HO CHI MINH CITY - BENEFITS OF URBAN CLIMATE ACTION C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
BENEFITS OF URBAN
CLIMATE ACTION
C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report
HO CHI
MINH
CITY
Benefits of Urban Climate Action | C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report 2
CLIMATE, AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH
C40 and Johnson & Johnson are The time for urgent climate such as extreme cold and hot weather,
working in partnership to connect the action floods and droughts. Finally, cities
dots between climate action, improved need to attend local issues of air
Cities are responsible for about 70%
air quality in cities and better health pollution, including pollutants and toxic
of global CO2 emissions and play a
amongst citizens. compounds.
leading role in limiting global increases
C40 has undertaken cutting-edge in temperature to 1.5°C, in line with the In order to tackle both air quality and
research, working with 26 cities to date Paris Agreement. Simultaneously, cities climate change, cities need clean
to measure the air quality and health need to take adaptation measures to and efficient transport, buildings and
benefits of climate action, and use this protect themselves against current industry solutions.
to make a stronger case for action. and future extreme weather events,
HO CHI MINH CITY
Ho Chi Minh City is located in Southern Vietnam and covers an area of about
2,000 km2. With a population of approximately 8.8 million people (National
Statistics Office 2016), Ho Chi Minh City is the largest and most populous city
8.8 AREA OF
in Vietnam.
Ho Chi Minh City’s road transport sector represents a key contribution to the
MILLION 2,000
city's overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In particular, road transport
PEOPLE KM2
emissions in Vietnam are dominated by motorcycles, ahead of cars, heavy duty
vehicles and buses.
THE NEED TO TACKLE AIR QUALITY
Air pollution is a serious problem in Ho Chi Minh City, causing a high incidence
of air quality related health issues.
PM2.5 CONCENTRATION IS
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the annual average
concentration of PM2.5 should not exceed 10 μg/m3. In Ho Chi Minh City, the
3 TIMES ABOVE THE
annual average is around 31 μg/m3, showing that people are exposed to very WHO RECOMMENDED VALUE
harmful levels of air pollution.1
THE HEALTH BURDEN
Air pollutants represent a major risk to people’s health, particularly affecting
children and older people. PM2.5, often used as an indicator of air pollution, 7, 300 PREMATURE
can penetrate deep into lungs and is linked to respiratory and cardiovascular
morbidity and mortality, even at low concentrations. DEATHS EACH YEAR
In Ho Chi Minh City, about 7,300 premature deaths2 every year are attributable IN HO CHI MINH CITY ARE
to the current PM2.5 levels.
DUE TO PM2.5 LEVELS
1
WHO Database Maps
2
Burden of air pollution on mortality was calculated by using the relative risk from published studies relating air pollution concentrations to
health outcomes. This was applied to the difference between city-wide annual average PM2.5 concentration and the GBD’s theoretical minimum
exposure (5.8 µg/m3), and to the mortality rate in the local population. This is assuming impacts only in adults (ages 30+).
Benefits of Urban Climate Action | C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report 3
Understanding the problem
The road transport sector in Ho Chi Ho Chi Minh City has about 7.3 million
40% OF PM2.5
Minh City is responsible for 40% of
the total PM2.5 concentration in the
motorbikes. These motorbikes, which
are all privately owned, operate on
fossil fuels and contribute significantly
CONCENTRATION city. Within this sector, 60% of the
to poor air quality in the city.
total contribution is generated by
COMES FROM THE motorbikes and 3% from buses.
ROAD TRANSPORT
SECTOR
HO CHI MINH CITY MOTORBIKES
60%
60% OF ROAD TRANSPORT 7.3 3% OF ROAD
SECTOR PM2.5
31 μg/m3 SECTOR PM2.5 CONCENTRATION
IS GENERATED BY MOTORBIKES
MILLION CONCENTRATION
MOTORBIKES IS FROM BUSES
The action
Ho Chi Minh City is looking to introduce 10% of the existing motorbike fleet has
two key actions to reduce air pollution been quantified.
in the city: converting 1,300 buses from
diesel to CNG (Compressed Natural The bus and motorbike upgrades will
Gas) and promoting the uptake of affect the urban area of the city, which
electric motorbikes in place of gasoline represents about a quarter of the total
ones. A pilot project to shift to using city area and 6.7 million people.
electric motorbikes is expected to start
at the start of 2019. For the purpose of
this analysis, the benefits of upgrading
CLEANER BUSES AND MOTORBIKES
1,300 PROMOTE
ELECTRIC 1/4 OF THE TOTAL
BUSES
USING CNG MOTORBIKES CITY AREA
Benefits of Urban Climate Action | C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report 4
The benefits
With support from C40, the city Air quality improvements, in terms of premature deaths, life expectancy and
analysed the social and economic reduced concentrations of PM2.5 are life years gained are used to quantify
impacts of upgrading 1,300 buses observed in the whole city. mortality impacts.
from diesel to CNG, as well as shifting
10% of the current motorbike fleet to The air quality improvement leads The economic impact represents the
electric. The results showed a massive to a reduction in the health burden monetary value of averting a hospital
improvement in air quality, which of cardiovascular- and respiratory- admission and of gaining an extra year
would improve the population’s health related diseases and deaths. Hospital of life.
