THE FRESHWATER JELLYFISH CRASPEDACUSTA SOWERBII LANKESTER, 1880: AN OVERVIEW OF ITS DISTRIBUTION IN - FRANCE
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Vie et milieu - Life and environment, 2019, 69 (4): 201-213
The freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii
Lankester, 1880: an overview of its distribution in
France
G. Marchessaux 1,4*, J. Gadreaud 2, B. Belloni 3,4
1
Université de Franche-Comté – Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS/UFC6249, F-25211 Montbéliard cedex, France
2
Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
3
GIS Posidonie, Aix-Marseille University, OSU Pythéas, 13288 Marseille, France
4
See The Sea Production, 26 rue de Friedland, 13006 Marseille, France
* Corresponding author: guillaume.gmarchessaux@gmail.com
INVASIVE JELLYFISH ABSTRACT. – Over the last few decades, reports of the freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta
CONTINENTAL WATER BODIES
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
sowerbii have increased worldwide. This invasive alien species, native to China, has invaded
France’s freshwater systems. The present article reports the following information regarding
this jellyfish: (i) distribution across the French metropolitan territory, (ii) life cycle, physiology
and reproductive mode, and (iii) ecology and impact. The main aim of this article is to establish
an updated inventory of invaded areas in order to better understand how and why its occurrence
is reported with increasing frequency in France. In the 1970s, only 36 sites for Craspedacusta
sowerbii were identified. In our study, we observed a widespread distribution of these freshwa-
ter jellyfishes in France: 123 sites. Craspedacusta sowerbii was mainly observed in closed eco-
systems (ponds – temporary or permanent; basins): 38 ponds, 35 lakes, 14 water-filled quarries
and 7 basins and a few in rivers and canals (29 stations).
INTRODUCTION its geographical distribution remains uncertain in France
as there is a lack of information on its distribution in vari-
Non-indigenous species constitute a major source of ous aquatic environments.
biological pollution, as some become invasive and have
a significant ecological and economic impact on the bio- Introduction vectors of Craspedacusta sowerbii
diversity, the ecosystem functioning (e.g. competition,
predation) and human activities (e.g. fisheries, industrial The main introduction vectors of the freshwater jel-
complex, tourism). Observed in fossil forms (Gant et al. lyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii are through aquatic plants
1996) since the end of the 19th century, Craspedacusta and birds where the polyp form is attached (Howmiller &
sowerbii was observed in Europe, then in North Amer- Ludwig 1970, Duggan 2010). Moreover, it seems that the
ica and elsewhere. For more than 20 years, reports of artificialization of the river flow circulation – construction
Craspedacusta sowerbii have been increasing in Europe, of canals linking rivers – is conducive to the geographical
North America and Australia, with sightings in Finland, spread of C. sowerbii.
Sweden and Lithuania (2002), Poland (1999), Russia
The freshwater jellyfish C. sowerbii originates from
(1949, 1994) and near Lake Baikal (Arov 2004). The
East Asia (Didžiulis 2006, Parent 1982), but some authors
freshwater jellyfish C. sowerbii (Hydrozoa, Limnomedu-
indicate native populations from South America (Prota-
sae, Olindiidae) was first observed and described in Lon-
sov et al. 1981, Ludoski et al. 2004). The discovery of
don, in 1880, in the basins of the Royal Botanic Garden,
freshwater jellyfish in the Yangtze River (China) in 1907
documented by William Sowerby. From the beginning of
the 20th century, there were increasing numbers of scien- by Carle Sowerby suggests that this jellyfish is native to
tific publications listing Craspedacusta sowerbii Lank- Asia. The introduction vector of this species would cer-
ester, 1880 in French lakes and rivers (Germain 1934, tainly be the importation of aquatic plants such as the
Denis 1950, Goy 1971, Colin et al. 1995). Later, new water lily Victoria regia, imported into Europe by the bot-
sightings were reported in Finland, Lithuania and Canada anist Aimé Bonpland in 1819. In 1849, V. regia was plant-
(Arbaciauskas & Lasutiene 2005, El Moussaoui & Beis- ed in the Royal Botanic Garden in London. In France,
ner 2017). Despite its occasional presence in the pelagic Victoria regia was imported and planted in the basins of
phase and its limited impact, Craspedacusta is still inten- the Lyon Botanical Garden in 1888, where C. sowerbii
sively studied worldwide, 130 years after its discovery: its individuals were observed shortly afterwards (in 1891)
biology, life cycle and ecology are well known. However, (Pelosse 1918).
