DUBLIN OFFICE MARKET REVIEW AND OUTLOOK 2019 WITH SPECIAL FOCUS: THE TECH SECTOR IN DUBLIN - Knight Frank
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RESEARCH DUBLIN OFFICE MARKET REVIEW AND OUTLOOK 2019 WITH SPECIAL FOCUS: THE TECH SECTOR IN DUBLIN OCCUPIER TRENDS INVESTMENT TRENDS MARKET OUTLOOK
SUMMARY REVIEW AND 1. Ireland was the fastest growing OUTLOOK 2019 economy in Europe for a fifth Facebook’s 870,000 sq ft mega deal at Ballsbridge consecutive year in 2018, expanding by an estimated 6.8% drives annual take-up to the highest level ever achieved. 2. Take-up reached 3.9 million sq ft Economy Occupier market in 2018 – the highest level ever According to the European Commission’s Occupier activity expanded for a sixth Winter Economic Forecast, the Irish consecutive year in 2018 establishing a 3. Prime Grade-A rents remained economy is estimated to have expanded new record for the highest level of letting by 6.8% in 2018 making it the fastest activity ever recorded in the Dublin office unchanged in 2018 at €62.50 psf growing economy in Europe for a fifth market as 3.9 million sq ft transacted. This consecutive year. This robust represents an 8% increase in comparison 4. Prime yields remained stable at performance saw the unemployment 4.00% throughout 2018 rate continue its downward trajectory, FIGURE 2 falling to 5.7% at the end of 2018, down Office take-up sq ft 5. 2.0 million sq ft of office space from 6.2% the year previous. Looking ahead, economic activity is anticipated 4,000,000 was completed in 2018 with 2.2 million sq ft projected for 2019 to advance at a relatively solid pace in 3,500,000 2019, with the European Commission projecting that the economy will grow by 3,000,000 4.1% this year. 2,500,000 While this growth outlook is heavily contingent upon a soft Brexit, Ireland is 2,000,000 currently forecast to be the second 1,500,000 fastest growing economy in Europe along with Slovakia – with Malta occupying the 1,000,000 top spot. Additionally – in what will be positive news for the office market – the 500,000 Central Bank is also suggesting that the 0 labour market recovery is far from 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 complete, forecasting that 50,000 jobs will be created this year. Source: Knight Frank Research FIGURE 1 Ireland vs EU-28 GDP growth rates KNIGHT FRANK VIEW ON RISK 8% FORECAST 7% Of all the risks that face the office occupancy ratio of 130 sq ft per 6% market, the potential for overbuilding worker and an obsolescence rate of will always be the most analysed. 1% for existing stock, this equated 5% Looking back at demand in 2018, to demand for 2.1 million sq ft of the Central Statistics Office’s Labour new office space. Therefore, the 4% Force Survey showed that 50,500 2.0 million sq ft of new office stock 3% jobs were created in Ireland last delivered in 2018 was approximately year, of which 25,900 (or 51%) in-line with estimated demand. 2% were located in Dublin. Given that Looking ahead, with similar job office based employment accounts creation of 50,000 expected this 1% IRELAND for half of new jobs, an estimated year, the 2.2 million sq ft due for EU-28 12,950 new workers took up office delivery in 2019 also looks to be 0 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 space in Dublin in 2018. Using an approximately in-line with demand. Source: EU Commission 2
