to step down from his position the excitement has gone and the job is pace and efficacy of conservation in the as the Chapter’s Treasurer, after 15 years to maintain the orchard, volunteers were MassConn region. of loyal service. few and far between. Jim was always Jim is quiet, smart, competent, I met Jim at a CT Chapter meeting in there when there was a job to be done. hard-working, respectful and humble. the winter of 2004. Jim had already been The Chestnut Foundation is not Incredibly productive, Jim is the ultimate involved with the CT Chapter for several Jim’s sole interest. Jim has been a team member. I feel so incredibly years. His involvement originated from director of the NCLT since 1995. fortunate that our paths crossed when having grown up enjoying outdoor He told me he doesn’t think he was they did. That I had the opportunity activities such as hiking. Later he was actually elected to the board. He just to work with and learn from this most greatly influenced by his brother-in-law started sitting in on meetings and after remarkable man is a legacy I treasure – a founder of the Norfolk Land Trust – a while they just accepted him as a and honor. His shoes will be hard to who had spoken to Jim about American member. I’m not sure when he became fill. chestnuts and the chestnut blight. treasurer but it was before 2004. He When Jim retired from United also currently serves as chairman of the Technologies in 1993 he was looking fundraising committee and a member of for volunteer opportunities. Because the acquisition committee. of his talks with his brother-in-law one Jim was one of the original members of of the organizations he contacted was the Ellington Conservation Commission the CT chapter of TACF. Northern when created in 2004. He remains active CT Land Trust (NCLT) president today. When the town acquires a new Culver Modisette had suggested that parcel of open space, Jim is often the a connection with TACF might help one who writes an article for publication NCLT fundraising. Having worked in local papers. with Jim in developing a strategic plan, Jim has been a member of the steering Jim, myself, several others still involved committee of the MassConn Sustainable today formed a board and created an Forest Partnership (MassConn) for operational infrastructure. Jim told me many years. It is a voluntary association he had served as Treasurer of the NCLT of public and private forest conservation and upon hearing that I didn’t relent entities committed to working together to until he agreed to become the Chapter’s increase land protection and sustainable first Treasurer. forest management in 38 towns in south Jim was heavily involved in the central Massachusetts and northeastern Ellington orchard from the onset. A Connecticut. It consists of land trusts, big goal of the program was capturing conservation organizations, state and CT Chapter Board Member and Treasurer the diversity of the native trees we federal agencies and foresters. The Jim Gage - August 30th, 2005 touring a were finding in CT. In June of 2005 members of this partnership realize that proposed site for a TACF Backcross Orchard Jim helped with the pollination of an political boundaries are irrelevant to - Photo by Bill Adamsen American chestnut in Enfield. He also plant and animal communities, and to located a tree near the entry of the ecosystem processes, making it essential Shenipsit State Forest in Stafford, and to work together to conserve land in a the nuts from those trees as well as meaningful way on a larger, regional others, were what was planted at the scale, and to tap into resources that are Swann Farm backcross orchard. Within not available to organizations working NCLT, Jim advocated for the creation of alone. The mission of MassConn is to the orchard and wrote several articles for work with partner groups to identify key the NCLT annual report and for NCLT areas in the region for conservation, to newsletters about progress with the CT Chapter of TACF Page 3 www.acf.org/ct
Chapter Resolution In early November 2019, SUNY-ESF of individuals, foundations, and other approval of a Petition for Determination filed their Petition for Determination of sponsors; and of Nonregulated Status for Blight-Toler- Regulatory Status for the Blight Toler- ant Darling 58 American Chestnut; and Whereas, the Connecticut Chapter of ant American Chestnut (Darling 58). The American Chestnut Foundation has Whereas, if Darling 58 American Once it had been reviewed for complete- contributed to the breeding program of chestnuts are granted nonregulated ness, USDA-APHIS will be opening up TACF by backcrossing Chinese-Amer- status, they will be made available for a 60-day public comment period on the ican hybrid trees developed by TACF not-for-profit distribution to the public, petition. In order to prepare for the with Connecticut native American and to groups including private, indig- public comment period, the board of chestnut trees, thereby establishing enous, state and Federal restoration directors of the CT Chapter prepared seven backcross orchards, and using programs for the purpose of conserving and adopted the following resolution: seeds from those