List of publications from the EP Think Tank - European Union
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List of publications from the EP Think Tank
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank
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Author "SALM Christian"
21 Result(s)
Creation date : 15-12-2023The European Parliament and Greece's accession to the European Community
Publication type Briefing
Date 29-01-2021
Author SALM Christian
Policy area EU Democracy, Institutional and Parliamentary Law
Summary Enlargement of the European Communities (EC) to the south represented one of the most profound changes in
European politics of the 1980s. It dramatically altered political, economic and social structures not only in the EC and
the then Member States, but also in the three accession countries: Greece, Portugal and Spain. This year marks the
40th anniversary of Greece's accession to the European Communities (now Union). Greece became the tenth EC
Member State in 1981, following its transformation from an authoritarian to a democratic system of government.
Importantly, Greece’s EC accession was connected with the consolidation of the country’s emerging democratic
system, starting with the transitional government under Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis from July 1974 on.
Although in the mid-1970s it was not formally involved in deciding on EC membership, the European Parliament saw
itself politically obliged to discuss the major guidelines of EC accession and to assert the need for democratic
conditions in Greece. Against this background, this Briefing looks at the democratisation process in Greece and the
country's EC accession from the perspective of the European Parliament. First, it demonstrates that the Parliament
demanded the fulfilment of fundamental democratic criteria before accepting any rapprochement between Greece and
the Community. Resting on the basic understanding of democracy, the core demand was the holding of free and fair
parliamentary elections. Second, it shows that, following the establishment of democratic structures, the European
Parliament quickly developed relations with Greece, for example with the Greek Parliament in the form of a joint
parliamentary committee. These relations served to support the accession process by discussing and preparing the
baselines of EC enlargement.
Briefing EL, EN
Jacques Delors: Architect of the modern European Union
Publication type Briefing
Date 13-07-2020
Author LEHMANN Wilhelm | SALM Christian
Policy area EU Democracy, Institutional and Parliamentary Law
Keyword documentation | Economic and Monetary Union | EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATIONS | EU institutions and
European civil service | European construction | European integration | EUROPEAN UNION | FINANCE | historical
account | monetary economics | President of the Commission
Summary The consensus among most historians of European integration and political scientists is that Jacques Delors, who
served as President of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995, was the most successful holder of that post to
date. His agenda and accomplishments include the EU single market, the Single European Act, Economic and
Monetary Union (EMU) and the rapid integration of the former German Democratic Republic into the European
Community. His combination of coherent agenda-setting and strong negotiating skills, acquired through long
experience of trade union bargaining and years of ministerial responsibilities in turbulent times, puts Delors above
other Commission Presidents, whether in terms of institutional innovation or the development of new Europe-wide
policies. He also showed himself able to react swiftly to external events, notably the collapse of the Soviet bloc, whilst
building Europe’s credibility on the international stage. This Briefing records Delors' life across its crucial stages, from
trade union activist, senior civil servant, French politician, and Member of the European Parliament, to the helm of the
European Commission, where he left the greatest individual impact on European integration history to date. It also
traces the most important ideas that guided Delors in his national and European roles. Finally, it describes the political
events and key actors which made Delors' decade in office a time of important decisions and progress in the process
of European integration and, in doing so, it draws on recent academic literature and on speeches Delors gave in the
European Parliament.
Briefing DE, EN, FR
Schuman Declaration: 70 years on
Publication type At a Glance
Date 07-05-2020
Author SALM Christian
Policy area EU Democracy, Institutional and Parliamentary Law
Keyword ECSC | European construction | EUROPEAN UNION | history of Europe | promotion of the European idea
Summary Aiming to secure peace in Europe after the horrors of the Second World War, the Schuman Declaration proposed
cooperation among European countries in two key economic areas central to rearmament and warfare: coal and steel.
As an institutional framework for this cooperation, the Schuman Declaration proposed the creation of the first
supranational organisation in Europe, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Established in 1952, the
ECSC laid the foundations for today's European Union (EU). The Schuman Declaration is therefore seen as the EU’s
founding act. Presented by the French Foreign Minister, Robert Schuman, on 9 May 1950, this year marks the 70th
anniversary of the Schuman Declaration.
