Improving the Nutrient Quality of Durian (Durio zibethinus) Fruit Waste Through Fermentation by Using Phanerochaete chrysosporium
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International Journal of Poultry Science 14 (6): 354-358, 2015
ISSN 1682-8356
© Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2015
Improving the Nutrient Quality of Durian (Durio zibethinus) Fruit Waste
Through Fermentation by Using Phanerochaete chrysosporium and
Neurospora crassa for Poultry Diet
Nuraini, Ade Djulardi and Maria Endo Mahata
Faculty of Animal Science, University of Andalas, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract: Durian fruit waste (peel and seed) can be used as an alternative feed based on the potential
availability and nutrient content. Three experiments were conducted to improve the nutrient quality of durian
fruit waste (DW) and tofu waste (TW) mixture through fermentation by using Phanerochaete chrysosporium
and Neurospora crassa. The substrates consists of 70% DW (peel and seed in the same proportion) and
30% TW. Experiment 1 was performed in a 3 x 3 factorial experiment of completely randomized design with
3 replicates. First factor was inoculum composition of P. chrysosporium and N. crassa (1: 1, 2: 1 and 1: 2)
and second factor was inoculums doses (6, 8 and 10%). Measured variables were Crude Fiber (CF) and
Crude Protein (CP). Experiment 2 was to study incubation period (7, 9, 11 and 13 days). Measured variables
were DTW’s CF, CP, cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. Experiment 3 was to compare nutrient content
between fermented (the best treatment at experiment 2) vs. unfermented one. Measured variables were
DTW’s nitrogen retention, amino acid profile, B carotene, tannin and Metabolizable Energy (ME). Result of
the experiment 1, there was a very significant (pInt. J. Poult. Sci., 14 (6): 354-358, 2015
chrysosporium is a microorganism capable of degrading The success of a solid media fermentation depends on
the lignocellulose selectively by firstly degrading the optimum conditions such as substrate composition,
lignin component followed by cellulose component. inoculum dose and incubation period that affect the
The crude protein of cacao shell inoculated with P. nutrients content of fermentation product (Nuraini et al.,
chrysosporium and incubated for 15 days increased 2009). The most important thing that should be present
from 8.57 to 11.52%, with decreased crude fiber from in the fermentation medium is a source of carbon,
44.21 to 29.94% and increase ash content from 6.79 to nitrogen and other essential elements in the number
7.12% (Nelson and Suparjo, 2011). The increased and the appropriate balance (Carlile and Watkinson,
protein content was due to bioconversion of organic 1995).
materials that had been broken down into one of the Comparison of the composition of the inoculum, the
fungi body components. Secondary metabolite inoculum dose and fermentation period using two
secretions such as extracellular enzymes by the fungi kinds of fungus Phanerochaeta chrysosporium and
also contributed to the increased protein content of Neurospora crassa to improve the nutrition quality of the
treated corn stover. durian waste fermentation product are remain unknown.
According to Fadillah et al. (2008) found that the lignin
content of corn stalks reduced 81.40% and cellulose MATERIALS AND METHODS
content decreased by 43.03% through fermentation by The main objective of this experiment was to study the
using Phanerochaete chrysosporium with 7% inoculum improvement of the nutrient quality of durian and tofu
dose and fermentation time of 14 days. According to wastes mixture through fermentation by using
Nuraini et al. (2013) substrate composition 80% cacao Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Neurospora crassa.
pulp and 20% tofu waste fermented by Phanerochaeta The specific objectives were: to determine the effects of
chrysosporium increased crude protein 33.79% and Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Neurospora crassa
decreased crude fiber 33.02% with 10% inoculum dose composition, inoculums doses and incubation period on
and 8 days incubation. Nuraini et al. (2013) reported nutrient quality of durian and tofu wastes mixture.
coffee fruit peel 80 and 20% tofu waste mixture
fermented by Phanerochaeta chrysosporium with 7% Experiment 1: The experiment 1 was designed in a 3 x
inoculum dose and fermentation time of 10 days 3 factorial experiment in a completely randomized
decreased crude fiber 43.89% and increased crude design with 3 replication per treatment. The first factor
protein. Fermentation was also carried out with was the composition of Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Neurospora crassa to produce beta-carotene high feed. and Neurospora crassa (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2) and the
Neurospora crassa was carotenogenic fungi that second factor was inoculums doses of Phanerochaete
produced the highest of beta-carotene (270.60 Ug/g) chrysosporium and Neurospora crassa (6, 8 and 10%).
isolated from corn cobs. Besides, Neurospora crassa In the experiment 1: 100 g substrate contain of 70%
produced amylase, cellulose and protease enzyme and durian waste (peel and seed in the same proportion)
the enzymes activity were 17.21, 0.33 and 15.06 U/g, and 30% tofu waste mixture per experimental unit was
respectively (Nuraini, 2006). According to Nuraini et al. treated with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and
(2009) reported that the mixture of 80% cassava pulp Neurospora crassa (1:1, 2:1 and 1:2) and the inoculum
and 20% tofu waste fermented by using Neurospora doses (6, 8 and 10%). There were 27 samples or
crassa with inoculum dose of 9%, for 7-day fermentation experimental units in this experiment. Measured
with thickness 2 cm increased crude protein 83.84%, variables in this experiment were crude fiber (CF) and
decreased crude fiber 13.88% and the content of other crude protein (CP).
