ICME NEWS ISSUE 87 MARCH 2019 - ICOM
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 1 ICME NEWS ISSUE 87 MARCH 2019
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 2
CONTENTS Opening Words .......................................................................... 3
Committee Announcements
ICME Post-conference Programme............................................. 4
Elections of ICME Chair and Board Members, 2019-2022........... 9
ICME Board Matters ................................................................... 9
University of Leicester research news ....................................... 11
• Yunci Cai ................................................................................. 11
2019 ICME Fellowships ............................................................... 11
• Blanca Cárdenas Carrión ........................................................ 11
• Camille Faucourt .................................................................... 11
• Jiyea Hong .............................................................................. 12
• Ali Mahfouz ............................................................................ 12
• Jaanika Vider .......................................................................... 12
• Rema Zeynalova ..................................................................... 13
Exhibitions and Conferences: Announcements
and Reviews
Past and Future Agricultures, by Ollie Douglas ........................ 14
Report from the Pre-31st Bi-Annual Meeting of the Brasilian
Association of Anthropology - “Direitos Humanos”,
by Tone Karlgard ....................................................................... 15
Essays
Project Profile: Making African Connections,
by Nicola Stylianou ................................................................... 19
The Ethnography Gallery: An Obituary,
by Patricia Davison .................................................................... 21
How the Anti-immigrant Political Narrative
is Affecting Culture in Italy, by Ilenia Atzori ............................. 22
Words from the Editors........................................................... 26
Contact the News..................................................................... 27
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 3 opening words
Opening
words
Jen Walklate
Welcome to the ICME News!
We hope that you’ll find
lots of interest in this issue. I
want to draw your attention
primarily to the Committee
Announcements and ICME
Fellows introductions, especially
if you are coming to conference
this year. However, there are
also some fascinating opinion
pieces, project profiles, reports
and even obituaries for galleries
if you read further in. Enjoy!
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 4 Committee Announcements
ICOM Kyoto 2019
Post-Conference Programme
in Hokkaido
Challenges facing local museums in preserving and handing down history and culture
SCHEDULE ment by samurai immigrants from ICOM KYOTO 2019: “Museums as Cultur-
Date: Sunday, September 8 – Tues- other islands of Japan. The Kitakogane al Hubs: The Future of Tradition”.
day, September 10, 2019 Shell Midden is part of the “Jomon2 This post-conference programme aims
Venue: Date City, Toyako Town, Shi- Archaeological Sites in Hokkaido and to facilitate exchanges between re-
raoi Town and Biratori Town (Hok- Northern Tohoku”, which is aiming searchers based in Hokkaido and other
kaido Prefecture) to be inscribed as a UNESCO World ICOM researchers. We look forward to
Organisers: ICOM KYOTO 2019 Or- Heritage. There is also the Irie and seeing you.
ganising Committee, Date Toyako Re- Takasago Shell Midden in the adjacent
gional Museum Promotion Platform Toyako Town. Museums in this area TOPICS OF THE POST-
Managed by Organising Committee exhibit culture rooted in the area’s rich CONFERENCE PROGRAMME
for the ICOM KYOTO 2019 Post-Con- environment from the Jomon Period. (Tentative)
ference Programme in Date City and With the planned opening of the Date (1) A Message from the Honorary
Toyako Town, Hokkaido Prefecture City Museum of History and Culture, Ja- President
pan’s newest3 local cultural museum, in Hokkaido is a hub of exchange in North-
AIMS April 2019, we are planning a post-con- east Asia as it is bordered on the south
In the past several years, Hokkaido’s ference programme to this local by other Japanese islands, on the north
natural splendor and cuisine have museum, which embodies the theme of by the Eurasian continent via Sakhalin
made it a very popular destination and on the east by the Kamchatka Pen-
among tourists, especially those to the east and the northern part of Japan’s main insula via the Kuril Islands. In Hokkaido,
island to the south. Many place names in Hokkaido
from Asia. Date City is rich in history derive from their native language. Paleolithic culture thrived 30,000 or so
and culture. One can find the Kitako- 2
Jomon culture thrived on the Japanese archipel- years ago, followed by Jomon culture,
gane Shell Midden, evidence of Ainu ago after the Japanese Paleolithic period. It was Epi-Jomon culture, Okhotsk culture and
a hunter-gatherer culture characterized by pit
settlements1, and modern develop- dwellings. The Jomon culture period continued Satsumon culture, before the culture
from 15,000 years ago to 2,300 years ago, which of the indigenous Ainu prospered from
The Ainu are an indigenous people with their own in world history corresponds to an era between the
1
Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.
the 13th century. Some 150 years ago,
culture who today live primarily in Hokkaido.
Previously, the Ainu lived not just in Hokkaido, 3
As of 1 September 2019, when the ICOM Kyoto the new Meiji government started land
but also in Sakhalin to the north, the Kuril Islands 2019 will be held reclamation in Hokkaido, which caused
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 5
a large number of ethnic Japanese from panel discussions that will last about a
mainland Japan, known as Wajin, to half-day. Details are to be decided.
settle in Hokkaido and transformed the We are inviting post-conference pro-
lives of local people. Today, museums gramme participants, as well as peo-
across Hokkaido promote activities that ple involved in museums in Hokkaido
hand down local traditions to younger Prefecture and local residents, to the
generations. I look forward to welcom- symposium. It will be an opportunity
ing many of you to the post-conference to discuss the roles of local museums a true awareness and understanding
programme. in society and to disseminate informa- of Ainu history and culture in Japan
tion on the value and appeal of local and abroad, and serving as a hub for
culture and on the trends of cultural the creation and development of new
museums around the world. Ainu culture (scheduled to open on 24
April 2020). A brief explanation about
(3) Technical visit the planned facility will be given at the
(i) Nibutani Ainu Culture Museum planned construction site.
