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Perspective Munich l Concept
Munich: Future Perspective
Strategies, Guidelines, Projects
Munich: Future Perspective
Strategies, Guidelines, Projects
Magazine updating the Perspective Munich report
City Council resolution of 5 June 2013
2 3
Preface
Dear citizens of Munich,
Our city is booming. In 15 years' What has already become clear is Munich is known for being a toler-
Dieter Reiter time, about half a million more that city development sometimes ant and convivial city. This sense of
Mayor of the Bavarian State Capital of Munich people will live in Munich than in involves a bit of tinkering. At any solidarity must also be applied when
1958, when I was born. Munich has rate, it requires an equal amount it comes to city development issues.
nevertheless been able to preserve of patience, skill and a steady
A city that grows dynamically faces enormous its special charm, not least because hand. This is why a hand-drawn In spite of all worries about the
pressure for change. Mobility, housing space, my predecessors have acted re-
sponsibly and with foresight. A key
city impression adorns the cover.
We trust that Munich’s citizens will
rental price trend, increasing traffic
and climate change, we should not
architecture, nature, social aspects – the city task of the administration is to
retain Munich’s unique atmosphere
pitch in and co-operate in forming
their city. Therefore, we decided
forget that changes represent great
opportunities as well. Allow me to
administration is faced with the challenging task for future generations while at the
same time, being open to change.
to publish the Perspective Munich
report as a magazine for the first
refer to Albert Einstein who – as
you know – spent his childhood in
of creating conditions that allow the preservation In the course of an intensive joint
time. On 64 pages we present the
great challenges of the future as
Munich’s Lindwurmstrasse: “Life is
like riding a bicycle. To keep your
of our city’s identity. The cooperation of all city process, the city administration has
updated the existing city develop-
compactly as possible and provide
background information and solution
balance, you must keep on moving.”
departments and the vigorous participation of ment concept and has adapted it to
changing framework conditions. The
strategies. City advisors outline their
biggest future challenges, commit-
Adopting this beautiful metaphor
that so perfectly suits our cyclists
citizens is needed to achieve the best outcome existing subject-oriented guidelines
were extended to include a guiding
ted citizens reveal in interviews how
they will implement our theoretical
capital, I am convinced that our joint
pedalling will pay off and wonderful
for our city and its people. This is why we have principle and four strategic guide- guidelines as real projects, and perspectives will open up for Munich
lines. With the new guiding principle matching figures will demonstrate in years to come.
Perspective Munich! “City in Balance” and the guidelines which elements will undergo the
based thereon, we have created most severe changes. Just as in Yours
reliable signposts allowing us to take our urban development planning,
the right decisions. Citizen partici- topics, projects and participants are
pation is an important foundation to being interconnected, bundled and
create a balance of powers. A key integrated.
principle of Perspective Munich is
thus the ongoing dialogue with our
citizens. The best example of that
was the broadly organised participa-
tion process for updating Perspec- Dieter Reiter
tive Munich in 2012. Mayor of the State Capital of Munich
4 5
Content
Content
Strategy
/ 32 Integrated Strategy
/ 34 History
/ 36 Overall System –
Perspective Munich
Dialogue
/ 38 Guiding Principle – City in Balance
/ 40 Strategic Guidelines
/ 48 Overview of 16 Thematic
Guidelines
Supplement:
Guiding Principle and
Guidelines of
Perspective Munich
/ 24 Dialogue
On-site
/ 26 Quality through Dialogue
/ 28 München Mitdenken
Transition
/ 50 Hot spots for Action
/ 54 Designing with Care
/ 06 City in Transition / 57 One out of Ten!
/ 08 Let’s get started
/ 14 Facts and Figures
/ 18 Urban Development
is no Algorithm
Appendix
/ 66 Letter from the Head of
Department of Urban Planning
/ 68 Imprint
6 7
City in Transition We are the city – and we keep on growing. According to available forecasts, the number of Munich’s inhabitants will increase by about 230,000 by 2030 compare to the figures of 2013. This growth poses immense challenges and crucial questions for the city: How do we retain our quality of life? How do we respond to the lack of affordable living space? How do we solve area conflicts? How do we avoid social polarisation? At the same time, global challenges such as climate change and scarcity of resources require our attention as well. That Munich will change its look is therefore certain. The question is, how will we succeed in meeting the needs of all social groups in these times of radical change? The urban development concept Perspective Munich contributes to expanding and utilising the management and organisation options and creates new impetus while retaining Munich’s core identity. ___ 8 9
City in Transition | Let’s get started
Let’s get
started
At this table in Munich’s City Hall, words are turned into
With Perspective
deeds. It is where members of the City Council of the Munich, we can
State Capital of Munich discuss items and take decisions capitalise on a flexible orien-
/ 01
on a weekly basis – a good place to start the search for tation framework for future
Munich’s greatest challenges. urban development and have
a binding objective that many
departmental plans and
Professor Merk, a newspaper today In light of the pressure on growth the
measures are aligned with.
featured the headline “Munich is Perspective Munich report was sup- Prof. Dr (I) Elisabeth Merk,
bursting at the seams.” What can the plemented by the guiding principle Department of Urban Planning and Building Regulation
urban planning office do against that? “City in Balance”. Where do you see
particularly high risks for the city to
MERK: Growth must be managed. To lose its balance?
avoid growth impairing the quality of
life we need a set of strategies and a MERK: In my opinion, the mobility is-
wide range of measures. At the end of sue is an important key for the further
the day, all urban departments and the development of Munich. This issue
entire urban society are affected. We will decide whether citizens continue
must react to changed requirements to experience a high quality of life. I
with regard to urban construction and would even go further and include the
housing, infrastructure, the education entire greater Munich region in that.
and vocational training system, health These issues can only be tackled in
and care services, and social and cooperation with the surrounding area.
cultural integration. Mobility is a crucial issue here. We
must ensure that the people who fre-
With Perspective Munich we can quent the city can do so well. I do not
capitalise on a flexible orientation frame- think that the motto in the 21st centu-
work for future urban development ry can be to accommodate ever more
and have a binding objective that many and ever bigger cars everywhere.
department plans and measures are Within the inner city areas we can pro-
aligned with. These growth dynamics bably implement innovative concepts,
and the closely affiliated demographic, such as electric mobility, car sharing, / 01 From left to right:
social, economic or also ecological e-bikes, improved suburban transport Rosemarie Hingerl
aspects permeate the urban develop- concepts. Since stagnation is neither Department of Public Construction
ment concept as a central theme. politically nor socially an option, a well Prof. Dr (I) Elisabeth Merk (left)
thought-through public transportation Department of Urban Planning
system – also extending to the greater and Building Regulation
region – must provide strategic relief / 02 Meeting room in the new City Hall
that could not be implemented in the / 02
city alone.