nutrients are 2.25% fat, 0.22% calcium, 0.02%
phosphor, 52.25% NFE and beta-carotene 295.16 mg/g. Experiment 2: This experiment was designed in a
Fermentation using two fungi Phanerochaete chrysos- completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatment
porium and Neurospora crassa to reduce the content of (the incubation period 7, 9, 11 and 13 days) and 5
crude fiber and to obtain beta-carotene has been done replication. The best composition of Phanerochaete
Nuraini et al. (2013) reported that 80% banana peel and chrysosporium and Neurospora crassa and inoculum
20% tofu waste fermentation by using Phanerochaete dose at experiment 1, used at experiment 2. Measured
chrysosporium and Neurospora crassa 2:1, with 7% variables were crude fiber, crude protein content and
inoculum and fermentation time of 10 days could fiber profile (NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose and
reduced 48.11% crude fiber (reduced cellulose and lignin) of durian and tofu wastes mixture. There were 20
lignin as much as 45.01 and 53.82%, respectively) and samples of experimental units in this experiment. All of
increase crude protein and hemicellulose as much as the data were statistically analyzed by analysis of
33.73 and 57.58%, respectively and increase the variance of a factorial experiment in a completely
digestibility of crude fiber as much as 32.73% and randomized design (experiment 1) and a completely
gained 66.83% nitrogen retention. randomized design (experiment 2). The difference
355Int. J. Poult. Sci., 14 (6): 354-358, 2015
among treatments was determined by DMRT procedure Table 1: Effect of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Neurospora crassa
composition and inoculum dose on crude protein
according to Steel and Torrie (1980).
Treatments B1(6%) B2(8%) B3(10%) Averages
Analyses of crude fiber and crude protein were A1(1:1) 18.11Ba 19.92Aa 19.85Aa 19.29
performed according to the proximate analysis A2(2:1) 18.14Ba 19.54Aa 19.64Aa 19.11
procedures (AOAC, 2000), while NDF, ADF, cellulose, A3(1:2) 16.94Bb 17.41Ab 17.58Ab 17.31
hemicellulose and lignin contents were determined Averages 17.73 18.96 19.02
according to Goering and Van Soest (1970). Table 2: Effect of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Neurospora crassa
composition and inoculum dose on crude fiber
Experiment 3: The experiment was to compare nitrogen Treatments B1(6) B2(8) B3(10) Averages
retention, beta carotene, tannin, amino acid profile and A1(1:1) 12.12Aa 11.51ABab 11.04Bab 11.56
metabolizable energy between fermented and non- A2(2:1) 11.48Ab 10.49Bb 10.13Bb 10.70
A3(1:2) 14.79Ab 14.24Aa 14.10Aa 14.38
fermented durian and tofu wastes mixture numerically. Averages 12.80 12.08 11.76
The fermented sample was obtained from the best of
fermented durian and tofu wastes mixture in the NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose and crude protein content of
experiment 2. durian and tofu wastes mixture is shown in Table 3.
Amino acids, tannin and beta carotene contents of the The crude fiber content of durio and tofu wastes mixture
durian and tofu wastes mixture were performed by using was a very significant affected (pInt. J. Poult. Sci., 14 (6): 354-358, 2015
Table 3: Effect of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Neurospora crassa incubation period on crude fiber, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose
and crude protein
Incubation period (day) L1(7) L2(9) L3(11) L4(13)
CF 10.60±0.62A 8.30±0.50B 8.75±0.72B 9.27±0.59AB
CP 18.06±0.99AB 19.37±0.87A 18.17±0.82AB 18.08±0.93AB
NDF 32.11±0.42A 30.58±0.32B 31.98±0.45AB 31.58±0.34AB
ADF 25.20±0.83A 20.26±0.70B 21.26±0.73B 22.26±0.65AB
Lignin 13.33±0.62A 6.20±0.52B 6.26±0.55B 7.26±0.62B
Cellulose 14.26±0.72A 11.58±0.79B 11.98±0.82B 12.26±0.80B
Hemicellulose 6.96±0.62B 10.20±0.52B 10.01±0.55A 8.26±0.52AB
Values bearing different superscripts in a row differ significantly, pInt. J. Poult. Sci., 14 (6): 354-358, 2015
Education, Ministry of National Education of the Republic Nelson and Suparjo, 2011. Determination of fermented
of Indonesia. I am very grateful to the Dean of the Faculty cocoa pod with Phanerochaete chrysosporium:
of Animal Science and the Rector of the University of Chemically quality evaluation. Agrinak, 1: 1-10. (In
Andalas who have given me a chance to compete with Indonesian).
others in obtaining this funding. My special gratitude is Nuraini, 2006. Potention of carotenogenic fungi to
also directed to the Director General of Higher Education produce high beta-caroten feed and its application
and the Minister of National Education who have on broiler and laying poultry. Disertation. Pasca
provided this funding. Sarjana Universitas of Andalas, Padang.
Nuraini, Sabrina and S.A. Latif, 2008. Performance and
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