DUBLIN OFFICE MARKET REVIEW AND OUTLOOK 2019 RESEARCH was the second largest sector with FIGURE 3 FIGURE 5 13%. This was driven by the expansion Dublin prime office rents Take-up by location of WeWork who took 343,000 sq ft € per sq ft per annum 2% across Charlemont Exchange, No. 2 Dublin Landings, Central Plaza and 5 €70 NORTH SUBURBS Harcourt Road. €60 The Finance sector accounted for the next €50 WEST highest market share with 12%, followed SUBURBS SOUTH by the State and Professional Services, SUBURBS 7% €40 both of which had 7%. Looking ahead to 11% 2019, occupier demand is forecast to €30 FRINGE remain strong, however the volume of €20 7% take-up is likely to moderate in €10 comparison to 2018. Furthermore, there CITY CENTRE may be renewed upward pressure on 72% 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 prime rents, particularly in the City Centre given that 60% of the pipeline that will be Source: Knight Frank Research delivered there is already let. Development market Source: Knight Frank Research FIGURE 4 2.0 million sq ft of new and refurbished to the 3.6 million sq ft that was let in 2017. Take-up by sector office space was completed in 2018, Prime rents remained stable throughout representing the largest quantum to be the year at €62.50 psf while the vacancy rate contracted to 6.2%, down from 2% 1% delivered this cycle. Notable completions included Kennedy Wilson’s Capital Docks, 6.8% a year previously. 3% Starwood/Chartered Land’s Seamark 7% Building and the Clancourt Group’s Three An extraordinary 72% of take-up was 12% Park Place which comprised of 340,000 concentrated in the City Centre, much 13% sq ft, 182,500 sq ft and 175,000 sq ft higher than the 5-year average of 56%. respectively. In 2019 we predict output to While Dublin 2 accounted for the majority 7% of take-up with a 34% market share, 5% rise by 10% to 2.2 million sq ft. the City Centre’s increased share was However, in the City Centre, supply is driven by the improved performance expected to be more constrained with only of Dublin 4 which comprised 30% of 1.4 million sq ft due to be delivered occupier activity – a fivefold increase in compared to the 1.7 million sq ft that was comparison to 2017. This was largely completed in 2018. The reduction in the due to Facebook’s decision to create a 52% City Centre will be more than offset by the new 870,000 sq ft campus at Ballsbridge. greater focus on suburban development Elsewhere in Dublin 4, Google acquired TMT FINANCE STATE where 800,000 sq ft is expected to be Bolands Quay which will incorporate PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION COWORKING delivered. Notable developments include SERVICES 220,732 sq ft of office space upon PHARMA MEDICAL OTHER Two and Three Dublin Airport Central completion later this year with the (207,000 sq ft), Nova Atria South (175,000 development providing a strategic Source: Knight Frank Research sq ft) and One South County (141,000 sq ft). expansion of the company’s existing footprint at Barrow Street. Outside of the City Centre, Google also made it’s first Top 5 office take-up deals of 2018 foray into the Sandyford office market Property Tenant Sector Size (sq ft) with deals at the Chase and the Blackthorn Building of 52,925 sq ft and Facebook Campus, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4 Facebook TMT 870,000 48,522 sq ft respectively. The South Bolands Quay, Dublin 4 Google TMT 220,732 Suburbs had an 11% market share while the Fringe and the West Suburbs both Blocks A-D, Charlemont Exchange, Dublin 2 WeWork Coworking 120,618 comprised 7%. 1 Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin 2 Hubspot TMT 113,034 While TMT was the standout performer Three Park Place, Dublin 2 IDA State 112,000 accounting for 52% of the market, 2018 saw rapid growth in Coworking, which Source: Knight Frank Research 3
