F. Scott Fitzgerald's Die Schönen und Verdammten: A Corpus-based Study of Speech-act Report Verbs as a Feature of Translators' Style - Érudit
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Document généré le 17 oct. 2021 14:11
Meta
Journal des traducteurs
Translators' Journal
F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Die Schönen und Verdammten: A
Corpus-based Study of Speech-act Report Verbs as a Feature of
Translators’ Style
Marion Winters
Volume 52, numéro 3, septembre 2007 Résumé de l'article
L’objectif de la présente recherche est d’identifier les caractéristiques du style
URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/016728ar des traducteurs, en comparant deux traductions allemandes du The Beautiful
DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/016728ar and Damned de F. Scott Fitzgerald, toutes deux publiées en 1998. Les verbes de
narration sont étudiés comme éléments potentiels des styles individuels des
Aller au sommaire du numéro traducteurs. L’analyse du corpus est facilitée par l’utilisation d’outils de
manipulation. L’étude se conclut par des commentaires sur l’usage différent de
la répétition et d’alternances ainsi que leurs effets.
Éditeur(s)
Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal
ISSN
0026-0452 (imprimé)
1492-1421 (numérique)
Découvrir la revue
Citer cet article
Winters, M. (2007). F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Die Schönen und Verdammten: A
Corpus-based Study of Speech-act Report Verbs as a Feature of Translators’
Style. Meta, 52(3), 412–425. https://doi.org/10.7202/016728ar
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3PEECH ACTS AND SPEECH ACT REPORT VERBS
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SPEECH IS DIVIDED INTO THE CATEGORIES OF FREE DIRECT SPEECHTHOUGHT IE SPEECHTHOUGHT
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ADDED
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INQUIRED
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CALLED n
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REPEATED
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4OTAL
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UNTERSTELLTE n
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ADDED FÓGTE HINZU
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UNTERBRACH
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REPEATED WIEDERHOLTE
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4OTAL
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ADDED AND WHISPERED /ESER MAKES MORE USE OF THE OBVIOUS TRANSLATIONS THAN
/RTH 'UTTMANN )N SIX CASES /RTH 'UTTMANN USES THE OBVIOUS TRANSLATIONS RARELY OR
