METADISCOURSE AS RHETORICAL STRATEGY IN YOUTUBE REVIEW VIDEOS
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3rd English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Electronic ISSN: 2579-7263
Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 3, 2019) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549
METADISCOURSE AS RHETORICAL STRATEGY IN YOUTUBE
REVIEW VIDEOS
Nadya Sivanya Rheisa
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta - Indonesia
nadyasivanyarheisa@gmail.com
Abstract
Following that of Ädel’s approach namely reflexive metadiscourse, this paper investigates the
use of metadiscourse in computer mediated communication, specifically those review videos
which has been gaining popularity lately as source of information. Metadiscourse is generally
seen as commentaries towards the language that is employed to construct the discourse.
Reflexive approach emerges as an attempt to challenge previous theories which (unlike the
conventional ones) only include references inside the current discourse involving current
addresser, addressee(s), and current discourse. The study found 4 metadiscourse classifications
and 21 discourse functions performed by speakers in three selected video. Furthermore, as there
are tendencies in researching academic written discourse, I wish to explore the spoken non-
academic one to provide a fresh contribution regarding the topic. I discover that the markers
employed in CMC are less formal than those of the previous studies concern to both written
and spoken academic metadiscourse.
Keywords: Metadiscourse, reflexive metadiscourse, youtube, rhetorical strategy, youtube
review videos
Introduction purposes. Experts suggest that this tendency
One essential thing we need to ensure when due to the belief that written publication is a
communicating our thought is whether people proof of someone’s flair in their major. A
are able to catch the idea; otherwise, the person with great writing skill and experience
utterances would be left worthless. In would likely be easily recognized and more
opposite, if our message is often successfully hire material.
delivered it will shortly be rhetorically However, those statements could no longer
forceful. This has underlain the linguists comply with today’s generation. The rapid
interest in exploring the branch under the development of technology gives birth to
study of discourse analysis namely more and more video-based media which
metadiscourse. For the past few decades, a serve quick effortless access to everyone. The
number of theories and research have been fact that those media are not bound by time
composed in regard of the topic. Today as the and space is such an improvement that is hard
era shifts to modernity the study of to resist. It leads us to the conclusion that
metadiscourse is challenged to seek whether writing is not the only method people could
the existing theories are still compatible with use to approach others nowadays. Therefore,
the current fact. it is time to realize that verbal forms of
Metadiscourse is described as a discourse discourse need immediate concern as public
about discourse [1]. It scrutinizes the relations speaking is also as powerful as written
between the writer and both the text and its publication.
reader in a discourse. Related studies have Although Ädel [2] and Correira [3] have
compared how one writer differs to another in attempted at observing metadiscourse
terms of the metadiscourse use in articles, strategy on academic speech, speeches via
journals, abstracts, theses, and any other computer-mediated-communication still
writing forms specifically those of academic remain unexplored. YouTube is one platform
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Nadya Sivanya Rheisa3rd English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Electronic ISSN: 2579-7263
Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 3, 2019) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549
people use to spread any ideas they are exclusively interpersonal model is considered
having. Each year the popularity of this social more reliable.
channel is getting stronger. Monetized The term reflexive metadiscourse which is
account is one reason underlies it. People promoted by Annelie Ädel is a breakthrough
make content on YouTube are paid per a in metadiscourse study when the majority of
thousand view on their published videos. It is related research still loyally employ Hyland’s
said that the earning is moderately promising theory of the interpersonal model. A critical
for someone develop a career here. This fact review toward this new approach believes that
is adequate for a further study to be conducted the theory has brought to sharper emphasis
Consequently, this research aims to seek and method of the metadiscourse analysis [6].
the functions of metadiscourse used as Ädel’s model focuses on the metalinguistic,
rhetorical strategy employed in the product expressive and directive functions of
review videos by three selected YouTube language following Jakobson’s linguistics
channel owners. Aforementioned to that the functions [7]. She designs a reflexive triangle
appearing metadiscourse will first be to describe her model.
classified to a particular type. Moreover, as
there are a lot of numbers of metadiscourse Fig. 1.
analysis concern to written and lately a few Ädel’s reflexive triangle
spoken form of academic related topic, this
research eager to compare the results of the
previous studies to the current findings.
