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International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 8 Issue 10, October 2018,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: editorijmie@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial
Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell‟s
Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A
Job and Salary Satisfaction of Journalists in
Telugu Press:
A Survey Analysis in Andhra Pradesh
Dr. J.Madhu Babu*
J.Manjunath**
ABSTRACT
This study explores how to job and salary satisfaction of Journalists inTelugu Press inAndhra
Pradesh.For this study, a survey was conducted on 100 journalists working at 9 general daily
Newspapers in Krishna District (Rural) of Andhra Pradesh, India. The research results showed
that, demographic profile of journalists,Qualification in Journalism, working position in the
present organization, Job and salary satisfaction.Majority of journalists feel unsatisfied with their
salaries, and they have no appointment orders. They were said their work was temporarily basis.
Finally concluded that the attitude of managements did not interest to pay salaries to Journalists.
Key words: Telugu Press, Journalists, Satisfaction, salary, Job.
Introduction
At the beginning of the journalistic career the rather tough and adverse conditions i.e. low
payments, unpaid extra working hours, acting as assistant to the Chief Reporter or Staff reporter
by serving personal works, and not working as a real reporter. It‟s may give rise to professional
dissatisfaction and lead journalists to change their jobs and sometimes, even their careers‟. It way
stated in this study that the youngest journalists had the lowest wages. Most of the young
*
Assistant Professor,Depart of Journalism & Mass Communication,Acharya Nagarjuna
University,Guntur, A.P., India.
**
Research Scholar,Depart of Journalism & Mass Communication, Acharya Nagarjuna
University,Guntur, A.P., India.
802 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
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journalists are loss their valuable future and time in this profession. They admire to very small
identity and respect from the politicians and officials.However, poor earnings were complained
of by the various journalists who, as a result, felt they had a low quality of life style.Many
journalists gave priority to the story, earning salary and making their safety a secondary issue -
they felt that it they did not report News Stories.
The fate of most of the journalists lives in the miserable conditions. Some of the journalists at
various levels are simply treated as bonded laborers and thrown out by the capitalistic
managements at their whims and fancies. No hesitation to write that even today many of the
managements coerce and force the editorial staff to resign. That‟s why, that journalism which is
termed as the 4thEstate is noble profession on one hand but it is the most thankless job on the
other hand. Most of the lives of journalists are always struggles with their own cause or for the
sake of the society.
Journalism
Journal‟ism‟ is a Philosophy, for Phi-Los-O-Phy means, „love and pursuit of wisdom by
intellectual means and moral self-discipline‟. In other words, it is an endless search for truth
quest for trout‟s necessitates introspection. Introspection lead to introversion. So, it is the
penultimate state of penance to search and explore the inner-self.
Importance of Press
The role of the media in the society primarily depends upon the society and its impact on the
freedom it enjoys, its access to the people and its credibility and acceptability.Democracy
requires an informed public opinion for its effective operation,since the public opinion becomes
the ultimate controller of social goals, laws, and affairs of the society. Democratic constitutions
therefore have to guarantee freedom of the press to ensure free flow of information. The citizens
need information to understand the day to day affairs of the society -both on its civil and political
side.
Over the years the press become too powerful that it soon acquired the states of „Fourth Estate‟
as it was aptly described by the British politician Edmund Burke. It also became so indispensable
803 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
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for the democratic functioning that Thomas Jefferson, the third US president (1801-09) said, „we
should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should
not hesitate for a moment to prefer the latter‟. For the same reason Pundit Nehru declared „I
would rather have a completely free press with all the dangers involved in the wrong use of that
freedom than suppressed or regulated press‟. (Speech at the Newspapers Editor‟s Conference on
3rd December, 1950). The press as a mass communicator as a self-assumed representative of the
people, as their regular and constant spokesmen and as unignorably intervener on their behalf
became almost a natural ally of the society and its inseparable projection.