At a Glance EN
Multimedia Schuman Declaration: 70 years on
Schuman Declaration: 70 years on
15-12-2023 Source : © European Union, 2023 - EP 1Global Trendometer 2019
Publication type Study
Date 18-12-2019
Author KONONENKO Vadim | NOONAN EAMONN | RECHARD Daniele | SALM Christian | SCHMERTZING Leopold |
WINDLE-WEHRLE Jessica Freya
Policy area Area of Freedom, Security and Justice | Democracy | Economics and Monetary Issues | Environment | EU Democracy,
Institutional and Parliamentary Law | Forward Planning | Security and Defence | Social Policy
Keyword accounting | Africa | Asia and Oceania | auditing | BUSINESS AND COMPETITION | China | democracy | demography
and population | documentation | economic analysis | economic geography | ECONOMICS | EDUCATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS | EU study report | European social policy | forward studies | GEOGRAPHY | life expectancy |
North Africa | political framework | POLITICS | PRODUCTION, TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH | research and
intellectual property | social affairs | social framework | SOCIAL QUESTIONS | social structure | space policy
Summary The new Global Trendometer examines topics ranging from deliberative democracy and the future of social policy in
Europe, to scenarios for Northern Africa, China's social credit system, the auditing of algorithms and space as a new
frontier.
Study EN
Multimedia Global Trendometer
European Parliament and the path to German reunification
Publication type At a Glance
Date 05-11-2019
Author SALM Christian
Policy area EU Democracy, Institutional and Parliamentary Law
Keyword commemoration | culture and religion | economic geography | Europe | GEOGRAPHY | German Democratic Republic |
Germany | international affairs | INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS | international security | national unification | political
geography | relations between the two German States | SOCIAL QUESTIONS | unification of Germany
Summary This year marks the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, set in motion by the events of 9 November 1989,
which led to Germany’s full reunification within less than a year. The accession of the German Democratic Republic
(GDR) to the Federal Republic of Germany (Federal Republic) completed the reunification process on 3 October 1990.
Moreover, with the accession of the former GDR to the Federal Republic, the GDR integrated into the European
Economic Community (EEC) of the time via a special procedure. As the GDR's status as a subject of international law
ended with its accession to the Federal Republic, a normal EEC Treaty accession procedure was not possible. The
European Parliament followed the chain of profound political developments triggered by the fall of the Berlin Wall
closely.
At a Glance EN
Walter Hallstein: First President of the Commission and visionary of European integration
Publication type Briefing
Date 11-07-2019
Author LEHMANN Wilhelm | SALM Christian
Policy area EU Democracy, Institutional and Parliamentary Law
Keyword biography | documentation | EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATIONS | European construction | EUROPEAN UNION |
historical figure | history of Europe | humanities | political figure | POLITICS | politics and public safety | SCIENCE
Summary When Walter Hallstein became the first President of the European Economic Community Commission, in 1958, a long
career already lay behind him: legal scholar, university professor, research manager, diplomat and German
government representative at the conferences drafting the founding treaties of the European Coal and Steel
Community and then the European Economic Community. The federalist ideas he developed and the emphasis he
placed on supranational institutions remain among his most important legacies. Equally significant was his
administrative capacity to build an institution of a completely new type and to anticipate policies that seemed utopian at
the time but turned out to be necessary many years later. This impetus to push for further integration earned Hallstein
strong opposition from several national leaders, and eventually led to his precipitous departure. This briefing recalls
three principal aspects of Hallstein's life: as a scholar and research administrator, as a protagonist of German foreign
policy and, of course, as a crucial architect of the early period of European integration.
Briefing EN
15-12-2023 Source : © European Union, 2023 - EP 2The ECSC Common Assembly's decision to create political groups: Writing a new chapter in transnational
parliamentary history
Publication type Briefing
Date 12-06-2019
Author SALM Christian
Policy area EU Democracy, Institutional and Parliamentary Law
Keyword documentation | ECSC | EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATIONS | EU institutions and European civil service |
European construction | EUROPEAN UNION | historical account | political group (EP)
Summary Political groups in the European Parliament contribute greatly to the institution's supranational character and are a
most important element of its parliamentary work. Moreover, the Parliament's political groups have proven to be crucial
designers of EU politics and policies. However, when the forerunner of today's Parliament, the Common Assembly of
the Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), was established in 1952, the creation of political groups was not envisaged at
all. Making use of its autonomy with regard to writing its rules of procedures, the ECSC Common Assembly
unanimously decided, at its plenary session in June 1953, to allow the creation of political groups. With this decision,
the ECSC Common Assembly became the world's first international assembly organised in political groups. This
briefing analyses the decision of the ECSC Common Assembly to create political groups by bringing together political
and historical science literature on the topic, as well as original sources from the Parliament's Historical Archives that
record considerations and motives for the decision to create political groups. It will illustrate the complementary
cultural, historical, organisational and financial reasons for this decision. Furthermore, it will demonstrate that, for the
first ECSC Common Assembly members, it was highly important to take account of political affiliations in order to
highlight the supranational character of the newly emerging Assembly. Finally, the briefing highlights that common
work within the political groups was essential in helping to overcome early difficulties between the Assembly's
members with different national backgrounds.
