HYPOWER - HIGH POTENTIAL REPLACE OR REFURBISH? WHY SMALL HYDRO IS BIG NEWS - VOITH
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MAGAZINE FOR HYDROPOWER TECHNOLOGY HyPower #28 | Autumn 2016 HYDROPOWER IN AFRICA HIGH POTENTIAL SUCCESSFUL PARTNERSHIPS REPLACE OR REFURBISH? FULL LINE SUPPLIER WHY SMALL HYDRO IS BIG NEWS
EDITORIAL
IMPRINT
Publisher:
Voith GmbH
St. Pöltener Str. 43
89522 Heidenheim
Germany
Responsible for the publisher:
Kristine Adams
Editor-in-chief:
Gudrun Köpf
Editorial Board:
Elke Kleinknecht, Susanne Speiser, Dr. Vesna Stirnadel
In cooperation with:
C3 Creative Code and Content GmbH,
Heiligegeistkirchplatz 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany
www.c3.co
Paper:
HyPower is printed on Respecta Silk. This paper
was produced on a Voith paper machine.
Copyright:
UNLOCKING POWERFUL
No part of this publication may be copied,
reproduced or otherwise disseminated,
nor may any of the content in it be used in
POTENTIAL
part or in whole in other works in any
form whatsoever, without express written
Diversity. Complexity. Potential. Three words dance. We work closely with leading financial
permission of the editor. that sum up Africa pretty well in many different institutions and insurers to help our African
contexts – geographical, political, economic customers spread the cost of building or reha-
and social. They also apply to Africa’s energy- bilitating hydropower facilities over realistic time
generation infrastructure. While some African frames. Our experts in Heidenheim and across
countries have plentiful oil and gas reserves, the world are ready and willing, not only to
some have none. Some can rely on hydropow- manufacture the equipment required, but to
er for nearly all their power requirements, some spend weeks and months on site, working
need to import almost all their electricity from closely with customers to transfer knowledge,
outside their borders. And even if the resources build skills and ensure that once a plant is com-
exist, building an infrastructure that delivers pleted, it can be run effectively by local people.
power to homes and businesses reliably is an- We are also investing in improving our local ser-
other challenge altogether – especially in coun- vicing capabilities to permanently improve ser-
tries that have been ravaged by recent or cur- vice for our customers.
rent conflicts. This new edition of HyPower showcases
Join us on:
YOUR FEEDBACK: If you have any As a result, there is one reality that applies how customers and communities in Africa and
comments or questions on this issue of to some areas of every African country: elec- elsewhere are benefiting from maximizing their
HyPower, please contact us: hypower@voith.com
tricity supply is nowhere near sufficient to meet hydropower potential, and leveraging the new-
https://twitter.com/voith_hydro
demand. In fact, even in 2016, around three- est technologies to do so. Enjoy!
quarters of the African population do not have
Photographs:
Cover: Graeme Williams, Gauteng; Ryan Thomas /AerialShots, Johannesburg: 8, 9, 19; Christian access to reliable, constant power. From a hy- Yours sincerely,
https://www.linkedin.com/
company/voith-hydro Wesser, Heidenheim: p. 16, 17, 18, 29, 35; Graeme Williams, Gauteng,: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, dropower perspective, Voith is at the forefront
21, 22, 23; Dawin Meckel, Berlin: p. 26, 27, 28; Brian Gartside: p. 44, 45 Kent Kallberg Studios, of efforts to change this.
Vancouver: p. 39, 40; U3: Robert Caputo /Aurora / laif
To harness Africa’s hydropower potential,
https://www.youtube.com/ All other photos are from Voith. financing flexibility, expertise and commitment Uwe Wehnhardt
c/Voith_Hydro are all essential. Voith has all three in abun- President and CEO of Voith Hydro
HyPower 2016 | 3
CONTENTS CONTENTS
8 26 39
AGENDA SETTING FULL LINE SUPPLIER GLOBAL EXPERTISE 39 THE BIG QUESTION: GUEST PERSPECTIVE
REPLACE OR REFURBISH?
8 ENERGIZING AFRICA 26 SMALL PROJECTS, 32 STOPPING THE FLOW Why it can pay dividends to 44 CREATING THE
How significant hydropower projects BIG RESULTS How an electronic control overhaul old hydropower SAFE WATER BOOK™
in South Africa and Angola are In Asia, a larger number of smaller mechanism for ring gates has equipment, rather than retire it. An exciting water filtering
transforming economies and lives. hydropower projects set new standards in precision. innovation could solve the problem
could be the key to improving INNOVATION of dirty drinking water for millions.
16 MANAGEMENT INTERVIEW rural power availability. 34 SERVICING AFRICA
Voith Hydro's CMO and African When it comes to maintenance, 42 SAFE AND SOUND
sales leader discuss the potential 28 MEETING THE LARGE HYDRO it's always better to have local Why a new listening technology is 47 VOITH HYDRO PROJECTS
of hydropower in Africa. CHALLENGE resources on hand. Voith Hydro is the best way of monitoring plant A visual summary of hydropower
Discover more about Voith through its Hydropower projects so large that investing in developing local operation remotely. projects by Voith in Africa explored
other insightful publications.
19 MODERNIZING they can take almost a decade African expertise. in this issue.
MOUNT COFFEE to complete require a special set
How Liberia's hydropower of skills for success. SUCCESSFUL PARTNERSHIPS
infrastructure is being MOUNT COFFEE
rebuilt to support rapid economic FROM THE ARCHIVES 35 24/7 MOBILE SERVICE
development. In Europe, the Voith HyService Bus
REGULARS 30 TRUE SURVIVOR is ready to leap into action
24 GLOBAL TRAINING, The rollercoaster history of the whenever customers need it.
CAMBAMBE TULILA
03 EDITORIAL LOCAL BENEFITS Cahora Bassa hydropower plant
06 WHAT’S NEW All over the world, Voith Hydro is in Mozambique. 36 THE POWER TO CHANGE LIVES CAHORA BASSA
07 ON TOPIC delivering training concepts How a convent in Tanzania and the
43 WORLD OF VOITH that meet the needs of individual community it serves are benefitting BOKSBURG
INGULA
46 5 QUESTIONS FOR … customers. from Small Hydro.
