History (PRE-Cure) April 2020 - March 2021 - Sleepy Classes
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History
(PRE-Cure)
April 2020 - March 2021
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Table of Contents
Links to the videos on YouTube .................1 29.Constitution day.....................................28
1. Services Day ......................................2 30.Lingayats ..................................................28
2. Indian Civil Services ........................2 31.Guru Nanak Dev Ji .................................29
3. Harijan Sevak Sangh celebrates its 32.Annapurna Statue to come back to India
foundation day .........................................4 30
4. COVID-19 infection spreads to vulnerable 33.Mahaparinirvana Diwas ......................31
tribal community in Odisha ..................4 34.Cattle, buffalo meat residue found in
5. Tata group to construct India's new Indus Valley vessels .................................33
parliament building. ................................5 35.Tharu Tribals ...........................................34
6. Onam .........................................................6 36.Hampi stone chariot now gets protective
7. Kala Sanskriti Vikas Yojana (KSVY) ..6 ring ...............................................................35
8. Tech for Tribals ........................................7 37.Gwalior, Orchha in UNESCO world
9. Chardham Project ..................................8 heritage cities list: MP Govt ..................36
10.Rare inscription unearthed in Andhra 38.Centre recognises yoga as a competitive
Pradesh's Kadapa district ......................9 sport ............................................................37
11.Life in Miniature project .......................9 39.60th Goa Liberation Day .....................38
12.Kongali Bihu in Assam ..........................11 40.Sheikh Mujibur Rehman.......................38
13.Large 2,000-year-old cat discovered in 41.The Mamallapuram Dance Festival of
Peru's Nazca lines ....................................11 2020 ...........................................................39
14.Commemoration of ‘77th Year of 42.The Ramanujan Prize ............................41
Formation of Azad Hind Government’ 12 43.Khudi Ram Bose .....................................42
15.Rashtriya Ekta Diwas 2020 ................13 44.Sentinel Island .........................................44
16.The Miyas of Assam, and their char- 45.AMU...........................................................45
chapori culture .........................................14 46.National Film Development Corporation
17.Maharani Jindan Kaur ..........................14 46
18.Kevadia tourism circuit ........................15 47.Dhokra Decorative Pieces....................47
19.AITUC turns 100 ....................................16 48.NETAJI SUBHASH CHANDRA BOse 49
20.National Education Day .......................17 49.1000-year-old paper-making technique
21.Sikhs in Pakistan mark rst anniversary of 51
Kartarpur Corridor ..................................18 50.‘Adopt a Heritage’ tourism scheme ....52
22.World Ayurveda Day 2020 .................19 51.UNDERSTANDING PANIPAT 1761
23.Birsa Munda ............................................21 THROUGH RARE PAINTINGS .............54
24.BRU Community ....................................22 52.Giant Rock Bee Honey added to Tribes
25.Ancient Hindu temple discovered in India Collection ........................................55
northwest Pakistan .................................23 53.Sri Mannathu Padmanabhan .............56
26.Rani Lakshmibai birth anniversary ...24 54.Renaming of Aurangabad as Sambhaji
27.Lachit Diwas ............................................25 Nagar ..........................................................57
28.PM Pays Tribute to Sir Chotu Ram Ji on 55.New ‘Anubhava Mantapa’ at
His Birth Anniversar ................................26 Basavakalyan ............................................57
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T.me/SleepyClasses 56.Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2021 ...........58 57.Konkani language academy ................59 58.Risa ............................................................60 59.Archaeological excavations set to begin in seven more places in Tamil Nadu.........61 60.Thiruvalluvar Day ..................................62 61.Sulawesi island of Indonesia ...............62 62.Jallikattu ...................................................63 63.Egypt unveils ancient funerary temple in Saqqara.......................................................65 64.Guru Gobind Singh Ji Jayanti .............65 65.Vice President launches book of poems of Sree Narayana Guru, ‘Not Many But One’ 66 66.Khadi shirt, eri shawl and eri stole ....67 67.Swami Vivekananda ..............................68 68.Bangladesh Armed Forces Contingent To Participate In Republic Day Parade ....69 69.Bharat Parv ..............................................69 70.Battle of Bhima Koregaon ...................71 71.Govind Ballabh Pant .............................72 72.Kala Utsav 2020 ....................................74 73.Patharughat : The forgotten peasant uprising of Assam in 1894 ....................74 74.Lala Lajpat Rai ........................................75 75.Chauri Chaura.........................................77 76.Lingaraj Temple.......................................79 77.Dhauli-Kalinga Mahotsav ...................80 78.‘Pattachitra' .............................................81 79.Bargis.........................................................82 80.Tholpavakkoothu ...................................83 81.Assam and Quit India Movement ......85 82.A Lingayat sub-sect’s quota demand 85 83.Sri Jagannath Temple ............................86 84.The Koch Rajbongshi ............................88 85.Salt March ................................................89 86.Conservation of the Sun Temple at Konark 91 87.Declaration Of World Heritage Sites By UNESCO .....................................................93 88.Sattras .......................................................96
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Links to the videos on YouTube
• Video 1
• Video 2
• Video 3
• Video 4
• Video 5
• Video 6
• Video 7
• Video 8
• Video 9
• Video 10
• Video 11
• Video 12
• Video 13
• Video 14
• Video 15
• Video 16
• Video 17
• Video 18
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1. Services Day
When?
• The Civil Services Day is celebrated on April 21
What?
• The day celebrates all the civil servants who dedicate their lives to the cause of citizen. The day aims
at renewing their commitments to public service and excellence in work.
• To mark the Civil Services Day, the country rewards the Prime Minister’s Awards for Excellence in
Public Administration to various of cers to celebrate their work, for implementation of Priority
programme and innovation categories.
Why?
• Its origin is related to the year 1947 when on 21st April Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, rst Home
Minister of independent India inaugurated the All India Services.