NOT AT ALL /N AVERAGE IN EVERY THIRD INSTANCE /ESER USES AN OBVIOUS OPTION WHERE
/RTH 'UTTMANN DOES NOT 4HESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT /ESER NOT ONLY USES REP
ETITION TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN /RTH 'UTTMANN BUT THAT HE ALSO STAYS CLOSER TO THE
SOURCE TEXT
!FTER LOOKING AT THE OBVIOUS OPTIONS THE ALTERNATIVE CHOICES OF VERBS WERE ANA
LYZED 4HEY WERE EXAMINED WITH REGARD TO THEIR SEMANTIC DIFFERENCES IN RELATION TO THE
OBVIOUS VERBS WHICH WERE CONSIDERED TO BE EQUIVALENT TO THE %NGLISH SOURCE TEXT
VERBS IE LITERAL IN RECREATING THE SEMANTIC MEANING OF THE SOURCE LANGUAGE WORD IN
THE TARGET TEXT 3OME OF THE ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATIONS SUCH AS WISPERTE FOR WHISPERED ARE
EQUIVALENT TO THE OBVIOUS OPTIONS mÓSTERTE FOR WHISPERED /THER CHOICES TAKE UP A
SECONDARY MEANING OF THE %NGLISH VERB SUCH AS EMPFAHL RECOMMENDED LEGTE NAHE
ADVISED AND UNTERSTELLTE IMPLIEDINSINUATED FOR SUGGESTED 4HERE ARE ALSO CASES OF
CHANGE IN REGISTER &OR EXAMPLE IN THREE INSTANCES BEGAN IS TRANSLATED AS THE HIGHER
REGISTER VERB HOB AN 4HE MOST INTERESTING OBSERVATION IS HOWEVER THAT MANY OF THE
CHOICES THE TRANSLATORS MADE ARE DIFFERENT FROM THE SOURCE TEXT VERB REGARDING THEIR
SEMANTIC MEANING %XAMPLES OF THIS WOULD BE TRANSLATIONS OF REMARKED WITH STAUNTE
TO BE AMAZED MURMURED WITH BESTØTIGTE CONlRMED OR CRIED WITH WIEDERHOLTE
REPEATED %ACH OF THESE EXAMPLES SHOWS A SHIFT IN THE SEMANTIC MEANING OF THE
SOURCE TEXT VERB )T IS MAINLY /RTH 'UTTMANN WHO USES SUCH VERBS WITH A DIFFERENT
SEMANTIC ELEMENT AND THIS SHE DOES ON OCCASIONS 3HE USES DIFFERENT VERBS WHICH
APPEAR AS TRANSLATIONS FOR OUT OF THE VERBS ANALYZED /ESER ONLY ADDS A SEMAN
TIC COMPONENT IN SIX INSTANCES WHEN TRANSLATING THE VERBS ANSWERED AND SAID (E USES
FRAGTE ASKED THREE TIMES AND VERSETZTE RETORTED ONCE FOR SAID SAGTE &OR ANSWERED
HE USES VERSETZTE AND BESCHIED REJECTEDREBUFFED OFlCIALESE )N ONE INSTANCE HE TRANS
LATES REPEATED AS RIEF CRIED WHICH SLIGHTLY CHANGES THE SEMANTIC MEANING )N THREE
INSTANCES HE TRANSLATES THE VERBS CRIED ADDED AND AGREED AS SAGTE SAID WHICH ALL LACK
AN ELEMENT OF THE ORIGINAL SEMANTIC MEANING 6ERBS WHICH LACK A SEMANTIC ELEMENT
FROM THE SOURCE TEXT OCCUR IN /RTH 'UTTMANNS TRANSLATION IN INSTANCES DISTRIBUTED
ACROSS SEVEN VERBS MOST OF THEM TRANSLATED AS SAGTE AND ERKLØRTE SAID 4HESE DATA
INDICATE THAT /ESER STAYS CLOSER TO THE SOURCE TEXT AND REPEATS MORE WHILE /RTH
'UTTMANN DEVIATES MORE FROM THE SOURCE TEXT AND USES A GREATER VARIETY OF VERBS
)N EXAMINING THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE SPEECH ACT REPORT VERB MURMURED IT IS STRIK