10 11
City in Transition | Let’s get started
MARKWARDT: The strategy in Munich ecologically or demographically desira- We are integrated in the Perspective
has been the same for nearly 60 ble or intelligent. Territory and space Munich committees and contributed to
years – and has now been intensified are finite and the many conflicting in- updating the urban development con-
Due to economic once more: We keep an affectionate terests of urban society are not helpful cept as well. We get involved when
eye on our real estate capital. In other either. People who make a good living it comes to the city administration’s
efficiency and prosperity, words: The normal procedure is to and have a safe job in Munich want management and to the question of
acquire property once you know exact- their environment to change as little how to retain its capacity to act − also
Munich is in great shape; ly what to do with it i.e. you buy today, as possible. Those who arrive in Mu- in future. In the new strategic guideli-
however, we are at risk build tomorrow and sell the day after. nich, however, expect that housing be ne entitled “Foresight and Cooperative
/ 01 Dr Wilfried Blume-Beyerle
Department of Public Security and Order
Here, we acquire properties without created, and seek cultural offers and Management”, the city administration,
of suffocating from our knowing their purpose the day after.
Today we partly benefit from the fact
changes in the social structure. These
expectations often collide. Today we
for instance, has set the goal of esta-
blishing an intensive and transparent
success. that we can resort to properties that
were acquired by the city more than
already have areas in the city where
the people who live there vehemently
dialogue with all stakeholders when it
comes to urban development and de-
Dr Wilfried Blume-Beyerle 100 years ago. Whenever it is possible protest against housing densification. sign. Participation and cooperation are
Department of Public Security and Order to acquire land at reasonable prices, This is a massive problem already: among our key issues. Moreover, we
we take it. On the other hand, we Those people who are established in- make sure that the urban development
hold on to what we already have, un- tend to retain their status quo. That is objectives defined become binding for
Munich is also home to important and less it is already booked for a certain a balancing act that must be managed the city administration.
very successful universities, colleges purpose. Re. barracks: After German by intelligent planning, but which can
and research institutions. All this and reunification, when the federation be achieved by intelligent, powerful
Are there still any areas left for innova- manner. This is why we see the edu- many other factors make Munich at- re-organised its military, we bought decisions.
tive urban development? cation guideline under the aspect of tractive and lure companies as well. all the barracks we could get a hold
equal opportunities, i.e. providing the Only recently, Microsoft has returned of, particularly focusing on residential Mr Kotulek, what is the role of the
MERK: The former military barracks best possible offer to every child. to Munich, while Brainlab moved to construction. Mangerial Board in shaping the future?
that became vacant due to the German Riem. Companies need employees
Federal Armed Forces’ reform pro- In your opinion, what is the most diffi- who in turn must also be able to live When you think about Munich’s KOTULEK: The Mangerial Board is a
cess, for example. Munich seized the cult challenge Munich is faced with? here. This is exactly why we have future, what is your biggest concern? cross-sectional department and as
opportunities that were offered there. conflicting interests that need to be such, of course, deals with strategic
We are planning for an excellent blend SCHWEPPE: We need to perform a solved: Since Munich has hardly any MARKWARDT: The most pressing con- urban development issues as well.
of living and working space for people balancing act: In parallel with qualita- space left to offer, the companies cern is that we are running out of land,
of different age groups as well as va- tive development, we must advance that strive to expand their business or and/or that we cannot develop proper-
rious social and ethnic backgrounds. quantitative development. That means, want to start up here compete with ties in a way that would be politically,
Barrack areas such as in Fürstenfeld- we must build schools and day care residential users who move to Munich.
bruck or Landsberg am Lech would be centres and we must do so in dimen- We have to find solutions here.
outstanding locations to effectively sions we have not applied since the
recycle space and develop a high- 1960s. This can only work based on You have to attract new companies to
quality living and working environment. a cooperation of departments: The Munich on the one hand, but there is a
This would not only relieve pressure Department for Urban Planning must massive lack of space on the other –
on the city of Munich, but also on the provide forecasts, the Department of a dilemma?
entire region. That is why I advocate Public Construction has to push faster
an alliance of regional housing and implementation, the Department of SCHMID: I would rather call it a cycle:
urban development concepts. We can- Finance and Budget must approve fun- No business means no jobs and no
not solve all these problems within ding and the Department of Communal income for the city to finance public
the city alone. Services has to acquire land. There are services. No jobs also means no
many stakeholders; no one can carry need for additional living space. No or
Mr Schweppe, as head of the such weight on their own. very expensive housing space in turn
Department of Education and Sports, stands for labour shortage. I hope
the education guideline is of major Mr Schmid, as second mayor you that the change from an industrial to
/ 04
importance to you. What challenges have also been heading the Depart- a service society will provide some
do you face? ment of Labour and Economic relief here. Significantly more people
Development for the better part of a can be employed per business and/or
/ 02
SCHWEPPE: The education guideline year. How would you describe your office unit in the service sector than in
for us is all about opportunities and experience as Munich’s “economic the space-intensive production sector.
