Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021-2025 - DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT - AWS
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Grampians
Region
Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025
T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Who is this document for?
Victoria’s Climate Change Act requires the Government to ‘take strong action to build
resilience to, and reduce the risks posed by, climate change and protect those most vulnerable.’ 11
Development of this community-led Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy and
coordination of its implementation has been funded by the Department of Environment,
Land, Water and Planning (DELWP).
The Strategy was written collaboratively by members of Regional Climate Adaptation Groups
(RCAG) representing state government, agencies, local government, universities, farmers,
business and community in close consultation with key stakeholders throughout the Grampians
Region. It is intended that everyone involved can see their own climate adaptation aspirations
reflected. Efforts across the Region can be better coordinated, leading to improved outcomes for
communities and the environment.
Community groups, local governments, agencies and organisations can use this
document to:
• Align their own climate adaptation planning and projects to regional goals and outcomes,
providing opportunities for partnerships and collaboration to maximise collective impact.
• Apply for grants funded by DELWP.
• Support funding applications for other government, corporate and philanthropic grants.
Activities aligned with these goals and outcomes will be able to demonstrate a high level
of strategic thinking at a regional level, stakeholder engagement and community support.
• Prompt conversations and planning within and between organisations to reduce the risks
that will arise from climate change.
Funded by:
1 Climate Change Act 2017 (Vic), preamble.
Cover image: Grain harvest near Mitre Rock by Glenn Tempest
Image: Pelicans by Andrew Thomas Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 2
T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Contents
Introduction 4
Grampians Region profile 6
Background and context 8
The adaptation challenge 10
Adaptation themes 14
Grampians Region vision 32
Goals, outcomes and indicators 34
Implementation 37
References 38
Appendices 41
Image: Murtoa Stick Shed by Mel Douglas Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 3
T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Introduction
While many of the likely consequences • Community cohesion and behaviour
of climate change are reasons for genuine change are necessary for successful
concern about the future, working together adaptation in the Region and must be
to produce this document shows how factored into every goal and action.
adapting to those risks can motivate hope
In collectively writing this Strategy,
and determination for those who commit
stakeholders reflected on plausible future
to it.
scenarios and how these might play out
We start from four key assumptions: in key themes for climate change in the
Region: agriculture; biodiversity; economy;
• Adapting to a changing climate requires
heat; health and wellbeing; fire; storms and
a strategic and coordinated approach,
flooding; and water. The Grampians Region
mobilising the people, organisations and
Climate Adaptation Strategy is accompanied
communities of the Grampians Region
by an academically researched Situation
around shared goals and outcomes.
Analysis, which brings together current
• Climate change is complex, affecting science and an overview of adaptation work
the landscapes, built environments, already underway to ensure this Strategy
businesses, communities and people builds upon existing knowledge and efforts.
of the Region in diverse ways.
• There are multiple plausible climate futures
for the Region, depending in part on global
factors (especially the extent of greenhouse
gas emissions worldwide) and in part on
local factors (especially the quality of the
strategic approach to adaptation).
Image: Lake Burrumbeet by Andrew Thomas Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 4
T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
The closing section of this document
Grampians Region
synthesises those investigations into
a long-term vision and seven mid-term
Grampians Region adaptation goals
goals for climate adaptation in the Region. adaptation vision for 2030–2035
Each goal contains a series of outcomes and
indicators that will guide implementation
for 2050
• Our regional responses to climate
and monitoring of the Strategy.
In this five-year horizon it is critical to build Grampians Region change are coordinated, resourced
and evidence-based.
upon the existing climate adaptation work communities, • Our Region’s biodiversity and natural
already underway and focus effort on the
actions that will best set the Grampians
organisations and ecosystems are protected and resilient.
Region up to meet the present, coming natural systems are • The Grampians economy is sustainable
and cumulative challenges of climate
thriving in a changing and climate-ready.
change. DELWP has committed initial
implementation funding for this purpose. climate because • Regional farming is well-adapted
to the changing climate.
we are adapting
• Our built environment is more resistant
well together. to weather extremes.
• Individuals and communities proactively
reduce their climate-related risk.
• Our vulnerable people are supported
to adapt to climate change.
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 5
T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Grampians Region profile
The Grampians Region stretches from the
South Australian border to Bacchus Marsh YARRIAMBIACK
in the east (Figure 1). It covers 4,861,944 Hopetoun
hectares, with a population of over 220,000.
Ballarat is its largest centre with just over HINDMARSH
100,000 residents. Boasting a diverse
Nhill Warracknabeal
geography of mountains, desert, forests, Kaniva Dimboola
grasslands and wetlands, the Region is Horsham
St Arnaud
named after the Grampians National Park WEST
WIMMERA Natimuk NORTHERN
GRAMPIANS
– an ancient, mountainous landscape Edenhope
HORSHAM
Stawell Avoca
attracting large numbers of tourists.