ING THAT /ESER USES ONLY MURMELTE WHICH SUPPORTS THE ABOVE HYPOTHESIS THAT HE STAYS
CLOSER TO THE SOURCE TEXT /RTH 'UTTMANN USES THE WORD MURMELTE ONLY ONCE )N MOST
-ETA CORR PUBINDD 0-GTDPUUmU[HFSBMETEJFTDI¤OFOVOEWFSEBNNUFO
CASES SHE TRANSLATES MURMURED AS SAGTE SAID TIMES WHICH MISSES OUT ON THE COM
PONENT OF SPEAKING IN A LOW VOICE (OWEVER SHE COMPENSATES FOR THIS ELEMENT BY USING
ADVERBIAL MODIlCATION ADDING HALBLAUT HALF ALOUD TIMES OR LEISE QUIETLY TIMES
!NOTHER EXAMPLE WITH MODIlCATION IS THE VERB AGREED WHICH /RTH 'UTTMANN TRANS
LATES AS MEINTE SAID IN THREE INSTANCES IN TWO OF THESE SHE ADDS THE ADVERB ZUSTIM
MEND IN AGREEMENT )N THE THIRD INSTANCE MEINTE IS NOT MODIlED THIS COULD BE
INTERPRETED AS A CASE OF IMPLICITATION &OR THE VERB REPEATED /RTH 'UTTMANN USES
JAMMERTE WHINED IN ONE OCCURRENCE WHICH SHE COMPLEMENTS WITH IMMER WIEDER
AGAIN AND AGAIN THE ELEMENT OF PITY COMES FROM THE SOURCE TEXT WHICH READS @SHE
REPEATED PITEOUSLY 4HE SEMANTIC MEANING IS KEPT IN THIS EXAMPLE AND IT DOES NOT SHOW
EXPLICITATION OR IMPLICITATION (OWEVER THERE IS A SLIGHT SHIFT IN THE FOCUS )N /RTH
'UTTMANNS TRANSLATION THE PERSON IN QUESTION SEEMS TO LAMENT MORE THAN IN THE
ORIGINAL
4HERE IS NO INSTANCE OF ADVERBIAL OR OTHER MODIlCATION OR MOTIVATION FROM THE
SOURCE TEXT IN THE CASES WHERE /ESER USES A BASIC SPEECH ACT REPORT VERB INSTEAD OF THE
OBVIOUS OPTION OR WHERE HE USES VERBS WITH AN ADDITIONAL SEMANTIC ELEMENT 4HESE
OCCURRENCES COULD BE INTERPRETED AS CASES OF EXPLICITATION OR IMPLICITATION RESPECTIVELY
BUT THERE ARE TOO FEW INSTANCES TO CONCLUDE THAT IT WOULD BE /ESERS STYLE TO IMPLICITATE
AND EVEN LESS TO EXPLICITATE
&ROM THE ABOVE EXAMPLES IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT THE INSTANCES WHERE /RTH
'UTTMANNS CHOICES OF SPEECH ACT REPORT VERBS DEVIATE FROM THE SOURCE TEXT CANNOT AS
YET BE INTERPRETED AS INSTANCES OF EXPLICITATION OR IMPLICITATION ! DETAILED ANALYSIS OF
THE DATA REGARDING THE SOURCE TEXT INmUENCE AS WELL AS POSSIBLE MODIlCATIONS /RTH
'UTTMANN MIGHT HAVE USED TO COMPENSATE FOR THE DIFFERENT SEMANTIC MEANINGS OF HER
CHOSEN VERBS WOULD BE NECESSARY TO DRAW SUCH CONCLUSIONS
4O ILLUSTRATE A lRST STEP IN THIS FURTHER DETAILED ANALYSIS SEE THE INSTANCES OF
INSISTED IN 4ABLE
UBCMF
4HE SPEECH ACT REPORT VERB INSISTED AND ITS TRANSLATIONS IN $IE 3CHNEN UND 6ERDAMMTEN
.O & 3COTT &ITZGERALD /ESER /RTH 'UTTMANN
#.FUB -**
#GTDPUUmU[HFSBMETEJFTDI¤OFOVOEWFSEBNNUFO
! )N .OS AND /RTH 'UTTMANN EMPHASIZES THE PRECEDING UTTERANCES BY CHOOSING
STRONGER VERBS WHICH EXPRESS DEMAND VERLANGTE AND ORDER BEFAHL RESPECTIVELY )N
.O SHE GOES ONE STEP FURTHER BY CHOOSING SCHØUMTE FUMED WHICH IS NOT ONLY