4 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 5
WHAT’S NEW ON TOPIC
VOITH AT HYDROVISION 2016 DRIVING DEVELOPMENT
USA The StreamDiver was the focus of a presentation delivered at
the recent 2016 HydroVision International event in Minneapolis, In many parts of Africa, the lack of a reliable electricity infrastructure
Minnesota. Presenter Philip Daus, a Small Hydro engineering project
hinders economic development. Hydropower can play a big part in
manager at Voith Hydro, said, “Hydropower is among the best solu-
tions to energy market challenges, and we are using our technology changing this picture.
and expertise to achieve the best outcomes in economy and perfor-
mance, both technically and environmentally.”
Other important Voith innovation papers presented at the event
covered: a rotor rim slot reshaping process for increasing generator
longevity; a new analysis and replacement process for damaged Klaus Schädler, Voith, at groundbreaking ceremony.
turbine thrust collars, which improves monitoring, maintenance and 1 Power is patchy 2 Hydropower potential is enormous
repair; a new forecasting method to increase accuracy and improve
short-time pumped-storage balancing; and an overview of improved BREAKING NEW GROUND
online assessment processes for hydro-components.
GERMANY One of the most exciting innovations
being introduced at Voith Hydro in 2016 is the
645 million
Africans have no access to electricity. 300 - 400 GW
construction of a small hydropower plant (called Potential hydropower capacity in
'Alte Bleiche') at the Heidenheim site, to act as a Europe and Africa is similar...
demonstration facility for customers, employees
and the public. The 35 kW plant will also feed
electricity directly into the local grid – enough to Power consumption per head
power 100 homes. Construction work started ...but Europe has an installed
in Africa in Europe
with a groundbreaking ceremony in April, and capacity of 218 GW. Africa
1
the plant should be operational by year end. 181 kWh/y 6,500 kWh/y has only 30 GW.
Voith apprentices are involved in the design
and manufacturing, and are working to an eco-
friendly design – created in cooperation with the
Technical University of Munich – that eliminates
the need for a new powerhouse. The plant will
feature Voith’s new StreamDiver generator unit,
recently showcased at a series of roadshows
across Latin America. StreamDiver is designed
2 3 for low-head river plants and deployed underwa-
ter, eliminating noise emissions, minimizing local Africa produces 4%
1 Voith exhibition booth.
2 Customer event banquet. environmental impact and making small hydro- of the world’s total
3 Bob Gallo, Bill Malus and Martin Andrä at HydroVision 2016. power plants more cost-effective. energy, but is home
to 13% of the global
218 GW 30 GW
in Europe in Africa
4% population.
MORE POWER FOR UGANDA 2015
UGANDA Voith Hydro has been awarded a contract for the Berkeley Energy and customer ARPE Ltd. Commenting on
complete design, manufacturing, supply, installation and com-
missioning of the electromechanical equipment for the new
the project, Head of Voith Hydro’s Small Hydro Business
Klaus Schädler said, “We are happy to be part of the project
2,174 MW
across Africa
Between 2010 and
2015, 2,174 MW of
hydropower plant on the Achwa River in northern Uganda. that supports reliable power production and sustainable eco-
Frequent power outages are the norm in hydropower capacity
The plant features four vertical Francis turbines and vertical
synchronous generators with an installed capacity of 42 MW.
nomic development in the region. We look forward to putting
our ideas into practice, and to foster our collaboration for
30 African countries. 2010 was added across
Africa.
The project will involve close collaboration between Voith, M/s renewable energy in Uganda.”
6 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 7
AGENDA SETTING AGENDA SETTING
ENERGIZING AFRICA
A
Successful installations at Ingula in South Africa and reliable electricity supply brings
light and heat (or relief from it)
Cambambe in Angola illustrate how hydropower to homes and businesses, powers
is transforming economies and lives across Africa. machinery, and enables hospitals and
schools to function effectively. In a con-
tinent as large as Africa, with many
countries and political regimes, dis-
persed populations, variable transport
infrastructure and a wide range of cli-
mates and terrains, generating and dis-
tributing power effectively is a chal-
lenge.
Hydropower in Ingula
Voith Hydro in Africa
Ingula Installed capacity: 1,368 MW Voith Hydro supports many African na-
tions in making the most of their hydro-
power generation potential with a wide
Bramhoek Dam (lower dam) in winter.
A view of the reservoir from the pumped storage range of small and large projects in
plant at Ingula in South Africa.
8 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 9
AGENDA SETTING AGENDA SETTING
27 countries. Even so, less than 10%
of Africa’s potential hydropower genera-
tion capacity of an estimated 400 GW
has been exploited to date. Together
with its customers, Voith is addressing
this opportunity through: new state-of-
the-art plants; the repair, maintenance
and servicing of existing infrastructure;
and the transfer of knowledge to sup-
port African countries in running their
hydropower facilities self-sufficiently.
Two projects in particular, at Ingula in
South Africa, and Cambambe in Angola,
illustrate the benefits perfectly.
1 3
Ingula pumped storage plant, 2
South Africa
Situated in the hills of KwaZulu-Natal
in eastern South Africa near the town of 1 Intake structure at Bedford Dam Fuji in Japan. The first of the four tur- as he explains: “The project has involved
Ladysmith, the pumped storage plant at (upper dam). bines was handed over to the customer in employing and training local staff to run
2 An operator adjusts the oil filtration
Ingula is the largest of its kind in Africa. system. mid-June 2016. The next two turbines the plant once it is completed, which is a
Its four underground pump turbines 3 Machine Hall Unit 1 and 2 side, were due for handover in August, and the key part of the service we provide. An-
have a total installed capacity of 1,368 installation of machine hall ceiling. last by the end of 2016. other important element was our partic-
MW. Following the tender process ipation in the Accelerated and Shared
launched by South African state energy Keeping the plant cool Growth Initiative for South Africa (As-
company Eskom in 2007, Voith Hydro In parallel, Voith has fulfilled the terms giSA). This program is designed to en-
was awarded the contract for the provi- of a second contract, awarded in 2011, sure foreign firms invest to help grow
sion of the pump turbines, motor gen- for various supplementary systems in- the local economy by sourcing products
erators, the main inlet valve, and key cluding cooling water pipes, fire protec- and services from local providers. In ad-
systems in September 2008, some 30 tion, fire prevention and an air ventila- dition, we oversaw the construction of
years after the government first started tion system for the plant. The latter is new infrastructure, such as good quality
planning the project. And it has a key particularly important, as Markus Mül- roads that enabled us to transport mate-
role to play in South Africa’s energy ler explains: “Once they are fully opera- rials and people from Durban harbor to
supply, as project manager Markus Mül- tional, the four turbines will generate a the plant site.” Not only that, the area
ler explains: “Like most countries on the lot of heat, and because they are under- surrounding the site, which includes
continent, South Africa suffers from en- ground, that heat has nowhere to go if sensitive wetlands and which has been
ergy shortages which hamper its eco- there is no system in place to remove it. used to house the people working on the
nomic growth. Ingula is particularly im- We are installing the system, but it will project, will be returned to its original
portant because it will begin making its take longer to complete because the state as part of the project.
contribution to the county’s power grid
in 2016.”