202 G. MARCHESSAUX, J. GADREAUD, B. BELLONI
Morphology and life cycle of Craspedacusta sowerbii diameter of individuals varies between 9-10 mm (Colin
& Delahaye 1995). Mature jellyfish release their gametes
As observed in the Olindiidae hydrozoan family, the in the water. After external fertilization, fertilized eggs
medusa form of Craspedacusta sowerbii has a slightly are transformed into ciliated planula larvae, which attach
flattened hemisphere shape and shows a radial symme- themselves to solid structures and metamorphosing on
try with gonads developing along each of the four radial metamorphic conversion substrate into polyps and repro-
canals (Fig. 1). It has a large central stomach opening ducing asexually and metamorphose on metamorphic
into a mouth composed of 4 lips. It is surrounded by 4 conversion substrate into polyps and reproduce asexually
long fleshy oral arms and up to 400 peripheral tentacles, (Matthews 1966, Didžiulis 2006).
arranged in several lines to facilitate swimming and posi- The environmental factors that induce the asexual or
tional stability. This small jellyfish does not exceed 20 mm sexual reproduction of C. sowerbii are the temperature
in diameter and 4 g fresh weight (99 % water). Gadreaud and the quantity of available food in the environment
et al. (2017) observed many morphological alterations in (McClary 1959, 1961, 1964, Acker & Muscat 1976,
the related cnidarian Aurelia sp. and in another Oindiidae Rayner 1988, Slobodkin & Bossert 1991, Boothroyd
species, Gonionemus vertens: 10 % of the population in et al. 2002). Turquin (2010) undertook a survey of the
the Berre Lagoon (southern France) had altered symme- knowledge regarding the factors that trigger the meta-
try: some individuals having five gonads and 40 tentacles genesis of C. sowerbii (Fig. 3). The asexual budding of
unevenly distributed around the umbrella (Marchessaux et frustules producing polyps does not appear to be tem-
al. 2017). Such alteration in body symmetry has not been perature-dependent: the same production of frustules at
reported or observed yet in C raspedacusta but it would 12 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C and 33 °C (McClary 1959,
be interesting to see whether this species also shows mor- 1961, 1964), at the optimum temperature for the devel-
phological alterations. opment (size and growth) of polyps frustules, would be
The life cycle of Craspedacusta sowerbii has two up to 25 °C. Development of frustules into polyps was
reproductive phases (Fig. 2): an asexual phase (benthic observed between 12 °C and 20 °C (Turquin 2010).
polyp stage) and a sexual phase (pelagic jellyfish phase). Between 26 °C and 33 °C, the production of medusa buds
The complete life cycle from the egg to the pelagic free by polyps was observed (McClary 1959, 1961, 1964) with
jellyfish lasts between 34 and 51 days (de Larambergue high food concentration which stimulates this process
1945, Acker & Muscat 1976, Colin & Delahaye 1995, according to Acker & Muscat (1976). Under unfavorable
Wang et al. 2006, Didžiulis & ŻŽurek 2013). Asexual environmental conditions (low temperatures, little food),
reproduction is carried out by budding, where a polyp resistant polyps called podocysts are observed. The podo-
(measuring 1-2 mm) will bud to give either (1) a new cyst encysted forms can survive forty years of desiccation
attached polyp to form a colony, or (2) frustules that (Bouillon 2000, Brancotte & Vincent 2002).