(Biratori Town) URL: http://www.mksk-ps.jp/
The museum is in Biratori, a town
committed to passing down the (iii) Kitakogane Shell Midden (Date
traditional culture of the Ainu, the in- City)
digenous people of Hokkaido. Visitors This is a settlement site with shell
Shuzo Ishimori
Director-General, Hokkaido Museum Honorary can learn about Ainu traditions from middens that date from approxi-
President, Organising Committee for the ICOM various perspectives and with techni- mately 5,000 – 3,500 BC. Although
KYOTO 2019 Post-Conference Programme in Date
City and Toyako Town, Hokkaido Prefecture cal explanations. only a small percent of the site has
URL: http://www.town.biratori.hok- been excavated, numerous artifacts
(2) Symposium in Date City kaido.jp/biratori/nibutani/ of academic value have already been
Japan faces the serious issues of low unearthed.
birthrates and high longevity. In these, URL: http://www.date-kanko.jp/page-
Hokkaido Prefecture is presumed 26/page-171/
to lead other parts of the country
by 10 years. The loss of relationships
between people, local culture and
traditions due to depopulation and
urban decline is a deeply concerning
issue. Local history and culture give
identity to localities and are critical (ii) National Ainu Museum / National
elements in fostering regional devel- Park for Ethnic Harmony (planned
opment. We are hosting a symposium construction site) (Shiraoi Town)
to discuss the significance of local This site, which will include a museum, (iv) Date City Museum of History and
museums, which play a role in passing is under development by the national Culture (Date City)
these values on to the future. We are government for the purpose of respect- The museum exhibits cultural treas-
planning to hold a keynote lecture and ing the dignity of the Ainu, facilitating ures, weapons and armor that a group
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 6
and 800 BC. It is evident that there is (vii) Disaster Monuments at Konpira
a large-scale burial ground at the site Craters (Toyako Town)
that will illuminate the lifestyles of Visitors can learn about the mecha-
people who inhabited the area over nisms of volcanic eruptions and about
a long span of time while adapting to disaster prevention through videos
environmental changes. and photographs taken at the 2000
URL: http://www.town.toyako.hokkai- eruption of Mt. Usu.
do.jp/syakaikyouiku/page37/page7/ The ruins of buildings and infrastruc-
of samurai of the Date Clan who index.html ture damaged by the eruption are
moved to and settled in Date City preserved at the Disaster Monuments
in the 1870s brought with them to at Konpira Craters behind the Volcano
Hokkaido. Visitors can also learn about Science Museum.
the history of the area and its Jomon URL: http://www.toya-usu-geopark.org/
and Ainu cultures (scheduled to open
in April 2019).
(v) Irie and Takasago Shell Midden
(Toyako Town)
This is a settlement site with shell mid- (vi) Toyako Visitor Center / Volcano
dens that date from between 3,500 Science Museum
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 7
ACCOMPANYING PERSONS’ PROGRAMME
Accompanying persons not attending the symposium may participate in the special programme.
Schedule (tentative)
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Sunday, Sep 8 Monday, Sep 9 Tuesday, Sep 10
Morning Note: Technical visit Technical visit
Assemble at New Chitose Airport. (iii) Kitakogane Shell Midden (v) Irie and Takasago Shell Midden
(iv) Date City Museum of History (vi) Toyako Visitor Center / Volca-
and Culture no Science Museum
Afternoon Symposium Technical visit
Technical visit Date Rekishi-no-Mori Culture (vii) Disaster Monuments at Kon-
(i) Nibutani Ainu Culture Museum Center pira Craters
(ii) National Ainu Museum / Na- Accompanying persons’
tional Park for Ethnic Harmony programme Note:
(planned construction site) (This is only for those interested The tour ends at New Chitose
in participating. Participation is Airport.
not mandatory. The programme is
subject to fees.)
Dinner Accommodations Welcome party -
Accommo- The Toyako Onsen hot spring The Toyako Onsen -
dations resort hot spring resort
REGISTRATION FEE Date Breakfast Lunch Dinner
40,000 JPY Sunday the 8th - - g
Monday the 9th g g Welcome party
Tuesday the 10th g g -
(1) Items included in the (2) Items NOT included in the (3) Other
registration fee registration fee (i) An accommodation surcharge is
(i) Transport during the event (i) Transport outside Hokkaido before required for participants who wish to
(ii) Facility admissions arriving at and after leaving New Chi- have a room to themselves.
(iii) Meals tose Airport (airfare, etc.) (ii) An additional fee is required for the
(iv) Accommodation (Shared with your (ii) Additional orders placed during accompanying persons programme.
colleague(s)) meals (alcoholic beverages, etc.), ex-
(v) Welcome party cluding during the welcome party
(iii) Souvenirs purchased
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 8
EXPECTED PARTICIPANTS
(1) Symposium
(i) Participants of the post-confer-
ence programme
(ii) Those involved in museums in
Hokkaido
(iii) Date City residents and other
local residents
(2) Technical visit
Participants of the post-conference
programme
(3) Welcome party
(i) Participants of the post-confer-
ence programme
(ii) Those involved in museums in
Hokkaido
(iii) Representatives of local entities
concerned
OTHER
(1) Please arrange your own transport
to and from New Chitose Airport.
(2) Buses will be arranged for the tech-
nical visits.
(3) English-speaking guides and expla-
nations in English will be provided
during the whole programme.
(Interpretation services, etc.)
(4) A “certificate of attendance” will be
issued to participants.
(5) The programme content is subject
to change.
VENUE
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 9
Elections of ICME Chair and Board
Members, 2019-2022:
Call for Candidates
According to the rules for ICOM In- The 2019 ICME elections are led by a Chairperson, a Secretary, a Treasurer,
ternational Committees, elections of Susan Faine and supported by an a webmaster and a newsletter editor,
new members for the ICME board will election committee including Yunci elected by the Committee's members.
be held at the ICME general meeting Cai and Ivan Grinko. Members of the Executive Board shall
at the ICOM Triennial Conference in The Nominations will be distributed be elected for a period of three years
Kyoto (1-7 September 2019). on the ICME website on Monday 29 and may be re-elected only once.
All ICME members wishing to be April 2019 and in the ICME Newsletter
considered for the positions of ICME in June 2019. And at the end of this rules, there is a
chair or board member are invited to wording for this paragraph:
ICME Board
submit their candidacy to the election ** Under review 2014-16. Rewording 'at
committee. least five' to replace 'no more than nine' pro-
Matters posed by Board to membership in 2015 for
Please include the following informa- final vote at annual meeting in Milan 2016.
tion in your submission: According to the rules for ICOM In-
1. Name and relevant personal data ternational Committees, elections of So, basically, the election in Milan
including: new members for the ICME board will 2016 was conducted under the rule
- address be held at the ICME general meeting of that The Committee shall be managed
- ICOM membership number at the ICOM Triennial Conference in by an Executive Board consisting of at least
- current professional affiliation or Kyoto (1-7 September 2019). five members, including a Chairperson, a
independent status Secretary, a Treasurer, a webmaster and a
2. A brief biography/CV (up to 200 In prior to this coming election, Keiko newsletter editor, elected by the Commit-
words) Kuroiwa and Mario Buletic, the board tee's members.
