Imperial College Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage - IC4S - Dr Iain Macdonald - Imperial College London
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Imperial College Centre for Carbon Capture
and Storage – IC4S
Dr Iain Macdonald
8 May 2018
Imperial Business Partners
@impcolcen4ccs www.imperial.ac.uk/carbon-capture-and-storage
CCS
Estimated
Power
worldwide Heating (H2)
geological Industrial
storage Processes
• Cement
capacity
• Iron & Steel
> 2000 Gte CO2 • Fertilizers
• Etc…
2
Meeting the 2°C IPCC & 1.5°C
COP21 targets • Mitigation
costs 138%
more without
CCS
• Without CCS,
How ready is CCS? Next-generation climate mitigation technologies (2017) Napp et al., Grantham Institute
How ready is CCS? Next-generation climate mitigation technologies (2017) Napp et al., Grantham Institute
CCS technologies are mature and deployable
CCS complements renewables
CCS can provide flexible base-load power, enabling the development of low
carbon energy technologies.
Electricity Systems
Optimisation (ESO) Model
showing a scenario with low
carbon fossil fuel and
bioenergy CCS (inputs based
on UK data)
Figure courtesy of C. F. Heuberger, Imperial College London.
Model presented in Heuberger, C. F., Staffell, I., Shah, N. &
Mac Dowell, N. (2017). Computers & Chemical Engineering.
Bigger picture
How do we avoid the emission
of ~800 Gt CO2 by 2050?
+ ~ 50%
Fuel Switching
+ ~ 30%
~ 20%
+ ~ 10 Gt CO2 pa
by 2050
9
How are we doing energy system wide? Temple, MIT Technology Review, 2018
Large-scale CCS Projects
Global CCS Institute 2017CCS growth needs to accelerate…
To meet COP21 targets,
Terrell 18 Commercial scale we need to capture a total
Natural Gas Sleipner CCS projects in of ~10 Gt CO2 per year.
Plant CO2 operation This is equivalent to ~2000
(formerly Val Storage Ave. capacity 1.8 Mtpa projects with a capture
Verde, US) Project Total CO2 capture capacity of 5 Mtpa
0.4 Mtpa 1 Mtpa capacity = 31 Mtpa
1972 1996 2017 2050
5 Mtpa
0.4 Mtpa
1 Mtpa
1.8 Mtpa
GCSSI database http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects
Committee on Climate Change (2016). UK climate action
following the Paris Agreement. London, UK.The Allam Cycle – NET Power Images: Net Power LLC
Bio-Energy with CCS (BECCS)
Image: Dr Niall Mac Dowell, Imperial College LondonBio-Energy with CCS (BECCS) Carbon Brief - Global primary energy use in exajoules (EJ) for non-biomass renewables (left), BECCS (center), and coal without CCS (right) across all RCP1.9/1.5C scenarios. Adapted from Figure 2 in Rogelj et al 2018.
Carbon Capture and Utilisation Image courtesy of co2chem research network
Making CCS a commercial reality
The barriers are not technical.
We need a combination of the following:
1) Provide a monetisation route (e.g. EOR, CO2 pricing);
2) Target other sectors as well as Power
Ø Industrial Processes, Hydrogen Production
3) Multi-plant large-scale deployment
Ø taking advantage of economies of scale
Ø cost reduction and efficiency improvements through
learnings – and 1st to nth plant improvements.
4) A systems engineering approach to CCS
5) Supportive policy framework
6) New business models for sharing riskMaking CCS a commercial reality
The barriers are not technical.
We need a combination of the following:
1) Provide a monetisation route (e.g. EOR, CO2 pricing);
2) Target other sectors as well as Power
Ø Industrial Processes, Hydrogen Production
3) Multi-plant large-scale deployment
Ø taking advantage of economies of scale
Ø cost reduction and efficiency improvements through
learnings – and 1st to nth plant improvements.
4) A systems engineering approach to CCS
5) Supportive policy framework
6) New business models for sharing riskMaking CCS a commercial reality
The barriers are not technical.
We need a combination of the following:
1) Provide a monetisation route (e.g. EOR, CO2 pricing);
2) Target other sectors as well as Power
Ø Industrial Processes, Hydrogen Production
3) Multi-plant large-scale deployment
Ø taking advantage of economies of scale
Ø cost reduction and efficiency improvements through
learnings – and 1st to nth plant improvements.
4) A systems engineering approach to CCS
5) Supportive policy framework
6) New business models for sharing riskHow can CCS be economically viable?
• CCS adds cost (so called ‘energy penalty’)
»~$50 per te CO2 depending on source and
technology used
• Costs can be recouped by monetising CO2 by
»Revenue generation through EOR or EGR
»A carbon price
§ Carbon tax
§ Carbon trading
§ Carbon creditsMaking CCS a commercial reality
The barriers are not technical.