• While addressing the probationary of cers at the All India Administrative Service Training School at
Metcalfe House, Delhi (it currently houses of ces of many divisions of DRDO) he delivered a
powerful speech and empowered the Civil Servants to adopt the true role of national service leaving
behind the past experience. In his speech he referred to civil servants as the 'steel frame of India’.
2. Indian Civil Services
Cornwallis’ Role (Governor-General, 1786-93)
• Cornwallis was the rst to bring into existence and organise the civil services. He tried to check
corruption through—
✓raising the civil servants’ salary
✓strict enforcement of rules against private trade
✓Debarring civil servants from taking presents, bribes etc.
✓enforcing promotions through seniority
• Wellesley’s Role (Governor-General, 1798-1805)
✓In 1800, Wellesley set up the Fort William College for training of new recruits.
✓In 1806 Wellesley’s college was disapproved by the Court of Directors and instead the East India
College was set up at Haileybury in England to impart two years’ training to the recruits.
✓The Charter Act of 1793 had reserved all posts worth 500 pounds per annum for the covenanted
servants of the Company.
✓The Indians, however, were barred from high posts from the very beginning.
The reasons for exclusion of Indians were
• the belief that only the English could establish administrative services serving British interests;
• the belief that the Indians were incapable, untrustworthy and insensitive to the British interests;
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• The fact there was high competition among the Europeans themselves for lucrative posts, so why
offer them to the Indians.
• The Charter Act of 1833 theoretically threw open the services to the Indians, the relevant provisions
were never really implemented.
Charter Act of 1853
• The 1853 Charter Act ended the Company’s patronage, enjoining recruitment to be through an
open competition henceforth.
• After 1857, when the Indians claimed a share in higher services, the Proclamation of 1858 declared
the British intention of including the Indians, freely and impartially, in of ces under the civil service.
Indian Civil Service Act, 1861
• This Act reserved certain of ces for convenanted civil servants but the examination was held in
England in English language, based on classical learning of Greek and Latin.
• The maximum permissible age was gradually reduced from 23 (in 1859) to 22 (in 1860) to 21 (in
1866) and to 19 (1878).
• In 1863, Satyendra Nath Tagore became the rst Indian to qualify for the Indian Civil Service.
Statutory Civil Service
• In 1878-79, Lytton introduced the Statutory Civil Service consisting of one-sixth of covenanted
posts to be lled by Indians of high families through nominations by local governments subject to
approval by the secretary of State and the viceroy. But the system failed and was abolished
Lee Commission (1924) Recommendations
• the secretary of state should continue to recruit the ICS, the Irrigation branch of the Service of
Engineers, the Indian Forest Service, etc.;
• the recruitments for the transferred elds like education and civil medical service be made by
provincial governments;
• direct recruitment to ICS on basis of 50:50 parity between the Europeans and the Indians be
reached in 15 years;
• a Public Service Commission be immediately established (as laid down in the Government of India
Act, 1919)
Government of India Act, 1935
• The 1935 Act recommended the establishment of a Federal Public Service Commission and
Provincial Public Service Commission under their spheres.
Evaluation of Civil Services under British Rule
• Although Indians had begun to enter the coveted ranks of the Indian Civil Services (ICS) ever since
1863, entering the civil services was still extremely dif cult for the Indians. The entrance examination
for the ICS was held in London in English medium only, and the subjects included classical Greek and
Latin learning. Moreover, the maximum age for appearing at the examination was reduced from
twenty-three in 1859 to nineteen in 1878 under Lytton.
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• All key positions of power and authority and those which were well-paid were occupied by the
Europeans. Though a slow process of Indianisation occurred after 1918 under nationalist pressure,
important and senior positions continued to be occupied by Europeans. But gradually, the Indians
came to realise that Indianisation of civil service had not, in any way, transferred effective power into
Indian hands. The Indian members of the civil service continued to serve the imperialist interests of
their British masters.
3. Harijan Sevak Sangh celebrates its foundation day
• Harijan Sevak Sangh is a non-pro t organization founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932, fast to
eradicate untouchability in India.
• After the Second Round Table Conference, British government agreed to give Communal Award to
the depressed classes on the request of B. R. Ambedkar. Gandhi opposed the government's decision
which he considered it would divide the Hindu society and subsequently went on to the inde nite fast
in Yerwada Jail.
• He ended his fast after signing Poona Pact with Ambedkar on 24 September 1932. On 30 September,
Gandhi founded All India Anti Untouchability League, to remove untouchability in the society, which
later renamed as Harijan Sevak Sangh ("Servants of Untouchables Society").
• Ghanshyam Das Birla was its founding president with Amritlal Takkar as its secretary.
• He ended his fast after signing Poona Pact with Ambedkar on 24 September 1932. On 30 September,
Gandhi founded All India Anti Untouchability League, to remove untouchability in the society, which
later renamed as Harijan Sevak Sangh ("Servants of Untouchables Society").
• Ghanshyam Das Birla was its founding president with Amritlal Takkar as its secretary.
4. COVID-19 infection spreads to vulnerable tribal community in
Odisha
• Didayi and Bonda tribes a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) in Odisha’s Malkangiri district
have tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus.
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• They are dependent mainly on shifting cultivation in the hills, and wetland cultivation of paddy in the
plains. The Didayi also collect minor forest product like fruits, roots and mushrooms. Also,
horticulture and kitchen gardening have recently caught the interest of the community and they grow
seasonal vegetables, banana, papaya, tobacco, mango, jackfruit and tamarind.
• Odisha is home to 62 tribal communities — the largest diverse groups of tribal population in India.
Thirteen of them are PVTGs.
• Particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTGs) are the marginalized section of the Scheduled tribes of
India. They are relatively isolated, educationally and socio-economically backwards, living in a habitat
far away from amenities.
✓ PVTG is not a Constitutional category, nor are these constitutionally recognized communities.
✓ It is a government of India classi cation created with the purpose of enabling improvement in the
conditions of certain communities with particularly low development.
✓ A separate category of PVTGs was constituted based on the recommendations of the Dhebar
Commission in 1975.
✓ PVTGs are identi ed by the Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs based on the recommendations from
the state governments or Union territories.