justice, about the quality of education. advisor” during that year? Nevertheless, we must be alert at the
I think the demand for day schools same time. When looking at the big / 04 From left to right:
leads to a new perception of schools, SCHMID: Munich and its region have picture, it is this proverbial Munich Dr Thomas Böhle
to the realization that schooling been prospering economically. Think blend of producing and high-tech Department of Personel Management
comprises many more things, i.e. com- about the clusters in the information companies that explains why Munich / 02 Joachim Lorenz
Dr Ernst Wolowicz
Department of Finance and Budget
petencies that are otherwise predomi- and telecommunication or the biotech is so successful in the first place. Department of Health and Environment
nantly acquired outside of school, such sector. We are currently in the process / 03 From left to right:
as music, culture and sports. However, of significantly supporting the creative Mr Markwardt, the lack of space is a
Brigitte Meier
I do not believe that the guideline we economy as well, which is why we key issue that concerns your depart- / 03 Department of Social Affairs
developed at that time already tackled have now created a competence ment in particular. How do you deal Axel Markwardt
these issues in such a differentiated team that works across departments. with it as a municipal advisor? Department of Communal Services
12 13
City in Transition | Let’s get started
Mr Böhle, how can an HR advisor What challenges does the demogra- – as decided by the city council – by in the community. The decision on to do more for cyclists in general. In procedures and to tackle new projects
succeed in recruiting suitable phic change entail here? 50% in 2030, compared to the values who gets to use a place could be quite Holland we can see what happens if without anticipating results. Artists
personnel when living costs are of 1990. wrong and lead to disputes in the everyone rides a bike and people sud- and creatives have ideal prerequisites
this high? MEIER: A key question here is how we community. This is why I consider it denly no longer know where to put it. to constructively contribute to such
ensure that older people who are poor Which issues is the Health sector a preventive task to establish rules. processes.
BÖHLE: The challenge lies in the tough or at the threshold of poverty can con- focusing on? Dr Küppers how is culture linked to
competition for qualified employees. tinue to participate socially. Of course, The mobility issues was often identi- urban development? The Department of Arts and Culture
Unlike numerous competitors, we are there are nursing homes, old age and LORENZ: In addition to the demogra- fied as a major problem by your spearheads the guideline “Strengthen-
facing the special difficulty that our service centres, but above all there is phic change we concentrate on health peers – that is within your scope of KÜPPERS: When planning cities and ing Culture”. Why is so much weight
32,000 jobs are subject to strict require- a demand for housing space that is prevention for families from disadvan- responsibility among other things, their future development, living and attributed to international cooperation
ments imposed by law and collective affordable and meets the requirements taged social classes who do not have isn’t it? working are not the only aspects here?
agreements. In the city with the highest older people have. There are other the same access to prevention offers you should concentrate on. Action
cost of living, mainly caused the high challenges too, in addition to the in- as members of the educated classes. BLUME-BEYERLE: Securing mobility is concepts that take into account all KÜPPERS: In light of our current, globally
level of rent, HR recruitment becomes creasing numbers of older people. We It becomes increasingly problematic certainly one of the greatest challen- matters of life and co-existence must influenced world it is well-nigh impos-
a special challenge. We try to tackle the are also facing a continued pluralisation that families with children from disad- ges. Due to economic efficiency and incorporate cultural aspects as well. sible to separate the art scene into
issue by using HR marketing measures, of lifestyles and life situations here in vantaged social classes are falling prosperity, Munich is in great shape; We have to explore new paths in cul- purely local centres and affiliations. In
developing our own new training and Munich. City society is growing more by the wayside. The annual school however, we are at risk of suffocating tural urban development, as dialogue parallel with the international work of
study courses and by generously sup- colourful; individualisation progresses, entrance examinations regularly lead from our success. If the population between citizens, cultural and creative institutions, an increasing cultural dif-
porting people in a material respect. family networks are weakened. All this to alarming discoveries. About 12,000 grows, the need for mobility increases stakeholders and investors. We want ferentiation manifests itself within the
For the guideline “Foresight and Coope- coincides with social changes and an children come to us every year, as well. I share Professor Merk’s view to creatively rethink the city and create cities. International and intercultural
rative Management”, we committed to increasing risk of poverty for different many of them with pre-existing health that this will lead to some restrictions new connections between living, aspects blend with one another. These
developing an administration oriented population groups. At the end of the deficits. Obesity, unsatisfactory co- with regard to individual traffic. This working, culture and knowledge. This developments must be taken into ac-
to learning that focuses on the poten- day, it is all about the question of how ordination and lack of exercise play a does, however, not only mean promo- should also include the spirit to explore count by local art promotion measures.
tial of its employees and that together we can retain and promote a caring considerable role here. ting more bicycle traffic. You also have unbeaten paths, to follow different
with a purposeful HR policy meets and committed urban society. The Dr Wolowicz, why is there no guide-
social challenges such as demographic guideline that was developed when Dr Blume-Beyerle, where is the Depart- line on “Finances”?
change and lack of specialists. We see updating Perspective Munich applies ment of Public Security and Order par-
the intercultural opening process of our to the Department of Social Affairs ticularly affected by the consequences WOLOWICZ: In the strategic guideline
administration as an opportunity. to a special degree. At present, we of the pressure through growth? “Foresight and Cooperative Manage-
are also co-developing the “Social” We must build ment” we took into account the
Ms Meier, in light of the social diversi- guideline in cooperation with other BLUME-BEYERLE: We are increasingly increasing importance of financial
ty in our city, the rent cost issue parti- departments. faced with problems regarding the / 02 schools and day care framework conditions for urban de-
cularly challenges the Department of “public space” issue. How do we velopment. Here you now find objec-
Social Services. Mr Lorenz, the Department of Public properly deal with the various usage centres and do so tives with regard to a finance and of
Health and Evironment is a key player requirements regarding public areas? political-economic framework. The pro-
MEIER: In my opinion, the discussion when it comes to future-related issues. We could easily allocate every bit of in dimensions we tection of long-term financial flexibility
on affordable living space for middle- What steps do you take? space in Munich several times over of urban development policy was de-
class families is not just about crea- during the month of July. We must ask have not applied emed a prime purpose. In the long run,
ting housing space in Munich, but LORENZ: We will focus on the topic ourselves: What kind of utilization do this is the most important prerequisite
should rather concentrate on the of “adjusting to climate changes”. we want to have? Which conflicts will since the 1960s. for a successful urban development
idea of a metropolis region. We must That means preservation of fresh air develop? How can they be solved? process.