3. The position you are nominating members 2016 - 2019, suggested to re-
for: chair or board member duce the current board number from 16 As a result of this, 16 members became
4. A statement (up to 200 words) to no more than 9 members at the ICME board members in Milan 2016.
saying why you are nominating for general meeting in Tartu, Estonia 2018.
the position and what you would However, this ICME Rules caused a
like to accomplish in that position The section 6, number 14 of the ICME confusion and dispute among ICME
Rules 2010 dated 10.11.2010 states that members because anyone could be
Please send your submission, by Mon- The Committee shall be managed by selected as a board member without
day 15 April 2019 to an Executive Board consisting of no election since the Rules does not set a
ICMEelection2019@gmail.com more than nine members**, including maximum number of board members.
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 10 This is the reason why we are now officially presenting this proposal with stating precise board numbers as below: The Committee shall be managed by an Executive Board consisting of at least five members and not more than nine members, including a Chairperson, a Secretary, a Treasurer, a webmaster and a newsletter editor, elected by the Committee's members. This proposal will be distributed to the ICME members via ICME Newsletter and Yahoo list, then we will present this proposal to amend the Rules at the ICME general meeting for voting in Kyoto 2019. 3/March/2019 Keiko Kuroiwa Mario Buletic ICME board members 2016 - 2019
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 11
University of Leicester
research news
Yunci Cai lised to achieve different agendas Silk Road under China's Belt and Road
I am a Lecturer in Museum Stud- by different stakeholders in diverse Initiative. I can be reached at yc277@
ies and Director of the MA/MSc in socio-political contexts, and the leicester.ac.uk
Museum Studies (Campus-based) power interplays and contestations
programme at the School of Muse- involved in the mobilisation, or what
um Studies, University of Leicester. I is known as the politics of museum
am a critical heritage and museum and heritage-making. My forthcom-
studies scholar, specialising in the ing monograph Staging Indigenous
cultural politics and museologies in Heritage explores the politics of
and of Asia. Trained as a geographer/ heritage-making at four indigenous
anthropologist, I am interested in the cultural villages in Malaysia. I am now
politics of heritage, especially how researching the politics of heritage in-
cultural heritage has been mobi- strumentalisation along the maritime
2019 ICME Fellowships
Blanca Cárdenas Carrión Her ethnographic experience is within the National Institute of Anthropol-
Blanca María Cárdenas Carrión is a ethnic groups located at the border ogy and History Awards (INAH), for
mexican ethnologist and a current between Mexico and the United States her research entitled: “Ethnographic
PhD student in Philosophy of Science (rarámuri, o´ob, navajo, zuni and hopi) Museums. Contributions for a contem-
(Science Communication) at the and her main interests are the history porary definition”.
National Autonomous University of of ethnographic museums in Mexico
Mexico (UNAM). and in the world, and the contribu- Her enthusiasm for Ethnographic Mu-
tions of Critical Museology to the seums leaded her to join ICME in 2018.
exhibition of cultural diversity.
Camille Faucourt
She has a Diploma in “Developing Camille Faucourt is the curator of the
successful museums and science Mobility, Creolization and Commu-
centres” from the International Centre nication collections at the Museum
for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy. of Europe and Mediterranean Civili-
In 2017, she received a Special Men- zations (Mucem) in Marseille, France.
tion in Museum Studies category in She has a background in NativeICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 12
American Studies, History of Arts and Jiyea Hong
Anthropology, and is a graduate of the I am a PhD student of anthropolo-
Institut National de Patrimoine. Her gy at the University of Chicago. My
publications includes exhibition cata- current project studies ethnograph-
logs on Native American Art and the ic knowledge production not only
representation of the “Indian” in French by scholars but also by indigenous
arts, as well as articles related to the people who are traditionally consid-
history of French museology and ered as an informant or subject rather
national ethnographic collections. Her
current researches focus on colonial
history and contemporary migrations with students of the schools which sur-
in the Mediterranean area. In 2019, she round the storage and does dedicated
will be coordinating a series of semi- workshops for them. He also has his
nars involving museums professional, Voluntary work in the heritage field
artists, authors and historians working with his Colleagues at Mansoura. They
together to write a new decolonized founded a campaign to save their city’s
history of globalization, as seen and cultural heritage.
experienced by the indigenous peo-
ples around the world. She is also the Jaanika Vider
than the producer of knowledge. I I am a Postdoctoral Affiliate at the
am planning to conduct fieldwork at School of Anthropology and Museum
an ecomuseum in Southwest China. Ethnography at the University of Oxford
Through this research I am trying where I completed my doctorate in
to understand the epistemological 2018. My interest in museum research
process of ethnographic knowing, was sparked during my first ‘proper’ job
and how it is embedded in the global out of university during which I worked
political economy.
Ali Mahfouz
Mahfouz is the director of Mansoura
co-curator of the “Algeria-France: The Storage Museum in Egypt. He ob-
voice of objects” exhibition and public tained his MA degree in Egyptology
program cycle at the Mucem since from Mansoura University. He has
September 2017 and is working on a a background in Museum display,
future exhibition dedicated to the bath Documentation, Conservation, Risk
as a social practice in Europe. Through Management, and Collection Man-
her work, she likes to create fruitful di- agement. Mahfouz has experience
alogue between contemporary artists in international conferences: he has on the digitization of Wilfred Thesiger’s
and ethnographic objects, as a way to attended events in Tbilisi in Georgia, photographs at the Pitt Rivers Muse-
facilitate new visions and discourses Turin in Italy and Germany. He organ- um in Oxford. The wonderful work
on the collections. izes community outreach programs behind the scenes encouraged me toICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 13
undertake doctoral research on Maria Rema Zeynalova conducts a monthly project The history
Czaplicka’s Siberian collection at the Pitt Rema Zeynalova is the Chief Specialist of one exhibit and organizes lectures in
Rivers Museum and the history of the of the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum. the museum.