HEPBURN
The Region comprises the 11 local Ararat Beaufort Daylesford
government areas of Ararat, Ballarat, ARARAT
PYRENEES
BALLARAT
Ballan
Lake Bolac Bacchus Marsh
Golden Plains, Hepburn, Moorabool GOLDEN
MOORABOOL
PLAINS
and Pyrenees (Central Highlands) and Rokewood
Hindmarsh, Horsham, Northern Grampians, Dj Dja Wurrung Bannockburn
West Wimmera and Yarriambiack Eastern Maar
(Wimmera Southern Mallee). This spans Gunditj Mara
traditional lands of the Dja Dja Wurrung, Wadawurrung
Eastern Maar, Gunditj Mara, Wadawurrung, Wurundjeri
Wurundjeri and Wotjobaluk (Jaadwa, Wotjobaluk
Jadawadjali, Jupagulk, Wergaia and
Wotjobaluk) peoples. Figure 1: Grampians Region map with Registered
Aboriginal Parties and local government areas
Image: Gulgurn Manja Shelter, Grampians National Park by cafuego via Flickr Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 6
T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
The last ice age took place between 234 Overall, the Region is becoming more
Jadawadjali rock art 25,000 and 12,000 years ago,5 where populated, but that picture is not consistent
‘average temperatures fell by 10ºC, rainfall across all municipalities. Ballarat is growing
in the Grampians decreased, and cold, dry winds blew across its services industries, along with a
National Park the land.’6 Since then global temperatures significant manufacturing base. Moorabool
have increased7 to be higher than humans and Golden Plains shires are playing an
(Gariwerd) is over may have ever experienced in Australia. important role in the growth of metropolitan
20,000 years old,2 The climate throughout the Region
Melbourne. Some Wimmera Southern Mallee
communities have been shrinking however,
indicating the varies tremendously. The drier, warmer
with populations generally declining and
climate of the Murray Basin natural
ancestors of today’s resource management (NRM) bioregion,
ageing at the same time as urban centres
Wotjobaluk peoples north west of the Great Dividing Range
expand and diversify. Both population
growth and decline present challenges
lived through the (Wimmera Southern Mallee), contrasts
with the cooler, wetter climate of the
when adapting to climate change.
last ice age. This is Southern Slopes NRM bioregion (Central Due to these and many other factors this
true of other Highlands) to the south east, with many Strategy is deliberately written at a regional
different landscapes visibly representing scale. It can also be used as a tool to trigger
Grampians Region the Region’s natural diversity. The availability discussion and assist coordination of effort
first nations people of water for human uses and for regional to mitigate the risks of climate change at
ecosystems will depend on the incidence various other scales across the Grampians
as well.3,4 of drought, local population sizes and the Region, from household and business to
way whole catchments are managed. community and municipal.
2 Brambuk National Park and Cultural Centre, ‘Aboriginal Rock Art Sites – Northern Gariwerd’, Brambuk, accessed 25 June 2020:
www.visitgrampians.com.au/see-do/culture/indigenous-culture/aboriginal-rock-art-sites.
3 M Bourke, A Atkinson & T Neale, ‘Putting Country back together: a Conversation about Collaboration and Aboriginal Fire Management,’ Postcolonial Studies, DOI: 10.1080/13688790.2020.1751909.
4 C Barras, ‘Is an Aboriginal tale of an ancient volcano the oldest story ever told?’ Science, 11 February 2020, accessed 25 June 2020:
www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/aboriginal-tale-ancient-volcano-oldest-story-ever-told?fbclid=IwAR2mdmohNZy8BejqZYvPn0jTPnEmxr0qn2c6Sd_ jiGKVpMX11_PLmPoOYPs.
5 Australian Academy of Science, ‘How Has Climate Changed?’, AAS, accessed 25 June 2020: www.science.org.au/learning/general-audience/science-climate-change/2-how-has-climate-changed.
6 Bureau of Meteorology, ‘Indigenous Weather Knowledge’, BOM, accessed 25 June 2020: www.bom.gov.au/iwk/culture.shtml.
7 Barrows, Timothy & Alloway, Brent & Reeves, Jessica. (2013). The Australasian-Intimate Project. Special Volume. Quaternary Science Reviews. 74. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.021.
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 7
T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Background and context
The Victorian Climate Change Act defines five years and will inform the state-wide,
adaptation to climate change as: sector-based Adaptation Action Plans
Any process of adjusting to actual or specified in the Climate Change Act: built
expected climate and its effects that— environment; education and training;
a) in human systems, seeks to moderate health and human services; natural
or avoid harm or exploit beneficial environment; primary production; transport;
opportunities; and and water. Figure 2 captures the policy
b) in natural systems, may be facilitated by context dynamics governing this Strategy.
human intervention; …8
Supporting our Regions to Adapt is a
$9.32 million four-year Victorian Government
Implementation will
program, funded through the Sustainability be driven by yearly
Fund. The program provides practical
support for regional communities to
delivery plans, which
strengthen their resilience to climate change will include funding
by building adaptive capacity and supporting for priority actions.
the delivery of targeted adaptation action in
Victoria’s regions.
DELWP is supporting the development
and implementation of regional adaptation Proposed actions will be assessed by
strategies in each of its six regions the Regional Climate Adaptation Groups
– Barwon South West, Gippsland, Grampians, that have worked together to develop
Hume, Loddon Mallee and Port Phillip. this Strategy, supported by DELWP.
This document, the Grampians Region An annual scorecard will be produced
Climate Adaptation Strategy, will guide to monitor and evaluate how well the
priority climate change adaptation action Region is adapting to climate change
in the Grampians Region over the next by tracking some key metrics, listed as
indicators on pages 34–36 of this document.
8 Climate Change Act 2017 (Vic), S 3.
Image: Pyrenees vineyard by Gus via Flickr Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 8
T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
While the focus of this Strategy is
At DELWP our To succeed we must adapting to the changing climate,
business is • Reduce greenhouse
Climate Change
reducing greenhouse gas emissions
gas emissions
Our outcome goal: • Increase community locally and regionally is vitally important.
Zero emissions, capacity to adapt
The Victorian Government has legislated
climate-ready to the impacts
economy of climate change net zero emissions by 20509 and has
and community • Increase the Victorian
economy’s ability a target of 50 per cent renewable electricity
to transition to by 2030.10 The Australian Government
net zero emissions
Australia Supporting has ratified the Paris Agreement to
will reduce our regions to ‘keep global temperature rise well below
emissions to adapt 2ºC with aspirations to 1.5ºC’.11 Regionally,
26–28% the Grampians New Energy Taskforce
on 2005
levels by (GNET) is leading climate change mitigation
2030 efforts via the Grampians Roadmap to
Victorian
Climate Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (R2Z).12
Change
Act 2010 Victorian Reducing reliance on fossil fuels (coal, gas,
Climate petrol and diesel) is a positive adaptation
Net zero by Change Victorian
2050 Act 2017 Climate Change action that empowers households and
Strategy businesses while also increasing thermal
Victoria’s efficiency, reducing energy bills and
COP21 renewable
improving air quality. On site energy
Keep global energy
temperature rise targets (VRET) generation and carbon storage can provide
well below 2°C 40% Community-led new sources of income for landholders.