• Criteria for identifying PVTGs-
✓ A pre-agriculture level of technology
✓ A stagnant or declining population
✓ Extremely low literacy
✓ A subsistence level of the economy.
5. Tata group to construct India's new parliament building.
• Tata Projects to build India’s new Parliament building as a part of the government’s Central Vista
redevelopment plans.
• The Central Public Works Department under Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs will be the nodal
agency implementing the project, estimated the cost of construction at Rs 940 crore over 21 months.
• The Central Vista is an iconic 3 km stretch in the heart of New Delhi that runs from the Rashtrapati
Bhavan to India Gate. Flanked by large green spaces and containing signi cant structures such as
Parliament, the Secretariat buildings and the National Archives.
• The proposed triangular building will come up in the same premises where the current, circular
Parliament building is located, and is part of the Rs 20,000 crore Central Vista redevelopment project.
• Apart from the new Parliament, the project will include construction of the new prime minister’s
residence, and 10 new building blocks to accommodate government of ces, including Shastri Bhavan,
Nirman Bhavan, Udyog Bhavan, Krishi Bhavan and Vayu Bhavan, among others.
• The North and South Block will be converted into museums.
• The Rashtrapati Bhawan area to the ridge will be converted into biodiversity arboretum in order to
showcase India’s biological diversity
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Background
• The shape of the present circular building was based on the Chausath Yogini temple, one of the oldest
heritage sites in India.
• Originally called the House of Parliament, it was designed by the British architects Sir Edwin Lutyens
and Sir Herbert Baker in 1912-1913 as part of their wider mandate to construct a new administrative
capital city for British India.
• Construction of the Parliament House began in 1921 and it was completed in 1927.
6. Onam
• Onam is the biggest festival of Kerala which is celebrated to welcome King Mahabali whose pious sole
is believed to visit Kerala during the 10-day festival.
• Date of Onam is based on the Hindu Panchangam and falls on the 22nd nakshatra Thiruvonam in the
month Chingam of Malayalam calendar, which in Gregorian calendar overlaps with August–
September.
• It is a 10-day festival, conducted to celebrate the golden rule of King Mahabali, the mythical ruler of
Kerala. According to the folklore, the demigods sent Vishnu in the form of dwarf Brahmin to defeat
Mahabali. After defeating the ruler, Vishnu granted the king’s sole wish to visit his land every year for
10 days. These 10 days are celebrated as Onam every year in the state of Kerala.
• Kathakali, the traditional dance form of Kerala is performed on Onam.
Other major terms associated with Onam are -
• Tripunithura Athachamayam - his marks the rst day of Onam which is celebrated with grandeur and
zeal. The day is lled with colorful inauguration which features a street parade. This includes different
Kerala art forms, musicians, dancers and carnival oats and decorated elephants which walk down
the streets.
• Pookalam: The Floral Decorations & Arrangement.
• Pulikali: The Grand Tiger Dance.
• Vallamkali: The Snake Boat Race.
• Onam Sadya: The Complete Meal
• Folk Dances: One of the dance forms is Kaikottikali during King Mahabali is praised. It is a type of clap
dance form. Another dance form is the Thumbi Thuallal in which the women dance in circles.
7. Kala Sanskriti Vikas Yojana (KSVY)
• Culture Ministry issued guidelines for holding cultural events/activities in Virtual/Online mode under
various scheme components of Central Sector Scheme ‘Kala Sanskriti Vikas Yojana’ (KSVY)
• Ministry of Culture (Performing Arts Bureau) implements many schemes under its Kala Sanskriti
Vikas Yojana (KSVY), where the grants are sanctioned/approved for holding programs/activities
which involve large audience.
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• The Ministry of Culture has formulated & devised the following guidelines to help artists/
organizations who have already been sanctioned grant under various scheme components of ‘Kala
Sanskriti Vikas Yojana’ (KSVY) to conduct events on virtual mode.
• This will enable them to avail bene ts under these schemes even if they are not able to stage
programs in the physical format as before and will ensure continued nancial assistance to tide over
the present Covid crisis.
8. Tech for Tribals
• TRIFED has designed the training programme ‘Tech for Tribals’ in collaboration with the Ministry of
Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) under the ESDP.
• Tech for Tribals is an initiative aims at the holistic development of tribals with a focus on
entrepreneurship development, soft skills, IT, and business development through SHGs operating
through Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs).
• Itwas launched by TRIFED, Ministry of Tribal Affairs in association with Chhattisgarh MFP
Federation and IIT Kanpur.
• Under the program trainees will undergo a 30 days training program over six weeks comprising 120
sessions.
• The programme aims to tap the traditional knowledge and skills of tribals and add branding,
packaging and marketing skills to optimize their income through a market-led enterprise model by
setting up Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs).
• The Van Dhan tribal start-ups, a component of the same scheme are micro tribal enterprises for
processing and value addition of forest produce.
• The scheme is being further expanded to more locations under the ‘Vocal for Local Go Tribal’ initiative
of TRIFED during the current nancial year.
TRIFED
• TRIFED was established in August 1987 under the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 1984 as a
National level Cooperative body.
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• Under the administrative control of the then Ministry of Welfare of India, TRIFED is mandated to
bringing about socio-economic development of tribals of the country by institutionalising the trade of
Minor Forest Produce (MFP) & Surplus Agricultural Produce (SAP) collected/ cultivated by them.
• TRIFED plays the dual role of both a market developer and a service provider, empowering them with
knowledge and tools to better their operations in a systematic, scienti c manner and also assist them
in developing their marketing approach.
• TRIFED is involved actively in capacity building of the tribal people through sensitisation and the
formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
• The organisation also assists them in exploring and creating opportunities to market the developed
products in national and international markets on a sustainable basis.
• TRIBES India is the brand under which the sourced handcrafted products from the tribal people are
sold. There are 120 brick-and-mortar TRIBES India outlets across the country, making it a sustainable
and reliable brand.
9. Chardham Project
• The project will connect Badrinath Dham, Kedarnath Dham, Gangotri, Yamunotri, and part of the
route leading to Kailash Mansarovar yatra.
