ICES advises on sustainable management of fish stocks and marine ecosystems - How? - Colm Lordan ICES Advisory Committee Vice-Chair
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ICES advises on sustainable management of fish stocks and marine ecosystems - How? Colm Lordan ICES Advisory Committee Vice-Chair
My background
• Life long fisheries scientist!
• PhD in fisheries science University College Cork
• 20 Years experience in the Irish Marine Institute
• Deep sea fisheries
• Tuna
• Nephrops stocks
• Demersal fish
• Participant in ~ 70 ICES expert groups (Chaired 16)
• Vice Chair of ACOM for since Jan 2018. @ColmPers
@ICES_ASC
@MarineInst
Colm.lordan@ices.dk
Todays talk • What is ICES? • Context of the advice? • How is ICES advice produced? • Data • How does ICES assess the state of fish stocks? • Precautionary and MSY Reference Points • ICES and the ecosystem approach
• Global organization that develops science and advice to support the sustainable use of the seas and oceans • Network of 5000 experts from 700 institutes and organizations • 1500 experts participate in the activities annually
ICES Strategic Plan 2019
ICES Science Plan 2019
• ICES provides best available, scientific advice to international & national authorities • Advice on over 240 fish stocks, bycatch advice, deep sea impact, vulnerable marine habitats, marine protected areas and other marine ecosystem related advice
• Recurrent - yearly advice:
On fishing opportunities on more than 240 stocks
On ecosystem impacts of fishing activities
Ecosystem and Fisheries Overviews – in ecoregions
• Other advice:
special requests on marine ecosystems: e.g. impacts of fisheries,
pressures and impacts on seafloor, evaluation of fisheries
management strategies, impacts of climate change on fish
stocks, evaluation of vulnerable marine habitats•Fish are a LIMITED, MOBILE and PUBLIC resource •excessive exploitation leads to reduced productivity and possible irreversible damage • fisheries in one MS impacts the fishing opportunities of other MS • public resource exploited by the fishing industry Internationally-coordinated management required for sustainable fisheries
International agreements • Global agreements • Policy of the clients of the advice (commissions, governments) Policy objectives • Precautionary Approach (PA) • Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) • Ecosystem-based approach
International agreements and policies: • UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) -MSY • UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, 1992) -precautionary approach • UN Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement of 1995 (UNFSA 1995) - precautionary approach • Convention on Biological Diversity (UN CBD, 1992) - ecosystem approach • Johannesburg Declaration of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD UN 2002)- ecosystem approach & MSY National and regional legislation: including CFP, MSFD, Norwegian Marine Resources Act, Russian Federal Law on Fisheries, Icelandic Fisheries Management Act, Faroe Islands Fisheries Management Act
ICES Advisory Committee (ACOM) is responsible of delivering ICES advice • ACOM responds to requests for advice from ICES member countries, international commissions and organizations, and fisheries and ecosystem management bodies • The advice is based on the precautionary principle and the ecosystem approach, conforming to the management objectives of those authorities • ACOM works with stakeholders to ensure that the advice is understandable and relevant to society • ACOM consists of a Chair, four Vice-Chairs, and 20 members (one representative from each of our 20 member countries) http://www.ices.dk/community/groups/Pages/ACOM.aspx
Example: North Sea Sole
Letter of Agreement The North Sea and Peer Audit of data and ICES Advisory
with the European Skagerrak Assessment methods. Committee (ACOM)
Commission Working Group with advice drafting group
nominated experts from Independent review of formulates the advice >
10 countries meet to methods at periodic the advice is finalized
analyze and assess the benchmark and appovred by ACOM
status of stocks -> -> sent to the advice
provide the ICES Advisory requester and published
Committee (ACOM) with a
on the ICES website
basis for the adviceData Collection - MAP
Information from fish • Length • Weight • Age
Information on population trends: surveys • Trawls • Acoustics • Plankton • UWTV Research vessels & industry
Information from catch • Amount • Location • Timing • Bycatch From ports, log books & observers
How do we use this information? Take a stock of fish:
Every stock has underlying structure
Add fishing…
Mortality rate
Change in the
numbers at ageWe also measure the catch
Relationship????