develop the entire region – both in corridors, reservation of space that is This requires preventive measures
Rainer Schweppe
terms of transport and infrastructure not only intended for recreational pur- when talking about protecting peace Department of Education and Sports
How do you contribute to urban de-
to create a reasonable work-life balan- poses, but generally contributes to the velopment as a city treasurer?
ce. We will not be able to meet these city’s quality of life. The second focus
requirements for all people within is on air pollution control: We might WOLOWICZ: To express it in simple
Munich alone. However, if we tackle have solved the fine dust problem to a terms: Munich must learn to cope
the issue of a metropolis region in considerable extent, but the nitrogen with growth-related stress. We have
a broader sense, we suddenly have oxide problem has not been eliminated The complete interviews: structurally growing expenditures for
completely different development so far. We are way above European / 01 infrastructure investments, for school
opportunities. limits here. However, this is an issue buildings, for day care facilities, for pu-
that cannot only be solved by traffic blic transport as well as for HR matters
planning, but also needs to be tackled in the city administration. Under finan-
by the business sector. This also mat- cial aspects we must decide: Which
ches a key climatic protection challen- infrastructure facilities are required?
ge, namely to reduce CO² emissions www.muenchen.de/perspektive How can they be financed? These are
highly relevant questions determining
the future of the city of Munich.
/ 01 Mayor Josef Schmid
Department of Labour and Interviews by Marco Eisenack
Economic Development
/ 02 From left to right:
Rainer Schweppe
Department of Education and Sports
Dr Hans-Georg Küppers
Department of Arts and Culture
14 15
City in Transition | Munich – Key Figures
A glance at the statistics reveals: Development of space requirements
Munich is facing tremendous challenges Using space more efficiently
Munich –
Munich is a booming city and it will continue to be so. While 650 hectares of barrack, railway, industrial and traffic
areas which had become available could be used for planning and construction purposes over the past 20 years, today
there is only a reserve of about 50,000 housing units. However, by 2030 at least two or three times that much housing
Key Figures
space will be required. Consequently, we will soon be facing bottlenecks in the housing market, particularly when it comes
to publicly funded housing programmes.
How can new areas be generated in a densely populated, growing city?
+26 % The long-term settlement development project “Langfristige Stadtentwicklung” primarily focuses on the qualified densificati-
on of settlements from the 1950s to the 1980s which account for one quarter of all populated areas. In addition, commercial
Advanced age: areas are to be transformed into mixed development areas with a share for new forms of housing, and the development of
+13 % Ages 75 +
urban construction is to be advanced at Munich’s north-eastern outskirts. Still, these measures will not suffice in the long run
2013: 118,000
when it comes to creating enough housing space for all those seeking to live in Munich. In order to meet housing demands
Household formation, +15 % 2030: 148,200
exceeding that limit, the cooperation of the state capital of Munich with its surrounding towns, municipalities and districts in
Working life:
Ages 25 – 39 the region will become increasingly important as they still offer potentials for new housing construction.
2013: 401,700 Primary school:
2030: 454,300 +18 % Ages 6 – 9 Source: “Long-term demographic development”, city council resolution of 17 July 2013
2013: 46,000
2030: 53,200
Secondary level ll,
vocational training: Population forecast 2013 to 2030:
+ 230,000
Ages 16 – 18
2013: 33,100
?
2030: 39,200
= 1.72 Mio
Inhabitants (main and secondary residents)
Development of poverty in old age Number of people, affected by
Seniors: poverty in old age in 2013
Ages 65 – 74 Solidarity with the less privileged
2013: 144,600 Child care:
2030: 154,500 Ages 0 – 2
2013: 43,000
Despite favourable economic conditions and low un-
+7 % 2030: 47,600
employment figures, poverty in Munich is not decrea-
Working life: sing. Causes include lower pension entitlements, the
Kindergarden:
Ages 3 – 5
+11 % Ages 40 – 64 effects of low wage sector occupation and rising rents.
2013: 490,900
2013: 38,600 FH, University In the future we will have significantly higher numbers
Secondary level l, 2030: 567,400
2030: 43,200 Vocational qualification: of older people threatened by poverty – including the
Age 10 – 15 Ages 19 – 24 resulting challenges in all areas of life. These people
2013: 63,300
+12 % 2030: 75,200
2013: 114,200
2030: 131,300 +18 % need support, particularly in a prospering city with high
living costs, such as Munich. By 2020, the number of
people receiving “old-age basic income support” will
+19 % +15 % presumably have doubled compared to 2011.
Demographic development Source: München sozial 2013 (Department of Social Services)
Our population keeps growing, but not to the same extent everywhere and Poverty Report 2011
By 2030, the population of Munich will have risen to about 1.72 million inhabitants. This corresponds to an increase of
almost 15% over 2013. The different age groups are hereby subject to varying growth rates posing very different demands
on the city’s development. While the number of minors will increase by 11 to 19%, there is also a rise in the number of Number of people, affected
by poverty in old age in 2020
people in advanced age groups. The group of people aged 75+ will be subject to the highest increase of all demographic
(forecast)
groups. At 26% their number is increasing by a quarter; in absolute terms, this corresponds to an increase of 118,000 in
2013 to about 148,200 in 2030.
Source: Population forecast of the Bavarian State Capital of Munich, planning forecast 2013-2030
16 17
City in Transition | Munich – Key Figures
Development of rents Development of the choice of transport
Rents will continue to rise Out of the car, on the bike
Between 2002 and 2008, the percentage of distances travelled by principal means of transport has evolved from 10%
to 14% in favour of bicycle traffic. Distances travelled by public transport, have roughly remained at the same
level (21%). Car use has declined to a 37% share. The modal split is – as per definition of the findings of “Mobilität in
Deutschland” – the percentage of distances travelled by the respective principal means of transport.