Metadiscourse is described as a form of
advance writing [4]. It shows that a writer
concerns to how their reader might grasp the
ideas they are conveying. They also note that
metadiscourse depicts the way the writer
interacts with its readers. The already
conducted research are mostly associated to
academic genres since the utterance producers
are anticipated to lead their audiences through
the discourse [2]. Currently, the model that is
frequently employed in most metadiscourse-
related study is still the Hyland’s The figure above illustrates three main
interpersonal, following Halliday’s function points of the reflexive triangle including
of language, distinguishing between current text or the discourse, current writer/
interactional and interactive. speaker persona, and real or imagined
The analysis of metadiscourse has begun to audience [7]. However, the most important
emerge dated back in the 80’s. Dovoodi [5] thing to highlight here is the meaning of the
stated Williams and Vande Kopple had term ‘current’ used to describe the three
attempted to construct the definition for the points considering that any references to
expression by “discourse about discourse, and entities in the ‘real world’, outside the world
communication about communication”. Then of discourse are excluded. Ädel proposes 22
Swales still in Davoodi [5] went more functions of metadiscourse which are
specific, such as “writing about the evolving categorized into five classifications.
text rather than referring to the subject Principally within the taxonomy she has
matter”. Metadiscourse model was initially extended from her previous research,
categorized into ‘interpersonal’ and ‘textual’ distinctions between metatext and audience
until Hyland proposed that the gap between interactions are drawn.
the two is often overlapping and therefore the
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Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 3, 2019) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549
Metatext focuses on the use of computer seen as a tool and expected “to
code/discourse itself, while audience provide alternative contexts for social
interaction primarily toward the audience. interaction as well as facilitate access to
Metatext is divided into three classifications existing discourse communities”.
namely Metalinguistic Comments, Discourse Furthermore they explain that aside from
Organisation, and Speech Act Labels. On the academic related topic, the existing findings
other hand, audience interaction marks in CMC research is rather text-based than
another classification, References to the comprising image and voice. The platform of
Audience. discourse which nowadays are attempting
Each classification then includes some more exploration on the video form that later
functions. The distribution is as follows: uploaded in the internet is very intriguing to
a. Metalinguistic comments which analyze.
include repairing, reformulating, YouTube is a prominent model of the
clarifying meaning, and managing current CMC platform. Having a television-
terminology like concept, YouTube offers more freedom
b. Discourse organization such as for its users to choose their own channels to
managing topic includes introducing watch. Interestingly, the channels and actors
topic, delimiting topic, adding to are anyone’s made with barely no restriction.
topic, concluding topic, marking Some channels gain international recognition
asides. Managing phorics includes as well as the content makers. They become
enumerating, endophoric marking, the ambassadors of any fields they are
previewing, reviewing, and specialized at as their strong influences
contextualizing determine the decisions of their followers.
c. Speech act labels that involve both Those figures include Jeffree Star, Tati
arguing and exemplifying, and last Westbrook, and Jaclyn Hill who are
d. References to the audience consist of internationally renowned as beauty
managing comprehension, managing enthusiasts reviewing newest beauty products
discipline, anticipating response, marketed all over the world.
managing the message, and imagining These three are chosen as they are
scenarios considered veterans in beauty world. They
Metalingual
Comment
Metadiscourse functions and No Code Data C Explanation
classifications above are the adjusted version R R C M
L
p f M T
which are allegedly more extensive version F
1. TW/0 Don't √ She
from the taxonomy proposed by Ädel in 2006. 4.55- personally
take
The CMC trend is one of the results of the 05.10 it as likes how the
technology growth. It stands for Computer you product
have applies on her
Mediated Communication or some also use to run skin.
the term Computer-based Media and However, the
Communication, either way means the same. buy it high price tag
makes her
Simpson [8] argues that CMC is a new both hesitate to
form of discourse and way of learning. For recommend
several years now most research in CMC is people to buy
it as there are
dominated by its contribution to teaching and a lot of
learning, academic related just as in the case options for
of metadiscourse study. the same
product for
In the study of CMC it is important to see reasonable
the role of computer in the discourse. Kern price
and Warschauer [9] suggest that here the
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Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 3, 2019) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549
even earn a nickname beauty guru for their Table 1.