STRONGER THAN INSISTED BUT ALSO TURNS THE SPEAKERS NERVOUSNESS INTO RAGE )N THIS CASE
SHE INTERPRETS THE EMOTIONAL STATE OF THE CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL BEYOND THE SOURCE
TEXTS INDICATION 4AKING THE CONTEXT INTO ACCOUNT IT IS NOT UNLIKELY THAT THE SPEAKER
FELT RAGE AS WELL AS NERVOUSNESS IN THAT PARTICULAR INSTANCE .EVERTHELESS &ITZGERALD HAD
DECIDED TO POINT OUT THE NERVOUSNESS RATHER THAN THE ANGER OF THE CHARACTER !T A lRST
GLANCE THE VERB CHOSEN BY /RTH 'UTTMANN IN .O SEEMS TO BE QUITE NEUTRAL
(OWEVER IN CONNECTION WITH HER ABBREVIATIONS .ICH ;.ICHT= )HN ;)HNEN= IN THE
UTTERANCE ACCOUNTING FOR THE UNGRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOURCE TEXT AND TAKING
INTO ACCOUNT THE FACT THAT THE CHARACTER !NTHONY WAS DRUNK THE VERB BRACHTE HERVOR
SAIDMANAGED TO SAY IMPLIES DIFlCULTY IN SPEAKING AND IT LOSES THE ASPECT OF PERSIS
TENCE AND FORCE )N THIS EXAMPLE SHE CHANGES THE FOCUS OF THE CHARACTERS CONDITION OR
ATTITUDE AGAIN )N .O /RTH 'UTTMANN CHOOSES THE VERB FRAGTE ASKED BUT COM
PENSATES FOR THE LOSS OF MEANING BY ADDING A NARRATIVE SENTENCE PRECEDING THE DIRECT
SPEECH ACT IN WHICH SHE USES LIE NICHT LOCKER DID NOT GIVE UP "Y THIS METHOD SHE
KEEPS THE MEANING OF INSISTED
4HE EXAMPLE OF THE SPEECH ACT REPORT VERB INSISTED SHOWS THAT /ESER STAYS CLOSER
TO THE SOURCE TEXT AND USES MORE REPETITION THAN /RTH 'UTTMANN /RTH 'UTTMANN
USES A LOT OF VARIATION AND MOVES MUCH FURTHER FROM THE SOURCE TEXT THAN /ESER &ROM
THE EXAMINATION OF HER TRANSLATIONS OF INSISTED A POSSIBLE HYPOTHESIS MIGHT BE THAT
SHE TENDS TO EXPLICITATE OR EVEN INTERPRET THE SOURCE TEXT
0OSSIBLE INTERPRETATIONS
/N THE BASIS OF THE ANALYSES DESCRIBED ABOVE ) WOULD LIKE TO PROPOSE THREE TENTATIVE
CONCLUSIONS I /ESER USES LEXICAL REPETITION MORE THAN /RTH 'UTTMANN WHO TENDS
TO AVOID REPETITION II /ESER STAYS CLOSER TO THE SOURCE TEXT THAN /RTH 'UTTMANN AND
III /RTH 'UTTMANN TENDS TO EXPLICITATE
I 4HERE IS A SIGNIlCANT DIFFERENCE IN THE NUMBER OF INSTANCES OF REPETITION
BETWEEN THE TWO TRANSLATORS SEE 4ABLES /ESER REPEATS VERBS HE CHOOSES AS TRANS
LATIONS OF A PARTICULAR SPEECH ACT REPORT VERB TO A CONSIDERABLY GREATER EXTENT THAN
/RTH 'UTTMANN 3HE USES A SIGNIlCANTLY WIDER VARIETY OF VERBS TO TRANSLATE THE INDI
VIDUAL SPEECH ACT REPORT VERBS AND CONSEQUENTLY REPEATS THESE VERBS TO A LESSER EXTENT
3HE ALSO FREQUENTLY OMITS THE REPORTING CLAUSE BEFORE OR AFTER AN UTTERANCE IN ORDER
TO AVOID REPEATING THE PARTICULAR VERB /RTH 'UTTMANN MAY BE MOTIVATED BY A DESIRE
TO AVOID WHAT IS SEEN BY SOME COMMENTATORS AS BAD STYLE "EN !RI SAYS ABOUT
REPETITION