with aspirations by 2025 regional adaptation The R2Z identifies the agriculture sector as
to 1.5°C strategies
50% the emissions reduction hero for Grampians
by 2030 Barwon South West
VRET
Grampians Region. With their ability to revegetate
Loddon Mallee marginal land, store carbon in soil and turn
Hume
Grampians Gippsland waste into bioenergy, farmers can help the
Roadmap Port Phillip region to become net zero by 2044.
to Net Zero
Emissions
by 2050
Sector based Adaptation Action Plans 9 Climate Change Act 2017 (Vic)
10 Renewable Energy (Jobs and Investment) Act 2017 (Vic).
• Health and human services • Transport 11 United Nations, Paris Agreement (English language version),
• Natural environment • Water • Built environment UN, New York, 2015.
• Primary production • Education and training 12 Grampians New Energy Taskforce, Grampians Regional
Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions, GNET, Ballarat, 2020.
Figure 2: Diagram of climate change policy context
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 9
T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
The adaptation challenge
Humanity thrived in the relatively The economy of Wimmera Southern Mallee
stable climate experienced over the past is expected to be the third most impacted
8,000 years.13 Now, the pace of climatic by heatwaves in the state16 and local
change threatens natural systems, built governments have been directed to consider
environments, social structures and climate change in their 2021 municipal
human health and wellbeing in ways health and wellbeing plans.1718
that have not been experienced before.
Horsham and Hindmarsh are forecast
to be in the top ten localities of Victoria We can no longer
to be most affected by climate change build, farm, plan or do
by 2100, in terms of property values,
due to flooding and soil subsidence during business without the
drought.14 Halls Gap was rated the top future climate in mind
postcode for bushfire peril in Australia
in November 2019.15 Some communities
and we cannot rely on
in Pyrenees Shire are already dependent modelling based on
upon groundwater as local reservoirs are
no longer viable with diminished rainfall.
historic trends.18
13 Australian Academy of Science, ‘How Has Climate Changed?’, AAS, accessed 25 June 2020: www.science.org.au/learning/general-
audience/science-climate-change/2-how-has-climate-changed.
14 Climate Council, Compound Costs: How Climate Change Is Damaging Australia’s Economy. Climate Council of Australia, Canberra,
accessed 25 June 2020: www.climatecouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/costs-of-climate-change-report-v3.pdf.
15 A Gissing and F Langbein, ‘What areas of Australia are most at risk from natural perils?’ Risk Frontiers Newsletter, Vol 18 No 4 (October
2019), accessed 25 February 2021: riskfrontiers.com/rf2018/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/newsletter_V18_Issue4_Oct_2019.pdf.
16 Natural Capital Economics (2018). Heatwaves in Victoria: a vulnerability assessment. Report prepared for the Department of
Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria, accessed 25 February 2021: www.climatechange.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_
file/0029/399440/Heatwaves_VulnerabilityAssessment_2018.pdf.
17 Health.Vic, Victorian Public Health and Wellbeing Plan 2019-2023. Government of Victoria,Melbourne,accessed 25 February 2021:
www2.health.vic.gov.au/about/publications/policiesandguidelines/victorian-public-health-wellbeing-plan-2019-2023.
18 Munich RE, Australia and Climate Change: A summary of the current situation and future prospects, Munich RE, Sydney, accessed
25 February 2021: www.munichre.com/topics-online/en/climate-change-and-natural-disasters/climate-change/australia-faced-with-
climate-change.html.
Image: Saw Bay at Lake Burrumbeet by Andrew Thomas Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 10T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
In 2019 the Victorian Government
partnered with the Commonwealth
Central Highlands Wimmera Southern Mallee
Scientific and Industrial Research
climate projections 2019 climate projections 2019
Organisation (CSIRO) to help communities
prepare for climate change by developing Maximum and minimum daily Maximum and minimum daily
local-scale climate projections data for temperatures will continue temperatures will continue
Victoria at a five-by-five-kilometre scale. to increase over this century to increase over this century
(very high confidence) (very high confidence)
Projections for Central Highlands and
Wimmera Southern Mallee are depicted in
figures 3 and 4. They conclude the climate By the 2030s, increases in daily By the 2030s, increases in daily
maximum temperature of maximum temperature of
of Horsham may be more like the current
0.9 to 1.7°C 0.9 to 1.8°C
climate of Deniliquin by 2050 and Ballarat’s (since the 1990s) are expected (since the 1990s) are expected
climate may be more like that of Hamilton.
Rainfall will continue to be very Rainfall will continue to be very
variable over time, but over the variable over time, but over the
long term it is expected to continue long term it is expected to continue
to decline in winter and spring to decline in winter and spring
(medium to high confidence) and (medium to high confidence) and
autumn (low to medium confidence), autumn (low to medium confidence),
but with some chance of little change but with some chance of little change
Extreme rainfall events are Extreme rainfall events are
expected to become more intense expected to become more intense
on average through the century on average through the century
(highconfidence) but remain very (highconfidence) but remain very
variable in space and time variable in space and time
By the 2050s, the climate of By the 2050s, the climate of
Ballaratcould be more like the Horsham could be more like the
current climate of Hamilton current climate of Deniliquin
Figure 3: CSIRO climate projections Figure 4: CSIRO climate projections
for Central Highlands for Wimmera Southern Mallee
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 11T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
In developing this Strategy, stakeholders
explored plausible future scenarios both
for the extent of climate change, based on
CSIRO projections, and for the decisiveness Well
of the Region’s adaptive responses adapted
(see Appendix 1). Scenarios are a method
for making sense of a complex, dynamic
environment to improve decision making.