enthusiasm in beauty industry. On YouTube The Form of Data Sheet for Metadiscourse
Classifications & Functions in YouTube Review
their channels have gained millions of Videos
subscribers who always keenly watch every TW: Tati Westbrook Rf: Reformulating
beauty news from them. Billions of YouTube JH: Jaclyn Hill CM: Clarifying meaning
users have watched their videos counted since JS: Jeffree Star MT: Managing Term
no less than five years. As they also gain Rp: Repairing CLF: Commenting on
Language Form
popularity in person, they often launch their
own beauty products and benefit from their
The primary instrument of the research
big name in the industry branding.
was the researcher herself and data sheets as
addition for note taking. The model of the data
Methodology
sheet is provided above. A single sheet was
The data of this research are taken from the
designed for one type of metadiscourse and
review videos recorded and published online
the possible functions. Therefore, as there
by three beauty gurus mentioned earlier in
were four types, I employed four kinds of
previous chapter. The minimum unit of the
sheets created for note-taking. The codes were
data is in the form of words and the largest is
always preceded by initials shows the
discourses used as metadiscourse markers. I
utterance maker and then followed by the time
started the data collection by selecting the
of the data occurrence. The technique of
YouTube beauty guru channels which had
analysis started with classifying the data to the
more followers than the average beauty
type, then analyzing the function, after that
influencers. Then, I searched for videos which
discussing the findings in a specific chapter
provide CC (closed-caption) or subtitles. The
and finally reporting the results of the
review videos were selected under several
research.
criteria such as: equipped by transcription, not
a self-launched product review, no longer
Findings and Discussion
than 30 minutes, and not an endorsement
This chapter is divided into four sections due
product review.
to four classifications of metadiscourse found
The next step was examining if the
on the data. Regarding the functions of
provided transcripts matched the actual
metadiscourse, I found twenty-one different
utterances in the videos, some changes were
functions. All of those I present under the
done. Each videos were around fifteen
metadiscourse classification they belong to.
minutes long. I eventually selected three
videos including Jeffree Star “JELLY
Metalingual Comments
HIGHLIGHTER...?! TESTING WEIRD
The first three classifications concern to the
MAKEUP”, Tati Westbrook “CRYSTAL
inside discourse means the code employed to
LASH TOPCOAT … WTF”, and Jaclyn Hill
construct discourse. Metalingual comments
“KKW/KYLIE COSMETICS SWATCHES
focus more on the relation and meaning
& REVIEW”. I began observing the selected
between sentences. The data which are
video one by one and noted the metadiscourse
categorized in this classification composed by
markers in the review videos. As there were
five functions such as repairing,
four metadiscourse classifications, I
reformulating, clarifying meaning, managing
scrutinized each video four times, each time
terminology, and commenting on linguistics
was focusing on one classification.
form/ meaning. The most frequent functions
found in the data is clarifying meaning and
commenting on linguistics form/meaning.
Clarifying meaning is benefitted to convey
speaker’s actual objective so that audiences
are not misled. However, it inserts examples
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Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 3, 2019) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549
to specify the meaning of previous discourse review slash (/) swatches demo and kind of a
and does not include interaction with first impression-esque on the..” which
audience. For example, in Jaclyn Hill (JH) indicates that she attempted on putting a label
(JH/00.05-00.07): “I’m so grateful to be on the activity she was about to do in the
receiving free makeup, but that in no way is video. The annotation ‘which is’ are
going to shape my opinion”. She provides appearing twice also in JH’s video those are
clarification that even though she was sent the (JH/05.28-05.30): “this is (shade) ‘Kimberly’
product by the company itself, the review she which is the one I/m currently wearing” and
made is honest. More from JH (06.42-06.46): “this is the shade ‘Kim’ which is more peachy
“I know I said the first one was my favorite one”. Another one of the kind showed in her
but that might’ve been because I hadn’t tried video is (JH/03.56-03.60): “we’ve just been
the second.” Here she redesigns her own kind of taught like liquid lipsticks are dry…”
utterance about her preference. Other findings Repair is a common event occurring in a
include: natural language processing. The term
repairing here means providing alternative to
(TW/00.40-00.44): It has a doe foot applicator you evaluate or correct the already uttered
guys what on earth I mean you could put this on expressions. By repairing the utterance,
your lips
speakers wish to cancel the preceding concept
(TW/06.17-06.19): you can’t really see it so much
out here but it’s really beautiful they have mentioned and hence take account
(JH/06.06-06.10): it definitely did fade; it wasn’t of the new one. There are two data found
completely gone but it fades which is fine. during analysis function as repair. The first
one is by JH when she explained the finish
Next function to be discussed is look of the formula the lipstick she was
commenting on linguistics form/meaning. reviewing has, (JH/04.19-04.27): “they’re not
These commentaries refer to the linguistics gonna be matte whatsoever. I mean they are
form, meaning and word choice. When kind of matte but not matte like an actual
describing the container in which the liquid lipstick”. The other datum found in
reviewed product came, Jeffree Star (JS) TW’s video where she changed her mind and
(00.58-01.01) said: “this isn’t a compact this uttered another term to explain her impression
is kind of jar I guess we call it”. We see that toward the lash product she reviewed,
he is hoping his proposed term represent the (TW/00.57-00.59) “it would be fabulous I
actual container. Another datum uttered by JH mean it’s kind of cool putting it on your lid as
has the same purpose (JH/04.14-04.19): well”.