DUBLIN OFFICE MARKET REVIEW AND OUTLOOK 2019 RESEARCH TOP TAKE-UP, INVESTMENTS AND DEVELOP MENTS IN 2018 ER D OA PP RR U LA TU RC EE PO CI R LL RT HI ST H LA RT KEY ER ET ND NO M M The Beckett Building RS SU RO DIT MA DO Date: Q2 2018 W TAKE-UP GRANGEGORMAN NO Yield: 4.15% Price: €101,000,000 R INVESTMENTS 13-18 City Quay ST Purchaser: Kookmin Bank R DEVELOPMENTS Date: Q3 2018 EE CONNOLLY IL L Type: Development No.2 Dublin Landings T DART RAIL LINE Owner: Irish Life STATION TI O N H Date: Q2 2018 Space Delivered: 117,757 sq ft No.2 Dublin Landings LUAS TRAM LINE GAR Type: Development Date: Q1 2018 The Infinity Building Owner: JR AMC LUAS TRAM LINE Rent: €50.00 psf DIN T ITU O’CO Space Delivered: 99,500 sq ft EET Date: Q4 2018 Take-up: 99,500 sq ft ER Yield: 5.18% New Century House Tenant: WeWork STR S NNEL Price: €56,600,000 CON STR Date: Q3 2018 Sector: Coworking Purchaser: Credit Suisse No.2 Dublin Landings NS Yield: 4.02% ET Date: Q4 2018 EET CH L STR RE Price: €65,300,000 IE ES T SHERIFF ST Yield: 4.21% LS AM TE Purchaser: Credit Suisse REET UPPE N EL LOW HENRY Price: €106,500,000 RF R PA R EET IEL Purchaser: JR AMC STREET ER PHOENIX D AV L EAST WALL ROAD THE HALL P PARK E TREET CONVENTION CENTRE SMITHFIELD QUEEN S CONYNGHAM ROAD BLACK UAY 3ARENA N Q EDE HEUSTON No.1 Dublin Landings No.1 Dublin Landings R GES QUAY CITY Date: Q1 2018 STATION GE O QUAY Date: Q1 2018 VICTORIA QUAY Type: Development Yield: 3.94% ARR Owner: Triuva Price: €165,250,000 AN Q USH UAY 1 Sir John Space Delivered: 143,967 sq ft Purchaser: Triuva ER’S QUA QUAY Rogerson’s Quay Y WOOD Date: Q4 2018 Y PASS 31-36 Golden Lane OD B TRINITY Rent: €59.75 psf GRAND CANAL LIZ B RI D E S Date: Q2 2018 APE COLLEGE Take-up: 113,034 sq ft ENERGY THEATRE H Yield: 5.26% Tenant: Hubspot C 1 & 2 HSQ DUBLIN G Price: €25,500,000 Sector: TMT Date: Q1 2018 Yield: 4.88% Purchaser: KGAL TR EE T One Central Plaza 5 Hanover Quay Price: €176,000,000 THOMA Date: Q2 2018 S ST PEAR Date: Q2 2018 SOUTH CIR CULAR Purchaser: CK Properties Ltd REE Rent: N/A S T E STR Type: Development Take-up: 74,000 sq ft EET 13-14 Aungier Street T Owner: TIO PATRICK STREE Tenant: WeWork The Sharp Building Space Delivered: 162,783 sq ft EET Date: Q4 2018 Sector: Coworking Date: Q3 2018 Capital Dock STR Yield: 4.15% Yield: 4.43% ES STREET Date: Q4 2018 M GRAFTON T J A Price: €15,000,000 Price: €56,300,000 RE S Type: Development Purchaser: Private Irish STREET Purchaser: Credit Suisse Owner: Kennedy Wilson ROAD E A HAM GR AN KILD Space Delivered: 339,613 sq ft OLD KIL MAIN EL AN N ROAD N D OWBO DAWSO RR CA MA GOVERNMENT NA MO LS BUILDINGS MERRION UN TL The Reflector KEV SQUARE TS OW IN S TR ER Date: Q4 2018 TRE EE ET TL Type: Development UPP OW Owner: Park Developments Three Park Place ER One Grand Canal Quay ER Space Delivered: 123,000 sq ft ST STEPHEN’S Date: Q3 2018 Bolands Quay E Date: Q2 2018 AC Rent: N/A Rent: N/A Date: Q2 2018 GREEN UE CUFFE ST BATH AVEN R Take-up: 58,000 sq ft ET Take-up: 112,000 sq ft Rent: Purchase TER RE Tenant: Google Take-up: 220,732 sq ft ST Tenant: IDA RK Sector: TMT RT Sector: State Tenant: Google CO S FO Sector: TMT DO BA R NO SOU RL PE GG TH RE EA C OT UP IRC LE Three Park Place AV UL AVIVA STADIUM ST AR ES ET ST EN ROA Date: Q2 2018 RD LO NO CAMDEN STREET LO ON RE D Type: Development ON UE IAM DO T W ING SHELB RTH ST LP Owner: Clancourt Group ER ST HIN DD ILL Space Delivered: 175,000 sq ft HA S IL RO UM LO ZW HATCH STR RAS AD EET WE OURN OAD BER FIT B R CLAN L AND 10 Molesworth Street ER Date: Q1 2018 Two Haddington Buildings PEMBR O RO Type: Development Date: Q1 2018 K E RO CH AD WER A Owner: IPUT Yield: 5.40% AR D Blocks A-D,Charlemont Space Delivered: 115,000 sq ft Price: €24,000,000 LE Exchange Purchaser: Quadoro Doric M ON Date: Q4 2018 Facebook Campus T Rent: €55.00 psf UE ST Take-up: 120,618 sq ft Date: Q4 2018 N Tenant: WeWork Rent: N/A AVE Sector: Coworking Take-up: 870,000 sq ft RA LE Tenant: Facebook TIN E NE ES Sector: TMT ON L AG ST EN UP H RO RP PE SE R AD Note: All areas and delivery times noted above are approximate estimates only and subject to change 4 5