Source: Mobilität in Deutschland (MiD) [Mobility in Germany] 2002 and 2008
Net base rent in EUR/m² living area
(Private residential construction)
16 10 %
14
21 %
12
28 %
2002
10
41 %
8
6
4 14 %
2 21 %
2008
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
37 % 28 %
17 %
Re-letting year of
As is widely known, property prices in Munich have been soaring for construction, until 1948
years. The high demand for real estate as investment objects additio-
nally pushes prices – with considerable effects on rent levels. Rents Re-letting year of con-
in 2013, when objects were occupied for the first time, were at about struction, starting from 1949 Main means of transport – modal split:
15.40 per square metre. That corresponds to a rise of approximately According to a survey in the frame-
45% in relation to the 1990 value. Publicly funded housebuilding is not First-time occupancy in work of the Radverkehrskampagne
considered in this statistics, but it contributes to prices not rising even the respective year (cycle traffic campaign) 2011 the
more rapidly and is to be promoted more intensively. share of cyclists in the modal split
Source: IVD – IVD Wohn-Preisspiegel, 2014 (Reference object: well situated 70m² apartment) Pedestrians Private Public transport Bicycle amounts to 17%.
motorised
transport and
passengers
18 19City in Transition | Urban Development is no Algorithm
“All those striving to offer
positive prospects to this
‘cosmopolitan city with
a heart’, should ensure that
this phrase does not dis-
Urban integrate into a mere
Development is platitude.”
LaBrassBanda On the one hand the city is to remain
no Algorithm
Brass Punk band attractive and must continue to de-
velop. This concerns many areas that
are generally regarded as the greatest
challenges for the city: economic
competitiveness, both nationally and
internationally, adequate education
and cultural offers, attractiveness by
expertise and the chance to unfold
individual creativity. In general terms,
the goal should be an increase in the
quality of life by means that are both
socially and ecologically sound. The
latter often requires higher invest-
ments, which often pay off on a long-
term basis only.
However, on the other hand we fa-
ce the not less important challenge
that Harlander calls ‘protecting and
Perspective Munich intends to provide answers to the stabilising existing social structures`.
Depending on the perspectives and
future’s most urgent challenges. But what are these Excessive alarmism is surely inappropriate, but
needs of different social groups,
but also affected by individual life
key challenges? We have asked experts and creative we feel that in our growing cities, above all in
Munich, urban societies are more and more
situations, there is a great variety of
impact levels. In the abovementioned
artists in Munich to share their views. drifting apart socially in view of exploding rents
and purchase prices on the property markets.
strained relationship, above all, the
people with lower incomes must not
become excluded social losers, says
Harlander. It was a socially mixed city
that contributed to its attraction in the
Prof. Dr Tilman Harlander first place and filled it with life – in
Housing and Urban Sociologist this connection the sociologist re-
fers to a “deeply rooted charm” that
needs to be preserved in Munich.
The obstacles impairing successful
Tilman Harlander grew up in Schwa- find there at the time”, he says. This urban development are of a diverse
bing and today is one of Germany’s assessment was not at all about a nature. There can be no illusion that
most renowned city researchers. The misplaced desire for romanticism or all problems could be solved satisfac-
sociologist is an expert when it comes preservation, he says, as any city is cer- torily – as solutions were as different
to assessing Munich’s problems and tainly forever changing and therefore as the interests of the inhabitants
opportunities: “During the 1950s and also requires continuous modernisa- behind them. But in Munich it is con-
1960s, I came to appreciate and love tion. But particularly in Munich there sidered a particularly important chal-
the marvellously small, social and was a special tension. lenge, not only to be successful, but
mixed-use urban spaces you could to be social at the same time.
20 21City in Transition | Urban Development is no Algorithm
G
ence factors outside its control. If cer- in the self-perception of the state ca-
tain measures are not implemented, pital and its elected local politicians”,
this might be for reasons that cannot comments Maximilian Heisler of the
be attributed to Munich. interest group “Bündnis bezahlbares
Wohnen”. He is confident that this
Forecasts nevertheless help to reco- can work out: “The proud image of
gnize scope for action and to action Munich’s unique blend should not just
itself. The controlling mechanisms be used as a figurehead, but recogni-
must then become more flexible as zed in its creativity, technicality and
well: Variety, to a certain extent even variety and be actively utilised. Here
complexity, are characteristics for a lie hidden treasures for this city so-
city. But the more open and pluralistic metimes referred to as the “Florence Apart from the immense structural
a society becomes, the more flexible at the Isar river”; and don’t worry, the problems affiliated with the conti-
an administration must be in its plan- general mood is still positive.” nuously increasing population in
ning. It is important that many voices Munich, each inhabitant of this city
are heard and as many stakeholders as A particularly great challenge Munich will be required to further refine and
possible are involved in the decision- faces is, of course, the immense influx strengthen their individual social
making processes. “Transparency of people, one of the most important competence.“
of political measures for the urban factors of demographic development.
society plays a key role, as expressed Amongst other reasons this also
Luise Kinseher
Good seismographs are the state- Munich cabaret artist and actress
ments of creative artists and scientists
who come from Munich or live here.