expedition that it originated from. Rema has worked for the museum In addition, Ms Zeynalova has expe-
since 2006 (Chief Specialist: 2015-pres- rience as a curator in the exhibition
I am particularly interested in linking ent, Senior Researcher: 2008-2015, dedicated to the poet Nizami Ganjavi's
collections and archival research with and Junior Researcher: 2006-2008). 870th anniversary in New Delhi (India)
contemporary issues and developing in 2012 and the exhibition Patterns of
means to efficiently communicate Magnificence − Azerbaijani Folk Art in
research to the public through digital Sofia (Bulgaria) in 2017.
outreach, museum exhibitions and
events. I have worked on a number Ms Zeynalova holds B.A. and M.A.
of digitisation projects including the degrees in museum studies from
‘Nomads in Oman’ project (www. Azerbaijan State University of Culture
nomadsinoman.com) and the William and Art.
Henry Fox Talbot Catalogue Raisonné
project at the Bodleian Libraries. My In 2017, Rema was awarded with the
current research considers the role Honorary Diploma of the President of the
that ethnographic photograph and Ms Zeynalova’s professional inter- Republic of Azerbaijan for the efficient
object collections played in the depic- ests include public and community work in the promotion of the art of
tion and understanding of the Arctic in engagement, museum communica- Azerbaijani carpet weaving.
European metropolitan centres during tion, dialogue-based and participatory Ms Zeynalova has been a member of
19th and early 20th centuries. learning. Currently, Ms Zeynalova ICOM since 2014.ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 14 Exhibition and Conference Announcements and Reviews
Past and Future Agricultures
by Ollie Douglas
PAST AND FUTURE AGRICULTURES / 20–23 JULY 2020
MUSEUM OF ENGLISH RURAL LIFE, READING, UK
CIMA 19, the triennial Congress of the will focus on the role that museums • Diversity, inclusion and farming
International Association of Agricul- and collections play but also aims to • Living practice and farming heritage
tural Museums (AIMA), will be held in encourage debate of wider issues and • Creative practice and museums
2020 at the Museum of English Rural partnerships. of farming
Life (The MERL), University of Reading. • Engaging urban audiences
This conference will draw together As the largest gathering of internation- with farming
leading museum practitioners and al museum professionals who care for • Conserving and restoring
researchers to explore how museums agricultural collections, CIMA provides farming heritage
can work to engage communities, au- opportunities to hear about best • Management and strategy in
diences, specialists, and stakeholders practice from across the world. There museums of farming
in understanding and addressing the will be visits and presentations that • Farming futures, environment
major food and sustainability issues illustrate how visitors can be engaged and sustainability
that we face today. in the complexity of modern farming,
with an emphasis on practical and The MERL and AIMA invite proposals
Many of the pressing global challeng- affordable ideas. Through CIMA 19, of papers, panels, posters, and other
es of our time connect to the develop- we aim to develop our shared under- forms of presentation. Please send a
ment of food systems and to practic- standing as caretakers of our agricul- title, abstract (up to 300 words), and
es that sustain them in the present. tural pasts and our role in shaping our description of what format your con-
These histories and ways of living are farming futures. tribution would take (up to 100 words)
represented in museums, including to agriculturemuseums.president@
specialist institutions and those with Themes and focal areas may include gmail.com. Please include ‘CIMA 19
a wider social history or ethnography but are not limited to: Proposal’ in the subject line.
focus. The success of present-day
food production is often depend- • Regional food and farming All expressions of interest are welcome
ent on factors similar to those that traditions at this stage but we are particularly
shaped farming in the past. Muse- • Public history, food and farming interested in the connection between
ums can help us to understand these • Live animals in museums museums, collections, researchers,
histories and to inform future re- • Colonial-industrial legacies and and public engagement.
sponses. They are powerful contexts farming histories
for engaging people in discussions • Heritage farming in developing
related to food and farming. CIMA 19 nationsICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 15
Report from the Pre-31 st
Bi-Annual Meeting of the Brazilian
Association of Anthropology titled
Direitos Humanos
December 8th at the University of Brasilia
Tone Cecilie Simensen Karlgård, Museum Lecturer
Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo
The organizers invited me as a repre- representative of the ICME/ICOM I from similar conferences in Europe is
sentative of the ICME/ICOM board to expressed the intentions from ICME to the obvious focus on the spoken word
do a presentation for the Pre Event: help in any way possible. in Brasil – how language express-
Anthropology in Museums at the Many of the senior colleagues shared es cultural identity and is the most
Round Table “Anthropology and Muse- their experiences from having host- vibrating, living and dynamic tool for
um Experiences” on Saturday Decem- ed Sami visitors among the Manuel communication. Very few presenters
ber 8. 2018. Ferreira Lima Filho, who recalled the put much emphasis on the visual.
IWGIA-meeting in 1979 where the And when in Europe one often gets the
Prof. Adriana Russi had asked me to Norwegian Embassy supported Sami impression that the presentations are
focus on the cooperation and work representation in the international expected to be as short and tabloid as
involved in disseminating Sami Culture meeting possible. Presentations were received
in the museum of Cultural History, UiO. Marilia Xavier (MAE/USP) also shared well even if stretched out in time and
her experiences from cooperation with exquisite oral competence openly ap-
First I will share some general the Embassy over the years as director preciated in a more expressive way.
experiences from the panels and curator of indigenous patrimony Human Rights is at stake in the cur-
Director of the National Museum in in Brasil. rent political situation in Brasil. I had
Rio, Luiz Fernando Duarte (Museu the impression that the conference
Nacional) was the first presenter of Human Rights was also appreciated and used as a
the programme. The tragic fire that The overall theme of the Conference free-space to discuss openly ones
destroyed the major parts of the col- was in focus at all times. It was im- insights and worries both personally
lections and the library at the national pressive to witness the engagement and professionally, as well as ideas for
museum in Rio in September 2018, and advanced, elaborated, oratorial action-oriented research with and on
was the focus of the introduction to competence performed by the speak- behalf of vulnerable groups as indig-
the conference. In my greeting as a ers in various settings. A difference enous groups, Qulimbolas, the poor,ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 16
in Brasilia that made it possible.