Brief History of Telugu Dailies
Andhra‟s first successful daily paper the Andhra Pathrika, it was started as a weekly from
Bombay in 1908 by Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Panthulu. He moved the weekly to Madras in
1914 and after few years, converted it in to a daily. After the death of Nageswara Rao in 1938,
the pathrika was managed by a trust. It shifted to Vijayawada in 1965 after Andhra province was
formed. Later it started publishing from Hyderabad too.
A popular rival of Andhra Pathrika was the Andhra Prabha, first published in 1938 by the
Express group. The first editor was Khasa Subba Rao, N. Narayana Murthy followed his as the
editor. Narla venkteswara Rao was the most famous editor of Adhra Prabha, who set a high
bench mark for Telugu journalism. He loved his freedom. He resigned from the Andhra Prabha
and became the editor of Andhra Jyothi. Which was started in 1960 at Vijayawada. The
formation of Andhra Pradesh state in 1953 another two dailies started that is Andhra Bhoomi and
Vishalndhra.
The Eenadu was launched in Vishakhapatnam 10th August 1974, and year later in Hyderabad.
Ch. Ramoji Rao, the publisher of Eenadu, single handedly changed the way of journalism was
practiced in Telugu media. Vartha, a daily newspaper was published in 1993 by the Sanghi
group. However, Vartha compensated and filled the Vacuum and void created by the fading out
of Udayam at that time. Then in recent times, ‘Sakshi’ with its colorful get up and makeup of
every page broken all the earlier records of circulation.
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Review of Literature
Demers showed that professional satisfaction was higher in decentralized news rooms,
characterized by a higher level of autonomy for journalists. In 1995, pollard also concluded that
the satisfaction depended on factors such as frequent discussion with job supervisors and the
journalist‟s perception of autonomy.
Weaver et.al found that the best predictors of job satisfaction were the levels communication
among journalists in the news room, especially between reporters and their editors, the
perception of autonomy, and the flexibility in their work. Most of scholars conclude that
professional autonomy, participation dialogue in the news room, and the values of their work
were decisive factors in influencing job satisfaction of journalists. Job satisfaction among
journalists obviously rests on numerous variables. Job satisfaction involves not only journalist‟s
enjoyment of their jobs, but also to their contribution to their companies. If they were happy with
their jobs, they tend to work more effectively. If they were not satisfied, they tend to leave their
jobs, or sometimes the field of journalism entirely, because of both personal and organizational
consequences of dissatisfaction: the news media need to address the issue.
In a variety of studies, Reinardy has used the concepts of job quality (Scott Reinardy), work
family conflict (Scott Reinardy) and organizations support (Scott Reinardy).The concept of job
quality, based or the work of Hackman and Oldham, separates employee‟s perception of their
work in to four factors: autonomy, variety, importance and feedback (J. Richard Hackman and
Greg R.Oldham).
Theoretical Frame Work
Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman (1959) to examine workers attitudes towards their jobs. They
elaborated what has come to be known as the Motivation -Hygiene theory and stated that there is
a relationship between job attitudes and jobproductivity.
Furthermore, job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction could not be determined on the same
rangejob satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are not oppositely, but rather, they act as a
counterbalance to each other‟s they are viewed as two separate and parallel areas.Consequently,
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Motivation -Hygiene theory established that job attitude could be measured by two sets of
factors: motivation and Hygiene.
Those factors guiding workers to positive attitudes will not to be the same ones, necessarily as
those leading them to negative attitudes.
In other words, positive job attitudes lead to high productivity. That is, workers who are happy in
jobs are more productive. By contrast, negative job attitudes lead to poor performance, this
means that when workers are discontented or frustrated in their jobs, their work productivity
tends to decline.
According to Herzberg Mausner and Snyderman (1959) Hygine factors are the political, social
and technological machinery involved in the job, such as company policies and administration,
supervision, physical working conditions, interpersonal relations, (supervisor and co-workers)
benefits, and job security. Furthermore, motivation factors include recognition, achievement,
work itself, responsibility, professional advancements and the Possibility of intellectual
growth.In addition, the theory points out that workers loyalty to their company varies according
to their level of job satisfaction.
Research Objectives
To identify the journalist social and economic background.
To study the journalists educational qualifications.
To understand the journalists satisfaction of job and salary.