Population
Fishery
Logbooks
Surveys
Stock
Assessment
Landings or Catch Models
Numbers-at-ageTrends in populations from surveys & catches.
Weak cohort Strong cohortThis produces a stock assessment North Sea herring
Reference points Precautionary Approach Populations need to be maintained within safe biological limits - Certain that reproductive success is not impaired
ICES Precautionary Approach
Blim limit reference points associated with
reduced reproductive capacity
Bpa precautionary
reference points:
“buffers” to account
for assessment
uncertaintyMaximising Yield
•Yield curve shows yield as function of
fishing mortality or fishing effort
MSY
Yield
Fcrash
FMSY
Fishing mortality or effortReference points maximum sustainable yield (MSY) ICES interpretation of MSY is maximization of average long-term yield from sustainable stocks
Reference points
maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
Ecosystem ApproachTo provide the advice for next year’s catches We project forward with our best knowledge (maturity, growth, recruits, impact of fishing gear, natural death etc.) across a range of fishing scenarios.
Hierarchy of Advice
Advice is based on clients requests
and is consistent with their policy
objectives and frameworks:
e.g. EU MAP
Taking into account precautionary
and MSY objectives
~100 stocks Cat 1
~80 Stocks Cat 3
~ 70 Stocks Cat 4, 5, 6
http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Advice/2018/2018/Introduction_to_advice_2018.pdfScenarios set out in management plans
All management strategies in the ICES area are tested using simulations
ICES Advice Rule
Maximize long term average yield while safeguarding against low SSB
MSY Btrigger: lower end of biomass fluctuation expected when fishing at FMSY
ICES
F MBlimSY approach
MSY Btrigger for Category 1 stocks
more caution
FMSY
needed
below Blim
SSB at start of advisory year
MSY reference points are capped so that advice from MSY approach is also
precautionaryHake – Northern stock (3.a, 4, 6, 7, 8.abd)
Advice for 2020: MSY: Catch ≤ 104 763 t
• Spawning stock increased
significantly since 2006
and it is well above
historical estimates.
• Fishing pressure below
FMSY since 2012
• Recruitment is variable
without trend. Recent
recruitment is uncertain.
• Catch 2018: 96 188 t of
which 7% discardsHake – Northern stock (3.a, 4, 6, 7, 8.abd)
F(2019) = 0.24 (Recent average fishing pressure (2016-2018));
SSB (2020)= 276 565 t > MSYBtrigger (56 000 t) FMSY= 0.26
Wa nted Unwa nted % Advi ce
Total ca tch F wanted F unwanted % SSB
Ba s i s ca tch ca tch(2020 F total (2020) SSB (2021) cha nge
(2020) (2020) (2020) cha nge **
(2020) ) ***
ICES a dvi ce ba s i s
MSY approach = FMSY 104763 97949 6814 0.26 0.21 0.048 263204 −5% −26%
Other s cena ri os
EU MAP ^: F MSY 104763 97949 6814 0.26 0.21 0.048 263204 −5% −26%
F = MAP F MSY lower 76334 71455 4878 0.18 0.147 0.033 290273 5% −46%
F = MAP F MSY upper 147839 137934 9905 0.4 0.33 0.074 222251 −20% 4%
F=0 0 0 0 0 0 0 363109 31% −100%
F pa 197127 183380 13747 0.6 0.49 0.111 175485 −37% 39%
F lim 241643 224025 17618 0.84 0.68 0.155 133316 −52% 70%
SSB (2021) = B lim 339516 310343 29174 2 1.64 0.37 40037 −86% 139%
SSB (2021) = B pa 323035 296383 26652 1.66 1.35 0.31 56000 −80% 127%
SSB (2021) = MSY B trigger 323035 296383 26652 1.66 1.35 0.31 56000 −80% 127%
F = F 2019 97699 91373 6326 0.24 0.195 0.044 269927 -2% −31%
EU Recovery Pl a n ^^ 101394 94814 6580 0.25 0.2 0.046 266410 −4% −29%Principles of EBM
• management of human activities
• consideration of collective pressures
• achievement of good environmental status
• sustainable use
• optimization of benefits among diverse
societal goals
• regionalization
• trade-offs
ICES ecoregions • stewardship for future generations
http://www.ices.dk/explore-us/Documents/ICES%20and%20EBM.pdf
https://www.ices.dk/community/advisory-process/Pages/ICES-ecosystems-and-advisory-areas.aspxResource management &
biodiversity conservation objectives
• ICES is the science adviser to NEAFC and answers annual
requests from OSPAR.