“The project has involved employing and four turbines have to be running before
it can be fully tested.”
Nevertheless, power generation is of
course the ultimate goal and here, Mül-
Site activities began in March 2012 training local staff to run the plant once ler has one final unique detail to add.
and Voith’s international operations col- Customer and community benefits “What is very special about the Ingula
laborated to deliver the required ma-
it is completed, which is a key part of the Now that the project is nearing comple- site is that all the machines have already
chinery. While the turbines were de- service we provide.” tion, Müller can reflect on its success, been producing energy before handover
signed by Voith Hydro in Germany, the Markus Müller and the fact that it has delivered many in parallel with the commissioning. As
motor generators were supplied by Voith Voith Hydro Project Manager for Ingula benefits beyond pure power production, the demand for power in South Africa
10 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 11
AGENDA SETTING AGENDA SETTING
is so great, that this was a key require- and extend the life of the plant for de-
ment from our customer Eskom. It’s cades. The state-owned electricity sup-
highly unusual, but I’m delighted that we plier ENE selected Voith as a key player
have been able to meet the customer’s in an international consortium to take
needs.” on the project. Voith’s remit: to supply
the electromechanical equipment and
Cambambe I and II, Angola systems, including four 67 MW Francis
The contrast between the Ingola project turbines and all the required disman-
and the Cambambe I and II sites in An- tling of old equipment and new installa-
gola couldn’t be bigger. In the mid- tions.
2000s, following three decades of civil
war, the existing Cambambe I hydro- Modern technology for maximum
power plant, located 180 kilometers east performance
of Luanda and originally commissioned To ensure the best possible results, the
in 1963, was in urgent need of rehabili- decision was taken to design a state-of-
tation. Although two of the original four the-art hydraulic system for the Francis
turbine units were still operating, one turbines, combined with digital and hy- 1
was being overhauled, and one wasn’t draulics governors from Voith. To en- 2
working at all. The decision was taken sure the local area could be supplied
Workers measure a generator pit in the to replace all four, in order to increase with electricity throughout construc-
powerhouse of Cambambe II. power generation capacity to 268 MW, tion, the turbines were installed sequen-
tially. Combined with the control pack-
age featuring the digital governor, oil Cambambe
supply and pumping groups, pressure Hydropower in Cambambe
tanks, main oil supply valves, regulating Installed capacity: 960 MW
valves and hydraulic elements, Voith
was able to prove the value of its status The Cambambe site is located 180 kilometers east
as full line supplier beyond any doubt. of Luanda, the capital of Angola.
And when the new plant equipment be-
came operational – with an even higher
performance than was contracted – the
customer was delighted. So delighted in bambe II is so important for the future ment of our commitments were also ex- 1 The Cambambe II powerhouse under
fact, that in 2012, they commissioned of the country.” The new run-of-river tremely important.” The first unit was construction.
2 A new generator being installed.
Voith to supply equipment for the Cam- plant with an additional four turbines commissioned at Cambambe II in July
bambe II project. adds 700 MW of installed capacity, 2016, despite an extremely tough time-
bringing the sum total of capacity of line, and the plant with all four units is
Expansion that will transform Cambambe I and II to 960 MW. As foreseen to be fully commissioned in
a country such, it is a key part of the Angolan’s December 2016. As the client says:
Despite the advances that have been strategy to increase power production “From the day Unit 1 started commer-
made since the end of the civil war in capacity to 6,000 MW by 2017. cial operation, the power cuts in Luanda
2002, Angola still faces huge political, disappeared. This led to a considerable
economic and social challenges, as Pro Tailored financing package improvement of the ecological balance
ject Manager Patric Kiehlmann has and training due to the reduction of the use of diesel
learnt: “Angola is rich in natural sourc- Speaking about the reasons behind the generators.”
es, including oil, but the recent lull in oil selection of Voith as the key supplier,
prices has had a big impact on the econ- Kiehlmann comments, “Our one face to
omy – the government’s income has fall- the customer strategy, and the excellent “Our one face to the customer strategy, as well
en by 50%. Private enterprise is very relationship we had built with ENE
limited, and healthcare is very poor. during the Cambambe I project were
as a tailored financing package, were extremely
Economic development, and the jobs key factors. An attractive, tailored fi- important to becoming the key supplier.”
and increase in living standards it brings, nancing package and the soundness of Patric Kiehlmann
are needed urgently. That’s why Cam- our technological approach and fulfill- Voith Hydro Project Manager for Cambambe
12 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 13
AGENDA SETTING AGENDA SETTING
Just like the Ingula plant, the project “The reliable and stable supply of energy to the population. The even better news is
is very much an international affair, with that this will likely not be the end of the
the generator being supplied from Swe- the population and industrial sector is a story. Angola has the potential to gener-
den, including a four-part stator that was fundamental prerequisite for improving living ate up to 18 GW of hydroelectric pow-
put together on site. And just like Ingu- er, most of which remains untapped.
la, the project has had its fair share of standards. Renewable energy is crucial for us.”