Selection of Research Method
Survey is suitable for collecting primary data simultaneously from various parts of respondents
(Babbie, 1998). Kerlinger(1973) considered survey research as social scientific research and
focuses on people, the vital facts of people, and their beliefs, opinions, attitudes, motivations and
behavior. It has been further clarified by Parten(1950) that the social scientific nature of the
survey research is reviewed by the nature of its variables which can be classified as sociological
facts, opinions and attitudes. With appropriate sampling, a survey can provide an illustration an
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explanation of relationship between variables. Survey also allowed researchers to collect to
primary data to archive and objective of study the reinforcement of values and adolescents
identity.
Research Setting
The research setting of the study is the district of Krishna in State of Andhra Pradesh. Many
newspaper publications such as Eenadu, Sakshi, Andhrajyothi, Andhra Prabha, Andhra Bhoomi,
Surya, Prajasakthi, Visalandhra and Vartha are located in the Vijayawada city.
Method of Sample
The researcher proposed to use a survey method while adopting, a purposive sampling method
to collect data pertaining to the study. The researcher in a preliminary survey listed out the total
number of Press Reporters working in the newspapers. It has been found out that a total of 800
press reporters are working in the following newspaper organizations. The researcher contact the
District Public Relation Officer (DPRO) and working Journalists unions requested and collected
nominal roles and phone numbers of the Journalists.
The researcher, keeping in view of objectives of the study, decided to administer a questionnaire
the researcher approached the respondents with a request to fill the questionnaire. However, a
total of 170 respondents accepted to fill the questionnaire while 35 rejected the request. A total
of 135 questionnaires 35 are not used data in this research, because majority of questions are
incomplete. So, 100 questionnaires are used.
Research Instrument
In this study, the researchers decided to use quantitative method where a survey will be
conducted on to the sample. The data collection instrument was a structure. Questionnaire is
consisting of close-ended and open-ended questions. The structured questionnaire was divided
into 4 parts.Part 1 will be multiple choice and open ended questions. While Part 2 and 3 requires
the sample to answer the questions based on Likert (3 and 5 point) scale. The survey
questionnaire will consist of questions regarding the journalist‟s personal background and
satisfaction with job and salary.
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A number of statements are developed with respect to a topic the score will be calculated in
order to get accurate data and respondents must answer the questions base on the three point
scale.
Data Collection Procedure
The process of data collection took 4 months, i.e.September to December,2017. As the
researcher was former journalist. Who worked in newspaper, they approached the respondents
with a questionnaires. Further, they explained the purpose of the study to the identified
respondents who cooperated with them in filling the questionnaires. Some journalists asked the
researcher to leave the questionnaire with them. In spite of being given the questionnaires they
did not return in time.
As the researcher was staying in Acharya Nagarjuna University Hostel in Nagarjuna Nagar, he
led to travels Vijayawada, Nandigam, Gudivada, Pamarru, Jaggaiahpeta, Uyyuru,
Ibrahimpatnam, Machilipatinam, Hunauman Junction, Gannavaram, Avanigadda and other
Assembly consistence to meet some respondents. Although prior appointments were fixed with
few respondents, they were not available on account of special assignments.
Operational Definitions
Newspaper. A collection of folded printed sheets of paper published periodically (daily) for
circulating news.
Working Journalist. “Working journalist” means a person whose mainoccupation is that of a
journalist and who is employed as such, either whole-time or part-time, in, or in relation to, one
or more newspaper establishments.
StaffReporter.A person who writes news stories for a newspaper, magazine, etc., or a reporter
of the permanent staff of a newspaper
Regular Contributor. To write and send for publications with others, or a person who sends
written news for publication.
Stringer.A journalist employed part time by a newspaper or news agency to cover a particular
(esp remote) town or area.
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Data Analysis
Table 1 shows the demographic information. For this research, researchers collected data from
members of Vijayawada press club. All respondents were male because they were no female
Members (reporters) of Vijayawada press club. According collected data 39% respondents are in
the age group of 36 to 45 years, 27 % have age group 26 to 30 years and 19 % were in age group
of 46 to 56 years while 14 percent respondents were in age group of 56 years above.