Investment 3 OF THE respectively. Significant transactions included Spear Street Capital’s €3.6 billion worth of investment purchase of the Belfield Office Campus TOP 5 transactions changed hands in 2018, for €90.0 million and the purchase of 60% ahead of the 2017 spend of One and Two Gateway for €29.0 million €2.3 billion. Office investment sales by Yew Grove REIT. These deals were DEALS accounted for the largest proportion of also emblematic of the increasing investor activity with 40% of the market investor appetite to deploy capital in or €1.5 billion, of which 89% or €1.3 non-core markets where there is greater billion was concentrated in Dublin. potential for value-add plays. Looking The emergence of institutional capital were acquired by ahead to 2019, office investment from Asia was a key feature of the market Asian buyers volumes are likely to remain buoyant in 2018. Asians accounted for 37% of the as the pipeline of newly completed and total spend and were responsible for let office stock comes to the market three of the top five acquisitions. This for sale. included the largest office transaction of the year, namely the sale of 1 and 2 HSQ to Hong Kong based CK Properties Ltd for €176.0 million. FIGURE 7 FIGURE 8 The other deals were executed by Korean Dublin prime office yields Buyer and vendor source money, namely the purchase of No.2 US IRELAND UK Dublin Landings for €106.5 million by JR 8% ASIA EUROPE AMC and the acquisition of the Beckett 7% Building for €101.0 million by Kookmin 13% Bank. European buyers were the most BUYERS 6% 2% active source of capital however, accounting for 38% of the market spend. 5% The largest purchase by a European 12% 18% 4% 2% buyer was the sale of No.1 Dublin 37% landings to Triuva for €165.3 million. 3% 50% 28% Buyers from Ireland and the United States accounted for the rest of the 2% VENDORS market with a 13% and 12% share 1% 0 38% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 FIGURE 6 Irish commercial investment volumes € million Source: Knight Frank Research Source: Knight Frank Research 5,000 Top 5 office investment transactions of 2018 4,000 Property Seller Buyer Approx. price Northwood 1 and 2 HSQ, Dublin 8 CK Properties Ltd €176.0m 3,000 Investors No.1 Dublin Landings, Dublin 1 Ballymore/Oxley Triuva €165.3m 2,000 Off-market asset swap of Confidential Confidential €160.0m properties in Dublin 1 and Dublin 2 1,000 No.2 Dublin Landings, Dublin 1 Ballymore/Oxley JR AMC €106.5m The Comer 0 The Beckett Building, Dublin 3 Kookmin Bank €101.0m Group 2006 2018 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Knight Frank Research Source: Knight Frank Research 6
DUBLIN OFFICE MARKET REVIEW AND OUTLOOK 2019 RESEARCH SPECIAL FOCUS: THE TECH SECTOR IN DUBLIN Last year in our Review and Outlook for 2018, we examined the importance of the tech sector to Dublin’s office market, with a particular focus on Mega-Cap Tech companies. With their influence only growing further over the past year, we have decided to revisit our analysis, while also expanding it to include the next tier of tech firms active in Dublin. We focus our analysis on central Dublin, where the majority of these firms are located. MEGA-CAP TECH FIGURE 10 Dublin, we are likely to see this projected footprint grow further. As illustrated in Figure 9, 2018 was Growth of Mega-Cap Tech footprint the strongest year yet for the Mega- in Dublin sq ft Cap Tech firms in Dublin (valuation 1,200,000 GOOGLE MID/LARGE-CAP TECH greater than $200Bn, includes Google, FACEBOOK These are tech firms that are publicly Facebook, Microsoft/LinkedIn and 1,000,000 MICROSOFT/LINKEDIN listed with a market capitalisation of AMAZON Amazon with Apple the only absentee) between $2Bn and $200Bn. Typically, with 1.3 million sq ft of office space 800,000 they are leaders in their business segment taken-up, representing a 56% increase and at a relatively mature stage of on the record setting 