separate from the initial polyp and form a new colony, The sexual reproduction of the pelagic jellyfish trig-
or (3) immature jellyfish. The medusa bud will develop, gered with a high quantity of food (Acker & Muscat 1976)
attached to the polyp, then will detach and swim in the and a very short temperature range (28 °C and 29 °C) (Xu
open water once the metamorphosis is complete. The & Wang 2009) qualifies this species as a thermophilic
rest of its growth occurs in the pelagic phase, resulting in stenotherm (Goy 1971). The environmental temperature
adults measuring up to 5 cm in diameter. Craspedacusa also plays a role by keeping pelagic jellyfish in the water
sowerbii reaches the full mature jellyfish stage when the column: jellyfish can swim in open water when the tem-
Fig 1. – Morphology of Craspedacusta. A: Picture of jellyfish © Jean-François Cart; B: Labelled diagram. Data taken from literature
(partially traced from Oka 1907).
Vie Milieu, 2019, 69 (4)
CRASPEDACUSTA SOWERBII NEW DISTRIBUTION MAP IN France 203
Fig. 2.– Life cycle of Craspeda-
custa sowerbii. Modified and
based on a drawing in Lytle
(1982). (Photos: G Marches-
saux).
Vie Milieu, 2019, 69 (4)
204 G. MARCHESSAUX, J. GADREAUD, B. BELLONI
Fig. 3. – Temperature ranges for asexual and sexual reproduction of Craspedacusta sowerbii. Data taken from literature (Turquin 2010
and references included).
perature is above 14.5 °C, otherwise they sink to the bot- Cooper 1983). The ad hoc nature of freshwater jellyfish
tom and retract into a ball (Thomas 1951). blooms does not appear to have a significant impact on
the trophic functioning of invaded areas. On the other
Ecology and impact hand, in the case of a large bloom, 13 % of the copepod
resource could be eaten or killed by C. sowerbii (Jankows-
This species is distinguished by its global distribution ki 2000). According to Dodson (1983), nearly 10 % of the
(Dumont 1994) in diverse habitats, ranging from small cladocean population are ingested daily by freshwater
ponds to lakes. The dispersal of Craspedacusta sowerbii, jellyfish. The high summer blooms of C. sowerbii could
like many other aquatic alien species, would mainly occur have a significant impact on fish eggs consumed by the
through bird migration and importation of decorative jellyfish stage (Dumont 1994). Craspedacusta sowerbii is
aquatic plants and pet animals. Craspedacusta sowerbii also preyed on by two fish species (Crassius sp., Lebistes
is able to thrive in various aquatic ecosystems with differ- sp.) and two species of crayfish (Orconectes rusticus,
ent environmental conditions (Stefanelli 1948, Goy 1971, Orconectes propinquis) but can cause necrosis on their
Rayner 1988, Arbačiauskas & Lesutienė 2005, Gophen fins (Dodson & Cooper 1983).
& Shealtiel 2012, El Moussaoui 2015). Proliferations of First observed in Lyon (France) in 1891 by M. Chiffot,
C. sowerbii are often massive and short in duration (Pen- the range of geographical distribution of Craspedacusta
nak 1956, Matthews 1966, Acker & Muscat 1976, Dethier sowerbii has increased. This geographical expansion
& Kalbermatter 1989, Arov 2004). According to Lund- remains the subject of considerable scientific debate. The
berg & Svensson (2003), the occurrence of C. sowerbii main aim of this article is therefore to summarize the cur-
appears to be on the increase in fresh waters, mainly rent distribution of the species in metropolitan French ter-
because of climate change: warmer and longer summers ritorial waters on the basis of scientific articles and popu-
would favour the proliferation of the jellyfish stage. How- lar information and media reports.