;x= IT SEEMS THAT AVOIDING REPETITIONS HAS TO DO WITH A DEEP ROOTED NEED TO DISPLAY
RICHNESS OF VOCABULARY PASSED DOWN BY GENERATIONS OF NORMATIVE STYLISTIC DOS AND DONTS
AND ;IS= EXTREMELY DIFlCULT TO ROOT OUT ;x= )T SEEMS THAT FROM KINDERGARTEN ON PUPILS
HAVE BEEN COMPLIMENTED ON THEIR RICH VOCABULARY AND REPRIMANDED FOR REPETITIVENESS
"EN !RI
II /ESER USES VERBS REPEATEDLY ACCORDING TO THE INSTANCES OF REPETITIONS OF
SPEECH ACT REPORT VERBS IN THE SOURCE TEXT (E STAYS CLOSE TO THE SOURCE TEXT AND IN THE
MAJORITY OF CASES CHOOSES VERBS WHICH PRODUCE QUITE LITERAL TRANSLATIONS OF THE SPEECH
-ETA CORR PUBINDD 0-.FUB -**
ACT REPORT VERB /RTH 'UTTMANN ON THE OTHER HAND DOES NOT KEEP UP THE REPETITIONS
SHE ENCOUNTERS IN THE SOURCE TEXT BUT TRIES TO AVOID THEM BY VARIATION AND OMISSIONS
OF REPORTING CLAUSES
III /RTH 'UTTMANN USES A GREATER VARIETY OF SPEECH ACT REPORT VERBS TO TRANSLATE
THE VERBS UNDER INVESTIGATION ! CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF THESE VERBS DEVIATE FROM
THE SEMANTIC MEANING OF THE SOURCE TEXT VERB )N SOME INSTANCES SHE CHOOSES A VERB LESS
SPECIlC THAN THAT IN THE SOURCE TEXT (OWEVER IN THE MAJORITY OF INSTANCES SHE CHOOSES
A VERB WITH AN ADDITIONAL SEMANTIC FEATURE ,IKE THE TRANSLATORS STUDIED BY "OURNE
WHO FOUND @CONSIDERABLE DIVERSITY IN THE CHOICE OF 3PANISH VERBS USED TO RENDER
@SAID IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPOSITIVE DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS "OURNE /RTH
'UTTMANN INTERVENES @TO PROVIDE VARIETY TO CONVEY PRECISION AND TO SPECIFY THE ILLOCU
TIONARY FORCE OF AN UTTERANCE "OURNE /RTH 'UTTMANN ALSO APPEARS TO USE
SPEECH ACT REPORT VERBS TO EMPHASIZE CHARACTERS EMOTIONAL STATES TO THE EXTENT THAT SHE
INmUENCES THE READERS ATTITUDE TO THE CHARACTERS IN A MANNER CONSISTENT WITH THAT
DESCRIBED BY "URGESS IN HIS DISCUSSION OF 'OETHES $IE 7AHLVERWANDTSCHAFTEN
#ONCLUDING REMARKS
4HE ANALYSES CARRIED OUT SHOW SIGNIlCANT DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF SPEECH ACT REPORT
VERBS BETWEEN THE TWO TRANSLATORS (ANS #HRISTIAN /ESER REPEATS THE SPEECH ACT
REPORT VERBS IN CONGRUENCE WITH THE SOURCE TEXT )T IS LIKELY THAT HE WAS AWARE OF THE
REPETITIONS IN THE SOURCE TEXT AND RETAINED THEM DELIBERATELY 2ENATE /RTH 'UTTMANN
ALSO NOTICED THE SOURCE TEXT REPETITIONS )T IS OFTEN ARGUED THAT TRANSLATORS AVOID REP
ETITION ,AVIOSA "RAITHWAITE /RTH 'UTTMANN WAS AWARE OF THE ACCEPTED WIS
DOM THAT REPEATED USE OF SPEECH ACT REPORT VERBS PARTICULARLY SAGTE SAID IS
CONSIDERED TO BE BAD STYLE OR AS /RTH 'UTTMANN PERSONAL COMMUNICATION *ULY
PUT IT THAT 'ERMAN READERS DO NOT LIKE THE REPETITION OF SAGTE 4HUS /RTH