Numbers:
- Numbers of participants at the par-
ticipants at the Museums Anthropol-
ogists meeting: 80
- At the overall conference 2000 had
registered
A short version of my presentation
follows.
11 Sami images – exhibiting
indigenous diversity,
experiences from cooperation
and shared knowledge
production in the context
of the Museum of Cultural
History, UiO, Oslo Norway
“What would you start out with – what
is the main message you would bring
Photo from the Exhibition 11 Sami Images: Skeive Samer/Gay Sami, photographer: Ola Røe to the museums anthropologists in
Brazil about the struggle and the hard
and the LGBT-community to mention the future of public resources such as work for Sami indigenous rights in
just some. The growing social differ- public universities, schools, libraries Norway over the years?” This is what I
ences were addressed as well as the archives and museums. The museums asked Anthropologist Ms Jorunn Eik-
position of women. I will especially committee concerned about cultural jokk, in a conversation when I started
mention the impressive, humorous, heritage is establishing contacts to the to plan the presentation. Jorunn is the
very politically satirical and elegant international community also through Sami curator of the exhibition11 Sami
main inaugurating speech in the ICME/ICOM to safeguard open inter- images which are the point of depar-
great auditorium on Sunday Decem- national channels and to keep visibility ture for this presentation.
ber 9th by the president of ABA: Lia on the situation in the field in Brasil. Jorunn answered directly: “How the
Zanotta Machado. Sámi people having been made invisi-
To participate in this conference was ble over 400 years and how I have ex-
In informal conversations I expressed an immensely positive experience for perienced in my own life that our land
my personal impression and actual ad- me. Although my Portuguese is far has been taken away from us bit by bit
miration for the political engagement from up to academic standards I get during the colonizing of our culture,
present both “on and off stage” at the by reasonably well, and because of the traditions and language. This ongoing
conference. My Brasilian colleague patience and civility of the Brazilian situation is the reason why I find the
agreed to this but also replied – we are colleagues I found it very inspirational energy to work for indigenous rights
usually not this preoccupied with the to participate. and the dissemination of the rich Sami
political situation but at present we I am very grateful for the generous culture through actions, demonstra-
have reason to be really worried about support from the Norwegian embassy tions and museums exhibitions.”ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 17
Facts and history
Throughout the presentation some
basic facts of Sami history are given
as a backdrop, as well as Elsa Laula
Renberg´s work and the first Sami
meeting in Trondheim on February
6th, 1917. Facts of the Sami: their
land stretches across four countries
due to colonization by nation-states
drawing borders in the middle of the
Sami’s traditional lands – with ex-
ceptions for the Sami to herd across
the borders between Norway and
Photo from the Exhibition 11 Sami Images: Smørfjord, photographer: Ola Røe Sweden. Today numbers are approx-
imately 100 000 Sami people living
across that territory, with approxi-
mately 60 000 in Norway. Sápmi is a
concept encompassing the land and
the Sámi people.
The Sami tent in front
of the parliament
Jorunn Eikjokks’ own background as
an activist and as one of the proud
seven young Sami who initiated and
performed a well known hunger
strike on Eidsvolls plass in 1979 in con-
nection to the Alta demonstrations
is an important part of the narrative.
Even if the demonstrations did not
succeed in attempting to stop the
plans for building the hydro electric
From the Conference Excursion on December 9. To Cidade Estrutural (DF) a local memorial centre of the local plant in Sautso, the hunger strike had
history in the spirit of the world famous Brazilian pedagog Paolo Freire. ICME member and organizer Adriana
great and positive consequences to
Russi second from left, photographer: Tone C. Karlgård
broaden public consciousness about
the Sami as well as impacting the
politicians’ minds and indirectly to
safeguard the project of establishing
a Sami parliament that was inaugu-
rated in 1989.ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 18 Photo from the Exhibition 11 Sami Images: Loparskaya, photographer: Ola Røe The exhibition and book was part of the Museum’s celebration fascinating sustainable cultural prac- project 11. Sami images of the Tråante, the centennial of the tice which is getting to be more pop- The project is the result of what Sami national day on February 6. ular in contemporary times because Jorunn initiated in 2009 and made in The tenth image, the portrait of the of the warmth and comfort provided close cooperation with the excellent urban Sami, and especially the person in cold, snowy weather conditions photographer Ola Røe. Approxi- that is self identifying as Sami, always when practiced correctly. The audi- mately 40 of his photos from the catches the interest of young people ence handled the shoes and inspected exhibition are an important part of and it also triggered questions from them with great interest. Presented to the presentation. I highlight what the colleagues in the Brazil meeting. museum professionals and social an- I have found especially gratifying thropologists with a special interest in and interesting from cooperating Bååstede material cultural practices and indig- with Jorunn and Ola and museums A brief presentation of Bååstede enous cultural knowledge and prac- colleagues in modifying the exhibi- wrapped up the presentation. Bååst- tices the reindeer skin shoes worked tion to a semi-permanent version ede (http://www.varjjat.org/web/ perfectly to strengthen the connection at the Museum of Cultural History, index.php?sladja=16&giella1=nor) and to create a lasting memory for as well as disseminating this exhibi- is the decolonizing repatriation project many of our Brazilian colleagues. tion with emphasis on experiences taking place between The Museum of Questions about stereotyping, self from educational practice with high Cultural History in Norway, (Folkemu- identification vs. cultural appropria- school students. With support from seet) Museum of Cultural History, UiO tion, and if the Sami claim their own the Sami Parliament Jorunn and Ola and the six Sami museums. land were questions that lingered and produced two additional images for When talking about material culture I obviously caught the interest as these the exhibition. In 2017 the eleventh brought a pair of Sami shoes – skaller. questions are similar in many contexts, image, depicting “two spirit” Sami They are quite new, still smelling of especially concerning indigenous appeared. Discussing the experiences reindeer skin and containing “senna- peoples’ situations and struggles to of carrying a dual minority identity gress” - dried grass in the bottom of maintain and strengthen their identity by portraying Susanne and Daavet the shoes. The use of sennagress is is a in contemporary times.