ever, there is still no scientific evidence to confirm or
reject this hypothesis, or even to explain the recent spread
of this exotic species. MATERIALS AND METHODS
There are few studies on the diet of C. sowerbii in the
scientific literature. Bushnell & Porter (1967) and Lewis Our study recorded only observations of this species in
et al. (2012) indicate that polyps of this freshwater jelly- medusa phase in pelagic zones during summertime. The medu-
fish feed on a wide range of prey: nauplii larvae, rotifers sa stage is the only one visible, the polyps being too small
(Brachionus sp., Asplanchna sp.), crustaceans (copep- (~200 μm) to be visually identified. The analysis of the spatial
ods), nematodes and insects (Dodson & Cooper 1983, distribution of Craspedacusta sowerbii in France is based on
Spadinger 1999, Boothroyd et al. 2002, Jankowski et al. bibliographical research in international scientific journals, and
2005, Smith & Alexander 2008). The pelagic jellyfish also local newspaper articles which have reported sightings of
stage feeds mainly on zooplankton (Spadinger & Maier this urticant jellyfish (Fig. 4). Keywords were used (in French or
1999, Smith & Alexander 2008, Figueroa & De los Rios English) on various platforms (Google Scholar; Web of Science;
2010) ranging in size from 0.1 mm to 3 mm (Dodson & Research Gate; Google; social networks such as Facebook,
Vie Milieu, 2019, 69 (4)
CRASPEDACUSTA SOWERBII NEW DISTRIBUTION MAP IN France 205
Table I. – Observation sources for the distribution of Craspeda-
custa sowerbii in France.
Type or sources Numbers of articles
Scientific articles 26
Press articles 17
Websites 14
Naturalist reports 9
Total 66
Fig. 4. – Research strategy to survey the distribution of Craspe-
dacusta sowerbii in France.
Twitter, YouTube; French media websites) since the 2000s to
find relevant documents on C. sowerbii: “freshwater jellyfish”,
“Craspedacusta sowerbii”, “Craspedacusta”, “freshwater
jellyfish France”, “Craspedacusta sowerbii France”. For the
popular media (radio, TV, newspapers), local media were iden-
tified per region (for example: France 3 Régions, La Nouvelle
République, France Bleue Radio, Sud Ouest, La Montagne, Le
Dauphiné, Ouest France, L’Alsace, La Dépêche, L’Yonne Répu-
blicaine, Le Progrès) and keywords were used to find articles on
Craspedacusta sowerbii. To ensure proper identification of the
species, the pictures in the articles were analyzed and consid-
ered compliant when there was confirmation by experts.
The date, the type of site and localization were recorded. To
map the spatial distribution of C. sowerbii, the GPS coordinates
of each localization were identified and spatialized on QGIS
Lyon software.
RESULTS
There are still increasing numbers of reports in the
local press. Generally one-off, sightings are reported by
fishermen, swimmers, divers and naturalists; in artificial
aquatic environments – quarries, basins, reservoirs, sew-
age treatment plants (Augustin et al. in Fritz et al. 2007) –
and in natural environments along the shores of lakes, in
the stagnant backwaters of rivers, in canals and standing
water in canal constructions. The vector of introduction is
by being attached to bird legs, fish or plant introductions,
public works machinery, and canals (Bouillon 2000,
Brancotte & Vincent 2002). Fig. 5. – A: Distribution of the introduced freshwater jellyfish
A total of 26 scientific articles referring to C. sowerbii Craspedacusta sowerbii in France. Numbers represent sites as
were collected (Table I). In addition, 17 press articles and reported in Table II; waterways and water bodies are in blue;
B: Number of sites with Craspedacusta observed per region.
23 other sources – photo websites and naturalist reports
– were found. Since its first observation in Lyon in 1891,
the geographical distribution of C. sowerbii has increased 1970s. Nearly 50 years later, our study reports a total of
(Fig. 5A): Goy (1971) listed 36 stations in France in the 123 stations on the metropolitan French territory where
Vie Milieu, 2019, 69 (4)
206 G. MARCHESSAUX, J. GADREAUD, B. BELLONI
Table II. – Overview of the distribution of Craspedacusta sowerbii in France (literature survey).