Briefing EN
Political groups in the European Parliament since 1979: Key facts and figures
Publication type Study
Date12-06-2019
AuthorSALM Christian
Policy areaEU Democracy, Institutional and Parliamentary Law
Keyword documentation | economic analysis | ECONOMICS | EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATIONS | EU institutions and
European civil service | EUROPEAN UNION | historical account | political group (EP) | statistics
Summary This study seeks to fill a gap in research on the development of political groups, which have become a crucial
component of the European Parliament. In fact, the creation of political groups can be traced back to a June 1953
decision of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Parliament’s forerunner,
to allow members to establish three political groups – Christian Democrats, Socialists and Liberals – and thus begin
the formation of supranational links among Members. The paper focuses on the period from the first direct elections, in
1979, to the end of the eighth parliamentary term, and includes data on group membership, on committee chairs by
group, on political groups’ staffing and on the funding allocated to political groups and the linked European political
foundations.
Study EN
European elections: A historical perspective
Publication type At a Glance
Date 05-06-2019
Author SALM Christian
Policy area EU Democracy, Institutional and Parliamentary Law
Keyword documentation | EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATIONS | electoral procedure and voting | European election |
historical account | POLITICS
Summary Between 23 and 26 May 2019, 427 million European Union (EU) citizens had the opportunity to vote for Members of
the European Parliament. This was the ninth time that EU citizens could vote directly for the policy- and decision-
makers who will represent them in EU politics. European elections are consequently one of the most important events
in the EU political cycle. With a view to this year's European election and challenges to come for the new Parliament,
many EU observers attached special historical significance to this ninth European election. Looking back, while the
very first European election was held forty years ago, in 1979, the journey to holding European elections was long and
complex.
At a Glance DE, EN, FR
15-12-2023 Source : © European Union, 2023 - EP 3Major sporting events versus human rights: Parliament's position on the 1978 FIFA World Cup in
Argentina and the 1980 Moscow Olympics
Publication typeBriefing
Date13-06-2018
AuthorSALM Christian
Policy areaCulture | Human Rights
Keyword America | Argentina | contemporary history | economic geography | EP resolution | EU institutions and European civil
service | Europe | European Parliament | EUROPEAN UNION | European Union law | GEOGRAPHY | human rights |
humanities | LAW | parliamentary debate | parliamentary proceedings | political geography | political violence |
POLITICS | politics and public safety | public hearing | rights and freedoms | Russia | SCIENCE | social affairs |
SOCIAL QUESTIONS | sporting event | USSR
Summary Major sports events and politics are closely intertwined. Well-known historical examples of major sporting events that
were used by regimes for political propaganda purposes are the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina and the 1980
Summer Olympic Games in Moscow. The 1978 World Cup took place around two years after the Argentinian military
regime's right-wing coup and its violent repression of critics, and was then the most political World Cup in the history of
the International Federation of Association Football (Fédération Internationale de Football Association: FIFA). The
1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow were the first to take place in eastern Europe and the first to be held in a
socialist country. In addition, the 1980 Summer Olympic Games unleashed a hitherto, in the history of major sporting
events, unprecedented boycott by 60 countries, in protest against the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in
December 1979. The European Parliament's involvement in the debates on the political reaction to these two major
sporting events is a largely unknown aspect of the history of the 1978 World Cup and the 1980 Summer Olympic
Games. This Briefing will reconstruct these debates and the policy action that followed, based on new analysis of
sources held in the Parliament's Historical Archives, and demonstrates that the EP's leitmotiv was the violation of
human rights in both countries. Furthermore, the Briefing shows that these debates set the basis for the EP's current
policy action when it comes to major sports events in countries with a poor track record of human rights.