They allow us to reconsider our current
actions and identify and test new ideas to A B
Global carbon Regional leaders are
help shape the future, even though there is emissions are net zero collaborating and
more than one possible version of the future by 2050 and regional responding effectively,
leaders are working despite lack of global
for which we need to plan. Figure 5 depicts
together effectively to contraint on carbon
the scenarios explored: manage a changing emissions and temperature
landscape and society rises of more than
2.5ºC expected by 2100
Medium High
emissions emissions
C D
The Region as a whole Continued high carbon
has not invested in the emissions combined
interventions needed, with a poor adaptive
placing strain on response have left the
ecosystems, communities, Grampians Region
economies and vulnerable exposed to unbearable
people, despite reaching pressure and a bleak future
net zero emissions globally
Not
adapted
Figure 5: Plausible future scenarios for the Grampians Region in 2050
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 12T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Image: Corellas over Natimuk Creek by Glenn Tempest Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 13T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Adaptation themes
This section of the Strategy highlights
current climate adaptation planning and
Community-led
work under way, as well as opportunities and
barriers for each of eight themes: agriculture; action is a powerful
biodiversity; economy; fire; health and way to adapt,
wellbeing; heat; storms and flooding; and
water. While each is explored separately promoting social
here, they are in fact interconnected. cohesion, behaviour
The complexity of climate change requires
systems thinking to understand how each
change and
theme affects the others and what this may protecting individual
mean in an uncertain future.19 Appendix 2
and community
addresses this complexity directly, seeking to
ensure a climate response in one sector does wellbeing in the face
not have unintended negative consequences of climate change.20
for another.
It also makes
Much of the work listed on the following
pages relates to that of governments and a vital contribution
agencies but it is important to recognise the to the economy.21
importance of community-led action. 2021
19 L Acaroglu, ‘Tools for Systems Thinkers: The 6 Fundamental Concepts of Systems Thinking,’ Disruptive Design (blog), accessed
25 February 2021: medium.com/disruptive-design/tools-for-systems-thinkers-the-6-fundamental-concepts-of-systems-thinking-
379cdac3dc6a.
20 S Burke, The Climate Change Empowerment Handbook: Psychological strategies to tackle climate change. Australian Psychological
Society, Melbourne, 2017.
21 Victoria Department of Planning and Community Development, The Economic Value of Volunteering in Victoria, Victorian
Government, Melbourne, 2012.
Image: Community garden by Craig Moodie Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 14T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Unlocking this potential is key to scaling Community organisations in the Region The Australian ClimateWorks report,
timely adaptation. However, traditional are working on local solutions through Decarbonisation Futures, states that a 1.5
models of dependence on volunteerism programs, pilots and educational initiatives degree limit is ‘within reach’, but only ‘if
are not sustainable and the complexity that address local food production, energy governments, businesses and individuals
of climate change and the cumulative security, retrofitting homes to improve go ‘all-in’ by 2035’.24 In many cases, local
impact it may have on individuals and thermal efficiency, water conservation, fire groups in the Grampians Region have been
groups and their ability to contribute must management techniques and provision working on climate change mitigation and
be considered. of free or low-cost services for our most adaptation actions for decades.
vulnerable.23
Local Country Fire Authority (CFA) One pertinent example of community-led
brigades and Victoria’s State Emergency Much expertise exists within the Region action is the Hepburn shire masterplan for
Service (SES) volunteers are pivotal around practices for permaculture, their Zero Net Emission Transition (Z-NET).
to the Grampians Region’s local response community energy and regenerative As the location of the first community-owned
to extreme climatic events. As these events farming, as well as the broader themes of wind farm and the first and still the only
rise in frequency and bushfire seasons biodiversity and land conservation. zero-net energy town of Daylesford, the plan
extend in length and regularity, how these is to make the entire shire zero-net energy by
This grassroots expertise and associated
important groups remain resilient is of 2025 and zero-net emissions by 2030.
community actions frequently cross
particular importance.22
multiple areas of the eight adaptation
themes addressed in this Strategy and can
simultaneously deliver on climate change
mitigation needs.
22 A Davies, ‘As bushfire season approaches, we need to take action to recruit more volunteer firefighters,’ The Conversation, 17 September 2020, accessed 25 February 2021: theconversation.com/as-bushfire-
season-approaches-we-need-to-take-action-to-recruit-more-volunteer-firefighters-146290.
23 Parliament of Victoria, Inquiry into Tackling Climate Change in Victorian Communities (Final Report), Parliament of Victoria, Melbourne, 2020, accessed 25 February 2021: www.parliament.vic.gov.au/epc-la/
inquiries/inquiry/967.
24 C Butler, A Denis-Ryan, R Kelly, I Stewart, and T Yankos, Decarbonisation Futures: Solutions, actions and benchmarks for a net zero emissions Australia, ClimateWorks Australia, Melbourne, 2020, accessed 25
February 2021: www.climateworksaustralia.org/resource/decarbonisation-futures-solutions-actions-and-benchmarks-for-a-net-zero-emissions-australia/.
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 15T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Agriculture
The agricultural sector is already making
a major contribution to the Region’s
Adaptation is
efforts to adapt to a changing climate.
CSIRO projections show how much regional protecting agricultural
agriculture has at stake in the success of land, managing risks,
adaptation efforts. The Grampians New
Energy Taskforce Grampians Regional profitability, resilience
Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions (R2Z)25 and opportunities in a
shows how agriculture will make the
greatest sectoral contribution to the Region’s
changing climate.
emissions reduction effort.
Agriculture in the Grampians is increasingly
science-driven and sophisticated in its
responses to changing environmental and
economic circumstances. With government
and community support and with clear
strategic coordination, this contribution will
continue to grow. For more information on
this topic see Appendix 3.
25 Grampians New Energy Taskforce, Grampians Regional Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions, GNET, Ballarat, 2020.