When asked about future challenges,
nearly all of them bring up the strained
relations between the pursuit for eco-
nomic success and the increasingly wi-
“There is a requirement, or rather, an
dening social gap. “We must not turn
Munich into a habitable, functional ma-
opportunity to implement innovative traf-
chine for optimised, achievement-ori- fic concepts with short-distance mobility,
ented yuppies. Everyone should rather
always be aware of the fact that we improved inter- and multi-modality as-
live in a community, which does not supports the assumption that Munich
have to be profitable at all times, but pects. This is supplemented by sharing will continue countering the German Maximilian Heisler
Bündnis bezahlbares Wohnen (Alliance for Affordable Living)
which always needs to remain huma- trend and generate a surplus of births,
ne and social“, adds Luise Kinseher, offers and the use of electric vehicles in since many young people start their
actress and winner of the Bavarian Ca- families only once they have moved
baret Award 2014. And the Folk Brass motor traffic, two-wheeled traffic, public here. We currently expect a growth
Punk band LaBrassBanda comments: in population of 9% by 2020 and 15%
“It is important that Munich, despite and business transport. Munich offers by 2030. Due to the constant influx
all its economic success, does not lose of young people and the surplus of
sight of its heart and gemütlichkeit.” good basic conditions and has a sound births Munich’s urban society hardly The share of people with migration
ages. However, a strong rise is to be background, which at the end of 2014
Within both areas, urban development starting position.” expected in the group of people of was at 41%, will continue to rise as
is primarily faced with the key question advanced age. Numerically strong co- well. In the children and young people
of control possibilities and capabilities. horts grow to old age, life expectancy group, this value has been twice as
And what applies to all areas is: Many fortunately continues to increase as high and thus already much higher
factors cannot be influenced in the first Prof. Dr-Ing. Klaus J. Beckmann well, and with it the demand for age- anyway. Adapted educational offers
place. The development of a city such President of the Academy for Spacial Research appropriate living and for a barrier-free will therefore be required, as well as
and Planning (ARL)
as Munich, with its large, international- city. This is just one of the reasons measures aiming at generating equal
ly working companies and its strong why the public suburban traffic should opportunities, such as access to the
tourism sector, also depends on global be developed further. education system.
economic developments that are bare-
ly foreseeable. The aforementioned problem of the in- At a national level we see a general
creasing social gap directly influences trend towards increasing differences
The economic crisis of 2008, for in- this development too: Many older in income. Usually, older people and
stance, revealed how quickly forecasts people are threatened by poverty in people with migration background are
can become void – the city’s finances old age and depend on rents not being the most negatively affected. Eleven
can thus change rapidly due to influ- increased or only to a minimum extent. percent of Munich’s households cur-
22 23City in Transition | Urban Development is no Algorithm
It’s not enough to insulate
rently live in poverty – the number of
children who receive advance alimony individual houses and install
more efficient heating here
payments has nearly doubled from
3,300 to about 5,700 between 1999
and 2008.
Influx, increasingly diverse lifestyles and there.“ “If Munich is no longer affordable for
and less and less space for new buil-
dings have led to considerable price
Patrick Illinger
craftsmen, we have a massive problem.
pressure hard to counter with free
market means. Potential areas for new
Head of Science with Süddeutsche Zeitung
Eventually my children will visit the country
housing construction are extremely
scarce. instead of the zoo and say: ‘Look daddy,
With the project “Langfristige Sied-
a plumber! Over there – a carpenter!’”
lungsentwicklung” (Long-term settle-
ment development) solutions for the Mehmet Scholl
foreseeable bottleneck in settlement Former Bayern München football professional
and Munich citizen by choice;
space are being looked for. The key more efficient heating here and there”. published in Süddeutsche Zeitung, 6 June 2014
question here is: Which planning stra- Planning of settlement and housing There must be an overall concept
tegies allow for a socially balanced structures here must go hand in hand that integrates mobility, resource and
housing policy on suitable areas? The with the planning of public transporta- energy consumption and takes into
Department of Urban Planning and tion systems. “As a growing city and account the lifestyles of citizens. Re-
Building Regulations had various stra- region, Munich increasingly requires ferences to the ecological significance
tegies examined by experts in these a co-ordinated development of settle- of own actions, according to Illinger,
areas: densifying existing residential ment and transport issues”, says Klaus should – as far as possible – be
areas with the objective to improve the J. Beckmann, President of the Acade- perceived as ‘favourable’. What we
housing offer, a strategy for city and my for Spacial Research and Planning. need are concrete individual incenti-
landscape-compatible settlement and “People must be equally aware of the ve systems to prevent the waste of
free space development at the outs- dearth of space and of transport ca- valuable resources.” The problem de-
kirts, and restructuring commercially- pacity bottlenecks in road and railway finition is global in this case, however,
oriented city districts to achieve higher systems which cannot be easily elimi- its implementation must be managed we position ourselves well and create In a diverse urban society it can no
residential use. nated.” predominantly at a local level. incentives for new companies as well. longer be assumed that all challenges
Among other things, this requires an equally concern all of its members.
Sociologist Harlander considers Munich The steadily increasing number of Even if framework conditions are sub- intact infrastructure as well as a ge- Depending on the perspectives and
quite well-prepared: “My wish is that commuters already shows that the ject to permanent change: Numerous nerally positive image of the city and needs of different social groups, but
the city of Munich continues to develop readiness to accept longer distances challenges are not new but represent metropolitan region of Munich. also affected by their individual life
its pioneering role − widely recognized grows as well, irrespective of the ongoing topics in Munich’s develop- situations, this leads to quite different
at a national level − in further stabili- means of transport. This in turn leads ment. This includes, for example, that These are by far not all the challenges impact levels.
sing social cohesion within its urban to an increased environmental impact, companies based in Munich receive the state capital will face in coming
society, in particular with the instru- above all due to increased CO² and location-related benefits. Independent years – some might not even be Munich’s future challenges provide the
ment of a ‘socially compatible use of noise output. There is no doubt that studies have proven that Munich’s known yet. Important key words of the foundation of the guiding principle as
land’ (SoBoN).“ further planning must be based on a position is excellent, both at a natio- future are, for example, knowledge well as of strategic and thematic gui-
holistic concept in cooperation with nal and international level. Its eco- economy, multi-functionality of public delines, based on which Perspective
regional communities. nomic development is described as space, reacting to special needs in in- Munich formulates answers for the
dynamic, while the quality of life and dividual districts where challenges can future. / CL
This admittedly requires superordinate environmental standards are high. In be most divers in nature. This again
ideas that tackle several problems at the course of liberating international takes us back to the starting point:
the same time. Patrick Illinger, Head trade we must, however, ensure that Munich’s original charm must be pre-
of the science department of Süddeut- served, and a high identification of its
sche Zeitung comments for instance: citizens both with their city and their
“Lowering energy and resource direct neighbourhood is enormously
consumption of a city must not be helpful. This can only be achieved if
attempted only on a small scale. An ur- people are included in the future de-
ban area is an interconnected system, velopment of their city and commit to
almost an organism. It is not enough it. This would ensure that Munich can
to insulate individual houses and install retain the state-of-the-art and remain
true to its traditions at the same time.