• A controversial aspect was the proposed width of the two-line highways envisaged.
• The SC committee was divided over the width with one set of members saying it only be 5.5-metre-
wide and another plumbing for a higher road width.
• The SC ruled last month that a 5.5-metre width be enforced as it was in conformity with a 2018
recommendation by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) for mountain roads.
• The MoRTH is also the key coordinator of the Chardham project. Prior to this, the government had
sanctioned a road width of 10-12 metres.
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• The works under Char Dham Pariyojna are being implemented on Engineering Procurement and
Construction (EPC) mode of contract.
• These projects are being implemented by 3 executing agencies of Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways, viz, Uttarakhand State PWD, Border Road Organization (BRO) and National Highway &
Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL).
10.Rare inscription unearthed in Andhra Pradesh's Kadapa district
• A rare inscription dating back to the Renati Chola era has been unearthed in a remote village of
Kadapa district.
• It is found engraved on a dolomite slab and shale, which are part of a fragmentary pillar which was
excavated.
• Going by the language and characters, the inscription was written in archaic Telugu which was
readable in 25 lines - the rst side with eleven lines and the remaining on the other side.
• It was assigned to the 8th Century C.E., when the region was under the rule of Chola Maharaja of
Renadu.
• The inscription seems to throw light on the record of a gift of six Marttus (a measuring unit) of land
gifted to a person Sidyamayu, one of the Brahmins serving the temple at Pidukula village.
The Renati Cholas
• The Telugu Cholas of Renadu (also called as Renati Cholas) ruled over Renadu region, the present day
Cuddapah district. They were originally independent, later forced to the suzerainty of the Eastern
Chalukyas.
• They used the Telugu language in their inscriptions belonging to the 6th and 8th centuries.
• The earliest of this family was Nandivarman (500 C.E.) who claimed descent from the family of
Karikala and the Kasyapa gotra.
• The family seems to have had its origin in Erigal in the Tunmkur district, situated in the border
between Pallava and Kadamba regions.
• Dhananjaya is described as Erigal-mutturaju and as ruling Renadu.
• In the rst half of the seventh century, we nd Punyakumara, a descendant of Nandivarman, ruling
over Renadu and Hiranyarashtra. He too bears the title Erikal-mutturaju
11.Life in Miniature project
Miniature Painting
• These are colorful handmade paintings very small in size with intricate brushwork which contributes
to their unique identity.
• The colors used in the paintings are derived from various natural sources like vegetables, indigo,
precious stones, gold and silver.
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• While artists all around the world convey their respective theme through their paintings, the most
common theme used in the miniature paintings of India comprises of the Ragas or a pattern of musical
notes, and religious and mythological stories.
Project
• Several hundred miniature paintings from the National Museum, New Delhi can be viewed online by
people around the world through “Life in Miniature” project.
• Itis collaboration between the National Museum, New Delhi and Google Arts & Culture, a
partnership that began in 2011.
• It is in line with Digital India initiative and showcases the role of technology in the preservation of
India’s heritage.
• The project uses technologies like machine learning, augmented reality and digitization with high-
de nition robotic cameras, to showcase these special works of art in a magical new way.
• On the Google Arts & Culture app, online viewers can experience the rst Augmented Reality-
powered art gallery designed with traditional Indian architecture, and explore a life-size virtual space
where you can walk up to a selection of miniature paintings.
• The artworks showcased are presented along ve universal themes of the human relationship with
nature, love, celebration, faith and power.
• Another highlight of the launch is the application of Machine Learning-based algorithms to the corpus
of paintings being brought online, so that users can explore these miniature marvels guided by
Arti cial Intelligence.
• “Magnify Miniatures” enables online users to explore multiple artworks.
• With “Life in Miniature”, users will be able to see famous miniature collections of the National
Museum, like the Ramayana, Royal Saga, Pahari style paintings.
About The National Museum, New Delhi
• The National Museum, New Delhi, under the Ministry of Culture. The National Museum, today, has in
its possession over 2,00,000 antiquities & art objects, both of Indian and Foreign origin covering more
than 5,000 years of our cultural heritage. During current pandemic time, the National Museum has
been engaging its visitors through digital platforms.
About Google Arts & Culture
• Google Arts & Culture puts the collections of more than 2,000 museums in a single app.
Schools of Indian Miniature Paintings
• Pala School
• Orissa School
• Jain school
• Mughal School
• Rajasthan School
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• Pahari School
• Deccan School
12.Kongali Bihu in Assam
• Bihu are three festivals held in Assam.
✓ Bhogali or Magh Bihu is observed on January 13th or 14th - symbolises the end of the harvest
season.
✓ Rongali or Bohag Bihu is observed on April 14th or 15th - Assamese New Year.
✓ Kongali or Kati Bihu is observed in October. ( In the month of kartik)- celebrates the harvest
season.
• This Bihu is celebrated during the time of relocation of the rice sapling - Kati means "cut".
• Kati Bihu is also called Kongali ("Poor") as the granaries are usually empty and there is not much to
eat at this time of the year.
• This means Kati Bihu is not as amboyant a festival as the other Bihus and the festivities are more
sombre in nature.
• This Bihu is celebrated by the lighting of lamps or saaki (candles) in different parts of the house. The
main lamp is lit in the courtyard near the sacred Tulsi plant.
• For Kati Bihu, the plant is cleaned and is placed on an earthen platform called a "Tulsi Bheti". Offerings
and prayers are made to the Goddess Tulsi for the wellbeing of the family and for a good harvest. This
formal procedure continues for the whole month of Kati.
• In the paddy elds, farmers light a special type of lamp, called 'Akaxh Banti' (Sky candle). These
mustard oil lamps are placed high on the tips of tall bamboo poles. It is believed these lamps are lit to
guide ancestors to heaven, though they serve a practical purpose by drawing insects to the ame and
their doom, which helps keep the crops healthy.