Image: Sheep at a Wimmera feed lot by Agriculture Victoria Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 16T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
ADAPTATION PLANS LEAD Leading opportunities Main barriers
AND ACTIONS AGENCY
ALREADY UNDERWAY
• Optimising soil functionality by • Market disincentives to adaptation26
Assessing impacts of Monash University
maintaining or increasing soil carbon
extreme temperatures • Regulatory and policy frameworks that
on wheat crops in north levels.
discourage innovation and lack of stimulus
western Victoria
• Conserving soil moisture by that can be relied on for long-term change
Climate signals and Grains Research maintaining ground cover in pasture and commercial investment.
variety development and Development
Corporation and cropping systems.
• Road and rail freight distances and cost.
Smart Farms Initiative Multi agency approach • Embracing new technology.
• Lack of practical and proven models for
• Sharing agricultural adaptation knowledge agriculture under climate change.
Grains Innovation Park State government with
eg. lessons from the WA wheat belt.
world-class research research partners • Lack of development of a bio-economy to
facility
• Reversing population trends by providing provide a market for agricultural biomass.
Strong, Innovative, Agriculture Victoria employment opportunities for rural youth.
Sustainable agriculture
• Lack of experienced consultants,
strategy and Agriculture • Insurance incentives for sustainable contractors, and suppliers/installers of
Energy Investment Plan agriculture. advanced systems.
Biochar trials Glenelg Hopkins
• Farm diversification including biochar, • Lack of financial stimulus for carbon
Catchment Management
Authority bio-fuels, agritourism and niche industries. sequestration.
Annual trails Birchip Cropping • Intensification and water efficient food • Lack of bipartisan policy at state and
Group production systems eg. horticulture. federal level.
Public-private Eg. Longerenong • Opportunities for pipeline/reuse water • Water utilities have limited capacity and
partnerships DATA farm
eg. west Grampians pipeline. permission to invest in climate adaptation
Regenerative agriculture Catchment except where externally funded.
programs, regional management • Financial incentives to encourage
catchment strategies authorities ‘mosaic’ and other farm practice change
and NRM plans for
climate change as outlined in R2Z.
Soil Moisture Network Wimmera Catchment • Commodity price rises due to
Management Authority climate change will help provide capital
Grampians Regional Grampians New
for agricultural adaptation.
Roadmap to Net Zero Energy Taskforce
Emissions (R2Z)
26 Farmers for Climate Action, Our Vision: Farming Forever, FCA, Melbourne, 2018
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 17T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Biodiversity
The preservation of biodiversity values and
enhancement of environmental resilience
Adaptation is building
is of vital importance for the function of
ecosystems, persistence of wildlife, public species and ecosystem
health and agriculture, as well as for urban resilience and
amenity and visitor attraction. Changes to
temperature, rainfall, storm and fire patterns functionality to ensure
are already putting species and ecosystems long-term viability.
at risk27 across the Region. There are strong
and viable strategies to respond, but they will
require urgent, focused coordination and a
greater willingness to invest than has been
the case to date.
27 Impacts of Climate Change, South West Climate Change portal, viewed 30 March 2021
www.swclimatechange.com.au/cb_pages/environmental_impacts.php
Image: Large old tree by Andrew Thomas Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 18T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
ADAPTATION PLANS LEAD Leading opportunities Main barriers
AND ACTIONS AGENCY
ALREADY UNDERWAY
• Protecting existing natural assets • Declining wildlife and genetic diversity
Biodiversity 2037 and DELWP
and remnants28. due to fragmentation and maladaptation.
Biodiversity Response
Planning • Climate-sensitive restoration/revegetation. • Scarcity and pollution of water.
Biolinks Community networks
• Connected habitats and protection • Increases in fire activity mean that
and alliances
of refugia29. eucalypt biomes become increasingly
Future Landscapes28 Deakin University prevalent, at the expense of alternate
• Coordinated threat management
ecosystems.
Municipal biodiversity Local governments at the landscape scale (pest, plant,
strategies across the Region animal, disease). • Land use change, human population
Regional catchment Catchment growth and development.
• Online natural resource management
strategies, NRM plans for management
climate change, regional authorities and
(NRM) portals and public information • Lack of coherence in economic and
waterway strategies and DELWP Aboriginal sources eg. south west climate change funding incentives is compounded by
adaptation pathways water programs NRM portal. fragmented strategy and leadership across
Revegetation and Landcare networks stakeholder groups.
• Adaptation pathways approaches
other projects
to NRM planning for natural assets. • Biodiversity values impacted by other
Victorian Land Cover DELWP and CSIRO climate adaptation responses and
Time Series • Optimal environmental water flows.
competing agendas eg. Bushfire
Cultural flows studies DELWP, CMAs and • Incentivise land use practices that Management Overlays, land clearing for
(catchment level) Traditional Owners value biodiversity. housing development, water diversions.
Climate Future Plots Universities, catchment
• Identify the transformational actions
management
authorities and local and tipping points that might be
conservation groups required to improve biodiversity
Wetland conservation CMAs and Nature outcomes for the Region.
Glenelg Trust
• Research to overcome key knowledge
Threatened species Government, gaps at species, community and
management non-government
organisations and
landscape scales.
universities
• Better management of plague/pest
animal species.
28 Faggian et al., Central Highlands Plan, 2016.
29 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and
greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems, United Nations, New York, 2019, accessed 25 February 2021: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/Edited-SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf.
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 19T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Economy
A changing climate drives changes to
the regional economy, which can be
Adaptation is
forced upon unprepared businesses and
used opportunistically by others. Many embracing the
now see the cost-effectiveness of taking circular economy by
action to mitigate and adapt to climate
change, despite lack of policy certainty and redesigning processes,
government incentives. How the Grampians recycling waste
Region can manage these changes as it
moves towards a circular economy will be a
materials and water,
major factor in determining the quality of the and generating local
Region’s adaptive efforts overall. For more
renewable energy.
information on this topic see Appendix 4.