2017. Facebook’s 600,000 development but still experiencing strong creation of a new 870,000 sq ft campus growth. Salesforce is one such firm. in Ballsbridge (staggered occupation, 400,000 Although publicly listed since 2004, its full project completion due in 2022) was growth has accelerated in recent years the main driver of this and supported by 200,000 and rose to prominence in Dublin in 2018 Google’s taking of 380,170 sq ft across with the letting of 430,000 sq ft at Spencer four transactions in 2018. The most high- 0 Place (agreed in 2018, signed early 2019). Pre 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 profile of these was the forward purchase Hubspot is another firm undergoing fast of the 220,732 sq ft Bolands Quay on growth in Dublin, most recently taking Barrow Street (completion due in 2019) Source: Knight Frank Research 113,000 sq ft at Hibernia REIT’s 1 Sir John which underlined the long-term strategic at the end of 2018 to 3.0 million sq ft by Rogerson’s Quay in 2018. This represents importance of Dublin to the company. 2022. It includes LinkedIn’s new 152,000 their latest expansion in Dublin since their Taking these pre-commitments into sq ft office at One Wilton Park which is IPO in 2014, adding to their existing holding account, Figure 10 outlines how the being constructed by IPUT with delivery of 73,000 sq ft at One and Two Dockland footprint of these large tech occupiers is set due for 2020. With Amazon reportedly Central. Next door at 1WML, new entrant to grow from the 2.1 million sq ft occupied looking at expanding their presence in Autodesk took 48,484 sq ft in 2018 while LogMeIn took 40,000 sq ft at The Reflector at Grand Canal Dock. Workday in Smithfield FIGURE 9 remain one of the largest occupiers in Mega-Cap Tech take-up sq ft Dublin, having taken 170,000 sq ft in 2015. 1,500,000 GOOGLE FACEBOOK MICROSOFT/LINKEDIN AMAZON Meanwhile, Dropbox and Docusign – both of which went public in 2018 – 1,200,000 have bases at One Park Place (83,345 sq ft) and Cumberland Place (31,926 sq ft) respectively. Start-ups that were 900,000 previously earmarked to go public but were bought by larger companies 600,000 include Indeed (acquired by Japanese company Recruit in 2012), Jet.com 300,000 (bought by Walmart in 2016) and most recently Qualtrics (bought by SAP in November 2018 in advance of an 0 Pre 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 expected IPO). These companies have Source: Knight Frank Research let 211,393 sq ft at Capital Dock, 30,000 7
sq ft at 40 Molesworth Street and 53,507 45,000 sq ft at the One Building on Grand RESEARCH sq ft at 1 Clarendon Row/Chatham and Canal Street since 2015. Newcomers John Ring, Head of Research King respectively. Coinbase entered the Dublin market in +353 1 634 2466 john.ring@ie.knightfrank.com 2018, with the crypto currency exchange TECH UNICORNS taking 19,000 sq ft at the Exchange in Robert O’Connor, Research Analyst +353 1 634 2466 the IFSC. The largest Tech Unicorn in ‘Tech Unicorns’ are start-up companies robert.oconnor@ie.knightfrank.com Dublin is Airbnb and they took 40,000 that have a valuation of $1 billion or more. sq ft in 2018 at The Reflector in Grand CAPITAL MARKETS Typically, these companies are rapidly expanding and expected to go public in Canal Dock, located next to their EMEA Adrian Trueick, Director the coming years. Irish founded Intercom HQ which is of a similar size. On a more +353 1 634 2466 is one such company and who took modest scale, other companies that have adrian.trueick@ie.knightfrank.com 15,145 sq ft at Stephen Court last year, taken space in 2018 include Asana, who Peter Flanagan, Director adding to the 50,000 sq ft they took in took 5,200 sq ft at the newly completed +353 1 634 2466 the same building in 2016. Another Irish Three Park Place. They join