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 19 Essays Project Profile: Making African Connections Decolonial Futures for Colonial Collections by Nicola Stylianou This project , which is led by the some ways radically different and thus gola borderlands (approximately University of Sussex and funded by the provide an ideal basis for research into 3,000 objects) held in the Pow- Arts and Humanities Research Coun- varied possibilities and constraints. In ell-Cotton Museum: a particu- cil, aims to further both conceptual each case museum staff and research- lar strength of the collection is and applied debates over ‘decoloniz- ers are working closely with counter- Kwanyama material.The objects ing’ public institutions. In particular it parts from universities, museums and were collected by sisters Diana and explores the role of regional museums heritage organisations in the places Antoinette Powell-Cotton during who are often overlooked in these dis- from where the collections originated. two expeditions in 1936 and 1937. cussions. It focuses on three Museums It is probably the largest collection in Sussex and Kent: Brighton Museum The three specific collections the pro- of Angolan material in Europe and & Art Gallery, The Royal Engineers Mu- ject is studying are: is supplemented by photographs, seum and the Powell-Cotton Museum. 1) Artefacts from Botswana (300 films, diaries and detailed notes. These museums all hold collections objects) that were loaned and later Extensive archival research is being of known international significance donated to Brighton Museum by done on this collection with advice assembled between 1890 and 1940, Rev. Willoughby a prominent figure from Dr Napandulwe Shiweda whose journeys to the South coast in the London Missionary Society (University of Namibia). began in missionary, military and (LMS). Willoughby served in South- ethnographic encounters respectively. ern Africa and while running a mis- 3) Artefacts from Sudan (153 objects) The diversity of these collections, held sion at Phalapye during the 1890s held at the Royal Engineers’ Muse- in very different sorts of museums, collected these objects. Brighton um in the UK as a direct result of provides an ideal opportunity for Museum are working alongside col- British military aggression in the responding to the Tropen Museum’s leagues from the National Museum late nineteenth century. These ob- (2017) call for recognition of complex- of Botswana, the Khama III Memori- jects are being studied alongside ity, not only in the histories of colonial al Museum and Brighton and Hove letters, scrap books and photos. holdings but also in potential ‘decolo- Black History to understand more Research on this collection is being nial’ responses. While the collections about these objects. carried out with advice from mem-
ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 20
bers of the Sudanese diaspora and terial, an edited book, journal articles, Viewing objects from Botswana in the collections
store. From left to right: Rachel Heminway Hurst
Shams Al Aseel Charitable Initia- new Wikipedia content, policy advice
(Royal Pavilion & Museums), Winani Thebele (Bot-
tive, an NGO focussing on Mahdist and the return (on loan in the first swana National Museum), Scobie Lekhutile (Khama
material culture. place) of nineteenth-century material III Memorial Museum) and Tshepo Skwambane
(Royal Pavilion & Museums).
to Botswana, for display at a regional
Planned outputs include a series of museum: the Khama III Memorial
co-produced displays (2020), an online Museum in Serowe.
resource which will offer access Making African Connections is funded
to 600 historic artefacts as well as by the AHRC. Project Reference AH/
written and photographic archival ma- S001271/1ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 21
The Ethnography ing and gathering as a way of life, the the power-relations and selectivity
casts were still its main attraction. inherent in museum practice; addi-
Gallery at the
In the 1970s, the old typological tional text panels were introduced, all
displays in the ethnography gal- life-casts were eventually removed
South African lery, adjacent to the diorama, were from exhibition but the structure of
replaced by newly designed cases the gallery remained in place.
Museum, 1938 to
showing the material culture of the After 1998, when legislation was
major cultural/linguistic groups of passed to amalgamate the national
2018: An Obituary
South Africa, including Khoesan, museums in Cape Town, the ethno-
Nguni and Sotho/Tswana. By this time, graphic collections of the SAM were
ethnicity had become a tool for the incorporated into the newly-formed
by Patricia Davison apartheid government to divide black Social History Collections Division of
people into ‘homelands’ and deny the amalgamated institution. This
In 2018 the ethnography gallery of them South African citizenship. The realignment brought the colonial
the South African Museum (now part classificatory framework of the new history collections back into the same
of Iziko Museums of South Africa) gallery implicitly affirmed the cultural museum structure as ethnography, art
was dismantled and the collections divisions that were being abused in and archaeology and created the pos-
taken back into storage after being the wider political context of South sibility of working across disciplines to
on exhibition for decades. The gallery Africa. From the late 1960s onwards, present integrated exhibitions. Despite
was planned in the mid-1930s by perceptions of the SAM had changed being outdated, however, the ethnog-
Margaret Shaw, the first ethnologist when the classical and cultural history raphy gallery continued to be of inter-
at the South African Museum (SAM), collections were removed to a sep- est to museum visitors and remained
and by 1938 the display cases along arate building which soon became open to the public until late in 2017. It
the walls had been filled with objects an autonomous museum, while will be remembered for its idealized
arranged in typological categories indigenous African material culture view of African village life and visually
such as beadwork, weaponry, pottery remained in the SAM with natural engaging displays of handcrafted
and musical instruments. In the centre history. This grouping of ethnography objects; the counterpoint, however,
of the gallery were large free-standing with natural history gave rise to acute was the absence of the harsher real-
cases housing groups of life-like casts criticism, particularly directed towards ities of urbanisation, migrant labour,
of people called ‘Cape Bushmen’. Their the diorama which, after prolonged discrimination and poverty. To mark
physical type was emphasized in the controversy, was eventually closed to the closure of the gallery, a group of
labels and the casts became one of the the public in 2001. Museum inertia local African leaders held a ceremony
major attractions of the SAM, widely prevailed in the outdated ethnography to heal past exclusion and affirm their
known for its collections of Karoo gallery. After 1990, as the politics of goodwill. If the demise of the eth-
fossils and whale skeletons. The gallery the country changed, dilemma labels nography gallery symbolizes a move
remained largely unchanged until 1959 came into play to highlight problems towards decolonising the museum,
when a number of the body casts were of classification, erasure and exclusion. negotiating future exhibitions with
re-exhibited in a newly-constructed Ironically, the gallery itself became of relevant stakeholder communities
diorama that depicted a hunter-gath- historical and ethnographic interest, remains work in progress.