Image: Sturt Street Ballarat by DELWP Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 20T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
ADAPTATION PLANS LEAD Leading opportunities Main barriers
AND ACTIONS AGENCY
ALREADY UNDERWAY
• Regional processing of • Limited access to affordable
Community-owned Hepburn Wind,
agricultural product. energy sources and long-term
energy Natimuk Community
Energy price agreements.
• Onsite energy generation with solar
Onsite energy Gekko Systems, panels, methane recovery (eg. landfill) • Limited electricity grid
generation McCain, Meredith and/or bioenergy. infrastructure capacity.
eg. solar, biomass Dairy, Trigg Farm,
Berrybank Farm, • Upgrades to improve thermal • The vulnerability of electricity supply
Beaufort Hospital,
Skipton Hospital, efficiency and reduce energy use/cost to outages and impacts on worker
Frew Foods and others of buildings. productivity during heatwaves.
Power purchase Mars with Kiamal • Use of recycled water. • Large distances make transporting
agreements (PPAs) Solar Farm, Melbourne
materials and goods costly or unviable.
Renewable Energy • Power purchase agreements (PPAs) with
Project with Crowlands
local renewable energy developments. • Proportional regulatory requirements
and Yaloak South
wind farms around food safety.
• Resource-efficient food
Public-private Eg. Longerenong production systems. • Thermally inefficient
partnerships DATA Farm, Grains commercial premises.
Innovation Park • Grow artisanal food sector and community
supported agriculture. • Lack of regulatory requirements
Crop substitution with Wine industry
more climate-tolerant to incorporate climate adaptation
• Microgrids and virtual power plants.
grape varieties measures in new buildings, including
• Municipal Recovery Facility (MRF) to sort thermal efficiency and solar power.
Cultivation of Dja Dja Wurrung with
indigenous foods Dalki Garringa Nursery and process recyclable materials regionally.
• The scale of economic upheaval in
Guidance notes Reserve Bank • Develop markets for waste products response to external shocks and trade
for governance of Australia, and recycling
of climate risk Australian Securities
policies may limit the capacity to invest
and Investments • Spending by governments in response in further economic reform.
Commission and
Australian Prudential to the pandemic should consider • Partisanship and ‘culture wars’ may
Regulation Authority climate implications. have reduced Australia’s ability
Insurance accessibility Insurance companies • Circular economy food hub as outlined to cooperate in innovative responses
and cost implications
in the R2Z. to changing circumstances.
for not addressing
climate risk to business
Grampians Regional Grampians New Energy
Roadmap to Net Zero Taskforce
Emissions (R2Z)
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 21T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Fire
Fire activity in the Grampians Region is
growing more frequent and severe. Spring
Adaptation is
seasons in south eastern Australia are
generally growing hotter and drier, while preparing for earlier
rainfalls generally are declining or arriving and longer seasons
later.30 The imperative for adaptation is to
support prevention and preparedness efforts of more intense and
on private land and make investments in widespread fire.
fire-prone communities. This will include
innovations in building, land and water
management approaches and increasing
resilience of communities. These may draw
on traditional knowledge, local practices
and research.
30 Bureau of Meteorology, State of the Climate 2020, Australian Government, Canberra, 2020, accessed 25 February 2021:
www.bom.gov.au/state-of-the-climate/australias-changing-climate.shtml.
Image: Planned burn near Linton by DELWP Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 22T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
ADAPTATION PLANS LEAD Leading opportunities Main barriers
AND ACTIONS AGENCY
ALREADY UNDERWAY
• Increase fire resistance of the • Dwindling populations in rural
Municipal emergency Local governments
built environment. and remote communities reduce
management plans across the Region
available personnel.
• Improve the resilience of fire prone
Grampians Regional Regional Emergency
Emergency Management Management Planning communities so they can recover more • Earlier onset of fire seasons leading to fire
Plan Committee (REMPC) quickly if impacted by fire. fighter exhaustion.
State Emergency Emergency • Early detection, response and • Availability of water for fire-fighting
Management Plan Management Victoria
(EMV) monitoring of fires. due to sustained drought.
Fire emergency response Country Fire • Embedding climate change • Public apathy on undertaking prevention
Authority (CFA), researchers within disaster risk works around homes and properties.
Fire Rescue Victoria
management agencies.32
(FRV) and Forest Fire • Public resistance to alternate fuel
Management Victoria
(FFMV)
• Sustaining the volunteer base of rural management options such as mechanical
and remote communities is essential harvesting to reduce fuel.
Victorian Traditional Victorian Traditional
for social and economic recovery from
Owner Cultural Fire Owner Cultural Fire • Health impacts associated with smoke
Strategy31 Knowledge Holder Covid and other shocks.33
from bushfires and planned burning.
Group
• Sharing of cultural burning
Goathand Cooperative Hepburn Shire Council knowledge and practice maintained
with Federation
University by Traditional Owners.
Strategic Bushfire DELWP, CFA and FRV • Streamline replacement and
Management Planning compensation arrangements for
Community Based DELWP, CFA and FRV households that get burnt out
Bushfire Management (especially where no permit to rebuild
Community Fireguard CFA
is likely, due to fire risk).
Victorian Emergency EMV
Management Reform
White Paper
31 Victorian Traditional Owner Cultural Fire Knowledge Holder Group, The Victorian Traditional Owner Cultural Fire Strategy, DELWP, Melbourne, 2018.
32 M Howes, D Grant-Smith, K Reis, K Bosomworth, P Tangney, M Heazle, D McEvoy & P Burton, Rethinking disaster risk management and climate change adaptation, National Climate Change Adaptation
Research Facility, Gold Coast, 2013.
33 R Wyatt, S Young, Y Medani & M Rielly, Volunteering, Participatory Action and Social Cohesion: Reimagining volunteering for contemporary Australia, ThinkImpact, Melbourne, 2020.