'UTTMANNS STRATEGY CONFORMS TO PERCEIVED TARGET LANGUAGE CONVENTIONS BY AVOIDING
TOO MUCH REPETITION /ESER USES REPETITION AS A STYLISTIC DEVICE WHICH RUNS COUNTER TO
CURRENT CONVENTIONS
/RTH 'UTTMANNS EXTENSIVE USE OF VARIATION GOES TOGETHER WITH HER CHOICES OF
VERBS WITH AN ADDITIONAL SEMANTIC FEATURE WITH A POTENTIALLY DIFFERENT ILLOCUTIONARY
FORCE 4HUS SHE HIGHLIGHTS CERTAIN TRAITS OF THE CHARACTERS SEE 4ABLE .OS 4HE
QUESTION REMAINS HOWEVER AS TO WHETHER SHE DOES THIS SYSTEMATICALLY AND TO SUCH AN
EXTENT THAT THE READERS OF HER TRANSLATION WOULD PERCEIVE THE CHARACTERS DIFFERENTLY
FROM THOSE OF /ESERS TRANSLATION
!#+./7,%$'%-%.43
) WOULD LIKE TO THANK $R $OROTHY +ENNY AND $R 'ABRIELA 3ALDANHA OF $UBLIN #ITY 5NIVERSITY FOR
THEIR HELPFUL COMMENTS ON AN EARLIER DRAFT OF THIS PAPER ) WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK THE )RISH
2ESEARCH #OUNCIL FOR THE (UMANITIES AND 3OCIAL 3CIENCES FOR FUNDING MY 0H$ PROJECT IN THE
FRAMEWORK OF WHICH THE PRESENT STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT
./4%3
4HE PRESENT PAPER WAS WRITTEN IN WHEN 7ORDSMITH 4OOLS HAD NOT YET BEEN RELEASED 4HUS
THE ANALYSIS DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER IS BASED ON 6ERSION
!USTIN DOES NOT PROVIDE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR THIS ASSERTION
-ETA CORR PUBINDD 0-GTDPUUmU[HFSBMETEJFTDI¤OFOVOEWFSEBNNUFO
3HORT USES THE TERM @DIRECT SPEECH TO LABEL BOTH THE SUPERORDINATE CONCEPT ALSO KNOWN HERE AS DIRECT
SPEECH AND THE SUBORDINATE CONCEPT KNOWN HERE TO AVOID CONFUSION AS REPORTED DIRECT SPEECH
2%&%2%.#%3
!USTIN * , ;= (OW TO DO THINGS WITH 7ORDS /XFORD /XFORD 5NIVERSITY 0RESS
"AKER - h4OWARDS A -ETHODOLOGY FOR )NVESTIGATING THE 3TYLE OF A ,ITERARY 4RANSLATOR v
4ARGET !MSTERDAM AND 0HILADELPHIA "ENJAMINS " 6 P
"ALLMER 4 AND 7 "RENNENSTUHL 3PEECH !CT #LASSIlCATION "ERLIN AND (EIDELBERG
3PRINGER 6ERLAG
"EN !RI . h4HE AMBIVALENT CASE OF REPETITIONS IN LITERARY TRANSLATION !VOIDING REPETI
TIONS A @UNIVERSAL OF TRANSLATION v -%4! -ONTR£AL ,ES 0RESSES DE L5NIVERSIT£ DE
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"URGESS ' * ! h#ORPUS ANALYSIS IN THE SERVICE OF LITERARY CRITICISM 'OETHES $IE
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#OLLINS $ICTIONARY OF THE %NGLISH ,ANGUAGE RD EDN UPDATED 'LASGOW (ARPER #OLLINS
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$UDEN $IE DEUTSCHE 2ECHTSCHREIBUNG 6OL ND EDN -ANNHEIM ;ETC= $UDENVERLAG
&ITZGERALD & 3 4HE "EAUTIFUL AND $AMNED .EW 9ORK 3CRIBNERS
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0ONS 'ROWRTERBUCH FÓR %XPERTEN DER 5NIVERSITØT %NGLISCH $EUTSCH $EUTSCH %NGLISH
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