Briefing EN
The added value of the European Citizens' Initiative (ECI), and its revision
Publication type
Study
Date
13-04-2018
Author
SALM Christian
Policy area
EU Democracy, Institutional and Parliamentary Law
Keyword admissibility | communications | data protection | EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATIONS | EU initiative | EU
institutions and European civil service | European citizenship | European construction | European Ombudsman |
EUROPEAN UNION | incompatibility | information and information processing | information technology and data
processing | INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS | Internet | justice | LAW | legislative initiative | non-governmental
organisation | non-governmental organisations | parliament | parliamentary proceedings | participatory democracy |
personal data | petition | political framework | POLITICS | power of initiative | public consultation | transparency in
decision-making
Summary The European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) is aimed at bringing the EU closer to its citizens, by enabling them to invite the
European Commission to make a proposal for a legal act. Introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon, the ECI should provide
every citizen with the right to participate in the democratic life of the Union. However, the ECI in practice has had
various procedural hurdles, preventing the fulfilment of the regulation's objectives. The ECI is thus not fulfilling its
potential with regard to bringing the EU closer to its citizens. Against this background, the present study outlines the
weaknesses in the existing ECI procedure. Moreover, it assesses, with a view to their added value, the main reform
proposals that have been put forward to improve the ECI's functioning.
Study EN
Cross-border restitution claims of looted works of art and cultural goods
Publication type
Study
Date
09-11-2017
Author
SALM Christian
Policy area
EU Law: Legal System and Acts | Public international law
Keyword approximation of laws | art trade | civil law | commercial law | cultural object | culture and religion | EUROPEAN UNION
| European Union law | heritage protection | illicit trade | international law | LAW | prevention of delinquency | private
international law | public property | social affairs | SOCIAL QUESTIONS | TRADE | trade policy
Summary Works of art and cultural goods looted in armed conflicts or wars usually travel across several borders when they are
sold. The cross-border character of looted art creates legal challenges for restitution claims as they often concern
various national jurisdictions, with differing rules, as well as fragmented and insufficiently defined legal requirements in
international and European legal instruments. Against this background, this European Added Value Assessment
identifies weaknesses in the existing EU legal system for restitution claims of works of art and cultural goods looted in
armed conflicts and wars. Moreover, it outlines potential legislative measures that could be taken at the EU level and
that could generate European added value through simplification and harmonisation of the legal system in this area.
Study EN
15-12-2023 Source : © European Union, 2023 - EP 4Benefits of EU international trade agreements
Publication typeBriefing
Date25-10-2017
AuthorSALM Christian
Policy areaInternational Trade
Keyword America | ASEAN | Asia and Oceania | Canada | Colombia | economic analysis | economic analysis | economic
geography | economic policy | ECONOMICS | Ecuador | European construction | EUROPEAN UNION | extra-
European organisations | GEOGRAPHY | INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS | international trade | international
trade | Mercosur | Peru | political geography | South Korea | sustainable development | TRADE | trade agreement (EU)
Summary Trade is the EU's most important link to the world beyond its borders. In force since the 1957 Treaty of Rome, the
transition to a common EU trade policy was completed in 1968. It is the EU's oldest instrument influencing the bloc's
foreign relations. Today, Article 207 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) establishes the
common trade policy as an exclusive EU competence. Following the procedure under that legal basis the EU
negotiates, concludes and implements trade agreements. Currently, the EU is negotiating and up-dating Free Trade
Agreements (FTAs) with 19 countries and 2 sub-regional blocs, namely the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) and the Southern Common Market of South American countries (Mercado Común de Sur: Mercosur). Within
the EU's latest trade strategy – the 2015 'Trade for All – Towards a more responsible trade and investment strategy',
FTAs are considered instruments that contribute to the EU's objective of generating jobs and growth. About 31 million
jobs in Europe depend, directly or indirectly, on the EU and its Member States' ability to trade. In other words, EU
external trade concerns almost one in every seven jobs in Europe. In France, for example, over 2.2 million jobs rely on
French exports outside the EU. Around 90 % of future global growth is expected to be generated outside Europe's
borders. Figures show that the EU share of world GDP has slowly decreased in recent years (see graph below).