Table -1 Demographic Information
S. No Particulars Respondents %
1 Age
20-25Years 1 1.0
26-35 27 27.0
36-45 39 39.0
46-55 19 19.0
56 Years Above 14 14.0
Total 100 100.0
2 Cast
FC 41 41.0
BC 33 33.0
SC 23 23.0
ST 1 1.0
Others 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0
3 Education
Below Degree 24 24.0
Degree 48 48.0
Post-Graduation 20 20.0
Technical/ Certificate Courses 8 8.0
Total 100 100.0
4 Members in Family
Two Members 11 1100
There Members 22 22.0
Four members 51 51.0
Five Above Members 16 16.0
Total 100 100.0
Majority of respondents (41%) from Forward Castes followed by Backward Castes (33%) and
Scheduled castes (23%) and Scheduled Tribes one percent. Two respondents were not interested
to claim their castes.
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Majority of respondents 48% have Degree qualification. 24% respondents were Undergraduates
and 20 % were Postgraduates. Only 8 % respondents have Technical/ Certificate Courses.
In the total sample of 100, 51 % of the respondents have four members in their family, followed
by 22 % have Three members. 16 % have five above members in their families. The rest of 11 %
respondents have two members in their families.
Table 2 Journalism Course and Appointment
S. No Statements Yes No Can‟t say
1 Have you Study Journalism Course? (Diploma or P.G) 22 78 -
2 Have you got training in the organization after joining in 38 62 -
the job
3 Have you received your appointment letter 26 70 4
Statement: Have you studied journalism course?
A very large majority 78 % of respondents journalists said they will not studied journalism
course. Only 22 % journalists answered that they studied journalism course.
Statement: Have you got training in the organization?
Training and professional development opportunities help journalistsimprove their skills and
move up the career ladder. Only 38 % journalists felt that such opportunities were available to
them at their organization while 62% felt such training where not provided by their organization.
Statement: Have you received your appointment letter?
A very large majority (70%) of journalists said they were not received appointment letters from
the management. Only 26 % were received.
Table 3. Working position in Organization
S. No Name of the Total Stinger Regular Staffer
Newspaper contributor
1 Eenadu 10 7 3 -
2 Sakshi 16 5 8 3
3 Andhra Jyothi 16 5 5 6
4 Andhra Bhoomi 14 1 8 5
5 Andhra Prabha 9 3 6 -
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6 Vaartha 7 - 7 -
7 Surya 10 - 7 3
8 Prajashakti 10 - 8 2
9 Visalandra 8 1 6 1
Total 100 22 58 20
Table 3 describes the type of the appointment of the respondents more than half(58 %) of the
respondents have been working temporarily in the respective organizations. While only 20 %of
the respondents are on permanent basis.Interestingly, more member of stringers is founded in big
media organizations. Eenadu has 7 and Andhra Jyothi, Sakshi newspapers has 5 stringers each,
Andhra Prabha has employed 3 and Andhra Bhoomi and Visalandra have one stringers each on
a temporally bases.
Similarly, the Telugu Newspapers Sakshi, Andhra Bhoomi, Prajashakti with 8 regular
contributors each. Vartha and Surya has 7 each regular contributors. Andhra Prabha and
Visalandra has 6 each regular contributors. But Eenadu has only 3 regular contributors.
Among the selected respondents exactly 20 % of the respondents have been appointed
permanently as Staff reporters in the respective organizations. Andhra Jyothi has 6 and Andhra
bhoomi has 5 Staff reporters on permanent basis.
Table 4. Caste &Organization
S. No Name of the Total Forward Backward Scheduled Scheduled Others
Newspaper Caste Class Caste Tribe
1 Eenadu 10 4 4 2 - -
2 Sakshi 16 6 5 4 - 1
3 Andhra Jyothi 16 10 3 3 - -
4 Andhra 14 3 6 5 - -
Bhoomi
5 Andhra 9 3 4 - 1 1
Prabha
6 Vaartha 7 5 1 1 - -
7 Surya 10 5 3 2 - -
8 Prajashakti 10 3 3 4 - -
9 Visalandra 8 2 4 2 - -
Total 100 41 33 23 1 1
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In Indian society, caste hierarchy plays a predominant role and every individual belongs to one
caste or another. Those castes for the purpose of government records are divided into four: open
Category /Forward Caste (FC), Backward Class (BC), Schedule Caste (SC) and Schedule Tribe
(ST).