fellow Unicorn peter.flanagan@ie.knightfrank.com company, Stripe, are the largest Fintech Slack who took 29,222 sq ft at One Park Ross Fogarty, Director Unicorn in the world and have occupied Place in 2016. +353 1 634 2466 ross.fogarty@ie.knightfrank.com Large/Mid-Cap & Unicorn tech firms in central Dublin OFFICES Arranged by market capitalisation Declan O’Reilly, Director +353 1 634 2466 Size Company Primary Market cap/ Approx. space declan.oreilly@ie.knightfrank.com business line est. value (Bn)* occupied in Dublin Paul Hanly, Director 150,000 sq ft, Large-Cap Salesforce CRM €91.5 commmitted to +353 1 634 2466 430,000 sq ft by 2021 paul.hanly@ie.knightfrank.com Large-Cap Workday Enterprise resource planning €30.7 170,000 sq ft Jim O’Reilly, Director Large-Cap Autodesk 3D design software €24.6 48,000 sq ft +353 1 634 2466 jim.oreilly@ie.knightfrank.com Large-Cap Twitter Social media €19.1 85,000 sq ft Gavin Maguire, Associate Director Mid-Cap Dropbox Cloud storage €7.3 83,000 sq ft +353 1 634 2466 Mid-Cap Docusign Cybersecurity €5.8 32,000 sq ft gavin.maguire@ie.knightfrank.com Mid-Cap Zalando E-commerce €5.7 19,000 sq ft Mark Headon, Associate Director Mid-Cap Zendesk Customer service €5.5 58,000 sq ft +353 1 634 2466 mark.headon@ie.knightfrank.com Mid-Cap Hubspot Inbound marketing €4.3 186,000 sq ft David Reddy, Associate Director Mid-Cap LogMeIn Remote access work €3.6 40,000 sq ft +353 1 634 2466 Former Unicorn Indeed Jobs portal n/a 211,000 sq ft david.reddy@ie.knightfrank.com 27,000 sq ft, committed Former Unicorn Qualtrics Surveying n/a to 54,000 sq ft by 2020 Former Unicorn Jet.com E-commerce n/a 30,000 sq ft Unicorn Airbnb Rental accomodation €25.5 78,000 sq ft Unicorn Stripe Fintech €17.7 45,000 sq ft Unicorn Coinbase Fintech €7.0 19,000 sq ft Unicorn Slack Work messenger €6.2 29,000 sq ft Unicorn Asana Project management €1.3 5,000 sq ft Unicorn Intercom Customer messaging €1.1 65,000 sq ft © HT Meagher O’Reilly trading as Knight Frank *Source: Publically listed values from YCharts as at 31/12/2018. Unicorn valuations from CB Insights, January 2019 This report is published for general information only and not to be relied upon in any way. Although high standards have been used in the preparation of the information, analysis, views and projections presented in this report, no responsibility or RECENT MARKET-LEADING RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS liability whatsoever can be accepted by HT Meagher O’Reilly trading as Knight Frank for any loss or damage resultant from any use of, reliance on or reference to the contents RESEARCH INVESTMENT INSIGHT RESEARCH DUBLIN INDUSTRIAL MARKET 2018 IN REVIEW THE DUBLIN of this document. As a general report, this material does 2018 was another strong year for Dublin’s industrial market as 295,480 sq m of space transacted, PRS REPORT representing a 17% increase on the 252,452 sq m taken in 2017. Manufacturing activity continued to not necessarily represent the view of HT Meagher O’Reilly expand, although at a slower pace, with the Investec Manufacturing Purchasing Manager’s Index reading 54.5 at the end of 2018 compared to 59.1 a year earlier. Interestingly, trading as Knight Frank in relation to particular properties according to a survey by Eurostat, Ireland has been ranked the Units A & B Mountpark Baldonnell, Dublin 22 highest in Europe for the number of enterprises making online sales for a fourth consecutive year. The FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 importance of online retailing is Take-up by location, 2018 Take-up by deal size, 2018 or projects. Reproduction of this report in whole or in part increasingly challenging existing supply chain networks, and by 6% 6% extension, shaking-up the structure NORTH-EAST
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