challenges to overcome. Kiehlmann High-level political engagement
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
says, “Importing the materials alone President of Liberia In recent years, several high-level dele-
took three months, ensuring they were gations from Ethiopia, Liberia and
able to handle the tropical conditions, other nations have visited Voith in
and the bureaucracy involved in orga- Heidenheim to learn about relevant
nizing visas for expat employees pre- training center is also planned. As Kiehl- technologies and best practices. On her
sented tough challenges. But together mann emphasizes, “Our commitment to visit to Germany in 2015, Liberian
with the customer, we overcame these.” Angola is a long term one. Through President and Nobel Peace Prize winner
The extension of the Cambambe site training in particular, we will ensure that Ellen Johnson Sirleaf commented, “For
is vital for the future of Angola. The con- the benefits of the project are sustainable Liberia as well as many other African
struction phase is providing much need- for decades to come.” countries, the issue of energy supply is
ed jobs and training and a permanent Despite all the challenges it has an essential item in the national growth
faced since the end of the civil war, eco- strategy. The reliable and stable supply
1
nomic growth in Angola has been strong of energy to the population and indus-
2 – over 11% per year up until 2010. The trial sector is a fundamental prerequisite
Cambambe II plant will play a signifi- for improving living standards. Renew-
cant role in helping the country grow its able energy is crucial for us.” Proof, if
economy just as rapidly in the future. any were needed, that hydropower will
But perhaps most importantly of all, it play a key role in African economic de-
will also help improve the daily lives of velopment for many years to come. //
FINANCING PROGRESS
Hydropower plants such as the ones at Ingula and Cambambe are a capital-inten-
sive investment. Financial solutions ease the immediate financial burden by
spreading the cost over a long period – especially in developing economies. Voith’s
Financial Services subsidiary creates tailored financing concepts in cooperation
with private commercial banks and state-backed export credit insurers, which are
usually based in the home country of the project’s main supplier. Indeed, Long-
term excellent relationships and cooperations with Euler Hermes Kreditversicher-
3
ungs AG in Germany, the Oesterreichische Kontrollbank AG in Austria, and the
4 Nippon Export and Investment Insurance company in Japan, among others, are
1 In the Cambambe II powerhouse:
generator covers of the installed the basis for this successful financing support.
machines 1 and 2.
2 Installing a turbine shaft in Bernd Rieck, Head of Export and Project Finance, explains: “Our goal is to find the
Cambambe II. optimal financing solution for every customer that wants to use Voith as a supplier.
3 Damjan Vucko, Head of Every concept is customized to specific customer needs, based on local variables,
Operations at Voith Hydro, project details, the customer’s financial situation, and the so-called Voith Sourcing
at Cambambe II
4 Installing the intermediate shaft
Matrix, which analyzes the supply chain.”
at Cambambe II with view of
the thrust bearing and distributor Customer benefits
underneath. • Additional financing sources.
• Long payback periods.
• Attractive financial conditions at advantageous interest rates.
• Planning security for financing across the complete project timeline.
14 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 15
AGENDA SETTING
“We are developing our new Africa
concept because we are positive that
the African continent has tremendous
development potential.”
Heike Bergmann
Senior Vice President Sales Africa
How did a renewed push to develop power plants. The following compari-
sales in the African market become son illustrates what we are talking
part of your agenda? about. The hydroelectric capacity cur-
Martin Andrä: We are implementing rently installed on the entire continent is
this new strategic drive because we are equivalent to the installed capacity of
convinced that Africa has very good fu- Norway. However, we think another as-
Heike Bergmann and Martin Andrä in discussion.
ture prospects and we need to tap into pect is also interesting: In Africa, we are
these opportunities. In Sub-Saharan seeing a trend in which countries skip
Africa, many countries have economic over the fossil fuel-based and nuclear
growth rates of five percent and higher. power generation phases that are typi- Heike Bergmann,
Senior Vice President Sales Africa,
These countries need to be supplied cal of the industrialization process, and Voith Hydro
with reliable power so they can further enter directly into electricity production
OPPORTUNITY
pursue their social and economic devel- from renewable energy sources. The
opment. opportunities to make that happen are
in place. Right now, Africa’s untapped
Heike Bergmann: I want to re-empha- potential for hydroelectric power plants
size that. We are developing our new amounts to between 300 and 400
KNOCKS
Africa concept because we are positive Gigawatts.
that the African continent has tremen-
dous development potential. One also Does Voith have anything to offer to
has to consider that in some African this market?
countries, only 20 to 25 percent of the Bergmann: Yes, absolutely. On my dele
population has access to electricity, gation visits, I keep seeing that power
and power outages occur on a regular plants built in Africa by European com-
basis. The latter presents an impedi- panies are held in high regard. Euro-
ment to all industrial companies and pean technology can serve as the
Voith is investing in its sales programs in Africa. Martin Andrä, Chief thus also to economic development. backbone of the African economy, and
Marketing Officer, and Heike Bergmann, Senior Vice President Sales Africa, that includes Voith, whose hydropower
discuss Voith Hydro's future strategy across the continent. Can you give us a rough estimate of technology has been used on the conti-
the demand for power plants? nent for about 100 years. Africans value
Andrä: There is a huge demand for new the quality and longevity of our prod-
16 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 17
AGENDA SETTING AGENDA SETTING
“To win projects in Africa, it’s impor-
tant to offer financing solutions.”
Martin Andrä
Chief Marketing Officer
ucts. They want our technology, but few. Our footprint literally extends over
need support in financing it. the entire continent.
MODERNIZING
What does that mean for a technology What do you attribute that to?
supplier? Bergmann: It’s based on the excellent
Andrä: To win projects in Africa, it’s im- quality of our products and services, as
Martin Andrä,
portant to offer financing concepts and well as the fact that we keep working
Chief Marketing Officer, Voith Hydro solutions. One of Voith’s advantages with our customers after a plant is com-
that benefits our customers is that we missioned. We provide extensive train-
MOUNT COFFEE
can offer tailored financing solutions for ing for power plant operators and we
projects. That’s why we work with pri- have our own network consisting of
vate commercial banks and govern- maintenance facilities.