Open Category represents the upper castes in social hierarchy. Table 4 shows the caste
distribution of the total 100 respondents. 41 % of them belong to Forward Caste, 33 % are from
backward class, 23 % belong to Scheduled Caste. Among the total respondents only one
respondent belong to Scheduled Tribe.
10 OC respondents found in Andhra Jyothi, 6 BC respondents are found in Andhra Bhoomi
followed by 5 SC. Interestingly only one ST respondent fromAndhra Prabha.
Table 5.Job & Salary satisfaction
S. Satisfaction Total Mostly Satisfied Satisfied/Neither Unsatisfied Mostly
No Satisfied unsatisfied unsatisfied
1 Job or 100 11 24 49 12 4
work
Satisfaction
2 Salary 100 2 13 41 34 10
Satisfaction
The researchers asked two questions aboutthe satisfaction on work and salary.
Statement: Are you satisfied with the job?
Among the total respondents only 11% were mostly satisfied, 24% respondents were satisfied.
49 % respondents said neither satisfied nor unsatisfied and 12% respondents express their un
satisfaction on the present job. Finally only 4 %respondents express their view mostly
unsatisfied.
Similarly the researchers asks to the respondents to satisfaction with present salary. Among the
respondents only 2 members said mostly satisfied with present salary. 13%were satisfied.
Majority of respondents (41%) were mostly satisfied nor unsatisfied with present salary. But
812 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
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34% respondents clearly said they were unsatisfied with the salary and 10 % were mostly
unsatisfied.
Table -6 Working Conditions
S. No Statements Total Yes No Can‟t say
1 Are you receiving Monthly salary 100 33 48 19
2 Are you expecting any promotion in your work ? 100 24 37 39
3 Does organization transferred you 100 17 78 5
4 Does your organization look at you/observer at you 100 88 3 9
5 Are you planning to quite current organization and join 100 17 57 26
other organization
6 Do you continue in the same profession 100 48 4 48
Statement: Are you receiving monthly salary?
Only 33 % of the respondents received monthly salary.
Statement: Are you expecting any promotion in your work ?
Only 24 % said yes remaining 37 % respondents said no and 39 % were said can‟t say.
Statement: Does organization transferred you?
78 % respondents said „No‟ because they were part time reporters.
Statement: Does your organization look at you/observer at you?
88 %respondents said yes
Statement: Are you planning to quitfrom current organization and join other organization?
Only 17 % respondents said yes.
Statement: Do you continue in the same profession?
48 % respondents said „Yes‟ only 4 % respondents were said „No‟ but, 48 percent respondents
said can‟t say.
Table 7. Annual Income of the Journalists
Range of income in Rupees Respondents %
Below 50,000 34 34.0
50,001-1,00000 40 40.0
1,00001-2,00000 6 6.0
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200001 Above 1 1.0
Can‟t say 19 19.0
Total 100 100.0
The survey research shows that Andhra Pradesh Telugu print media salaries.
Among the total respondents 40 %were said they earning 50 thousand to one lack rupees for
annum. 34 % respondents earning less than 50 thousand rupees, only one respondent said they
received 2 lacks above salary per annum. 19% respondents not interesting said their salary
because they felt guilty.
Table 8. Monthly Salary cross tabulation
S. No Name of the Total Yes No Can‟t say
Newspaper
1 Eenadu 10 10 - -
2 Sakshi 16 11 5 -
3 Andhra Jyothi 16 5 7 4
4 Andhra Bhoomi 14 1 8 5
5 Andhra Prabha 9 - 6 3
6 Vaartha 7 - 7 -
7 Surya 10 - 7 3
8 Prajashakti 10 6 2 2
9 Visalandra 8 - 6 2
Total 100 33 48 19
Among the 100 respondents 10 were worked in Eendadu Newspaper. All they were said received
salary every month, in this Sakshi and Andhra JyothiNewspapers working respondents 16 each.