• The instruments used in Bihu are Dhol, Taal, Toka, Pepa, Xutuli, Gogona and Baanhi (Flute).
13.Large 2,000-year-old cat discovered in Peru's Nazca lines
• The Peruvian archaeologists have uncovered a 37 meter resting long cat on the famous Nazca lines of
Peru.
What are the Nazca Lines?
• The Nazca Lines are a group of geoglyphs, or large designs made on the ground by creators using
elements of the landscape such as stones, gravel, dirt or lumber.
• These are believed to be the greatest known archaeological enigma, owing to their size, continuity,
nature and quality.
• The images on the ground are so big in size that the best way to get a full view of them is over ying
them.
• Drawn more than 2 millennia ago on the surface of southern Peru’s arid Pampa Colorado (“Red Plain”
in Spanish), the geoglyphs feature different subjects, but mainly plants and animals.
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• The gures include pelicans (the largest ones sized around 935 feet long), Andean Condors (443 feet),
monkeys (360 feet), hummingbirds (165 feet), and spiders (150 feet).
• There are also geometric shapes, such as triangles, trapezoids and spirals, and some have been
associated with astronomical functions.
• The Lines were rst discovered in 1927, and were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in
1994. The site is around 450 km away from capital Lima southwards along the South Pan-American
Highway.
• A geoglyph is a large design or motif (generally longer than 4 metres) produced on the ground and
typically formed by clastic rocks or similarly durable elements of the landscape, such as stones, stone
fragments, gravel, or earth.
14.Commemoration of ‘77th Year of Formation of Azad Hind
Government’
• On July 8, 1945, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose laid the foundation stone of the INA War Memorial to
commemorate the ‘Unknown Warrior’ of the Indian National Army (INA).
• The Azad Hind Government, founded on 21st October, 1943 was inspired by Neta ji Subhash Chandra
Bose
• He was the leader of Azad Hind Government and also the Head of State of this Provisional Indian
Government-in-exile.
• It was a part of the freedom movement, originating in 1940s outside India with a purpose of allying
with Axis powers to free India from British rule.
• The existence of the Azad Hind Government gave a greater legitimacy to the independence struggle
against the British.
• Pertinently,
the role of Azad Hind Fauj or the Indian National Army (INA) had been crucial in
bequeathing a much needed impetus to India’s struggle for Independence.
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15.Rashtriya Ekta Diwas 2020
When is Rashtriya Ekta Diwas celebrated?
• National Unity Day or Rashtriya Ekta Diwas is observed on October 31 every year
• The day was introduced in 2014 by the Government to mark the birth anniversary of Iron Man of
India – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
• In memory of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the Government of India has constructed a huge statue of the
Iron Man of India near the Narmada River in Gujarat.
Signi cance of National Unity Day
• In 2014 the Home Ministry in the of cial statement stated that National Unity Day "will provide an
opportunity to re-af rm the inherent strength and resilience of our nation to withstand the actual
and potential threats to the unity, integrity and security of our country.
Sardar Patel
• He united 562 princely states to build the Republic of India.
• From 1917 to 1924 Patel served as the rst Indian municipal commissioner of Ahmadabad and was its
elected municipal president from 1924 to 1928.
• Patel rst made his mark in 1918, when he planned mass campaigns of peasants, farmers, and
landowners of Kaira, Gujarat, against
the decision of the Bombay government
to collect the full annual revenue taxes
despite crop failures caused by heavy
rains.
• In 1928 Patel successfully led the
landowners of Bardoli in their
resistance against increased taxes.
• His ef cient leadership of the Bardoli
campaign earned him the title sardar
(“leader”), and henceforth he was
acknowledged as a nationalist leader
throughout India.
• In the crucial debate over the objectives
of the Indian National Congress during
the years 1928 to 1931, Patel believed
that the goal of the Indian National Congress should be dominion status within the British
Commonwealth—not independence.
• Patel was the second candidate after Gandhi to the presidency of the 1929 Lahore session of the
Indian National Congress.
• During the 1930 Salt Satyagraha (prayer and fasting movement), Patel served three months’
imprisonment.
• In March 1931 Patel presided over the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress.
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• He was imprisoned in January 1932.
• Released in July 1934, he marshaled the organization of the Congress Party in the 1937 elections and
was the main contender for the 1937–38 Congress presidency.
• Again, because of Gandhi’s pressure, Patel withdrew and Jawaharlal Nehru was elected.
• Along with other Congress leaders, Patel was imprisoned in October 1940, released in August 1941,
and imprisoned once more from August 1942 until June 1945.
16.The Miyas of Assam, and their char-chapori culture
• Context: Miya museum re ecting the “culture and heritage of the people living in char-chaporis” has
stirred up a controversy in Assam.
Who are the Miyas?
• The ‘Miya’ community comprises descendants of Muslim migrants from East Bengal (now Bangladesh)
to Assam.
• They came to be referred to as ‘Miyas’, often in a derogatory manner.
• The community migrated in several waves — starting with the British annexation of Assam in 1826,
and continuing into Partition and the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War — and have resulted in
changes in demographic composition of the region.
• Years of discontent among the indigenous people led to the six-year-long (1979-85) anti-foreigner
Assam Agitation to weed out the “illegal immigrant”, who was perceived as trying to take over jobs,
language and culture of the indigenous population.
What are char-chaporis?
• A char is a oating island while chaporis are low-lying ood-prone riverbanks.
• They are used interchangeably a char can become a chapori, or vice versa, depending on the push and
pull of the Brahmaputra.
• Prone to oods and erosion, these areas are marked by low development indices.
• 80% of the Char population lives below poverty line.
• A UNDP Assam Human Development report from 2014 describes the char areas as suffering from
“communication de cits, lack of adequate schooling facilities beyond primary, girl child marriage,
poverty and illiteracy”.
• While Bengali-origin Muslims primarily occupy these islands, other communities such as Misings,
Deoris, Kocharis, Nepalis also live here.
• In popular imagination, however, chars have become synonymous to the Bengali-speaking Muslims of
dubious nationality.