mental export credit insurance compa-
nies throughout the world. Andrä: We have always offered training
programs and courses with our plants,
Where can one find Voith Hydro tech- and that has helped us establish a very A significant hydropower plant
T
nology in Africa? good reputation in Africa. Now, we want modernization project is helping he digital age is finally reaching Liberia’s Mount Coffee
Bergmann: There is a long list of Afri- to use our new concept to generate hydropower plant, thanks to Voith and its pivotal role in
to improve Liberia’s power
can hydropower stations equipped with added value for customers by providing this historic project, together with other international
Voith technology. Installations extend solutions customized to their respective infrastructure following years companies. Built in the 1960s, this plant on the Saint Paul R
iver
from Aswan in Egypt to Drakensberg in needs. We have a global network and of civil war. was the West African nation’s largest at the time, but sustained
South Africa. For example, Voith tech- are able to combine system compo- extensive damage during the civil war (1989-2003). And the
nology is installed at Gilgel Gibe (Ethio- nents from Europe, Brazil, India, and path to ruin continued when looting ravaged the electrical and
pia), Inga (Democratic Republic of Con- China with corresponding financing so- mechanical components, leaving only parts of the dam and the
go), and Cahora Bassa (Mozambique). lutions. In this way, we can create the steel penstock intact. This proved to be a huge setback to the
New projects include those at Cam- right package of technology, training, country’s economic and social progress, leaving Liberia’s capital
bambe (Angola), Mount Coffee (Liberia), service, and fi nancing for any operator, city Monrovia reliant on costly, non-renewable diesel-power
and the pumped storage power station regardless of their location and the size am wall under construction on the Saint Paul River,
D generation to meet its energy needs from 2006 onwards.
in Ingula (South Africa), to name just a of the hydropower station. // with the powerhouse on the right.
18 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 19AGENDA SETTING AGENDA SETTING
“At the customer’s request, Voith
took on the challenging task of
opening the spillway gates without
causing any damage to the civil
structure and components. All ten
gates were reopened ahead of
schedule.”
Harry Kathirvel
1
Project Manager Voith Hydro
2
3
4
Mutual trust is the prerequisite Kathirvel: “At the customer’s request, Voith took on the chal-
Trust in Voith’s long-standing presence and vast experience on lenging task of opening the spillway gates without causing any
the African continent was key to its selection by the Liberian damage to the civil structure and components. All ten gates
Electricity Corporation (LEC) to rehabilitate the run-of-river were reopened ahead of schedule.”
plant in 2013. Now, the huge task of successively installing Poor road conditions between the site and the Port of
four new Francis turbines and generators equipped with con- Monrovia, which is about 25 kilometres away, posed a chal-
trol technology, a 95-ton overhead crane, as well as the auxil- lenge to the transportation of sensitive equipment. Not only
iary electrical and mechanical plant equipment is nearing com- that, the heavy rain from April to October further disrupted
pletion. The plant is scheduled to commence operations in late operations. This meant that for certain plant systems, Voith
2016. had to commence with the design and manufacturing phases
Financed by the Liberian and Norwegian governments, early enough to complete local transportation during the dry
1 Reservoir at the Mount Coffee hydropower
plant in Liberia.
the European Investment Bank, Germany’s KfW Bank, and season. The thorough and detailed work plan that addressed
2 The local community will benefit significantly. the Millennium Challenge Corporation of the US govern- all these challenges resulted in a flawless execution of the en-
3 Installation work at the Mount Coffee ment, the modernized units are forecast to raise power output tire supply chain, without a hitch.
powerhouse.
4 Julia Holder, Field Service Engineer,
to 88 MW, a 33 percent increase on the plant’s capacity in the
Voith Hydro. 1960s. As a result, Monrovia’s population of over one million Road survey and simulation run for powerhouse crane
will have access to reliable, clean and renewable energy. transportation
One of the major hurdles that had to be factored in during the Acknowledgement by the President
Overcoming significant challenges local transportation of the 95-ton powerhouse crane was a Bai- Voith’s long working tradition in Africa dates back to the
However, the path towards rehabilitation has had its fair share ley bridge. Given its rusty condition, doubts arose about its 1950s, a factor that helped build up trust at the start of the
of obstacles, such as the condition of ten spillway gates that structural integrity, and whether the bridge could withstand project. Together with the customer, LEC, a cohesive, vital,
Mount Coffee
were destroyed during the civil war. The operating mecha- such a heavy load. Furthermore, using an existing alternative one-team approach has been adopted.
nisms to open the gates had been destroyed, leaving the pow- bridge that was being renovated was out of the question. To Moreover, not even unpredictable events such as the
Hydropower in Mount Coffee erhouse flooded. Keeping the powerhouse dry became impera- prevent any risk to the powerhouse crane equipment, Voith spread of the Ebola virus in 2014, and a high incidence of ma-
Installed capacity: 88 MW tive, and that meant reopening the gates so that a cofferdam carried out a thorough road survey and simulated transporta- laria in the team later on have thwarted the rehabilitation
could be built to prevent water flowing into the powerhouse. tion over the bridge using dummy cargo. Based on the simula- works, which are on schedule, as Franz Bayrle, Site Manager,
The Mount Coffee site is situated near the This daunting task was a major milestone in the reconstruction tion results, significant measures were implemented to ensure explains: “This year, we have had 35 cases of malaria in my
Liberian capital, Monrovia. of the Mount Coffee power plant, says Project Manager Harry the bridge was up to the task. team alone. But work within the culturally diverse team who
20 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 21AGENDA SETTING AGENDA SETTING
“Voith is supporting Liberia with an
important step in the fight for the
CONTINUOUS
development of the Liberian COLLABORATION
economy.”
GIZ supports the German government and
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
President of Liberia other organizations in executing energy generation
projects in Africa and around the world.
hail from Liberia, Pakistan, Indonesia, Germany, Norway The energy department of the German Association for International
and Sweden, is going well. I’m very pleased with them. They Cooperation (GIZ) supports the German Federal Ministry for Economic
have all fitted well into the work schedule.” Their performance Cooperation and Development and other organizations in identifying,
1
was even acknowledged by the President of Liberia, Ellen financing and executing new energy generation projects in over 120 rap-
Johnson Sirleaf. When visiting the Voith headquarters in 2 3 idly developing countries. Projects using renewable energy sources such
Heidenheim last year, President Sirleaf, who is also Liberia’s as hydropower are very much in focus, as Jens Burgtorf, Head of
Nobel Peace Laureate, said: “I am delighted that Voith and Technology C
ooperation for the Energy Sector at GIZ, explains.