In Sakshi 11 respondents received their salaries every month, but in Andhra Jyothi only 5
respondents received salaries. Followed by Prajashakti (6), and Andhra Bhoomi (1) received
their salaries promptly. But, Andhra Prabha, Surya,Vartha there are not paid salaries to their
journalists. Overall, 48 % respondents clearly said they have not received salaries, but 19 percent
respondents not interesting to sayabout Salary. The reason is they felt guilty to express about
drawing salary information.
814 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
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Summary of key findings
Only 20 % of journalists are completed journalism course.
While 62 % answered that were not provided training by their organization.
70 % have no appointment letters.
58 % journalists working in temporary basis.
More number of stringer in big media organization.
Andhra Jyothi have more number of Forwarded Caste reporters.
Only 11 % respondents satisfied their job.
Among the total number of respondents only 2 respondents said mostly satisfied their
present salary.
Above 70 % respondents not satisfied their salaries.
Above 70% respondents not excepting any promotion and any transfer. Becausethey were
not permanent employees.
Only 17 % respondentsthought to quit their jobs.
Similarly 48 % respondents said continue in the same profession.
40 %respondents said they earning 50 thousand to one Lack rupees for annum.
Recommendations for Future Research
The sample of this study focused on the Krishna District (Rural) Press Reportersin special
reference Andhra Pradesh. Future research should be investigate the model in a different setting,
such as Visakhapatnam (City), and Tirupati (Urban). Therefore, additional studies should be
conducted on these areas to measure and investigate the related factors that affect journalism.
Other determinant factors should be considered in feature research as well, such as technological
factors, environmental factors and infrastructure factors.
Discussion
The objective of the survey is to provide and over view of the Job and Salary satisfactions of
journalists in Andhra Pradesh, alongterm practice has been pressuring journalists to work as
volunteers or for many months on probation, although they actually perform full-time jobs. This
is strategy often used by employers in ordered to avoid paying contributories and PF (Provident
Fund). Young journalists are in this light often treated as qualified, but cheap labor force.
815 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
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Provisions in laws that prescribed dismissals or removals from working journalist positions need
to be defined more precisely. A particular problem in journalism is very little number of
reporters comes under this working journalists category, remaining all were stringers or
contributories, because the rules was not applicable to these journalists.
There is no data on the number of part time journalists the newspaper management never display
their reporters. Because they never commit on paper, they were treat unofficial, reason is to
avoid paying salaries.Available sources showthat the most violated area rights to salary, length
of working day payment of contribution, right to severance pay, and violation of dismissal and
disciplinary procedures. Participants in this survey think that the amount of salary is an important
factor in job satisfaction. Many young journalists worked for years in the status of stringers and
contributors. They did receive an honorarium or Contribution / Consolidate pay or Line account.
Many of them they did receive an invitations for breakfast and meals from the press meet
/program organizers and some other financial gifts (money covers).
Conclusion
One of the important value of the journalistic profession, public service is the nature of the
journalism. However, this is increasingly under pressure, as the financial motives in media
companies grow stronger. Financial motive are not new, they are as old as media themselves.
The balance between financial and journalistic motives, however, has changed making
journalism more like any other industry.
This study has looked in to the satisfaction of job and salary of rural journalists working in major
Telugu Daily Newspapers. The discussion of the research results is as follows first, the objective
that a journalists salary, job satisfaction will have an influence on their working conditions.
Moreover, journalist unions in Andhra Pradesh should concentrate for supporting journalists to
solve the problems by decreasing the level of stress amongst journalists and also the Association
must concentrate on resolving Journalists problems than personnel and political interests.
Similarly, the management of Newspapers in Andhra Pradesh should provide salaries to
journalists and to provide proper training and job security and facilities at work. The
Government also have taken steps to implement the recommendations of the Majidiya wage
board and to protect journalist‟s rights and lives.
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