Type of
N° Localization Region Date Site Sources
sources
Naturalist
1 Abbaretz Pays-de-la-Loire 2005 Lake Yésou et al. (2014)
report
2 Agen Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Pond Website Freshwater Jellyfish
Scientific
3 Aiguillon Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Pond Granereau & Cahuzac (2013)
article
Scientific
4 Aix-les-Bains Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2005 Lake Balvay (2008)
article
5 Angers Pays-de-la-Loire 2010 Lake Website Photo website
Scientific
6 Annecy Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 1962 Lake Balvay (1990)
article
Bourgogne-Franche-
7 Arceau 2016 Pond Press article France 3 Régions TV
Comté
8 Argenton-sur-Creuse Centre-Val-de-Loire 2012 Pond Website Youtube
Naturalist Commission Nationale Environnement
9 Arras Hauts-de-France 2009 Lake
report et Biologie Subaquatiques
Naturalist Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
10 Aubusson Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2007 River
report [Ed]. 2003-2019
Provence-Alpes-Côte Scientific
11 Avignon 1985 Pond Bailly et al. (1987)
d’Azur article
12 Avrillé-les-Ponceaux Centre-Val-de-Loire 2013 Basin Press article La Nouvelle République Journal
Naturalist Revue Mensuelle des Naturalistes
13 Bagneaux-sur-Loing Île-de-France 1990 River
report Orléanais (1997)
Scientific
14 Bâle Grand-Est / Suisse 1932 Pond Grzymek (1975)
article
Naturalist Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
15 Barraux Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes – Pond
report [Ed]. 2003-2019
Water-filled
16 Beffes Centre-Val-de-Loire 2005 Website Photo website
quarry
17 Bernin Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2008 River Website Aqua portail
Naturalist
18 Biscarrosse Nouvelle-Aquitaine 1977 Pond GEREA
report
Water-filled
19 Bischheim Grand-Est 2019 Website Youtube
quarry
Scientific
20 Bordeaux Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Basin Granereau & Cahuzac (2013)
article
Naturalist
21 Bouguenais Pays-de-la-Loire 1986 Pond DRAE (1986)
report
Bourgogne-Franche- Scientific
22 de Bourgogne 1950 Canal Denis (1950)
Comté article
23 Brégnier-Cordon Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2003 River Website Aqua portail
Scientific
24 Briare Centre-Val-de-Loire – Canal Arvy (1972)
article
25 Brossac Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2008 Pond Website Freshwater Jellyfish
Provence-Alpes-Côte Water-filled Scientific
26 Cannes 1970 Goy (1971)
d’Azur quarry article
Water-filled Scientific
27 Cannes-Ecluse Ile-de-France 1962 Girard & Poplin (1970)
quarry article
Scientific
28 Captieux Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Pond Granereau (2000)
article
29 Cerizay Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Pond Website Photo website
Water-filled Naturalist
30 Chalonnes-sur-Loire Pays-de-la-Loire 1986 Yésou et al. (2014)
quarry report
Bourgogne-Franche-
31 Champagney 2013 Lake Press article France Bleue Radio
Comté
Vie Milieu, 2019, 69 (4)CRASPEDACUSTA SOWERBII NEW DISTRIBUTION MAP IN France 207
Table II. – Continued.