LEC have found a secure and pragmatic way for the further
development of the project, despite the recently overcome Eb- How have energy projects in developing countries changed in
ola epidemic. With this, Voith is supporting Liberia with an recent years?
important step in the fight for the development of the Liberian “Today, our clients want integrated energy generation concepts that are
economy and combating national poverty: with the repair of CO neutral. That’s a significant and very positive change but it also brings
²
the Mount Coffee power plant, one of the key facilities in the challenges. Specifically, power supplied from some renewable sources
Liberian energy supply network is being reconstructed.” such as solar and wind power is unpredictable. If the sun doesn’t shine,
Another interesting aspect of the project is the contribu- or the wind doesn’t blow, power can’t be produced.”
tion of the project’s female engineers, in an industry where
women are under-represented. Julia Holder, Field Service En- How important is hydropower in this context?
gineer, comments, “There is definitely a collaborative working “Hydropower's advantage is that it is stable. Pumped storage plants are
atmosphere at Mount Coffee, and all the staff are friendly and particularly important because they can store energy that can be used to
helpful. The fact that myself, two Norwegian engineers and fill the gaps when solar and wind resources fall short. In other words,
many of the local staff are women is not really an issue. We hydropower can form a core, stable power supply that can then be
have a good team spirit and always support each other.” extended through solar and wind-based power.”
The final steps to success How does this relate to Africa in particular, and what are the challenges?
On completion, the modernized plant will be fitted with “Hydropower is very significant in Africa because the continent is so large,
Voith’s automation system, including a digital governor and and the grid infrastructure is so patchy, especially in rural areas. In every
state-of-the-art control system. The training of skilled person- 1 Mount Coffee powerhouse under project, protecting and enhancing the livelihoods of the communities
construction.
nel is already underway and the first team of new LEC em- 2 A lathe machine operator inside Voith's on- affected, and ensuring enough water is available for multiple purposes are
ployees being trained for eventual operation and maintenance site workshop. paramount. We work closely with all the parties involved to ensure that.”
of the plant will arrive in Heidenheim in fall 2016 for further 3 Final adjustments being made to the
generator.
instruction. This is where they will become familiar with the What is the future for hydropower in Africa in your view?
design software, and gain in-depth exposure to the scope of the “Small, localized hydropower projects that bring energy to people outside
Mount Coffee plant, its machinery and workings, while the the large population centers and which use existing infrastructure will play
finishing touches are being applied to this mammoth project an important part because they minimize the capital investment required.
on site. Thanks to Voith and its project partners, it will fulfil They can also be completed faster, so people benefit from the power they
President Sirleaf’s mission to improve the reliability and scope generate more quickly.”
of Liberia’s electricity supply. //
22 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 23AGENDA SETTING AGENDA SETTING
GLOBAL
neers might notice signs of operational
errors affecting the components they
are replacing, and suggest some extra
courses to get on-site engineers up to
speed. In the case of a completely new
TRAINING,
plant designed and installed from
scratch, Voith can offer more detailed
and intensive training. This covers each
technology, how it works and how it is
integrated into the plant as a whole,
then moves on to how to look after and
LOCAL
maintain the components correctly.
Many organizations opt for extra train-
ing to ensure they’re getting the best
value and most reliable service out of
their installation.
BENEFITS
Market maturity levels define needs
Aside from the technical aspects, Voith
HydroSchool training is structured dif-
ferently depending on market maturity.
North America and Europe are mature
markets, where refurbishment of very
Voith is committed to the transfer of in-depth old plants is key, and where the im-
technological knowledge and skills to local pending retirement of baby-boomer
employees, thereby securing the successful engineers makes knowledge transfer
important. These markets are served
operation of hydropower plants for generations well with public courses where several
to come – in Africa and around the world. customers attend the same course. The
Chinese market is younger – with
25-year-old hydropower plants where Customer staff members in a training Liberian capital, Monrovia. However, it from hydropower in combination with
the “original” engineers are still working session at the Cambambe II hydropower was damaged during the course of two skilled engineers on site can really
plant, Angola.
and are actively training younger staff. civil wars. Liberia had been dependent strengthen the economic and social
Here, operators can book seminars for on expensive diesel-generated power fabric of countries like Liberia.”
staff with Voith’s subject experts to top since 2006, and Voith was tasked with
up their knowledge. In contrast, Africa is renovating the plant, which is due to be More African projects underway
a greenfield market with a lack of skilled put into service at the end of 2016. The Voith HydroSchool will also provide
engineers. “In these cases, our training Voith developed special courses that training services following the implemen-
With less than one in three Africans ity in the long run, which is a decisive fac- program can ensure a skilled work- Liberian engineers will complete before tation of the Cambambe II project in
having access to electricity, it’s clear that tor for economic and social development. force,” comments Cherie Ferrari, Man- the plant is commissioned, an aspect Angola, and the Inga I installation in the
there’s an urgent need for efficient pow- ager of Customer Education and Train- that proved to be of great interest to Democratic Republic of the Congo.
er plants across the continent. But even Flexible approach to accelerate ing at Voith. “We often design Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Cherie Ferrari adds: “Along with techni-
the most modern hydropower plants progress completely customized courses tailored and her energy minister, Patrick Sendolo, cal training, we can also deliver mentor-
can’t simply run themselves – they need Every project is different – in Africa, as it to the plant operator, staff, project and when they visited Voith headquarters in ing. At a recent pole replacement project
teams of skilled people to manage and is everywhere else. That’s why the Voith even the actual equipment in use.” May 2015. “We’re looking forward to in Mozambique, we simply ‘shadowed’
maintain them. That's why Voith pro- HydroSchool offers a wide range of welcoming Mount Coffee engineers local engineers and helped them with
vides training to the African companies training options. Hydropower plant op- Mount Coffee: challenges overcome to the HydroSchool training center some tips and tricks. That’s the main
and governments who own and operate erators can order a selection of training The Mount Coffee project in Liberia is a in Heidenheim this fall,” notes Cherie point about the HydroSchool – training is
the plants. Voith’s HydroSchool contrib- modules as part of their installation or case in point. This hydropower plant, F errari. “This project is an excellent
always exactly what each individual cus-
utes to the reliable production of electric- refurbishment project. Or Voith engi- built in the 1960s, is located close to the example of how reliable electrification
tomer needs. One size doesn’t fit all!” //
24 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 25FULL-LINE SUPPLIER FULL-LINE SUPPLIER
SMALL PROJECTS,
1 Manufacturing small hydro turbines
in Vadodara, India.
2 Local technician inspects turbine quality.
BIG RESULTS
Small hydropower installations are often the only
practical and economic option – but their impact
can still be significant.