“they’re actually are more just like lipsticks The last metadiscourse function in this
that are liquid and creamy. Does that make class is Reformulating is used for suggesting
sense?”. Clearly she is wondering if she other forms of expressions which rather
explains well therefore she feels the urge to enhance the significance of the utterance than
make comment on her own saying. fixing it. The datum represents this function,
for example, is from JH’s video (JH/03.35-
(JS/04.49-04.51): okay people I really don’t know 03.40): “a cream liquid lipstick or a crème
what I want to talk about it liquid lipstick depending on how ‘boojee’ you
(JS/09.44-09.46): that’s the exact same
want to be with your wording”. One new
‘complaint’, if you will
version of the previously stated term is given
there using a French accent rather than
Sometimes in a discourse we express some
English. Unfortunately, I did not find any
concepts and we would like to mention
other data in the three videos I observed.
appropriate term to label them. Managing
Terminology allows the speakers to act so. For
example, Jaclyn Hill in her opening act
(00.05-00.07), states: “we’ll be doing a
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Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 3, 2019) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549
Discourse Organization her topic, (TW/00.11-00.16): “what we have
As how this classification is being labelled, to chat about today is a glitter topcoat by
discourse organization focuses on the topic Estee Lauder”. Moreover, for adding topic
arrangement inside discourses. Discourse she said, (TW/00.44-00.46): “maybe we’ll try
organization differs the term managing topic that, too”, here to represents addition.
from managing phoric. Topic management As introducing topic functions well in
comprises a set of discourse functions CMC discourse, speakers also tend to have
including introducing topic, delimiting topic, concluding topic; both phenomena are
adding topic, concluding topic, and asides considered common and natural to begin and
marking. Meanwhile, managing phorics deals end topics in a discourse. The examples below
with a number of positioning (pointer) in the reflect how the three speakers conclude topic:
ongoing discourse. They are seen as a road
sign in the current discourse (Ädel, 2006). (JH/08.19-08.21): alright so as for my overall
Managing phoric functions found in this study opinion on this collection …
(JH/11.09-11.10): so that’s a wrap on this video
such as enumerating, endophoric marking,
(TW/08.19-08.21): so there we have it I’ll see you
previewing, reviewing and contextualizing. guys in the sunshine
Certainly every discourse whether written (TW/10.09-10.11): so that is that I’m gonna
or spoken must start with an opening, or what watch…
so called introduction. Therefore, in all three (JS/10.09-10.10): I can honestly give my thought
videos I found the speakers perform already
expressions aimed for introducing topics. TW
in data (00.02-00.06): “we’re testing out the Asides marking is another function under
craziest high-end sparkly makeup” and topic management in discourse organization.