Type of
N° Localization Region Date Site Sources
sources
Naturalist Revue Mensuelle des Naturalistes
32 Château Landon Île-de-France – Pond
report Orléanais (1997)
Scientific
33 Codolet Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2008 River Bavard & Clémens (2008)
article
Naturalist Revue Mensuelle des Naturalistes
34 Couziers Centre-Val-de-Loire 1981 Pond
report Orléanais (1997)
Naturalist Revue Mensuelle des Naturalistes
35 Culoz Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2009 River
report Orléanais (1997)
Scientific
36 Dagueys Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2006 Pond Granereau & Cahuzac 2013
article
37 Der Grand-Est 2010 Lake Press article France Bleue
Scientific
38 Deux Sèvres Nouvelle-Aquitaine 1949 Pond Goy (1971)
article
Water-filled Naturalist Revue Mensuelle des Naturalistes
39 Dordive Centre-Val-de-Loire 1996
quarry report Orléanais (1997)
40 Douai Hauts-de-France 2010 Pond Website Youtube
Scientific Feytaud & Cadenat (1930), Feytaud
41 Dropt Nouvelle-Aquitaine 1929 River
articles (1934), de Larambergue (1945)
Water-filled
42 Eguzon Chatôme Centre-Val-de-Loire 2004 Website Photo website
quarry
Provence-Alpes-Côte
43 Esparron-de-Verdon 2017 Lake Website Doris FFESSM
d’Azur
44 Fougères Bretagne 1923 Basin Website Actu.fr
Naturalist
45 Gétigné Pays de la Loire 2008 Pond Yésou et al. (2014)
report
Naturalist
46 Gizeux Centre-Val-de-Loire 2010 Pond Manche (2007)
report
Scientific
47 Gour de Tazenat Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 1987 Pond Balvay (1990)
article
Scientific
48 Hagetmau Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Pond Granereau & Cahuzac (2013)
article
Water-filled
49 Hommes Centre-Val-de-Loire – Website Freshwater Jellyfish
quarry
Scientific
50 Hourtin Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Lake Granereau & Cahuzac (2013)
article
51 Jazeneuil Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2019 Basin Press article La Nouvelle République Journal
52 La Brède Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2015 Basin Press article Sud-Ouest Journal
53 La Fresnaies Bretagne 2016 Lake Website Youtube
54 La Roche Sur Yon Pays-de-la-Loire 2015 Lake Website Youtube
Scientific
55 Lacanau Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Lake Dussart (1955)
article
56 Laffrey Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2016 Lake Website Youtube
Water-filled Naturalist
57 Lavau-sur-Loire Pays-de-la-Loire 1990 Yésou et al. (2014)
quarry report
58 Le Pouzin Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2016 Lake Website Youtube
Scientific
59 La Têt Occitanie – River Granereau & Cahuzac (2013)
article
Scientific
60 Le Thouet Pays-de-la-Loire 1949 River Goy (1971)
article
Scientific
61 Léman Frontière France / Suisse 1962 Lake Balvay (2007)
article
Scientific
62 Lencouacq Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Pond Granereau & Cahuzac (2013)
article
63 Les Gourgs Occitanie 2012 Lake Website Freshwater Jellyfish
Vie Milieu, 2019, 69 (4)208 G. MARCHESSAUX, J. GADREAUD, B. BELLONI
Table II. – Continued.
Type of
N° Localization Region Date Site Sources
sources
Scientific
64 Libourne Nouvelle-Aquitaine 1953 Lake Granereau & Cahuzac (2013)
article
65 Limoges Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2014 River Website Limoges aquarium
66 Loire River Pays-de-la-Loire 1991 River Website Freshwater Jellyfish
Scientific
67 Lormay Centre-Val-de-Loire 1995 Pond Colin & Delahaye (1995)
article
68 Louroux-Hodement Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2016 Lake Press article La Montagne Journal
Scientific
69 Lyon Rhône Alpes 1891 Basin Vaney & Conte (1901)
article
70 Malafretaz Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2019 Pond Press article Le Dauphiné Journal
Naturalist Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
71 Marsac-sur-Don Pays-de-la-Loire 2013 Pond
report [Ed]. 2003-2019
Naturalist
72 Mayenne Pays-de-la-Loire 1933 River Yésou et al. (2014)
report
73 Mervent Pays-de-la-Loire 2010 Lake Press article Ouest-France Journal
74 Mine du Carnier Centre-Val-de-Loire 2014 Lake Website Freshwater Jellyfish
Scientific
75 Miribel Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 1981 Pond Turquin (1987)
article
Naturalist Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
76 Miribel-Jonage Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2012 Pond
report [Ed]. 2003-2019
Provence-Alpes-Côte
77 Mondragon 2007 River Website Aqua portail
d’Azur
Scientific
78 Monségur Nouvelle-Aquitaine 1958 Pond Dupéré (1958)
article
Bourgogne-Franche- Scientific