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 23T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Health and wellbeing
Climate change affects health in many
ways: directly by the increased intensity and
Adaptation is
frequency of extreme weather events such as
prolonged heatwaves, floods and bushfires; minimising the direct
and indirectly through worsening air quality, and indirect impacts
changes in the spread of infectious diseases,
risks to food safety and drinking water of climate change
quality, and effects on mental health. The on people’s health
impacts of climate change are now being
experienced by everyone, acknowledging
and wellbeing.
that these risks are especially pronounced
among people who are vulnerable to heat
and other climate related illnesses and their
impacts. The Grampians Region will need to
adapt its housing and infrastructure in order
to protect communities and support mental
health across the Region.
Image: Runners at Lake Wendouree by DELWP Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 24T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
ADAPTATION PLANS LEAD Leading opportunities Main barriers
AND ACTIONS AGENCY
ALREADY UNDERWAY
• Influence municipal ‘10-year • Climate change affects people before
Victorian Public Department of Health
community vision’ and other local action is taken and the scale and urgency
Health and Wellbeing
Plan34 and guidance for government plans and strategies. of adaptation needed may be easily missed.
tackling climate change
• Improving awareness of the stress • Climate change increases the disincentives
Municipal health and Local governments caused by current and future for people to undertake outdoor activity.
wellbeing plans across the Region
climate impacts.
• Declining and ageing populations in rural
Climate action and health Primary care
promotion programs partnerships • Telehealth can support conversations and remote communities pose public
about climate-related health impacts health challenges and reduce volunteerism
Place-based community Neighbourhood
education programs houses and how to adapt. for provision of community services.
Rural outreach programs Health providers • Capitalise on opportunities when • Many households remain dependent
partnerships communities are together to promote on cars and roads for their main
Rural People; Resilient RMIT Centre for
health and wellbeing. transport needs.
Futures pilot project Urban Research
• Local place-based groups adapting • Limited community understanding
Support programs for Federal, state and to health and wellbeing impacts of of the link between climate and health.
communities impacted local governments
climate change.
by extreme weather • Increased instances of blue-green algae
eg. flood, fire, drought • Climate adaptation education impacting water quality for recreation,
Food Strategy 2019–2022 City of Ballarat and training for municipal, health agriculture and drinking.
sector and community planners.
• Costs associated with mental health-
Community food swaps Neighbourhood houses
and community gardens and community groups • Increased use of active transport options. related impacts of climate change, such
as impacts due to drought.
• Low cost town infrastructure and
asset upgrades eg. bus stop shelters and • Old housing stock lacks thermal efficiency
public drinking water fountains. resulting in high household energy costs.
• Single-wire earth return (SWER)
transmission lines are switched off to
manage fire risk on hot days and electricity
‘brown-outs’ are also more frequent.
34 Public Health and Wellbeing Plan 2019-2023 (DHHS 2019).
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 25T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Heat
Increased heat is the most direct
consequence of climate change and
Adaptation is preparing
heatwaves are the cause of more deaths than
any other natural hazard.35 The Grampians for more extreme
Region will experience increasingly frequent, heat in the built
lengthy and intense heatwaves. They will
drive disruptions to agricultural production, environment and its
supply of fresh food, industry productivity, impacts on people.
outdoor work, sport/recreation, energy
security in times of peak demand and
transport delays across the Region, as well
as to ecosystems and biodiversity.
35 Health.Vic, Extreme Heat and Heatwaves (web page), Victorian Government, accessed 25 February 2021: www2.health.vic.gov.au/public-
health/environmental-health/climate-weather-and-public-health/heatwaves-and-extreme-heat/heatwave-research.
Image: Lake Wartook in Grampians National Park by Janene Trickey Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 26T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
ADAPTATION PLANS LEAD Leading opportunities Main barriers
AND ACTIONS AGENCY
ALREADY UNDERWAY
• Embed heatwave planning into • Many of the heat management
Public Health and Department of Health
municipal health and wellbeing and challenges are with existing buildings
Wellbeing Plan
2019–2023 emergency management plans.36 and infrastructure, especially
• Mitigation strategies to reduce heritage buildings.
Municipal health and Local governments
wellbeing and emergency across the Region household energy consumption • Where heat causes declines in
management plans
are also good adaptation strategies. productivity, it affects the Region’s
Grampians Regional Regional Emergency
• Using green financing options to economy, which in turn affects
Emergency Management Planning
Management Plan Committee (REMPC) encourage uptake of energy efficiency local capacity to invest in climate
and climate adaptation measures. adaptations.
State Emergency Emergency
Management Plan Management Victoria • Increased urban tree canopies, river • Criteria for inclusion on the Vulnerable
(EMV)
green links, water sensitive urban Persons Register is restrictive.
Cool It Central Victorian design and refuges from the heat and • High demand for electricity on hot
Greenhouse Alliance
cold weather for vulnerable people. days can impact the reliability of the
Urban tree canopy Local governments • Community resilience strategies transmission network.
projects across the Region
that emphasise looking out for our
• Tree planting programs may not
Municipal renewable Local governments neighbours can increase the social
energy targets and power across the Region select drought-tolerant species or allow
purchase agreements capital of those communities.37
for ongoing maintenance costs.
Heat Health Plan (2020), Department of Health
• Working with developers to improve
• Economic settings and planning
heat health advice/ and local governments the quality of new housing stock above
communications and rules often work against community
minimum standards.
local heat planning solutions, which makes heat harder
• Retrofitting existing buildings for and more expensive for communities
Strategic use of shade Eg. Horsham Livestock
for outdoor work areas Exchange thermal efficiency. to manage.
Victoria Energy Department of • Extensive roadside land can be planted out
Upgrades Environment, Land, for tree canopy cover and heat reduction.
Water and Planning
• Research can identify affordable and
accessible ways to retrofit established
buildings for greater thermal performance
and energy efficiency.
36 Yarriambiack Shire Council, Yarriambiack Heatwave Plan 2015-2018 (revised version), Yarriambiack Shire Council, Warracknabeal, 2016.