orchards to establish and restoring this species to the forest Whereas, the American chestnut two backcross seed orchards: and and continuing vital research; and tree was one of the most abundant and Whereas, the Connecticut Chapter of Whereas, native trees and forests important trees in the eastern United The American Chestnut Foundation has across the U.S. face an unprecedented States until the early 20th century when contributed to the mission of TACF by array of disease, decline, and decay an invasive fungal pathogen from Asia educating the public of TACF’s efforts caused by climate change, invasive decimated more than 3 billion trees to restore the American chestnut at fairs, plants, non-native insects and fungi, and throughout its natural range; and garden shows, lectures and web-based manmade disturbances, and biotech- Whereas, the American chestnut and social media; and nology offers some hope that we can is now functionally extinct, unable to restore forest health, and that restoring Whereas, the Connecticut Chapter sustain itself in the wild, and facing the American chestnut can be a model of The American Chestnut Foundation extinction as the blight remains an ev- for saving other threatened species; and has contributed to genetic research be- er-present threat to any trees that might ing performed by TACF by collecting Now, therefore, be it resolved by the hope to grow from the long dead stumps various plant material samples from Board of Directors of the Connecticut of remaining chestnut trees; and Chinese chestnut, Chinese-American Chapter of The American Chestnut Whereas, the disappearance of this hybrids and pure American chestnut; Foundation that, the Connecticut Chap- tree represents a devastating loss to and ter of The American Chestnut Founda- wildlife, to ecological balance in the tion supports SUNY-ESF’s Petition for Whereas, scientists at the State forest, and to farmers who depended Determination of Nonregulated Status University of New York College of on consistent chestnut harvests and to for Blight-Tolerant Darling 58 Ameri- Environmental Science and Forestry citizens from Maine to Alabama who can Chestnut and urges USDA-APHIS (SUNY-ESF) discovered a method to appreciated its beauty and symbolism to approve the Darling 58 so that the enhance the American chestnut’s blight as a feature of the landscape; and American chestnut can be restored to its tolerance using the tools of genetic engi- native range in eastern forests. Whereas, The American Chestnut neering and molecular biology. During Foundation (TACF) has led a 37-year a 30-year research effort, SUNY-ESF Passed and Adopted by the Board of research and breeding program seeking have innovated a process for inserting Directors of the Connecticut Chapter to restore this iconic tree to its native a gene from wheat into the American of The American Chestnut Foundation range by developing a blight tolerant chestnut in a way that significantly Date___________________ Feb 13, 2020 tree that can be sustained in the forest. enhances the tree’s blight tolerance TACF’s work has included a backcross breeding program, biological controls, while decreasing the pathogenicity of the fungus, with no pest risk to plants, Jack Swatt Signed by_______________ President and biotechnology, involving thousands no detriment to human or animal health of plantings, hundreds of research proj- and no adverse effects on the environ- ects, genomic testing using the most ment; and advanced science available, thousands Whereas, after rigorous testing, SUNY- of volunteer hours in 16 states, and pri- ESF has applied to USDA-APHIS for vate financial support from thousands CT Chapter of TACF Page 4 www.acf.org/ct
Orchard Updates Norcross Chestnut Seed Orchard By Ginny Patsun Seeds that did poorly after the 2018 planting were replaced thanks to Richard Bailey who germinated enough seeds in time for the re-planting in early June. A small group of volunteers added an additional 100 seedlings. There were no plans for additional plots to be planted for 2019. There are approximately 750 trees now growing at the orchard. as well as several kinds of butterflies, From left: Jack Swatt, Mike Gerak, Mark 2019 was the first season since the and a hummingbird or two. Among the Vollaro, Kendra Collins, Becky Purdy, Deni Ranguelova, Beverly Baldwin, John Baker orchard’s inception in 2017 the gypsy flowers is a solar-powered disappearing (Wigwam Brook Orchard Manager) and Keith moth caterpillars did not invade. There water fountain which acts as a water Johnson. Jay Coles also participated. were a few quarter-inch long caterpillars source for birds, insects and toads, and Photo by Rich Martin found on the leaves, but not enough is an aesthetically pleasing addition to Brook Sanctuary chestnut orchard to to warrant treatment. I waited them the orchard. Grass mounds had been inoculate the chestnut trees for blight out until they disappeared. Minimal planted which serve as a hiding place resistance. Kendra had grown two damage had been done to the foliage for various insects, and the remainder batches of blight fungus, one stronger and the trees continued adding leaves of the orchard that is waiting