erer camp in the Karoo. Although the especially to students of museology. Dr Patricia Davison, Research Associ-
diorama was intended to show hunt- Temporary interventions highlighted ate, Iziko Museums of South AfricaICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 22
How the Anti-immigrant
Political Narrative is
Affecting Culture in Italy
by Ilenia Atzori
To what extent can our environment (that in the most cases were perhaps little room for self-sanction on observ-
and filter bubbles affect our behav- latent), resulting in an increase of ers’ minds.
iour? To what extent can the media reported hate-crimes within the 48
affect our behaviour? to 72 hours following the referendum The political propaganda of especially
There have been different studies outcome announcement. the last 3-5 years, in Italy, has particu-
trying to answer these questions, larly focused on blaming immigrants
and their conclusions seem to be that Another example is the general over- and the resources allocated to their re-
although selective exposure to infor- estimation of especially the presence ception and integration for a large part
mation is currently the most common of immigrants in countries by the local of the Country’s financial and social
pattern online, a consistent part of population, measured over 38 Coun- crisis, therefore depicting them as the
news consumers often purposely look tries by the 2017 survey ‘The Perils of enemy threatening Italy’s culture and
for information that reflects a differ- Perception’ (IPSOS), in which Italy - my stability at every level.
ent point of view than theirs. There- own Country - was placed amongst
fore, there are no incontrovertible the 15 least accurate countries in terms From a social perspective, this climate
data showing the extent to which our of perception of reality. led to a shooting in Macerata, in
environment and the media affect our February 2018, where six black people
behaviour. Italy were injured by a 28 year-old white
Drawing upon the words of the Nigeri- Italian, who deliberately shot at them
However, it seems that some of the an writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, passing by from his car and selected
glaring effects of the negative influ- if individuals are represented in a his victims based on the colour of their
ence our environment and the media single way, through a single feature, skin; right-wing politicians even went
can have on our lives are already they are deprived of their dignity and as far as saying that Africans’ mass
visible: for instance, the killing of the de-humanised, whilst differences are immigration to Italy is an attempt
British MP Jo Cox by a fascist white stressed, and inequality legitimised. of ethnic substitution operated by
supremacist, in 2016, during the Brexit the previous left- wing Government
referendum campaign, when Nigel According to Albert Bandura, distor- to replace the Italian working class,
Farage’s Leave EU anti-migration posi- tion may also occur when sanctions and that ‘our white race is in danger’.
tions even echoed 1930s Nazi prop- associated with usually unacceptable Not to mention the high amount of
aganda and rode the wave of racism actions are minimized, ignored, mis- fake-news and misinformation that
and intolerance towards migrants reported or disbelieved, thus leaving has circulated, particularly on digitalICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 23
media, where it is easier to manipulate and cinema, aiming at strengthening has not issued any statement on this
information and pictures, and to am- the connections of the local com- matter, although to celebrate the In-
plify specific trending or sensational munity with the ‘new Italian citizens’ ternational Day of People with Disabil-
topics that are usually reported also by through the promotion of their culture ities he stated on his public Facebook
the media outlets. of origin. In partnership with the page that ‘culture has no barriers’.
Italian National Radio and Television
Italy’s current government has been Company (RAI), the MigrArti Cartoon Nevertheless, it has to be noted that
building its consensus far before the Award was established, allowing par- this might not necessarily mean he
last General Elections in March 2018 ticipants to submit their works to the defends the status quo, because his
and is still riding the tide over the fail- Turin ‘Cartoons on the Bay’ Festival; public profile might be ‘filtered’ and
ure of previous left-wing governments any short-film funded by MigrArti is managed by other individuals: each
and the increasing intolerance towards hosted at the Venice International Film part of the current government has its
immigrants. This endless racist prop- Festival, which grants these works own communication managers who
aganda has now caused a victim also an international audience, and some establish the main narrative. Yet, this
among the country’s cultural policies: of them could run for the David di is not an excuse, and this is a further
after its third edition, the project Donatello Award; in addition, in 2018 reason why the Italian culture industry
called ‘MigrArti’ has been subjected the Special Mention for Short-Films’ should seriously reconsider the myth
to a drastic financial cut from the Screenplays G2 and new Italians, was of neutrality.
Ministry of Culture and Heritage, that created, allowing the awarded works
had strongly supported it until the by young artists to participate in the There is nothing less neutral than
previous legislature. major national film festivals. culture, heritage and museums, which
have been political since their birth,
MigrArti Despite the large interest around this and being neutral is in itself a position
Upon the dismantling of the virtuous project (more than 900 works submit- defending the status quo. Advocating
reception system built in Riace (RC) ted only in its first edition and around for a more just and inclusive society
by its mayor Domenico Lucano, the 180 works funded in 3 years), Paolo in museums and cultural institu-
exclusion of the children of migrants Masini was told, in late November, tions would not only require taking
and foreign residents from a school that the Italian government has other a position, but also a deep effort in
canteen in Lodi, and the exclusion of priorities than continuing to allocate re-examining collections from a com-
any reference to cultures other than resources to MigrArti. municative perspective, outlining the
the Italian culture from the rules of models that were usually offered to
a kindergarten in Codroipo (UD), the It seems that the new Minister for the public. Crucial to and inextricable
grip of the anti-immigrant propagan- Culture and Heritage, Alberto Bonisoli from this discourse is the representa-
da has heavily damaged one of the (M5S), made all reasonable efforts to tion of both ‘self’ and ‘others’, which
most relevant initiatives devoted to save MigrArti from the financial cuts, implies a re-thinking of narratives and
the promotion and inclusion of the but his Under Secretary Borgonzoni languages used in definitions: the mul-
different cultures living in Italy. (Lega) would not change her mind. ti-layered identities of each individual
However, if this is not surprising given are too complex to be identified by a
MigrArti was launched in 2016 by the general anti-immigrant attitude single label, which leads to a flattening
Paolo Masini as a project including a of the government, what is totally of identities into indistinct and unclear
competition for both entertainment unacceptable is that Minister Bonisoli masses, like the political propagandaICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 24
has already showed in different parts References ca cancellato dal Governo, La Stampa
of the world. (Turin); https://www.lastampa.