• NEAFC and OSPAR work together through their “collective
arrangement”
• ICES is a key science advisor to both EU DGMARE (CFP) and
EU DGENV (MSFD and Habitats & Birds Directives)
Advice must be consistent across objectives, & bridge underlining paradigms
https://www.ospar.org/about/international-cooperation/collective-arrangementMaking advice for EBFM operational… (Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management) 1. Influence of a dynamic ecosystem on fisheries 2. Impact of fisheries on the ecosystem 3. Put fisheries into context of other maritime activities & pressures 4. Consequences of tradeoffs between management objectives
1. Influence of a dynamic ecosystem
on fisheries
• Where appropriate, account for productivity changes in stocks
(recruitment, growth, natural mortality) in stock assessments,
forecasts & reference points
• Consider changes & overlaps in distribution of stocks in advice
• Where appropriate, consider alternative productivity scenarios in
management strategy evaluations (MSEs)
• Account for consequences of catches from mixed fisheries in
advice2. Impact of fisheries on the ecosystem
Develop metrics & report on
• Occurrence & impact of bycatch in fisheries
• Fisheries impact on & services from seabed, including
vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs)
• Synthesizes of status of fish stocks in an ecoregion3. Put fisheries into context of other
maritime activities & pressures
• Determine the priority anthropogenic pressures in an
ecoregion
• Develop metrics & report on trends in species biodiversity &
ecosystem structure
• Provide information & methods for Ecologically or Biologically
Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) designation
• Contribute to assessments of threatened/endangered species
& habitats
• Monitor & report the occurrence of invasive species4. Consequences of tradeoffs between
management objectives
• Integrated ecosystem assessment groups explore suites of management
objectives in each ecoregion
• Tools developed for comparing the consequences for tradeoffs between
objectives
• Stakeholder engagement to explore methods, ideas & consequences
• Practical application to advice – seabed impact, MSFD & mixed fisheries
Examples
https://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Advice/2017/Special_requests/eu.2017.13.pdf
http://www.ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Advice/2018/2018/mix-cs.pdf
https://www.ices.dk/community/groups/Pages/WKIrish.aspxPublishing this advice…
3. Put fisheries into context
of other maritime activities
& pressures
1. Influence of a
dynamic ecosystem
on fisheries
2. Impact of fisheries
on the ecosystem
https://www.ices.dk/community/advisory-process/Pages/fisheries-overviews.aspx
https://www.ices.dk/community/advisory-process/Pages/Ecosystem-overviews.aspxCeltic Sea Fisheries Overview
State of the stocks Celtic Sea Fisheries Overview
North Sea Ecosystem Overview
Figure 3 Greater North Sea ecoregion overview with the major regional pressures, human activities, and state of the ecosysteNorth Sea Ecosystem Overview Oil and Gas installations Net Primary productivity
Summary • A global marine science organization providing for impartial evidence based advice • The advice is consistent with policy objectives: PA, MSY and EBM • Engine room is ~1500 active experts, final advice approved by ACOM • Data collection is the cornerstone of providing the evidence base • Population models provide historical stock development; F, SSB and R • Reference Points are used to evaluate stock status • Short term projections are used to calculate TACs • Longer term simulations are used to evaluate management strategies • Fisheries and ecosystem overviews synthesis knowledge at and ecoregion scale
www.ices.dk
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