17.Maharani Jindan Kaur
• Context: Maharani Jindan Kaur, the last wife of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, is in news for the auction of
some of her jewellery at Bonhams Islamic and Indian Art sale in London.
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Who was Rani Jindan?
• She was the youngest wife of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh empire, whose boundaries
stretched from Kabul to Kashmir and the borders of Delhi.
• She was also the mother of Maharaja Duleep Singh, the last ruler of the empire, who was raised by the
British.
• Born at Chachar in Gujranwala in 1817.
• She gave birth to Duleep Singh in 1838, a year before the death of the maharaja.
When did she become the regent?
• Duleep Singh was ve years old when he was placed on the throne in 1843 after the death of two
heirs to Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• Since he was just a child, Maharani Jindan was made the regent.
• Not a rubber stamp, she took an active interest in running the kingdom, introducing changes in the
revenue system.
When did the British imprison and exile her?
• The British declared war on the Sikh empire in December 1845.
• After their victory in the rst Anglo-Sikh war, they retained Duleep Singh as the ruler but imprisoned
Jind Kaur.
• Maharani Jind Kaur arrived at Kathmandu on April 29, 1849, where she was given asylum by Jung
Bahadur, the prime minister.
• She was given a house on the banks of river Bhagmati.
• She stayed in Nepal till 1860, where she continued to reach out to rebels in Punjab and Jammu-
Kashmir.
• The long exile took a heavy toll on Maharani Jindan’s health.
• She passed away in her sleep on August 1, 1863, two years after she walked into the Kensington
Gardens in 1861.
18.Kevadia tourism circuit
• Context: Prime Minister inaugurated 17 tourism projects around the Statue of Unity, now called the
‘Kevadia Tourism Circuit’:
✓ Since the SoU was inaugurated in October 2018, the state government has worked to bring
Kevadia on the world map of tourism with a cluster of theme-based projects.
✓ The government projects the SoU to have an economic impact of Rs 9,000 crore by 2022, which
will translate into the socio-economic uplift of the region up to a radius of about 100 km around
the statue.
What is the Kevadia Tourism Circuit?
• Kevadia, a village in the tribal Narmada district, is home to the Sardar Sarovar Dam reservoir on the
Narmada River.
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• The circuit covers 35 tourist spots, out of which the Valley of Flowers, Vishwa Van, Jungle Safari,
Cactus Garden, Butter y Garden, Ekta Nursery, Tent City, Khalvani Eco-tourism, Zarwani Eco-
tourism, NaukaVihar and River Rafting, located around the periphery of the statue and the Narmada
Dam.
Some of the major attractions of the Circuit
• Sardar Patel Zoological Park and Jungle Safari.
• Children’s Nutrition Park - The park is billed as the “world’s rst technology driven Nutrition Park”.
• The Mirror Maze - It has a 5D virtual reality (VR) theatre and augmented reality (AR) games to
enhance nutritional awareness through entertainment.
• Carnival look- The 8.5 km stretch of road from Ekta Dwar to the Sardar Sarovar Dam is decorated
with colourful motifs and lights that lend the area a festive, carnival appearance after sunset.
• Riverfront cycling tour
• The Gardens
• The cruises
• Dynamic lighting on Sardar Sarovar Dam
19.AITUC turns 100
• Indias’s rst national trade union, All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), has turned 100.
Origin of Trade Unions Act in India
• 1918 – 1st Registered Organized Trade Union – Madras Labour Union led by B P Wadia and V.
Kalyanasundaram Mudaliar, in 1918. The strike was called by the workers of Buckingham and
Carnatic Mills in Madras, against the managing company, Binny and Co.
• 1919 – ILO (International Labour Organisation) got established.
• 1920 – 1st Trade Union Federation – All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) – 1920. Founding
Presidents were Lala Lajpat Rai, N M Joshi and Joseph Baptista.
• AITUC was formed to secure a nominating body for representing Indian Labour at International
Labour Conference.
• 1920 – Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association founded by Anasuya Sarabhai who was a pioneer of
the women’s labour movement in India and Shankerlal Banker.
• 1922 – Central Labour Board, Bombay
• 1922 – Bengal Trade Union Federation
• 1922 – All India Railwaymen’s Federation ( AIRF)
• 1923 – First ever May Day/ Labour Day in India on May 1, 1923. Singaravelu [Chettiar], Madras
launched the Labour-Kisan Party of Hindustan as a distinct political party of labour and for labour,
with a ‘politico-economic policy for labour, free from mere reformism or opportunism.
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• Known by various names like Kamgar Din (Hindi), Kamgar Divas (Marathi) and Uzhaipalar Dinam
(Tamil), the ‘Antarrashtriya Shramik Diwas’.
• 1925 – The rst Provident Fund Act passed in 1925 for regulating the provident funds of some
private concerns was limited in scope.
• 1926 – Indian Trade Unions Act was formed by N M Joshi (Father of Indian Trade union movement).
• 1928 – Fawcett Committee
✓ A big strike of textile workers at Bombay took place from April to October 1928 due to which
government of Bombay appointed Fawcett Committee to look into the standardized scheme
against which the strike happened.
• 1928 – All India Workers and Peasants Party was formed
• 1929 – Split of AITUC, at the 10th Session of AITUC, Nagpur
• 1930 – ITUF (Indian Trade Union Federation) was formed from the split
• 1931 – RTUC (Red Trade Union Congress) was formed from split
• Note – As on 1931, there were 3 central federations (AITUC, ITUF and RTUC)
• The rst Central Trade Union Organisation was formed in India on 31 October 1920 by the Indian
National Congress (INC).
• The INC, the central organ of the Independence movement, formed the AITUC to give India
representation at the International Labour Organisation (ILO) of the League of Nations.
• It was in 1942, more than two decades after 64 unions came together to form the AITUC in 1920 at
Mumbai, that the union organised the working class in textile mills of Bengaluru, mines in Hutti and
Kolar, besides beedi and tiles industries.
20.National Education Day
• Azad in 1912 began publishing a weekly Urdu-language newspaper in Calcutta, Al-Hilal (“The
Crescent”).