A coastal country on the Indochina in Quang Ngai province and southwest
Peninsula, Vietnam is one of Southeast of Quang Ngai City, the scope includes
Asia’s fastest-growing economies. The supplying a complete set of equipment
country’s numerous rivers are an impor- 1 for two powerhouses in cascade forma-
tant transportation route with over 2 tion – Son Tra 1A and Son Tra 1B. The
17,700 kilometers of navigable water- 30-4 Quang Ngai Joint Stock Company
ways – and they are also an important is developing the project.
source of renewable energy. Vietnam
has a theoretical hydropower potential Serving all of Asia
of approximately 300,000 GWh annual- Voith’s manufacturing facilities in Vado-
ly, 100,000 GWh of which is economi- in the Tu Mo Rong District. The con- PROJECT CAPACITY dara serve India, Nepal, Bhutan, Indo-
cally viable. Until recently, just 15,211 tract’s scope involves the supply of tur- Dakpsi 2B 2 x 7 MW
nesia, Laos and the Philippines.
MW had been installed, leaving plenty bine and generator, automation, E-BOP, For instance, in April 2016, Voith
Dak Ter-1 2 x 1.8 MW + 10 % COL
of room for growth. M-BOP and supervision of installation commissioned the Kurhed project in
Dak Ter-2 2 x 1.7 MW + 10 % COL
and commissioning the project. The Himachal Pradesh, India; the installa-
Thanh Thuy-1 2 x 6 MW + 10 % COL
Small hydro success in Vietnam system and component engineering of tions at Behna and Gullu are slated for
Alin B1
As part of the new Renewable Energy the turbine was undertaken by Voith’s commissioning in late 2016.
hydroelectric
Development Strategy 2030, unveiled local engineering center, and the tur- project 2 x 23 MW + 10 % COL Meanwhile, in the Philippines, the
in December 2015, the Vietnamese bines were manufactured in Vadodara, Son Tra 1A 2 x 18 MW Lake Mainit project is being built on the
government has prioritized renewable India. This was the first pilot project us- northeastern section of the island of
Son Tra 1B 2 x 18 MW
energies and plans to increase hydro- ing the cost-effective Standard Small Mindanao. Voith has also supplied the
Kurhed 2 x 2.25 MW + 10 % COL
power generation from 56 TWh in 2015 Hydro Automation Scheme. This electromechanical equipment for Asiga,
Behna 2 x 2.5 MW + 10 % COL
to 90 TWh in 2020. Voith Hydro Private scheme combines the functions of digi- menced in April 2014, and since com- Voith was also chosen to work on also located in Mindanao.
Gullu 2 x 12 MW + 10 % COL
Limited, based in Vadodara in north- tal governor, control system, and exci- missioning in September 2015, both Dak the Alin B1 hydroelectric project in And in Indonesia, the supply of
Lake Mainit
west India, which launched in the Viet- tation and protection system in one Ter-1 and Dak Ter-2 have been perform- March 2016, following a tough bidding equipment for the Semangka project is
project 3 x 8.333 MW + 10 % COL
namese market in 2011, is supporting common panel, and delivers it within a ing to the customer’s full satisfaction. process. Located in the A Luoi and underway, as well as installation of the
Asiga 2 x 4 MW
the country in building and renewing its compact solution. Both units in the A contract for Thanh Thuy-1 was Phong Dien districts, this is the com- turbine components. The project is due
Semangka 2 x 28.3 MW + 10 % COL
hydropower infrastructure, which fea- project were handed over to the cus- signed in May 2015 with twin-jet Pelton pany’s seventh successful Vietnamese to be commissioned in 2017.
tures a large number of relatively small- tomer in February 2015, leading to a turbine generating sets and complete project, which is being developed in co- Importantly, all of Voith’s activities
scale installations. This commitment is third project, Dakpsi 2B, being recently water-to-wire scope. Thanh Thuy-1 operation with Truong Phu Hydropower in the region are driven by close cus-
reflected by numerous already commis- awarded to Voith Hydro. H ydropower Joint Stock Company
Joint Stock Company. tomer relationships, and regular face-
sioned projects and others which are Meanwhile, the contract for Dak selected Voith to deliver all the power And finally, another recent impor- to-face meetings between customers
currently underway. Ter-2, which is in the cascade of the plant equipment at Haiphong port with- tant milestone was the securing of a and senior Voith managers. This dem-
Dak Ter-1 was the first project com- Dak Ter-1 project and on a similar scale, in 14 months of the commencement contract for the Son Tra 1 project in April onstrates the company’s commitment
missioned by Voith in Vietnam, located was signed in October 2013. Work com- date, followed by commissioning. 2016. Located on the Dak Se Lo River to hydropower projects of all sizes. //
26 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 27FULL-LINE SUPPLIER FULL-LINE SUPPLIER
Preparing a bid for a large hydro- laboration,” adds Bulota. It was a real
power facility is a major project in its marathon, but it paid off in the end!”
own right. It requires patience, attention
to detail, and investment. According to A strong foundation for success
Björn Reeg, Voith Hydro’s Head of Pro On the other side of the world, another
ject Management, constructing a scale large-scale project is taking shape that
prototype of the plant is often the first also relies on close collaboration. The
step. “The miniature version helps us to Wudongde hydropower station is the
optimize and to achieve the required fourth largest in China and its turbine
performance and efficiency.” The team generator units will be amongst the
assesses the project’s technical feasi largest worldwide in terms of power
bility and finds the right balance be output. Zhang Min, project manager of
tween efficiency, longevity and perfor Voith Hydro Shanghai for Wudongde,
mance. echoes the experience of Björn Reeg
Working on a project that takes a and Laurent Bulota. “We won this pro
decade to complete is normal for Reeg
and his team. “The assessment pro “Outstanding change management skills and
cess takes time, because there are so
many factors – the country and its regu reacting quickly to unexpected events are vital,
lations, the plant’s location and logisti because unpredictability is a given.”
cal needs, and all the technical and
Björn Reeg
customer-related specifics. The longest Head of Project Management, Voith Hydro
project I’ve worked on was Iberdrola’s
La Muela II installation in Spain – it took Voith Hydro in Montreal. “Several of the ject because we built a good relation
eight years! Even after all that time, customer’s criteria were soft factors like ship with the customer and because we
1
despite some delays outside of our
customer references and methodologi had access to global expertise from
2 control, the customer was delighted cal details.” The team then performed across the Voith Group,” he says.
