NATO STO CMRE Presenter Title - UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Presenter
Title
NATO STO CMRE
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 1
JANUS: Why it Matters and the Critical Path Into the Future
João Alves
Principal Scientist / Project Leader at the NATO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 2
Outline
• A JANUS refresher
• Timeline & Activities since 2017
– Exercises
– Interoperability Fest
• The critical path into the future
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 3
JANUS UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 4
JANUS
The first digital underwater
communications standard
• Promulgated March 2017 as STANAG 4748
• 10 years of development by CMRE and partners
• It’s open and free to use (NATO, non-NATO, Military, Civilian)
• Designed to be simple and robust
• Not intended to replace / override manufacturer’s efforts
• Reference implementations in Matlab and C available at:
www.januswiki.org
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 5
Motivation for JANUS
Lack of underwater communications interoperability. Meaning:
• Increased acquisition risks (more manufacturer-dependence)
• Missing connectivity opportunities in a world of increased number
of undersea assets
• Missing on one key NATO mission: force interoperability
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 6
Design drive and history
• Simplicity: The new standard should be simple, easily implemented in “hardware
of opportunity” and provide a baseline capability.
• The waveform should favor robustness instead of performance.
• A “channel 16” of underwater.
• The process started in 2007 with a series of workshops organized by CMRE.
• Different flavors of FSK with chirp preamble were proposed.
• Throughout the following 5 years the specification evolved and eventually
converged into the current form.
• Germany proposed the current Class / User bit allocation structure
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 7
JANUS in a time/frequency plot
80 bps at Fc=11520 Hz
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 8
JANUS Waveform Generation UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 9
JANUS bit allocation table
Bit # Descriptor 0/1 bit set Comments
4 Version number 0011 Unsigned 4-bit integer, Version 3
1 Mobility Flag Fixed/mobile Indicates nature of the transmitting platform
• Schedule flag allows both reserving the If ‘On’ (set to ‘1’), the first bit in the Application
channel & announcing intended repeat Data Block (ADB) indicates if the interval is to
be interpreted as a reservation time (bit set to
interval ‘0’) or a repeat interval (bit set to ‘1’). The time
is specified from (different) look-up tables in
• Scheduled reservation time can be used 1 Schedule Flag Off/On bits 2-8 of the ADB
Tx implies at least the ability to detect energy in
either for cargo data or for other signals band to satisfy the MAC requirements. Tx-Rx
(e.g. analogue) 1 Tx/Rx Flag Tx only/Tx-Rx implies not only detect, but decode capability.
Forwarding Useful for routing and Delay Tolerant
• Schedule times obtained from 1 capability No/Yes Networking
Allows 256 classes of users, mostly individual
exponential lookup tables spanning 10 8 Class user i.d. nations
mins for reservation, 1 year for repeat Determined by Allows 64 different types of message per user
6 Application Type user i.d. class
interval For scheduled transmissions the first 8 bits are
dedicated to defining the nature of the
• MAC is global energy-based Carrier Application Data Determined by schedule (reserved or repeat interval) and time
34 Block user in seconds from a lookup table.
Sensing with random exponential backoff Cyclic Redundancy 8-bit CRC run on the previous 56 bits;
steps 8 Check (CRC) CRC-8-CCCIT
64
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 10Why is JANUS important
• Internet, WiFi etc., all built on standards
• Before JANUS there were no UW digital comms standards!
• We are moving from a paradigm of few high-value manned assets to many low-value
unmanned distributed systems
• Robust and simple implementation
• Possibility to use “hardware of opportunity”
JANUS is not trying to replace existing industrial efforts but rather creating the means
for their co-existence
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 11Debunking a long-standing myth
My Nation is not in the Class User ID Table – We can’t use JANUS
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 12Debunking a long-standing myth UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 13
Debunking a long-standing myth
My Nation is not in the Class User ID Table – We can’t use JANUS
What the National entry in the Class User ID table offers is a provision for NATO
Nations to develop their own “private” message types that may or may not be
shared. All other funcionalities are open and therefore anyone can use JANUS.