and produce considerable economic admissions are used as an indicator
benefits. for morbidity, while the change in
Benefits of shifting to 10% e-motorbikes
AIR HEALTH
0.5% PM2.5 2.3% PM2.5 106 +1,400
REDUCTION
IN WHOLE CITY
REDUCTION IN QUALITY PREMATURE
DEATHS AVERTED
LIFE YEARS
INTERVENTION GAINED OVER
AREA AREA 6 day
PER YEAR THE WHOLE CITY
increase in life
₫ 111 BN ₫ 2.7 BN
expectancy for
each citizen. For +6 172 AVERTED
those living in DAYS IN LIFE HOSPITAL
TOTAL VALUE AVOIDED EXPECTANCY
OF AVERTED HEALTHCARE the intervention ADMISSIONS
DEATHS COSTS area, it increases PER CITIZEN PER YEAR
to 7 days.
ECONOMICS The value of averted hospital admissions 172 averted hospital admissions per year,
is ₫1.9 billion (Vietnamese Dong) including 125 for respiratory diseases,
for respiratory and ₫470 million for and 47 for cardiovascular diseases.
cardiovascular diseases.
Benefits of upgrading 1,300 buses from diesel to CNG
0.1% 0.5% PM2.5 AIR HEALTH
PM2.5 25 +331 LIFE
REDUCTION REDUCTION IN QUALITY PREMATURE YEARS GAINED
IN WHOLE CITY INTERVENTION DEATHS AVERTED OVER THE WHOLE
AREA AREA 1 day increase in
PER YEAR POPULATION
life expectancy
₫ 26 BN ₫ 626 M
for each citizen.
For those +1 40 AVERTED
TOTAL VALUE AVOIDED living in the DAY IN LIFE HOSPITAL
OF AVERTED HEALTHCARE intervention EXPECTANCY ADMISSIONS
DEATHS COSTS area, it increases PER CITIZEN PER YEAR
to 2 days.
ECONOMICS The value of averted hospital admissions 40 averted hospital admissions per year,
is ₫454 million for respiratory and ₫172 including 29 for respiratory diseases, and
million for cardiovascular diseases. 11 for cardiovascular diseases.
Benefits of Urban Climate Action | C40 Cities Technical Assistance Report 5
DRIVING ACTION
SUPPORT BUS OWNERS RAISE PUBLIC AWARENESS BOOST COLLABORATION
The key barriers to the The main challenge to the uptake The air quality and health benefits
implementation of the bus upgrade of electric motorbikes is the will also be communicated to the
programme are related to the delays lack of public awareness on the relevant departments within the
in the provision of CNG fueling environmental, social and economic city (e.g. Health, Environmental, Air
stations. benefits associated. Quality and Transport departments)
through several workshops, with the
To this end, the city will use the
Further discussions with the relevant aim to consolidate the collaboration
results from this analysis to promote
departments are to be conducted in and improve the analysis with more
behavioural change through public
order to push this action. In addition, accurate and local data.
campaigns.
the bus owners are to be supported
financially, by means of reduced- Financial incentives for upgrading Further actions to tackle air
interest loans. to electric motorbikes are not yet pollution in the city will be
in place, though these may be reviewed, mainly involving solid
discussed with policymakers and waste management and industrial
relevant departments. emissions.
NEXT STEPS
The installation of charging stations The estimated benefits will be The city will install around 20
to support the transition to a cleaner presented to the mayor to gain automatic monitoring stations in the
circulating fleet will be discussed support for the action and for public city by the end of 2020. The city
and planned with the transport campaigns. These could take many will also apply for additional funds
department. forms, such as lectures on air pollution and collaborations with universities.
in schools and universities, public radio These measures will improve data
campaigns and roadside displays of air availability and understanding of air
quality levels. quality issues.
METHOD AND ASSUMPTIONS
Methodology available here.
Key assumptions:
• PM2.5 concentration values used for the whole city are are an average minimum exposure (5.8 µg/m3), and to the mortality rate in the local
of the modelled annual mean PM2.5 data range provided by the WHO population. This is assuming impacts only in adults (ages 30+).
Maps database. The analysis has been carried out following the methodology outlined
• In the absence of local PM2.5 source apportionment data, the WHO in the BUCA Guidance Manual.
data have been used. As HCMC is not present in the WHO database,
Hanoi has been used as a proxy.
Next steps for the analysis:
• Proxy data from Hanoi used for hospital admissions for respiratory
and cardiovascular diseases. Future data collection activities based on the data gaps in the analysis
include:
• Proxy data from Auckland (New Zealand) used for VOLY and VHA
• Collecting data for NOX and NO2
and converted using the relevant PPP exchange rate.
• Collecting hospital admission data by gender and age
• Burden of air pollution on mortality was calculated by using the • Developing VOLY and VHA estimates.
relative risk from published studies relating air pollution concentrations
to health outcomes. This was applied to the difference between city- Cover Picture : Min An, Unsplash
wide annual average PM2.5 concentration and the GBD’s theoretical
You can also read