with the project management. I’m very several simulations to optimize the bal In fact, the recipe for success in
MEETING
proud of that.” ance between the units’ performance, large hydropower projects is quite simi
“I think there are four key criteria for the amount of rock to be excavated out lar wherever the site, as Zhang con
ensuring the success of a large-scale of the river and the Amount of concrete cludes: “This project is already pro
project,” says Reeg. “A good relation in the plant. The entire offer process gressing well and we are very focused
THE LARGE
ship with the customer is probably the took over three years, culminating in the on achieving the best result for the cus
most important – without that, every contract signature in March 2016. tomer. Diligence, confidence and great
thing else is more difficult. Outstanding “When BC Hydro awarded us the con teamwork: that’s the secret to succeed
change management skills and re- tract, they thanked us for the close col ing in large projects.” //
HYDRO
acting quickly to unexpected events are
also vital, because unpredictability is a
given. Thirdly, leadership skills, espe
cially the coordination and manage
CHALLENGE
ment of multinational and multicultural
1 The cavern of the world's third-largest
hydropower plant at Xiluodu on the Jinsha teams. And of course, quality – our
River, China. Voith delivered three of the reputation depends on it.”
18 machines for the site, which has a total
capacity of 13.86 GW.
2 A Voith employee inspects the installation Close collaboration
Today, major hydropower projects involve to ensure maximum quality. In Canada, a project for BC Hydro at
Site C, a large-scale plant on the Peace
combining components that arrive from River in British Columbia, provides a
all over the world. Optimizing speed, good example of transferring this theory
quality and cost-efficiency is a tough into practice. “We set up a project team Iberdrola’s La Muela II installation in Spain
to work solely on this offer,” says took eight years to complete.
balancing act. Laurent Bulota, Head of Proposals at
28 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 29FROM THE ARCHIVES FROM THE ARCHIVES
TRUE
plans for the construction of an irrigation system to serve technique was developed for this: high-voltage direct-current
huge agricultural areas. A total of 15,000 km² was supposed to transmission. With this new technique, the engineers were able
be harnessed for the cultivation of fruits for export. And the to cut the transmission costs in half.
revenue generated from this was intended to boost economic
SURVIVOR
development. Independence without peace
However, there were also dissenting voices and protests. In April 1974, the “Carnation Revolution” in Portugal ended
The Mozambican freedom movement Frelimo, which had the Caetano dictatorship and also paved the way for the inde-
been fighting for political freedom from Portugal since 1964, pendence of the colonies. Mozambique became independent
criticized the project, as did various student movements across in 1975. Frelimo became the ruling party and began to support
Europe. Their argument was that Cabora Bassa would only the construction of the power plant. The first expansion stage
“Cabora Bassa” – a name that demands benefit the apartheid regime in South Africa and the dictator- with 1,224 MW capacity was completed as planned and the
superlatives: a 164-meter-high dam wall ship in Portugal. During the construction and installation pe- hydropower plant began commercial operation on 26 March
riod, civil war and violence dominated the country. The con- 1977. In June 1979, the last expansion stage was completed
on the Zambezi River; a 250-kilometer-
struction site and the camp, which housed more than 3,000 and Cabora Bassa was finished on schedule after 10 years of
long reservoir lake; a 1,500-kilometer-long engineers and construction workers at the time, had to be se- construction.
high-voltage line between Mozambique cured by the military. The political turmoils on the Zambezi, however, were not
over yet. Now the guerrilla movement Renamo, supported by
and South Africa; and a total power output
Technical innovation lowers costs the South African apartheid regime, began fighting the Marxist-
of 2,075 MW. In the meantime, the engineers were mastering technical chal- Leninist Frelimo government. What followed was a bloody,
lenges. They erected a six-kilometer-long overhead line from 16-year-long civil war. Around 900,000 people died and 1.7 mil-
the platform at the cavern surface to the Songo plateau 600 me- lion fled the country. Renamo also repeatedly attacked the infra-
M
ozambique was still a colony when the tender was ters above it, and connected it to a three-phase current substa- structure at Cabora Bassa, which became a ruin. Only in 1997,
sent out for the construction of a hydropower plant tion and a converter station. Here, 220 kV three-phase current after the end of the civil war, was Cahora Bassa (as it is spelled
on the Zambezi River in November 1967. The Por- was converted into 533 kV direct current for transport. A new today) repaired and returned to operation. //
tuguese “Minister for overseas territories” was planning “Cab-
ora Bassa” as the largest hydropower plant in southern Africa.
1 Manufacturing the turbines for Cabora Bassa
Five turbines were meant to generate the electricity that was at the factory in Heidenheim.
largely intended to be sold to South Africa. For electricity 2 The efforts of local workers were key to
completing the plant on schedule.
The spectacular dam on the Zambesi following transmission, a 1,500-kilometer-long high-voltage line was
completion in the late 1970s, before it was ruined 3 New roads and tunnels were constructed to provide
during the civil war.
built between the site and Pretoria. easier access to the dam site during construction.
In September 1969, roughly two years after the tendering
process began, the contract for the underground hydropower
plant was awarded to an international consortium that includ-
TECHNICAL DATA ed Siemens, Voith, AEG, BBC and the construction company
Hochtief – all German companies. Voith provided the five
5 Voith Francis turbines with 415 MW each;
turbine runner diameter: 7 m Francis turbines for Cabora Bassa. While the turbines were
being constructed in Heidenheim, robust roads and bridges
Dam Wall: were built in Mozambique so that machines and equipment
height: 164 m could be transported to the construction site. On the high 1
width at the base: 23 m plateau, a runway for propeller-driven aircraft was built, and
2 3
width at water level: 4 m the region was equipped with a new telecommunications and
telex system.
103.5 METERS HEAD
Ambitious goals versus critical voices
5 generators with 480 MVA each; The Cabora Bassa construction site was situated at the end of
rotor diameter: 13 m a gorge that is 18 kilometers long, 250 meters wide and 700
meters deep. Ambitious goals were attached to the construc-
Cavern:
tion of the reservoir and power plant. The Zambezi had been
length: 220 m
made navigable over a length of 320 kilometers in order to al-
height: 57 m
low for the transport of natural resources such as coal, iron,
width: 29 m
titanium, manganese, chromium and bauxite. There were
30 | HyPower 2016 HyPower 2016 | 31You can also read