(TW/03.51-03.54) so we’re gonna see if this This function is unique since it can only be
works or …” employed ‘testing out’ and performed by utterance makers in spoken
‘gonna see’ expression to show audiences her discourse. Asides marking is any opening or
agenda in the video. At exactly the same point closing expression used to move track
JH, (JH/00.02-00.04): “I’m going to be doing temporarily or in other words depart from the
a review slash (/) swatches demo…” used actual topic to deliver other messages which
‘going to be doing’ to express the massage she makes it clear why this do not normally occur
was delivering. Lastly similar to JH, JS in written discourses, especially the academic
mentioned ‘are doing’ as the discourse marker ones. There are two asides marking found in
functioning as introducing topics, (JS/06.00- data via JH’s video which are:
08.00): “today we’re doing a highly requested
review on a brand new…”. (JH/06.15-06.18): But I’m just
putting that out there for you guys in
Delimiting and adding topic are scarcely case…
found in JH and JS’s videos. TW on the other (JH/11.48-11.52): Anyway, so I just
hand in her review attempted on delimit and went in, I applied a regular long-
add topic, each appears once. Delimiting lasting liquid lipstick
topics equals restricting the main focus, in this
case the product being reviewed. From managing topic, we are now
Furthermore, adding topic provide an discussing the other sub function in discourse
addition to the topic discussed and/or if there organization namely managing phoric. Its
is a subtopic in the discourse. It is lucidly first function is enumerating in which the
stated that during the opening section TW has current discourse contents are listed in order,
mentioned her attention of testing out a high- for instance, (JS/00.38-00.1): “first of all I
end sparkly makeup, however, she has not love the packaging that it came with and it has
been mentioned which of the kind she would of course …”. On the expression we can tell
specifically review, therefore she delimited that Jeffree was about to explain de physical
detail of the product therefore this utterance is
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Proceedings – (ELLiC Proceedings Vol. 3, 2019) CD-ROM ISSN: 2579-7549
considered enumerating. Other samples seen Contextualizing means providing annotation
below: on the discourse conditions hence shows
traces of discourse production. Firstly, in JS’s
(JH/02.58-03.03): It starts off with the shade (05.13-05.15) “so now that we’ve really
Kimberly, Kim, Kiki, Kimmy patted this into the skin let’s…”. The other
(JH/07.44-07.46): Last but not least, we have the
one found in (JH/05.17-05.19): “and then we
…
(JH/08.21-08.23): I would say the first thing that can move forward to swatches”
comes to mind …
Speech Act Labels
Previewing and reviewing would make When speakers are actually acting out what
total sense when discussed at once. First off, they utter, this condition is called speech act
previewing refers to the later discussed topic labelling. Discourse functions emerged
inside the discourse. By contrast, review is a through the use of this metadiscourse
way the speaker of a discourse reminds their classification are arguing and exemplifying.
audience about the already discussed topic. Unlike other classifications which comprise
There are five findings related to both five or more functions, this has only two.
functions consist of three previewing and two Arguing presents emphasized expressions
reviewing. towards the current topic by providing
Previewing: reasons or citing evidences. As illustrations,
(JH/05.53-05.55): “I can’t say enough good
(TW/04.08-04.09): so I’m gonna scoot you guys things about this color” and (JH/08.29-08.31):
there and … “If I were to grade it would be A++”. One
(JS/00.21-00.26): You can put it on your face … expression that appears repetitively is ‘I feel
and your entire body so we might just do that in a
like’ as seen below:
minute
(JS/02.14-02.17): is it Jeffree Star approved we’re
about to find out in a minute (TW/00.53-00.55): I really feel like this product
you could put …
(TW/04.34-04.36): I feel like I’d like more glitter
Reviewing: but …
(JS/04.04-04.07): I feel like this could last you a
(JH/02.44-02.48): so the reason I was ridiculously long time
excited it because it’s four different shades
(JH/06.00-06.03): It’s like I said right before I
As can be detected from the label,
applied this …
exemplifying used for listing clear example(s).
If previewing and reviewing refer to a I found that the exemplifying expression used
mostly in the data would not likely be
certain location in the discourse either has
implemented in written nor spoken academic
previously discussed or will be discussed
discourse. There is consistence use of ‘like’ as
later, endophoric marking does not refer to
in ‘she is lazy just like her brother’ and ‘you
any specific case, for examples in (JH/05.32-
know’.
05.34): “I’m foing to do over top of it so you
can see what it actually looks like”, here she
(JS/02.00-02.08): they’re really like getting to
doen not refer to any case in the past or in the know their audience from a consumer standpoint
future since video offers a motion picture she you know they’ve had one really huge hit product.
can show everything she wants her audience (JH/06.25-06.26): just like a regular lipstick would
to see. There is another example of (JH/03.58-04.02): you know, like all the liquid
endophoric marking found in the data by JS in lipstick out there
(01.25-01.30): “you see it shaking right there?