for more than the other, and these were inserted throughout the rest of the season. trees to be planted remains fallow and into nail-sized holes on the trunks, mowed every two years. This provides about a foot apart, of about 250 of the The orchard has one perennial flower a hunting ground for birds in search of chestnut trees. strip that extends the length of two 30- insects. foot chestnut tree plots. Some of the In a few months, the trees should perennials include milkweed, mint, and Because the orchard is located in show signs of blight (or not), and in a various composites. Native and honey the middle of a hay field, I felt it was year blight resistance should be able to bees have been observed at the orchard, necessary to add variety of plantings to be determined – probably in about 50- increase diversity. The more diverse the 70 trees. The nonresistant trees will be organisms, the better for the trees. The removed, and the inoculation area on flowers and grasses attract predators each will be destroyed. that keep the mischievous insects from Thanks to everyone for their help. It overpopulating and damaging the trees. Diversity makes the orchard work more was very much appreciated. enjoyable and a lot can be learned from In Memoriam the complexity of nature. Every season brings new discoveries and excitement Garrett Smith, a long-time director over the new growth of the perennials of the CT-TACF was very active and the chestnut trees. performing many tasks and planting in most of our orchards. On May 4th, Wigwam Brook Orchard Garrett’s family gathered at Wigwam By John Baker to spread his ashes amongst the On June 20, Kendra Collins, chestnut trees he loved so much. This Regional Science Coordinator of The was indeed an honor for LHAS, as American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) Garrett was an inspired and thoughtful in Burlington, VT, and her summer gentleman who helped develop our CT-TACF Board member and orchard intern joined Jack Swatt, president of orchard. We hope he rests in peace manager Ginny Patsun hammering the tutors amongst the trees and the mission he to help the young chestnut trees grow straight the CT-TACF Chapter and about eight Photo courtesy of Ginny Patsun or so local volunteers at the Wigwam loved so much; God bless him. CT Chapter of TACF Page 5 www.acf.org/ct
American Chestnuts Found at Bull Hill Preserve in Thompson Finding the tree By Jack Morris I belong to the Meshomasic Hiking rare: an American Chestnut tree Club, an organization with about 150 with burs. I spent a few minutes active members that sponsors daily hikes admiring and photographing the scattered throughout Connecticut. A tree, removing a bur for later recent article in the Hartford Courant investigation. I also made sure had alerted us to a newly announced that its location had been stored Wyndham Land Trust preserve located in my GPS handheld tracking on Bull Hill in Thompson. In September unit. of 2019, the club organized a hike to Returning home, I opened the investigate this preserve, including a bur expecting the nuts to be flat trek up to the Three Trees vantage point and infertile, but found one nut atop Bull Hill. that appeared round indicating After enjoying the magnificent view, it was fertile. I contacted Jack we headed south down an old rutted tote Swatt from the CT Chapter of The path and in a very short distance one in American Chestnut Foundation our group said something like, “Hey, (TACF) and he suggested that look at this tree with all the pods on I join him to return to the site it.” I had actually gone past it without with the intent to harvest the burs notice and turning around realized that and recover the nuts for TACF the hiker had spotted something very chestnut restoration activities. David Morse (l), Jack Morris (c) and Stewart Morse (r) collecting the chestnut burs at Bull Photo by Jack Morris Hill - Photo by Jack Swatt. Collecting the Chestnuts By Jack Swatt Since late September is the time when chestnut burs start to open up, I had to act quick to prevent the nuts from becoming a squirrel feast. We returned to the site along with Grace Jacobson, David Morse and Stewart Morse, three local volunteers who were also interested in seeing this tree. While hiking to the site we noticed many small chestnut sprouts growing in the understory along the trail. As Jack Morris led us to the top of Bull Hill, the forest opened up into a large shrubby habitat, the result of a recent timber harvest. Since chestnut sprouts grow quickly when the canopy is removed by natural or manmade processes, I knew that this site held great potential in finding additional chestnut trees growing tall enough to flower and produce nuts. CT Chapter of TACF Page 6 www.acf.org/ct