79 Montbéliard 1960 River Acolat (1961)
Comté article
Montereau-Fault- Water-filled Scientific
80 Île-de-France 1962 Girard & Poplin (1970)
Yonne quarry article
Montereau-Fault-
81 Île-de-France 2002 River Website Freshwater Jellyfish
Yonne
Montmelas-Saint-
82 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 1962 Pond Website Freshwater Jellyfish
Sorlin
Scientific
83 Moreuil Hauts-de-France 2010 Pond Meire & Nauche (2018)
article
Scientific
84 Moselle Grand-Est 2004 River Devin et al. (2005)
article
85 Mulhouse Grand-Est 2018 Canal Press article L’Alsace Journal
Water-filled
86 Mussey Grand-Est 2003 Website Carnalor
quarry
87 Nantua Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2013 Lake Website Youtube
Naturalist
88 Nozay Pays de la Loire 2009 River Yésou et al. (2014)
report
Scientific
89 Pas du Braou Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2013 Pond Granereau & Cahuzac (2013)
article
Provence-Alpes-Côte
90 Paty 2012 Lake Website Freshwater Jellyfish
d’Azur
91 Pélussin Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2008 River Website Aqua portail
Naturalist Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
92 Peyriat Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2015 Lake
report [Ed]. 2003-2019
Scientific
93 Pincevent Île-de-France 1969 Canal Girard & Poplin (1970)
article
Scientific
94 Poitier Nouvelle Aquitaine 1951 River de Larambergue & Origny 1955
article
Vie Milieu, 2019, 69 (4)CRASPEDACUSTA SOWERBII NEW DISTRIBUTION MAP IN France 209
Table II. – Continued.
Type of
N° Localization Region Date Site Sources
sources
Bourgogne-Franche- Scientific
95 Pontailler-sur-Saône 1990 River Balvay (1990)
Comté article
96 Pontcharra Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2019 Lake Website Youtube
Naturalist Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
97 Pont-Saint-Pierre Normandie 2017 River
report [Ed]. 2003-2019
Scientific
98 Précy Centre-Val-de-Loire 1944 Pond Fauré-Frémiet (1945)
article
99 Puivert Occitanie 2017 Lake Website Freshwater Jellyfish
100 Questember Bretagne 2017 Pond Press article Ouest-France Journal
101 Reynerie Occitanie 2009 Lake Press article La Dépêche Journal
Naturalist Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
102 Romagnieu Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes – Lake
report [Ed]. 2003-2019
Scientific
103 Saint Cassien Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 1987 Lake Bailly et al. (1987)
article
Saint-Barthélémy- Water-filled ACPC Club de plongée carrière
104 Pays-de-la-Loire – Website
d’Anjou quarry website
Saint-Fargeau en Bourgogne-Franche-
105 – Lake Press article L’Yonne Républicaine
Puisaye Comté
106 Saint-Gaudens Occitanie 2016 Lake Website Youtube
Saint-Jean-de-
107 Occitanie – Pond Website Data Atlas.com
Crieulon
Saint-Martin-de-la- Bourgogne-Franche- Naturalist Parc Naturel Régional du Morvan
108 1997 Lake
Mer Comté report (2001, 2002)
Bourgogne-Franche- Water-filled Naturalist Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
109 Saint-Vit 2019
Comté quarry report [Ed]. 2003-2019
Scientific
110 Sanguinet Nouvelle-Aquitaine 1982 Lake Granereau & Cahuzac (2013)
article
Scientific
111 Seignosse Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Lake Granereau & Cahuzac (2013)
article
Scientific
112 Strasbourg Grand-Est 2005 Lake Granereau (2000)
article
Naturalist Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
113 Tarbes Occitanie 2010 River
report [Ed]. 2003-2019
Scientific
114 Toulouse Occitanie 1945 Canal Despax (1945)
article
115 Tour Centre-Val-de-Loire 2013 Basin Press article La Nouvelle République Journal
Water-filled
116 Trélazé Pays de la Loire – Website Photo website
quarry
117 Vannes Bretagne 2015 Pond Press article Ouest-France Journal
Scientific
118 Vaulx en Velin Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 1982 Pond Turquin (1987)
article
Villefranche-sur- Scientific
119 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2016 River Bavard & Clémens (2008)
Saône article
120 Villeneuve-sur-Lot Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2015 River Press article La Dépêche
Scientific
121 Viviers Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes – Pond Bailly et al. (1987)
article
Hauts-de-France /
122 Vodelée – Pond Website Doris FFESSM
Belgique
Bourgogne-Franche-
123 Vouglans 2010 Lake Press article Le Progrès Journal
Comté
Vie Milieu, 2019, 69 (4)210 G. MARCHESSAUX, J. GADREAUD, B. BELLONI
Fig. 6. – Type of sites invaded by
Craspedacusta sowerbii in
France. A: Rivers and canals;
B: Lakes and ponds; C: Basins
and quarries.