Against this background, the EU needs to seize trade opportunities beyond its borders in order to gain higher levels of
growth in Europe.
Briefing EN
EU support for education: Improving young people's chances on the job market
Publication type Briefing
Date07-04-2017
AuthorKLUGMAN-VUTZ Cornelia | SALM Christian
Policy areaEducation | Employment | European Added Value
Keyword cooperation in the field of education | cooperation policy | education | education | EDUCATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS | employment | EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING CONDITIONS | EU programme | European
construction | EUROPEAN UNION | INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS | job access | labour market | language teaching |
social affairs | SOCIAL QUESTIONS | teaching | vocational training | youth policy
Summary • The EU's ERASMUS+ programme is investing €14.7 billion in education (2014-2019). • ERASMUS+ will enable 4
million young Europeans to study or learn abroad. • Experience abroad increases young people's chances on the job
market and reduces their risk of unemployment.
Briefing EN
Impact of the ECSC Common Assembly on the politics, negotiation and content of the Rome Treaties
Publication typeBriefing
Date10-03-2017
AuthorSALM Christian
Policy areaEU Democracy, Institutional and Parliamentary Law
Keyword EU institutions and European civil service | European Community | European construction | European Parliament |
European treaties | EUROPEAN UNION | European Union law | history of Europe
Summary As the historical framework for the present-day European Union (EU), the Treaties of Rome, signed in March 1957 and
establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or
Euratom), are among the most important treaties of the European integration process. The failure to set up a European
Defence Community in 1954 provided the incentive for the EEC Treaty to envisage integration in economic as well as
political terms. Crucially, the Rome Treaties provided for the establishment of today's EU institutions, which have
played a major role in securing the peaceful coexistence of Member States for the past sixty years. The Common
Assembly (CA) of the European Coal and Steel Community (1952-1957) has long been overlooked as an important
factor in the development of the Rome Treaties. As it was not directly involved in deliberations and negotiations on the
treaties, it might easily be concluded that the CA did not play a significant role. This briefing demonstrates the very
opposite. It was the CA that put the issue of an extended common market on the Community and Member States'
political agenda, thereby relaunching European integration at a decisive moment in the EU's history. Furthermore, the
CA effectively foreshadowed its future position and competences in a wider European community. The CA formulated
demands for greater legislative and budgetary powers in order to overcome its subsidiary and consultative role. Given
its political authority as the parliamentary representation of the people of the Community, the CA was successful in
incorporating its demands into the deliberations and negotiations that led to the Rome Treaties.
Briefing EN
15-12-2023 Source : © European Union, 2023 - EP 5EU Research Policy: Tackling the major challenges facing European society
Publication typeBriefing
Date10-03-2017
AuthorSALM Christian
Policy areaEuropean Added Value | Research Policy
Keyword BUSINESS AND COMPETITION | business organisation | competitiveness | cooperation policy | EU finance | EU
financing | EU initiative | EU research policy | European construction | EUROPEAN UNION | Framework Programme
for Research and Development | innovation | INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS | PRODUCTION, TECHNOLOGY AND
RESEARCH | research and development | research and intellectual property | research body | research budget |
research staff | scientific exchange
Summary • 2014 – 2020, EU funds for research and innovation near €120 billion. • €31 billion of EU funds are set aside for
research into societal challenges (2014 – 2020) • A fully established European Research Area will generate annual
gains of €16 billion.
Briefing EN
EU Defence Policy: The sleeping giant
Publication type Briefing
Date 14-12-2016
Author SALM Christian
Policy area European Added Value | Security and Defence
Summary • In 2015, the EU Member States collectively spent €203 billion on defence. • Increased EU defence cooperation could
generate efficiency gains of €26 billion. • In 2015, EU commitments for 11 civilian missions amounted to €258 million. •
Cooperation through pooling and sharing of military capabilities alone can save €300 million.
Briefing EN
How European development aid makes a difference
Publication typeBriefing
Date02-12-2016
AuthorKLUGMAN-VUTZ Cornelia | SALM Christian
Policy areaDevelopment and Humanitarian Aid | European Added Value
Keyword cooperation policy | democratisation | developing countries | development aid | distribution of EU funding | economic
analysis | economic conditions | economic policy | ECONOMICS | EU aid | EU finance | EU migration policy | EU
statistics | European construction | EUROPEAN UNION | executive power and public service | human rights |
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS | international security | LAW | migration | peacekeeping | POLITICS | rights and
freedoms | SOCIAL QUESTIONS | the EU's international role
Summary • In 2015, Europe provided €68 billion in development aid, which is over 50 % of all global aid efforts, with the main aim
of eradicating poverty. • EU imports from developing countries are worth €860 billion a year. • Better EU aid
coordination could free €800 million in additional development funding.