Collecting the Chestnuts (continued) From the Three Trees vantage in breeding a blight resistant American Volunteer Opportunities point we could see the small American chestnut capable of returning to the chestnut tree loaded with burs, some forests of the Appalachian Range. The chapter is in need of a new already opened, but many still closed Treasurer (see page 3). If you would Since the one tree contained fertile be interested in filling this position, up. I also scanned the surrounding nuts and chestnut trees do not self- please contact tacf.ctchapter@gmail. opening to look for burs covering the pollinate, at least one other tree has com to be referred to the Nominating top branches of other maturing sprouts. matured enough to produce male flower Committee. While there were many trees reaching catkins and potentially may produce a height similar to the bur-loaded tree, If you are interested in helping with female flowers in the future. With the no other tree was found to be holding orchard work, finding or verifying open surroundings and bright sunshine, the nut-containing burs we were looking American chestnut trees, or helping this area has the potential to harbor for. Moving down the trail we relocated with our newsletter, contact Jack Swatt several future nut producing trees. We at jswattchestnut@gmail.com the tree and found that all the burs were intend to return to Bull Hill in late June reachable with a 12-foot telescoping Additional volunteer opportunities to early July when the chestnut trees are pruner and quickly collected them. After and events may be added at any time. flowering and easy to find. the burs completed opening over the Please check out our event calendar next week or two, I was able to collect We hope that members of the Wyndham at www.acf.org/events/category/ct for an astounding 238 nuts, some of which Land Trust and the Meshomasic Hiking the latest information. will be planted in the spring in our first Club would like to join us in our quest Germplasm Conservation Orchards. to find more chestnut producing trees Those nuts will play an important at this location. Thank you to the part in preserving American chestnut Wyndham Land Trust for preserving CT-TACF Officers and genetic diversity, which is just one step this spectacular property. Board of Directors Officers: President – Jack Swatt President Emeritus – Star Childs Vice President – Dr. Jack Ostroff Treasurer – James Gage Secretary – Florian Carle Board of Directors (term ending): Christian Allyn (2021) Florian Carle (2021) Star Childs (2021) Michael Gaffey (2021) Jane Harris (2021) Dr. Jack Ostroff (2021) E. Woods Sinclair (2021) Bill Adamsen (2020) Dr. Philip Arnold (2020) John Baker (2020) Dr. David Bingham (2020) Jim Gage (2020) Bert Malkus (2020) Ginny Patsun (2020) Mark Vollaro (2020) Email: tacf.ctchapter@gmail.com The many chestnut burs stand out against the bright background of the blue autumn sky Photo by Jack Morris CT Chapter of TACF Page 7 www.acf.org/ct
The Connecticut Chapter of The American Chestnut Foundation Jack Swatt — Chapter President 226 Long Swamp Rd. Wolcott, CT 06716 jswattchestnut@gmail.com Upcoming Calendar of Events CT Flower & Garden Show Details will be made available as it gets Meet at the parking area on Bull Hill closer to planting season. Rd to hike to the clearing and search for February 20-23, 2020 additional flowering chestnut trees where New England Region Grafting We will again be holding an exhibit at a tree was found in 2019 producing fertile Workshop the 2020 CT Flower and Garden Show burs (see article). Directions will be at the Connecticut Convention Center in May 30, 2020 posted on our website. Hartford. This is a great event to educate Urban Forestry Center, 45 Elwyn Rd, Hike at Nehantic State Forest others about chestnuts and to share our Portsmouth, NH. Learn chestnut grafting mission with the public. We will be June/July, 2020 techniques from Dr. Hill Craddock, needing plenty of volunteers to help staff Professor of Biology and Environmental See two of the largest flowering wild the exhibit. More information will be Science at The University of Tennessee American chestnut trees in the state. available closer to the event dates but if Chattanooga, and TACF board member. you are willing to volunteer, contact Jack Exhibit at the Durham Fair Swatt at jswattchestnut@gmail.com. Presentation on Restoration Efforts of September 24-27, 2020 the American Chestnut at Great Hollow Annual Membership Meeting Nature Preserve Presentation on Restoration Efforts of May 2, 2020 at 10 am the American Chestnut at New Canaan June 6, 2020 Library hosted by the New Canaan CT Forest & Park Assoc., 16 Meriden Rd, Great Hollow Nature Preserve, 225 Land Trust Rockfall, CT CT-37, New Fairfield, CT. After the October 17, 2020 at 10:30 am Orchard Plantings in Wallingford, presentation we may walk the trails at Woodstock, and Haddam Neck Great Hollow Nature Preserve looking Walk at one of New Canaan Land Trust for American chestnut sprouts surviving Properties at 12:00 May, 2020 in their forests. 151 Main St., New Canaan, CT. After the We will need volunteers to help with Hike at Bull Hill Preserve, Thompson presentation we will reconvene at one of planting American chestnut seeds in 3 new with Wyndham Land Trust the New Canaan Land Trust Properties to Germplasm Conservation Orchards. We see several American chestnuts surviving are also in the planning stages of possibly June 27, 2020 at 10 am in their forests. planting a seed orchard in Winchester. CT Chapter of TACF Page 8 www.acf.org/ct
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