• The paper quickly became highly in uential in the Muslim community for its anti-British stance,
notably for its criticism of Indian Muslims who were loyal to the British.
• Al-Hilal was soon banned by British authorities, as was a second weekly newspaper that he had
started.
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• By 1916 he had been banished to Ranchi, where he remained until the beginning of 1920.
• Back in Calcutta, he joined the Indian National Congress and galvanized India’s Muslim community
through an appeal to pan-Islamic ideals.
• He was particularly active in the short-lived Khilafat movement (1920–24), which defended the
Ottomansultan as the caliph (the head of the worldwide Muslim community) and even brie y enlisted
the support of Gandhiji.
• Azad became the youngest person to serve as the President of the Indian National Congress at the
age of 35.
• Azad and Gandhi became close, and Azad was involved in Gandhi’s various civil-disobedience
(satyagraha) campaigns, including the Salt March (1930).
• He was imprisoned several times between 1920 and 1945, including for his participation in the anti-
British Quit India campaign during World War II.
• Azad was president of the Congress Party in 1923 and again in 1940–46—though the party was
largely inactive during much of his second term, since nearly all of its leadership was in prison.
• After the war Azad was one of the Indian leaders who negotiated for Indian independence with the
British. He tirelessly advocated for a single India that would embrace both Hindus and Muslims while
strongly opposing the partition of British India into independent India and Pakistan.
• He later blamed both Congress Party leaders and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, for
the ultimate division of the subcontinent.
• After the two separate countries were established, he served as minister of education in the Indian
government of Jawaharlal Nehru from 1947 until his death.
• His autobiography, India Wins Freedom, was published posthumously in 1959.
• In 1992, Azad was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award.
21.Sikhs in Pakistan mark rst anniversary of Kartarpur Corridor
• Context: Sikhs in Pakistan held rituals at
GurdwaraDarbar Sahib to mark the rst
anniversary of the inauguration of the historic
Kartarpur Corridor.
• On the 550th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak
Dev Ji, Kartarpur Corridor will be opened to visit
Kartarpur Sahib Gurudwara.
• On 24 October 2019 India has signed the
agreement with Pakistan on the modalities of the
operationalization of the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor
at Zero Point, the International Boundary, Dera
Baba Nanak.
• On 22 November 2018, the Union Cabinet passed a resolution to celebrate the historic occasion of
the 550th Birth Anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji across the globe.
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About Kartarpur Sahib Gurudwara
• Kartarpur Sahib was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the Sikh Guru in 1522.
• On 22 September 1539 Gurunanak Dev Ji took the last breath in this gurudwara and spent around 18
years of his life.
• The Gurudwara was washed away by oods of the river Ravi (Rabi) and the present Gurudwara was
established by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• Kartarpur Sahib is located in Narowal district of Pakistan.
• It is three to four kilometres away from Dera Baba Nanak in Gurdaspur district of Punjab, India and
about 120 km from Lahore.
• The langar was rst started in Kartarpur Sahib Gurudwara by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
• The Langar tradition is also known as ‘Guru kaLangar’, the Gurus Kitchen.
• Whoever came here, Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not allow him to go without eating.
• At the time of the partition of India-Pakistan, gurudwara moved to Pakistan, so citizens of India need
a visa to visit Kartarpur Sahib.
• Those who are not able to go to Pakistan, they see with the help of binoculars in the Gurudwara
Shaheed Baba SidhSaun Randhawa located at Dera Baba Nanak at the Indian border.
• Kartarpur Sahib Gurudwara is visible from the border towards India.
• In Pakistan, the government takes care that the grass does not accumulate around this gurudwara, so
it keeps cutting and pruning around it so that it can be seen well from India and there is no problem
for the devotees.
22.World Ayurveda Day 2020
• World Ayurveda Day 2020: Theme.
• This year India will celebrate Ayurveda Day under the theme of 'Ayurveda for Covid-19'.
World Ayurveda Day 2020: History
• The practice to observe the Ayurveda Day, which falls on Dhanwantri Jayanti, was started by the
Union Ministry of Ayush (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Sidda, and Homoeopathy) in 2016.
• Dhanvantari Jayanti was preferred for the celebration of Ayurveda Day to nationalise this system of
medicine and to make it global.
World Ayurveda Day 2020: Celebration
• The Ministry of Ayush has decided to organise various activities marking the fth ‘Ayurveda Day’, with
a special focus on concerns related to the present pandemic.
• A webinar on the theme of ‘Ayurveda for Covid-19 pandemic will be organised on ‘Ayurveda Day.’
About Dhanwantari Jayanti
• Dhanwantari Jayanti, the birthday of Lord Dhanwantari is celebrated on the 13th lunar day in Aswini
Month.
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• It is believed that on this day, Lord Dhanwantari emerged with Amurutha Kalasam.
• Lord Dhanvantari is an Avatar of Lord Vishnu.
• He appears in the Vedas and Puranas as the physician of the gods and the god of Ayurvedic medicine.
AYUSH Ministry approved manufacturing of Ayurvedic COVID-19 drug
• Ministry of Ayush approved the manufacturing of Ayurvedic drug called “Aastha-15”.
• The drug was developed by
Dalmia Centre for Research
and Development.
• The Aastha-15 is to be made
available in rst phase
through prescriptions for
mild and moderate
COVID-19 cases.
• The clinical trials for
Aastha-15 began in May
2020.
• These Ayurvedic drugs also
have to undergo three
phases of clinical trials just
like the Allopathic drugs.
International Conference on Standardisation of AYUSH Terminologies
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• The ICoSDiTAUS 2020 was held in New Delhi in February 2020.
• It was the biggest international event that focuses on standardisation of traditional medicines.
• Around 16 countries came together at the conference.
✓ They were India, Iran, Switzerland, Japan, Jamaica, Uzbekistan, Bhutan, Ghana, Qatar, Equatorial
Guinea, Myanmar, Cuba, Curacao, Serbia, Mauritius and Sri Lanka.