Briefing EN
Protection of Vulnerable Adults
Publication type
Study
Date
08-09-2016
Author
SALM Christian
Policy area
EU Law: Legal System and Acts | European Added Value | Private international law and judicial cooperation in civil
matters | Public international law | Social Policy
Keyword code of conduct | demography and population | dependence of elderly persons | disabled person | disease of the
nervous system | freedom of movement | health | international affairs | INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS | LAW |
population ageing | rights and freedoms | social affairs | SOCIAL QUESTIONS
Summary While benefiting from the freedom of movement and residence in the European Union (EU), vulnerable adults often
face legal difficulties when in a cross-border situation as a result of the lack of solid legal protection. This is due to the
different protection schemes operating in the EU Member States, and the incomplete international legal framework,
creating legal uncertainties in the Europe-wide protection of vulnerable adults. This European Added Value
Assessment identifies weaknesses in the existing legal framework for the protection of vulnerable adults in cross-
border situations, focusing on the most important international legal instrument in the field: the Hague Adult Protection
Convention of 13 January 2000. The Assessment goes on to outline potential legal measures which could be taken at
the EU level and which would generate European added value through simplification and transparency of the legal
framework in this area.
Study EN, FR
15-12-2023 Source : © European Union, 2023 - EP 6Limitation periods for road traffic accidents
Publication type
Study
Date
07-07-2016
Author
SALM Christian
Policy area
Area of Freedom, Security and Justice | European Added Value
Keyword access to the courts | civil law | comparative law | European construction | EUROPEAN UNION | European Union law |
FINANCE | indemnification | insurance | insurance law | international law | judicial cooperation in civil matters in the EU
| justice | LAW | limitation of legal proceedings | principle of legal certainty | private international law | sources and
branches of the law | TRANSPORT | transport accident | transport policy
Summary Widely differing limitation periods for tort claims across the European Union (EU) Member States can lead to victims of
cross-border road traffic accidents losing their right to compensation. This European Added Value Assessment (EAVA)
sketches out the weaknesses of the relevant existing legal frameworks which create obstacles for victims of cross-
border road traffic accidents in accessing legal justice. Furthermore, the EAVA identifies the costs that arise on
account of differing rules on limitation periods, not only in terms of length of time but also with regard to the beginning
of a limitation period, the procedural requirements for stopping the running of a limitation period, and application to
minors and disabled people. The EAVA demonstrates that differing rules in the application of limitation periods can
generate costs such as additional lawyer's fees and fees for expert evidence on foreign rules. Finally, the EAVA
outlines two rules for harmonising limitation periods within the EU in the form of minimum standards that could
generate European added value by simplifying the existing legal framework and offering greater legal certainty for
victims of cross-border road traffic accidents.
Study EN
European Research Area
Publication type Study
Date 18-05-2016
Author SALM Christian | ZANDSTRA Thomas
Policy area European Added Value | Research Policy
Keyword cooperation policy | employment | EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING CONDITIONS | EU policy - national policy | EU
research policy | European construction | European integration | EUROPEAN UNION | European Union law | free
movement of workers | INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS | legal basis | open method of coordination | organisation of
research | PRODUCTION, TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH | research and intellectual property | research budget |
research staff | scientific cooperation
Summary This Cost of Non-Europe study examines the state of implementation of the current policy framework for the
establishment of a European Research Area (ERA). The study combines a backward-looking (ex-post) and a forward-
looking (ex-ante) evaluation. While the ex-post evaluation looks at the implementation of the ERA policy framework,
the ex-ante assessment focuses on potential costs and benefits of possible further policy action. In doing so, it
identifies shortcomings in the ERA policy framework and outlines costs due to the lack of further action on the issue.
The study makes a cautious estimate that the costs linked with implementation shortcomings of the ERA policy
framework could amount to €3 billion per year.
Study DE, EN, FR
15-12-2023 Source : © European Union, 2023 - EP 7You can also read