While the original idea was to include all Nations in the Class User ID, The
impact of a limited list is minimal!
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 14Ex
CMRE Activity
2017
NATO Exercise
er
cis
Ex e
er RE
cis P1 National (PRT) activity
e
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th
Dy 7
na
m
In ic
te M
ro on
pe ar
ch
2018
ra
Ex bi 17
lity
er Fe
cis
e st
20
RE
P1 18
8
2019 Ex
er
c
In ise
te
r o RE
pe P
ra (M
bi US
Ex
er l i ty )
cis Fe 19
Ex e st
Dy 20
n
2020
er a 19
Ex isec m
ic
er
cis ynD M
an
e am ta
RE i
P( M c 20
M on 20
US a
)2 rch
0 20
2021
Ex
Timeline of Experimental Activities Since 2017
er
Ex cis
er e R
cis E
e P(M
Dy
na US
m )21
ic
M
on
ar
c h
Slide 15
21The REP context
• One of the major European cross-domain experimentation exercises for Maritime
Unmanned Systems. Jointly organized by PRT Navy, LSTS at the Univ. of Porto and CMRE.
• Open to Academia, Industry and Operational Community.
• Long-standing collaboration between PRT Navy, LSTS and CMRE. CMRE are co-organisers of
the REP series since 2014.
• ACT’s Innovation branch has been funding CMRE’s work in REP.
• In 2019, REP became the flagship exercise for the MUS Initiative.
• About 800 service members and civilians involved
• Dozens of unmanned underwater, surface and air vehicles
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 16MULTI
ENVIRONMENT
TESTING GROUND
LOGISTICAL
SUPPORT
SPOD
RWY ASDA
232MTS
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 17REP 17 (June 2017, Portugal) UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 18
REP17
• JANUS data acquisition
• JANUS UNDERWATER AIS
• JANUS CHAT
• JANUS METOC (PRT National-encrypted data)
• JANUS DISSUB
R. Petroccia, J. Alves and G. Zappa, “JANUS-based services for operationally relevant underwater
applications,” IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 994-1006, 19 July 2017.
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 19Exercise Dynamic Monarch 2017
JANUS 3 sec
UT 1min 18sec
0 20 40 60 80
[sec.]
J. Alves et al., "A Paradigm Shift for Interoperable Submarine Rescue Operations: The Usage of JANUS During the Dynamic Monarch 2017
Exercise," 2018 OCEANS - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Oceans (OTO), Kobe, 2018, pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/OCEANSKOBE.2018.8559465.
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 20JANUS – The Definitive Guide
What JANUS is: What JANUS is NOT:
• JANUS is a communications • JANUS is not a buoy
protocol • JANUS is not a product
• JANUS specifies how to translate • JANUS is not a turn-key system
bits into sound
• JANUS is not something you can
• JANUS is a NATO STANAG
buy from CMRE
• JANUS is open and free to use
• JANUS is not a closed solution
• JANUS is an international standard
for digital underwater wireless
communications
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 21The “Valley of Death”
JANUS Interoperability Fest
CMRE
+ Industry
Research labs
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 22The Interoperability Fest
• What:
– A way to help Industry test and cross-validate JANUS implementations
– Collectively iron-out any possible misunderstandings in the technical specifications
• Why:
– Industry are the ones that can and must bring JANUS to the end-users.