We need a combination of the following:
1) Provide a monetisation route (e.g. EOR, CO2 pricing);
2) Target other sectors as well as Power
Ø Industrial Processes, Hydrogen Production
3) Multi-plant large-scale deployment
Ø taking advantage of economies of scale
Ø cost reduction and efficiency improvements through
learnings – and 1st to nth plant improvements.
4) A systems engineering approach to CCS
5) Supportive policy framework
6) New business models for sharing riskMitigating direct industrial emissions Industrial emissions = 20% anthropogenic CO2 CCS = cost effective for industrial decarbonisation option combined with process efficiency optimisation Other major GHG emitters – Agriculture, Shipping, Aviation all have tougher routes to decarbonise, some CCS
Decarbonising heating networks with CCS Hydrogen = leading contender for the decarbonisation of heating. CCS is required This process could deliver low-carbon hydrogen at the volumes and cost required globally. Example: H21 Leeds City Gate Hydrogen Project
Making CCS a commercial reality
The barriers are not technical.
We need a combination of the following:
1) Provide a monetisation route (e.g. EOR, CO2 pricing);
2) Target other sectors as well as Power
Ø Industrial Processes, Hydrogen Production
3) Multi-plant large-scale deployment (Clusters)
Ø taking advantage of economies of scale
Ø cost reduction and efficiency improvements through
learnings – and 1st to nth plant improvements.
4) A systems engineering approach to CCS
5) Supportive policy framework
6) New business models for sharing riskMaking CCS a commercial reality
The barriers are not technical.
We need a combination of the following:
1) Provide a monetisation route (e.g. EOR, CO2 pricing);
2) Target other sectors as well as Power
Ø Industrial Processes, Hydrogen Production
3) Multi-plant large-scale deployment
Ø taking advantage of economies of scale
Ø cost reduction and efficiency improvements through
learnings – and 1st to nth plant improvements.
4) A systems engineering approach to CCS
5) Supportive policy framework
6) New business models for sharing riskA systems approach to CCS
§ Optimise costs and benefits
Industry Transport sector across the full value chain
H2 § Developing transport
infrastructure models for a
range of regional contexts
§ Defining the role of CCS in
future low-carbon energy
system
CCS
Transport network § Regionally dependent and
multidisciplinary
Energy systems Hub
CCS
Negative emissions EOR
MMV
technologies
Bio-CCS Direct air
capture (DAC)
CCSMaking CCS a commercial reality
The barriers are not technical.
We need a combination of the following:
1) Provide a monetisation route (e.g. EOR, CO2 pricing);
2) Target other sectors as well as Power
Ø Industrial Processes, Hydrogen Production
3) Multi-plant large-scale deployment
Ø taking advantage of economies of scale
Ø cost reduction and efficiency improvements through
learnings – and 1st to nth plant improvements.
4) A systems engineering approach to CCS
5) Supportive policy framework
6) New business models for sharing riskA supportive business and policy environment
Fostering supportive market
conditions
§ Supportive policy
frameworks that
incentivise long-term
investment
§ Commercial models that
spread risks equitably
between stakeholdersStakeholder and public
engagement
• Sustaining dialogue with policy and decision makers
• Articulating the reality and communicating benefits
• Understanding public and policy maker priorities
• Discussing public concerns and provide evidence
• Address role of CCS on a country or region basisCCS – The way forward
For policymakers:
• Unless there is a market mechanism to monetise CO2 storage (such as
CCS-EOR), CCS will require an enabling and supportive policy
framework (stable and long-term).
• Need to appropriately share the risk between government and the
private sector to facilitate rapid growth in capacity at the required
timescales; shared transport infrastructure and long-term storage liabilities
• Establishing CCS at commercial scale needs STEM skills / manpower.
• We have a responsibility to make decarbonisation routine practice and
drive sustainability.
For suppliers of finance:
• CCS is a mature technology whose risks are understood and
manageable, given an appropriate sharing of risk between the public
and private sectors.Further CCS reading
Imperial have published a lot of policy-public digestible information through our Grantham
Institute including summaries of
• Bridging the current policy gap
• Carbon Storage
• Carbon Capture
• Negative Emissions
• Shale Gas and Climate Change
Sustainable Gas Institute - Can technology help to unlock ‘unburnable carbon’?
In addition, we have written a recent report on our current understanding of storage reservoir relative
permeability for the GCCSI.
Furthermore we actively work with Colleagues to produce CCS reports, e.g., “A Chemical Engineering
Perspective on the Challenges and Opportunities of Delivering Carbon Capture and Storage at Commercial
Scale” – IChemE April 2018
Happy to help – i.macdonald@imperial.ac.ukYou can also read