Aiello Roberta, Romano Angelo (02 it/2018/11/27/italia/il-caso-del-ban-
To counter this kind of narrative, there October 2018), Migranti e integrazione: do-per-la-cultura-multietnica-can-
is an urgent need for deconstructing il modello Riace che fa scuola all’estero e cellato-dal-governo-p4NTUoM-
old nineteenth century stereotypes and l’arresto del sindaco, ValigiaBlu; https:// CHfuSbGzLenrGXN/premium.
models that have represented the main www.valigiablu.it/riace-arresto-sin- html?fbclid=IwAR333AP55Qzmm-Jm-
lens through which any culture dif- daco-lucano-migranti/ 18fvy9sLdrXWLsZsdvK50Blv8ezFEL-
ferent from the dominant culture has vA8l_uFK-F_Uk
been presented to the public thus far. Bandura, A. (2001). Social Cognitive
A large number of museums, cultural Theory of Mass Communication. Media Fleming, D. (2017). Thinking Strate-
institutions and individual professionals Psychology, 3(3), 265-299. doi:10.1207/ gically about Inclusion in Museums.
throughout Europe have already taken S1532785XMEP0303_03 The Inclusion of Migrants and Refugees:
their actions towards this shift; for The Role of Cultural Organisations,
instance, Amsterdam’s Tropenmuseum BBC News (13 October 2018), Italy: 50–57. (A. Carvalho, Interviewer, & M.
has started exhibiting and collecting Migrants in Riace to be transferred Vlachou, Editor); http://hdl.handle.
contemporary art in the attempt to away; https://www.bbc.com/news/ net/10174/21197
become a cultural history museum, world-europe-45852952
while Alice Procter, art historian, offers Gladstone, B. (2011). The Influencing
‘Uncomfortable Art Tours’ in London Booth Robert, Dodd Vikram, Parveen Machine - Brooke Gladstone on the media.
to confront the official narratives Nazia, Pidd Helen (16 June 2016), ‘Jo Cox: New York: W. W. Norton & Company
delivered by museums and galleries. grief and shock over death of 'Labour
Although some Italian institutions are MP with huge compassion'’, The Guardi- Iervolino, S. (2013). Museums, Mi-
trying to take their stance challenging an; https://www.theguardian.com/pol- grant Communities, and Intercultural
the intolerant and racist propaganda itics/2016/jun/16/jo- cox-killing-shoot- Dialogue in Italy’. In W. M. Viv Golding
in the Country, such as the Egyptian ing-mp-birstall-west-yorkshire (Ed.), Museums and Communities – Cu-
Museum in Turin that offered special rators, Collections and Collaboration (pp.
deals to Arab-speaking visitors to con- di Lella, R. A. (2012). Inside the Process. 113-129). London: Bloomsbury.
nect them with their heritage, and the In K. Munapé (Ed.), [S]Oggetti Migranti
Pigorini Museum using its collections – Dietro le cose le persone/People behind Il Post (13 October 2018), La storia dei
to build intercultural ties between the the things (pp. 25-29). Rome: Espera. bambini stranieri esclusi dalle mense
different communities it serves, this is scolastiche a Lodi; https://www.ilpost.
not enough. Italy needs to confront its Di Norcia Veronica (04 December it/2018/10/13/lodi-bambini-stranie-
own fascist past from a perspective that 2018), Addio al bando Migrarti, nes- ri-mensa-scolastica/
has to deconstruct its myth from the sun rinnovo per il 2019, Più Culture;
inside, offering the public further tools https://www.piuculture.it/2018/12/ Inc (27 November 2018), Migrarti,
to understand a social and political addio-al-bando-migrarti-nessun-rin- Borgonzoni: Polemica sterile, non sono
phenomenon that has not ended with novo-per-il-2019/ progetti strutturali, AGCult; https://
the death of Mussolini, and whose agcult.it/2018/11/27/migrarti-borgon-
attitude is clearly still alive and is being Femia Filippo (27 November 2018), Il zoni-polemica-sterile-non-sono-pro-
manipulated for political purposes. caso del bando per la cultura multietni- getti-strutturali/ICME NEWS 87 MARCH 2019 25
IPSOS (05 December 2017), The Perils Nobili, C. (2012). What Kind of Ethnog-
of Perception 2017; https://www.ipsos. raphy at the “Pigorini” Museum? I have
com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/perils- percep- a dream! In S. Ferracuti, E. Frasca, & V.
tion-2017 Lattanzi (Eds.), Beyond Modernity – Do
Ethnography Museums need Ethnography
Iyer Aditya (16 September 2018), Alter- (pp. 131-137). Roma: Espera
native museum tours explore colonial loot,
biased narratives, Arts & Culture, Alja- Repubblica (02 December 2018), Udine,
zeera; https://www.aljazeera.com/ il Comune cancella dagli asili i riferimenti "a
indepth/features/alternative-muse- culture diverse": divieto implicito per i bam-
um-tours-explore-colonial-loot-bi- bolotti con la pelle scura; https://www.
ased-narratives-180915213140176. repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/12/02/
html?fbclid=IwAR37GO1lYl- news/udine_il_regolamento_comu-
Jv-QfQRuo1I3FVq63d-7uY2d4aN64_ nale_mette_al_bando_i_bambo-
KZAHjNG2Eoz88UVM_KU lotti_con_la_pelle_scura_dall_asi-
lo_nido-213238422/
Khaleeli Homa (29 June 2016), A frenzy
of hatred: how to understand Brexit Shatanawi Mirjam (2011), ‘Contempo-
racism, The Guardian; https://www. rary Art in Ethnographic Museums’,
theguardian.com/politics/2016/ The Global Art World: Audiences, Markets,
jun/29/frenzy-hatred-brexit-rac- and Museums, H. Belting y A. Budden-
ism-abuse-referendum-celebratory- sieg (eds.) OstfildernRuit: Hatje Cantz,
lasting-damage pp. 368-384
Masip, P.; Sau-Martinez, J.; Ruiz-Cabal-
lero, C. (2017), ‘Questioning the selec-
tive exposure to news: Understanding
the impact of social networks on
political news consumption’, American
Behavioral Scientist, I, no. 20, pp. 1-2
MigrArti; http://www.migrarti.it
Ngozi Adichie, C. (July 2009). The dan-
ger of a single story, TED – Ideas Worth
Spreading: https://www.ted.com/
talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_dan-
ger_of_a_single_storyYou can also read