– Since early 2017 we have been getting “Where can I buy it?” questions
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 23Objectives
• Jointly test, for the first time, JANUS implementations and interoperability across
different manufacturers
• Advance the state of common understanding of the JANUS technical specification
• Draw lessons learnt that will educate future JANUS work
• Not an evaluation exercise
• Not a competition
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 24The Setup of the activity UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 25
The Setup of the activity UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 26
Channel UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 27
Industrial Participants to the two Interoperability Fests (2018 and 2019): UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 28
REP18/19 Exercises UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 29
CMRE Deployments during REP18
Gateway buoy (x2) CTD Chain Vertical array Wave rider Wave glider (x2)
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 30JANUS activities
– JANUS dataset collection
– Enhanced Underwater AIS picture
– Transmission of distressed information
– Chat
– Use of AUVs in support for Submarine Search and Rescue Operations
Two JANUS systems installed on the Two JANUS systems used from the
Submarine: control station:
• CMRE kit • CMRE kit on one Gateway Buoy
• Wartsila ELAC UT 3000 supporting • CMRE kit on one Wave glider
JANUS
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 31JANUS-based service for AIS and Distress
Info visualized on GUI at the control
station and on the Submarine
JANUS-Based AIS
• Contacts from GPS, AIS, AUVs, operator
transmitted via JANUS to the Submarine
Sparus
ThermistorChain
Waveglider2
GatewayBuoy3
Waveglider1
GatewayBuoy2
Waverider
Sumarine
JANUS-Based Distress
Status and position transmitted from the
Submarine and received at the control station
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 32JANUS-based service for CHAT (WetsApp)
A typical end of day: end of the activities with Submarine coming at periscope depth (PD)
Submarine
reporting position
at depth
Submarine REQ
for AIS, coming at
Control station PD in 20 minutes
coordinating with
bridge to Submarine REQ
report/confirm Visual clearance for an
and Radar contacts area to surface
(not in AIS) to
Submarine
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 33Adaptive comms: fast vs. low-rate communications
Transmitter: SUBMARINE. Receiver: GW1. Date: 18/9/2019
BPSK @ 467 bps
BPSK @ 233 bps
FSK @ 14 bps
JANUS @ 80 bps
BPSK @ 116 bps
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 34Transmitter block diagram
audio file
bits error coding baseband (.wav)
time spreading pulse
+ to
interleaving code shaping
modulation passband
§ Signal suite of 63 different waveforms,
§ Error correction: TCM, LDPC, Turbo, Polar, Convolutional
§ Modulation: 2-PSK, 4-PSK, 8-PSK fast-rate, bandwidth efficient modulation
§ Spreading code: Kasami, lengths 15 and 63
§ Carrier frequencies: 11,5 kHz, 12,5 kHz, 13,5 kHz hardware constraints
§ Bandwidth: 2 - 4 kHz
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 35Experimentation with submarine - JANUS UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 36
So, where are we ?
• It’s clear this is not about being able to communicate
• It’s also clear it’s not about “the best” or “the fastest”
Propose
Revise Develop
We are here !
Reach
Adopt
consensus
Promulgate
How do we keep this wheel spinning ?
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 37Revisiting the motivation and design drive
Lack of underwater communications interoperability. Meaning:
– Increased acquisition risks (more manufacturer-dependence)
– Missing on one key NATO mission: force interoperability
– Missing connectivity opportunities in a world of increased number of undersea assets
• Simplicity: The new standard should be simple, easily implemented in “hardware of opportunity”
and provide a baseline capability.
• The waveform should favor robustness instead of performance.
• A “channel 16” of underwater.
Key Question How much (and what) to standardize ?
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 38What new things can add in subsequent versions ?
• New Frequency Bands
• Additional waveforms
• “Semantic” standardization
• Security
• Compliance
It’s all about tapping into the current basic science efforts and bring them to service”
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 39Additional Frequency Bands
• Janus has one initial frequency band.