24 25Dialogue Every urban society is a market of the most varied interests as well. Citizens, companies, policy-makers, administration representatives – all these stakeholders have their particular expectations with regard to their city. However, when pressure on growth is high, these needs increasingly collide. An open and comprehen- sive exchange of interests helps to gather important knowledge, thus creating the require- ments for optimum decisions to be taken in each individual case. Public relations and an active culture of participation are hence key elements of Perspective Munich. A core principle is to establish a culture of open and in-depth dialogue with citizens and social groups as early as possible. Perspective Munich means planning in progress. ___ 26 27
Dialogue | Quality through Dialogue
Quality
Planning-related public relations and the involvement
of citizens are fundamental prerequisites for sustainable
urban development, where as many interests as
possible are incorporated.
through
Dialogue setting up the Maxvorstadt arts area, a
new instrument was introduced with
the citizen appraisal that is perfectly
suited for answering questions with an
expected to provide internet-based
options to inform transparently and to
include citizens in the decision-making
process. The “muenchen-mitdenken.
overall impact. 100 participants who de” project functioned as a beacon,
were randomly selected among the allowing for comprehensive online par-
population register, compiled the app- ticipation when updating Perspective
C
raisal with the goal of better exploiting Munich, in addition to the existing offli-
Entitled “Zukunft findet Stadt” (City of Planning-related public relations form the potential of the area that is so im- ne elements.
the future), the Department for Urban the basis of a successful citizen par- portant for the arts and culture.
Planning and Building Regulations ticipation – a feature that looks back Increased participation also means mo-
organises an exhibition on current on a long tradition in Munich. As early Social changes become increasingly re time, more funding and more com-
issues and questions at the beginning as in 1968, Mayor at that time, Hans visible: Citizens today seek more acti- munication expertise within the admi-
of every year. The scope ranges from Jochen Vogel, brought Munich’s “pa- ve participation in planning processes. nistration. The more people involved in
living conditions via monument protec- nel for urban development issues” to Surveys confirm that more and more the decision-making, the more compli-
tion, all the way to city shape and city life. Since 1972, the city has financed people feel that important decisions cated and more complex the process
centre concept issues. The interest of a non-profit association as interface are taken over their heads. A wide can become. Special workshops and
Effective “planning in pro- people in the exhibition and the com- between citizens, administration and bandwidth of contribution options a panels often reveal that interests signi-
prehensive framework programme politics of urban development with the well as starting discussions and parti- ficantly diverge. Since not all conflicts
gress” can only succeed has been growing constantly since ‘Munich Forum’. cipation as early as possible improves can be eliminated, the acceptance of
when based on reliable 1999: In 2015, nearly 19,000 people mutual understanding, allows both democratically-taken decisions is part
information and long-term visited the exhibition “Innenstadt wei- Independent of the formal participa- sides to react and thereby puts plan- of the participation process as well.
terdenken” and using approximately tion steps as stipulated by building ning on a sustainable basis. If citizens
oriented communication. 6,000 sticky notes, left a great variety law, an increasing number of informal are informed about projects promptly, For this, Head of Department of Urban
of ideas and comments on the city procedures are established in today’s invited to participate and co-determine Planning Elisabeth Merk, happily calls
centre’s development. building management. When planning decisions, this leads to qualitatively on the following formula: “The ob-
the Bayernkaserne, or the Au-based better results. In addition, an increased jective should be: Quality for the city,
In order to interest young people Paulaner Area for instance, the classic acceptance of these decisions results through dialogue about the city.” / ME
in architecture and urban develop- competition process was combined in continuous interest that future pro-
ment planning, the “Münchner with an extended participation tool. jects benefit from as well.
Centrepiece of our public relations Schulwettbewerb”(Munich school Citizens were already involved prior to
efforts is the so-called “PlanTreff” that prize) is awarded once per year. About the competition’s start, so that their Formats and limits are co-ordinated at
was launched at the start of Perspec- 450 children and young adults create suggestions could be included in the the beginning of the participation pro-
tive Munich in 1995 as information visions for their Munich every year. tendering process. As part of work- cess. In projects that affect the entire
centre for urban development. Infor- shops, the competition results were city, different public relations instru-
mation on planning, projects and ur- For urban planners it is also important later revised against the background ments and components and their par-
ban development issues is organised to take issues beyond their technical of the joint recommendations by the ticipation forms interlink. The district
comprehensively in line with citizens’ everyday ones into account. The jury, politicians and the public. When committees in the districts play a sub-
needs in the form of publications and “Münchner Gespräche zur Stadtbau- stantial role in involving people on-site
exhibitions there. Numerous events kultur” (Munich’s discussions on the and representing local interests.
and hand-on formats for different tar- culture of urban development) outline
get groups facilitate and promote dia- the greatest planning and development The possibilities of the internet today
logue at eye level. Cooperation with challenges from different points of multiply and accelerate communicati-
universities, institutions and other view within society. Head of Department on. Social media, apps and blogs are
cities provides new impetus and helps of Urban Planning Merk hereby invites more and more effectively used – by
urban stakeholders to look beyond people from different walks of life to citizens and as well as by professional
their own planning horizons. join the public discourse twice a year. stakeholders. The administration is
28 29München ➳
Workshops, events and an online
dialogue platform – many components
MitDenken contributed to delivering the desired
outcome.