23.Birsa Munda
• Context: National Tribal Festival 'Aadi
Mahotsav’ (16th – 30th November)
was inaugurated, commemorating the
birth anniversary of Birsa Munda.
• 'Aadi Mahotsav’ is a platform for tribals
to showcase their handicrafts, culture,
traditions and food in front of the
world.
• He was a young freedom ghter and a
tribal leader, who protested British
rule in India.
• Born and raised in the tribal belt around Bihar and Jharkhand, Birsa Munda’s achievements came at
the young age of 25.
• In recognition of his impact on the national’s movement, the state of Jharkhand was created on his
birth anniversary in 2000.
• Born on November 15, 1875, Birsa spent much of his childhood moving from one village to another
with his parents.
• He belonged to the Munda tribe in the Chhotanagpur Plateau area.
• He received his early education at Salga under the guidance of his teacher Jaipal Nag.
• On the recommendation of Jaipal Nag, Birsa converted to Christianity in order to join the German
Mission school.
• He, however, opted out of the school after a few years.
• The impact of Christianity was felt in the way he came to relate to religion later.
• Having gained awareness of the British colonial ruler and the efforts of the missionaries to convert
tribals to Christianity, Birsa started the faith of ‘Birsait’.
• Soon members of the Munda and Oraon community started joining the Birsait sect and it turned into
a challenge to British conversion activities.
• During the period, 1886 to 1890, Birsa Munda spent a large amount of time in Chaibasa which was
close to the centre of the Sardars agitation.
• The activities of the Sardars had a strong impact on the mind of the young Birsa, who soon became a
part of the anti-missionary and anti-government program.
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• By the time he left Chaibasa in 1890, Birsa was strongly entrenched in the movement against the
British oppression of the tribal communities.
• On March 3, 1900, Birsa Munda was arrested by the British police while he was sleeping with his
tribal guerilla army at Jamkopai forest in Chakradharpur.
• He died in Ranchi jail on June 9, 1900 at a young age of 25.
• Though he lived a short span of life and the fact that the movement died out soon after his death,
Birsa Munda is known to have mobilised the tribal community against the British and had also forced
the colonial of cials to introduce laws protecting the land rights of the tribals.
24.BRU Community
• Context: Protests against Bru resettlement in Tripura
Who are the Brus?
• Reang (Bru) are one of the 21 scheduled tribes of the Indian state of Tripura. The Bru can be found all
over the Tripura state in India. However, they may also be found in Mizoram and Assam.
• In Tripura, they are recognised as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG).
• In Mizoram, they have been targeted by groups that do not consider them indigenous to the state. In
1997, following ethnic clashes, nearly 37,000 Brus ed Mamit, Kolasib and Lunglei districts of
Mizoram and were accommodated in relief camps in Tripura.
• Since then, 5,000 have returned to Mizoram in eight phases of repatriation, while 32,000 still live in
six relief camps in North Tripura.
• In June 2018, community leaders from the Bru camps signed an agreement with the Centre and the
two state governments, providing for repatriation in Mizoram. But most camp residents rejected the
terms of the agreement.
• The camp residents say that the agreement doesn't guarantee their safety in Mizoram.
• Dance is an integral part of their life. The most attractive form of dance is Hozagiri with melodious
tune of ute.
• Ethnically Reangs are divided into two major clans namely Meska and Molsoi.
• They speak "Kaubru" language which has a tonal effect of Kuki language and broadly it is Kok-Borok
dialect.
• For their livelihood they pursue Hilltop Jhum Cultivation, several activities of food gathering
including collection of jungle fruits, leaf, plants, shing in stagnant water in hill slopes, hunting of wild
animals and birds, etc.
• They are nomadic tribes.
• It is said that they are polytheists and believe in multiple Gods and Goddesses.
• They pray different deities like Mwtaikotorma, Tuibuma, Mailoma, Ganga etc.
• They also believe in spirits and existence of soul.
• Like other Tripuri tribes of Tripura, the marriage system is similar.
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• There is no dowry system.
• They are endogamous and don’t marry outside their community.
• The village council chief is “RAI” who permits Divorce and Widow Marriage.
• They cremate their dead bedside of the river or chara after observing series of rites and rituals and
funeral procession.
Bru-Reang Agreement
• The Bru-Reang agreement is signed between the Government of India, Presided by the Home
Minister, Governments of Tripura and Mizoram and Bru-Reang representative.
• In the agreement, it is mentioned that:
• After the agreement about 34,000 Bru refugees will be settled in Tripura.
• Centre will provide help to these tribes for their all-round development and for this around Rs 600
crores were sanctioned.
• These tribes would get all the rights that normal residents of the State get and would be able to enjoy
the bene ts of social welfare schemes for Centre and State governments.
• According to the Home Minister, each displaced family would be given 40X30 sq. ft. residential plots.
• For 2 years, they will be given the aid of Rs 5000 per month.
• Free ration for 2 years.
• About Rs 1.5 lakh aid to build their house.
• Under this agreement, the Tripura Government would provide the land.
What is the Bru-Refugee crisis?
• During 1997-98, about 5000 Bru-Reang families i.e. around 30,000 Bru-Reang tribals were displaced
from Mizoram to Tripura because of ethnic violence in Mizoram.
• In the North Tripura, these people were living in temporary camps.
• To permanently rehabilitate these refugees, the Government of India, since 2010 has been making
sustained efforts.
• Till 2014, around 1622 Bru-Reang families returned to Mizoram in different batches.
• Further, an agreement was also signed on 3 July, 2018 between the Union Government, the two-State
Governments and representatives of Bru-Reang refugees decided to increase the aid that were given
to the families.
• Around 328 families comprising 1369 individuals returned to Mizoram.
25.Ancient Hindu temple discovered in northwest Pakistan
• A Hindu temple, believed to have been constructed 1,300 years ago, has been discovered by Pakistani
and Italian archaeological experts at a mountain in northwest Pakistan’s Swat district.
• The discovery was made during an excavation at Barikot Ghundai.
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