I don’t want to …”. Reference to The Audience
Lastly, I found two data belong to The last classification of metadiscourse
contextualizing function in the data. includes four functions found in the data. We
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begin from the first one namely managing Besides, JS were spotted using ‘suppose’ to
comprehension which is essential as in this ask his audiences imagining a scenario as in
case speakers confirming that their audience “this is supposed to be infused with Farsali
following their ideas. However, the datum skincare DNA” and (JS/02.47-02.52): “we’re
appeared from the video is one way only since supposed to be really radiated”
audiences could not reply at the very moment.
The only datum gained from JH she stated Conclusions
(10.28-10.30): “do you know what I’m saying The study reveals that the entire
it’s not like breaking up or cracking”. metadiscourse classifications proposed in
One discourse function under this category reflexive approach are found in spoken
which shows most data is anticipating discourse especially in computer mediated
audiences’ response. It is uttered as if the communication (CMC), in this case review
speakers are able guess their audiences’ videos on YouTube. Nevertheless, there is a
response regarding the current topic. The discourse function which is not applied and
typical characteristic of this function is the use seen in the collected data. It is managing
of pronouns such as ‘I’, ‘you’, or ‘we’. audiences’ discipline in which the addresser
directly requests the addressee to do
(JS/02.23-02.25): I know a lot of of you are gonna something, for instance as quoted from Ädel
be like $40! Jesus! (2010), “can I get your attention please?”, or
(TW/07.32-07.36): I don’t think I’ve found that yet
“can we have a little bit of quiet?” are not
but I’m kind of like …
(JH/01.25-01.27): “say what you will about Kim, necessarily employed in the data as this type
I know that they’re a very controversial family of CMC only allow interaction between
but…”. addresser and the addressee through chat
facility; this function is not usually found in
Managing message is the next function written discourse either.
used to highlight the principal idea the Other functions beside the audiences’
speakers try to convey inside the discourse. discipline management can be identified from
Speakers purpose is to ensure their audiences the data. Nonetheless, I note that there are two
remember the idea. Other point of this discourse functions which would only be
function is to add remarks on the anticipated found in spoken discourse. Those include
understanding. repairing, which in written discourse can
easily be edited before being published, or if
(JH/05.16-05.17): so be aware it is not what it is it does not get fixed before than will remain a
(JH/10.21-10.22): I just wish that it’s more … mistake. Another one on the list is asides
(JH/01.45-01.46): I hope that they come out with marking as an author would not likely has any
…
(JS/11.39-01.41): hopefully you learnt something
side topics and therefore they do not need any
new today sidetrack markings, otherwise it will create
confusion to the reader.
The last case in the category is imagining Furthermore, I found that the
scenario where speakers invite the audiences metadiscourse markers in CMC are applied
to see a case from a certain standpoint. distinctively from those used in written or
Nonetheless, this is applied limited only the spoken discourse of academic context. CMC
concepts related to the ongoing discourse and review videos on YouTube has relatively
not outside it (real world). For instance, JH more casual context therefore the markers
shared her audience her expectation about the people tend to use are less formal, for example
reviewed product, seen in (JH/05.08-05.13): when arguing, an academic speaker would
“I was expecting to receive a matte liquid employ ‘I argue that” or ‘I am postulating’
lipstick that’s creamy, that’s not what you’re rather than ‘I feel like’ or ‘personally I…”.
gonna get if that’s what you’re expecting”. Moreover, when delimiting topic, the
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speakers did not use “we’re not gonna deal [6] A. Ädel. “Metadiscourse in L1 and L2
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will… too”. Thus as conclusion discourse Benjamins, 2006.
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use. cannot read your mind:
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found between metadiscourse use in spoken metadiscourse in teacher feedback on
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informal situation, I encourage other possible Purposes 45 (2017) 54–68. Elsevier,
researchers conduct further study on the 2017.
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phenomenon in computer mediated communication. Oxford Academic:
communication still remains scarcely ELT Journal, Volume 56, Issue 4, 1
investigated. YouTube is one interesting October 2002, Pages 414–415, 2002.
object which can provide more data to [9] R. Kern, and M. Warschauer. Network-
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