the freshwater jellyfish C. sowerbii occurs (Fig. 5A, rock surface to allow polyps to attach themselves (Fig. 7).
Table II). In addition, these enclosed environments are isolated
Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (west- from other rivers, restricting the supply of cold water that
ern and eastern France) are the regions where C. sowerbii could limit the reproduction of C. sowerbii. The low tem-
is mostly frequently reported (24 and 26 respectively; perature and high light intensity allow the water to reach
Fig. 5B). We identified 15 stations in Pays-de-la-Loire temperatures above 25 °C, promoting asexual and sexual
(north-west), 12 stations in Centre-Val de Loire (central reproduction of this freshwater jellyfish (Adams 2009).
France) and 10 stations in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Currently, we are working on the polyp stages under con-
(eastern France). Craspedacusta sowerbii was observed trolled conditions in the laboratory, and we have found
in less than 10 stations in the other French regions. strong population growth (from 30 polyps to 482 polyps
On the basis of the results of the literature review con- in 3 months; ~50 new polyps per week; data not shown)
ducted in this study, C. sowerbii was mainly observed in at 29 °C with high light intensity.
the following ecosystems: 38 ponds, 35 lakes, 14 water- In Miribel-Jonage lake (Turquin 1987), these condi-
filled quarries and 7 basins (Fig. 6). tions are highly variable and rarely reached each year,
resulting in the absence of regular blooms. In the Royal
Botanic Garden in London, breeding occurs more regu-
DISCUSSION larly as temperatures increase more strongly. In contrast,
the great depth of Lake Geneva seems to limit the prolif-
In the present study, only 29 stations were rivers and eration of Craspedacusta sowerbii (Balvay 1991). Nowa-
canals. Shallow closed environments were more favorable days, in a context of global warming, it is not excluded
for the development of Craspedacusta sowerbii. This is that the strong summer heatwaves will favour the recur-
due to a unique life cycle and environmental characteris- rence of C. sowerbii blooms. For example, an average
tics. As observed in the spatial distribution of C. sowerbii increase of 1.5 °C in the upper Rhône River and 3.0 °C in
in France, small environments (water-filled quarry, lake, the lower Rhône River has been observed over 30 years
pond, basin) seem to be favorable environments for its (Khalanski et al. 2008). Confined environments are also
development. These environments must have a large bed- highly productive of plankton, the prey of C. sowerbii.
Vie Milieu, 2019, 69 (4)CRASPEDACUSTA SOWERBII NEW DISTRIBUTION MAP IN France 211
Fig. 7. – Habitat characteristics
favorable for sightings of
Craspedacusta sowerbii medusa.
Finally, Wang et al. (2006) indicated that an oxygen con- Craspedacusta, and to M Paul, a native English speaker, for
centration higher than 0.26 mg/dm3 is required for this proof-reading the text.
freshwater jellyfish to survive.
Craspedacusta sowerbii can cause large blooms with
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