• In the Future there will be others
• During an Industrial study conducted in 2014 (before promulgation) , a group of
companies proposed the following:
– 5-7 kHz
– 40-50 kHz
– 50-70 kHz
• More recently, the EDA consortium SALSA proposed
– 24.75 – 31.25 kHz (Industry-backed, posted in the JANUS-wiki)
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 40Supporting other waveforms
Maintain backwards Include additional
compatibility here waveform possibilities
here from a catalog to be
defined:
e.g. 2-PSK; 4-PSK; 8-PSK
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 41Adaptive comms: fast vs. low-rate communications
Transmitter: SUBMARINE. Receiver: GW1. Date: 18/9/2019
BPSK @ 467 bps
BPSK @ 233 bps
FSK @ 14 bps
JANUS @ 80 bps
BPSK @ 116 bps
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 42Transmitter block diagram
audio file
bits error coding baseband (.wav)
time spreading pulse
+ to
interleaving code shaping
modulation passband
§ Signal suite of 63 different waveforms,
§ Error correction: TCM, LDPC, Turbo, Polar, Convolutional
§ Modulation: 2-PSK, 4-PSK, 8-PSK fast-rate, bandwidth efficient modulation
§ Spreading code: Kasami, lengths 15 and 63
§ Carrier frequencies: 11,5 kHz, 12,5 kHz, 13,5 kHz hardware constraints
§ Bandwidth: 2 - 4 kHz
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 43Semantic Standardization
• “Language switching” mechanism
• User application Tables
– Wiki currently has proposals for:
• Emergency (DISSUB)
• UW AIS
• ID16 (NATO REFERENCE)
• ID assignments
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 44Consensus-based algorithms
R. Petroccia, “A distributed ID assignment and topology discovery protocol for underwater acoustic
networks,” in 3rd IEEE OES International Conference on Underwater Communications and Networking
(UComms16), Lerici, Italy, September 2016.
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 45Additional Applications
• A myriad of applications can be thought of
– Beacons for off-shore wind mills
– Diver-machine interactions
– …
– But there is a particular one that could benefit from
standards:
”pinger” operating at 37.5 kHz. The French
Bureau d’Enquêtes et d’Analyses pour la
Sécurité de l’Aviation Civile (BEA) recently
recommended the use of a lower frequency (8.5-
9.5 kHz) for increased range.
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 46Security
• JANUS data can be encrypted
• The fact that the receiver is not imposed allows specific implementations to explore
additional signal features
• CMRE has been using encrypted data packets (AES-CGM)
(Key management underwater remains an interesting problem)
JANUS doesn’t aim at providing covert or below the noise floor comms
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 47Encryption in JANUS
• National Crypto (The METOC example from the REP exercises):
4 1 1 1 1 8 6 1 7 26 8
Vers Mob Sch TxRx Rou Class User ID App. Type Rpt Data BLK Data BLK CRC
Ex. Portugal (234) Ex. 1 Nationally encrypted data
(May continue in the Cargo)
• Other Crypto:
4 1 1 1 1 8 6 1 7 26 8
Vers Mob Sch TxRx Rou Class User ID App. Type Rpt Data BLK Data BLK CRC
NATO (16) Ex. 1 AES encrypted data
or other (May continue in the Cargo)
“transversal”
application
• In any case, header definitions should remain open.
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 48Compliance and Certification
• The JANUS interoperability Fest may become a live compliance / certification event with
the obvious benefits of in situ interaction.
Interoperability Fest participants (2018 + 2019):
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 49Related Initiatives
• NATO Information Systems Technology Research Task Group 174: “Secure
Underwater Communications for Heterogeneous Network-enabled Operations”
(CMRE, GBR, DEU, NLD, NOR, CAN, TUR)
• NATO Industrial Advisory Group 243 “Industrial Perspectives on secure underwater
communications” (co-sponsored by DEU, CMRE and GBR)
• JANUS Workshops
• The UComms community
• The SALSA EDA Project (NLD, NOR, DEU, SWE, FIN)
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 50Engaging the student community ?
• For its simplicity and availability, JANUS could be an interesting teaching/learning tool
• Setting challenges:
e.g. “best” receiver design (Different Metrics like Doppler, SNR could be used)
• Putting different pieces together: for example JANUS + Watermark*
• JANUS datasets
* https://www.ffi.no/en/research/watermark
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 51The critical path into the future
The key element:
YOU !
UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 52UComms Webinar 2020, Dec 4th Slide 53
You can also read