37 National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Flooding in Australia: Enhancing disaster resilience and adaptability, NCCARF, Southport (Qld), 2013.
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 27T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Storms and flooding
The Grampians Region will experience
increasingly frequent and severe storm
Adaptation is
activity over the coming decades,
including increased incidence and preparing for increased
severity of riverine, urban stormwater and and more intense
flash flooding. This will have disruptive
consequences for households, industry and storms and flooding.
public infrastructure, transport and power
transmission. Clever adaptation can head
off the foreseeable productivity downturns
and health impacts around storm and
flood events.
Image: Storm by DELWP Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 28T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
ADAPTATION PLANS LEAD Leading opportunities Main barriers
AND ACTIONS AGENCY
ALREADY UNDERWAY
• Using sophisticated research • Much of the existing building stock is
FloodZoom DELWP
to inform planning and preparation vulnerable to storms and flooding.
for storms and floods.
Flood damage State Emergency • Mitigating flood risks requires cooperation
emergency response Service (SES) • New approaches to floodplain from diverse public and private land users.
Local flood guides SES, catchment management mean less severe flood Even where the legislation is in place to
management events, and more productive retention accelerate action, effective adaptation
authorities and local
governments
of water in the land between events. requires broad buy-in from stakeholders.
Municipal flood SES and local
• Data-driven approaches can enable • Declining and ageing populations
emergency plans governments across more optimal deployment of in rural and regional communities tend
the Region emergency services and better workload to diminish the resources available for
Grampians Regional Regional Emergency management for their personnel. emergency preparedness and response
Emergency Management Management Planning in those locations.
Plan Committee (REMPC) • Building preparedness for emergencies
also builds community resilience and • Recovery funding only rebuilds ‘like for
State Emergency Emergency
Management Plan Management Victoria social capital.39 like’, rather than more climate adapted
(EMV) infrastructure.
• Streamline replacement and
Integrated water Water corporations compensation arrangements for flooded
management forums and catchment
management
homes (especially where no permit to
authorities rebuild is likely, due to flood risk).
Municipal emergency Local governments • Switch the planning focus onto predicted
management plans38 across the Region
flood levels, rather than historical
Floodplain management Catchment maximum levels.
strategies management
authorities
Victorian Rural DELWP
Drainage Strategy
38 Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP), Guidelines for Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Water Supplies, Victorian Government, Melbourne, 2016.
39 Moorabool Shire Council, Moorabool Shire Sustainable Environment Strategy 2016–26, Moorabool Shire Council, Ballan, 2016.
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 29T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
Water
Water use in Western Victoria already offers
strong illustrations of adaptation in response
Adaptation is
to a changing climate. Lower than average
regional rainfall since the 1990s has affected changing the way
the health of aquatic systems and supplies, we think about and
but strategic water infrastructure (such as
pipeline projects) has enabled towns and use water to increase
communities to keep their meters ticking resilience to long-term
with less reliance on household-level water
restrictions than previously.
climate change.
Mineral springs are a particularly significant
water resource in the Grampians Region,
since 80 per cent of Australia’s catalogued
mineral springs are found in the Daylesford
and Macedon Ranges area.40 Understanding
that we need to maximise the value of water
for the environment and communities
is a core value for the Strategy. For more
information on this topic see Appendix 5.
40 Hepburn Shire Council, Fertile Ground: Hepburn Shire Economic Development Strategy 2016-2021, Hepburn Shire Council, Daylesford,
2016, p. 67.
Image: Glenelg River at Harrow by Chris Fithall via Flickr Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 30T
DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMEN
ADAPTATION PLANS LEAD Leading opportunities Main barriers
AND ACTIONS AGENCY
ALREADY UNDERWAY
• Increased use of recycled water • Less winter and spring rainfall
Pipeline projects Water corporations
or alternative water supplies to reduce resulting in reduced surface water and
ecological pressure on waterways. groundwater. This will require the ability
Integrated Water Water corporations
Management forums and catchment to balance the needs of all users with
• Upgrading water infrastructure
management scarcer water supplies.
authorities for water efficiency gains to balance future
needs of all water users and • Population growth (particularly
Pilot Water Sector DELWP
Adaptation Action Plan
the environment. in the Central Highlands) and land
use change will place greater demand
Victorian Rural DELWP
• Protecting water quality to maintain
on water resources.
Drainage Strategy waterway health and water supply
for communities. • Increased frequency of wildfires is likely
Regional catchment and Catchment
waterway strategies management to reduce catchment water yields and
• Integrated water management maximises
authorities supply quality, while exacerbating the
biodiversity, social and cultural benefits.
NRM plans for Catchment fragility of many waterways as ecosystems.
climate change management • Reconnecting Traditional Owners
authorities • Drought tests individual resilience,
with water for cultural, economic,
but it does not typically build
Stormwater reuse for Local governments customary and spiritual purposes.
recreational watering across the Region community resilience.42
• Manage rural drainage to increase
Western Sustainable DELWP • River flows come under increasing threat
agricultural production, protect
Water Strategy with successive dry years.
built infrastructure and minimise
Cultural flows studies DELWP, CMAs and environmental impacts.41 • Blue-green algae is more prevalent
(catchment level) Traditional Owners
in warmer weather and can affect
the natural ecosystem and potentially
affect human health.43
41 Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP), Victorian Rural Drainage Strategy, Victorian Government, Melbourne, 2018.
42 HJ Boon, J Millar, D Lake, A Cottrell & D King, ‘Recovery from disaster: Resilience, adaptability and perceptions of climate change. Its effect on perceptions of climate change risk and on adaptive behaviours to
prevent, prepare, and respond to future climate contingencies,’ National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, 2012.
43 Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP), Blue-green Algae (webpage), Victorian Government, Melbourne, accessed 25 February 2021: www.water.vic.gov.au/waterways-and-
catchments/rivers-estuaries-and-waterways/blue-green-algae.
Grampians Region Climate Adaptation Strategy 2021–2025 31You can also read