problems can be pointed out that have
so far been neglected in individual
districts. The active participation at the
same time depicts where the greatest
Under the motto “München cross-district challenges lie and deli-
MitDenken”, updates to vers tangible trends that avoids urban
planning over people’s heads. The
Perspective Munich were the process via various workshops. An participation of citizens can thus affect
discussed with the general intercultural team of experts discussed real projects as well as the strategy be-
public and other stake- with citizens and people with migration hind them. Another important aspect:
background what they would desire The dialogue widens people’s perspec-
holders in the spring of 2012 for their future in Munich, while the tives and helps them to appreciate the
via a cross-media participa- regional planning association debated interests of others as well.
cooperation and participation possibili-
tion process – a dialogue
ties in the region. For the first time in the discussion on
about the fundamental goals Munich`s Perspective an online portal
of urban development. An external council accompanied the was created where citizens could par-
process of updating Perspective Mu- ticipate in updating the urban develop-
nich together with the city council’s ment concept. This electronic pin wall,
political groups and administration named www.muenchen-mitdenken.
At the end of the evening 88 post-its representatives. In the course of 15 de collected another 450 ideas, 1,600
adorned a two-metre wide pin wall and workshops in total, various debates comments and over 12,000 evaluati-
that was only the beginning. The pro- were initiated in different commit- ons in the period between 16 April and
posals for the state capital’s future we- tees, points of view shared, contents 11 May 2012. All contributions were
re as concrete as they were held gene- developed, scrutinised, approved – or evaluated later, documented and inte-
rally, from the noise reduction tunnel discarded again. The update draft that grated into the long-term urban deve-
at Tegernseer Landstrasse in Giesing developed in this way formed the lopment concept. The proposals on the
all the way to solar energy settlement basis of the dialogue and discussions website were moderated and general
projects for all of Munich. They all con- with the general public. as well as cross references to similar
tributed to advancing urban develop- ideas were made.
ment as part of Perspective Munich. As early as in March, former mayor
The Anton Fingerle educational centre Christian Ude had kicked off the “pu- Overall, discussions on the internet
in Giesing hosted the first event in a blic phase” at Munich’s Literaturhaus. were also led extremely constructively.
row of three public city meetings on As a round table event with the pro- The many, mainly official but private
23 April 2012, where the people of vocative title “Boomtown Munich – Is comments as well, led to another
Munich could contribute their ideas. success eating up its children?” he significant effect – a greater measure
This was followed by two other, equal- discussed the challenges of a dynami- of understanding of the things that are
ly well attended meetings in Hadern cally growing city with scientists and possible and feasible when it comes to
and in Milbertshofen. Children and citizens as podium guests. urban development planning. The on-
young people were also involved in line option had furthermore increased
For the state capital Munich the dia- the number people participating in
logue on the future of the city is the
basis of its actions. Nobody knows the
city with its minor and major problems
better than its inhabitants. The more
intensive the participation, the better
30 31Dialogue | München MitDenken
/ 01
The most important findings
in the public phase:
Munich’s people are, above all, concerned
about the quality of life in their city as a
consequence of its growth. The discussion
has been and remains controversial, for
example, the desire for affordable housing
on the one hand and the wish to protect
established structures against subsequent
densification on the other. The challenge of
integrated urban development planning is to
balance such opposing interests.
Other key issues in Munich (selection):
–– More participation in decision-making the PlanTreff at Blumenstrasse and and organisation phase. We succee-
processes also granted the option of presenting ded in addressing a broader public
–– More quality when implementing new their ideas themselves and in greater and in leading a lively discussion on
building and subsequent densification detail − as for instance the most po- Munich’s urban development”. The
/ 01 projects
pular proposal with 323 supporters fact that the city hereby utilised the
–– Development and revaluation of public to preserve the Boarding School at idea of an online survey was positively
transport as well as pedestrian and
bicycle traffic Hochstrasse in its existing form. It recognised even nationwide: In May
/ 01 Participation on-site turned out the initiators were not 2013, Head of Department of Urban
–– Retaining attractive green areas
/ 02 Participation on-line only concerned about this individual Planning Merk received the “Online
–– Improving the offer of day care facilities
Using the “muenchen-mitdenken.de” site
and youth leisure activities
school, but that they were focusing Partizipation 2013” main prize for the
citizens were equally able to contribute ideas
on the principle of offering good edu- “München MitDenken” initiative in the
–– Shaping public space
cation to single parent children and federal capital. “The project is charac-
–– Improving regional cooperation
to people with lower incomes and terised by its high level of participation,
unfavourable working hours. At the a positive media resonance and good
same time, this again confirmed the public relations during the entire pro-
thesis that citizens’ requests almost cess. “The successful blend of online
automatically served a concrete and and offline elements is remarkable”,
the discussion: A survey revealed a general purpose. Other often sup- was one of the reasons provided by
/ 02 that 57% of participants had not heard ported proposals were among others: the jury. During the award ceremony,
about Perspective Munich before. “100,000 new trees”, “A new cir- Merk announced the city’s intention to
cular track for the public transport intensify its communication with peop-
On 30 July 2012, Head of Department system”, “optical sustainability for le in future. / CL
of Urban Planning , Elisabeth Merk, new buildings - more beautiful new
was delighted to personally meet houses” – to name a few.
some of the people who had provided
ideas: The authors of the 15 most After conclusion of the online dialogue,
successful proposals were invited to the page was archived including all
its information and contributions
and can still be accessed today via
www.muenchen-mitdenken.de.
After evaluation of the public phase
and the detailed feedback, the City
Council decided to update Perspective
Munich on 5 June 2013. The coun-
cillors were not only presented with
the documentation of the public par-
ticipation, but the strategic guidelines
were revised as suggested by the
public. Even if most city districts were
focusing on concrete on-site requests,
both in meetings as part of the www.
muenchen-mitdenken.de online dia-
logue, some citizens felt the need to
word the guidelines less bureaucra-
tically – hoping to attract even more
people as a result.
The evaluation report came to a posi-
tive conclusion: “The proactive parti-
cipation confirmed the considerations
during the public conceptual design
32 33You can also read
