(DND) Daily News Discussion - 21st - 22nd September 2021 our YouTube channel for entire GS Course FREE of cost - Sleepy Classes
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Daily News
Discussion
(DND)
2 1st - 2 2 nd Se pte mb er 20 21
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Table of Contents
1. Mains value addition..............................................................................................................1
2. Environment ...........................................................................................................3
2.1.Forest Rights Act, 2006 (TH) ..............................................................................................3
2.2.Super-hydrophobic cotton (DTE) .......................................................................................4
2.3.Sea Cucumber (PIB)...............................................................................................................5
2.4.Vishnuonyx (IE).......................................................................................................................5
3. Science & Technology ..........................................................................................6
3.1.State Food Safety Index (SFSI)- (PIB) ................................................................................6
3.2.Reproduction number, or R Value (TH) ............................................................................6
4. Geography ...............................................................................................................7
4.1.Lake Tanganyika (DTE) .........................................................................................................7
5. Economy ..................................................................................................................8
5.1.Global innovation index (PIB) .............................................................................................8
5.2.Rail Kaushal Vikas Yojana (RKVY)-(TH) ..........................................................................8
5.3.Pearl farming in tribal areas(IE) .........................................................................................10
6. Polity .........................................................................................................................11
6.1.Religious composition of India’s population (TH) ..........................................................11
7. International Relation .........................................................................................13
7.1.Samudra Shakti exercise (PIB) ............................................................................................13
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1. Mains value addition
Youth Health (P-II/III)
• Murals of Paralympic winners on the wall near Hanuman Mandir in Delhi
• By creative team of Delhi street art partnered with North Municipal corporation of Delhi to
pay tribute to Paraolympic medal winner.
Higher education (Paper II)
Example (University ranking)
• National Institutional Ranking Framework : 30% weightage to Research Performance and
Professional Practices
• Times Higher Education : Research weightage (60%)
• Academic Ranking of World Universities (solely on the basis of research performance)
NIRF Findings
• Higher the institution spends on salaries of the staff, the higher is the ranking of the
university
• Larger the number of research scholars, the higher the ranks of the universities in terms
of RPP.
• Eg : In research performance NIRF reveals that the best university scored 92.6% in the
research category. This score declined to 60.52% for university that got the 10th spot
Agriculture (Paper III )
Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households report (NSO)
• Household Income
✓ An average agricultural household earned a total monthly income of Rs 10,218 during
2018-19 (July-June).
✓ Out of this, the net receipts from crop production were just Rs 3,798 and from farming of
animals was Rs 1,582. Taken together, this hardly contributes 53% of the total household
income.
✓ The single-largest income source was actually the wages/salary, at Rs 4,063.
E Waste (Paper III )
UN report
• The world produced around 53.6 million tonnes of e-waste in 2019, out of which only
17.4% was recycled termed this phenomenon a ‘tsunami of e- waste’. India
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• India generated 3,230 kilo-tonnes (KT) of e-waste, out of which only 30 KT of e-waste
was formally collected in 2019
• It generated around 2.4 kilograms of e-waste per capita; only 1 per cent of e-waste was
formally collected.
• States like Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh are the states with the highest
number of authorized recyclers / dismantlers
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2. Environment
2.1.Forest Rights Act, 2006 (TH)
• After a long delay, the Jammu and Kashmir government has decided to implement the
Forest Rights Act, 2006
• It will elevate the socio-economic status of a sizeable section of the 14-lakh-strong
population of tribals and nomadic communities, including Gujjar-Bakerwals and Gaddi-
Sippis, in the Union Territory
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Significance
• It will help in ensuring a dignified life to the tribal population.
• Tribal people have close ties with forests and sadly there was no legal framework.
• The move will address the prolonged suffering of tribal people and also ensure forest
conservation.
• In the past few years, there were growing cases of eviction of tribals from forest land in
parts of the Kashmir Valley and Jammu region.
• The government termed them “illegal encroachers” but the regional parties accused the
Forest Department of acting above the law in these cases
• According to The Forum for Human Rights in J&K, headed by former Supreme Court
judge Justice Madan B. Lokur and former J&K interlocutor Radha Kumar, the Union
Territory saw the arbitrary demolition of Gujjar and Bakerwal houses during a forest
reclamation drive in contravention of the Forest Rights Act of 2006.
2.2.Super-hydrophobic cotton (DTE)
• Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Guwahati, have developed a new
class of super-hydrophobic cotton composite with Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) that
promise marine oil-spill clean-up in near future.
About
• It is highly porous and water-repellent super-hydrophobic cotton composite material
containing MOF, which can absorb oil
selectively from an oil-water mixture
• The MOF composite has great
capability for selective separation of
the oils from oil / water mixtures
and the separation efficiency lies
between 95 per cent and 98 per cent,
irrespective of the chemical
composition and density of the oils
• Besides, the MOF composite is also
able to absorb large volumes of oils
and can be reused for a minimum of
10 times so that the sorbents can provide more recovery of the spilled oil.
• Both heavy and light oils can be effectively absorbed by the material, which is easy to
prepare, cost-effective and recyclable
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2.3.Sea Cucumber (PIB)
• The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) team at Mandapam, Tamil Nadu seized two tonnes of sea
cucumber, a banned marine species.
Sea cucumber
• They are marine invertebrates that live on the seafloor found generally in tropical regions
• They act like garbage collectors of the ocean world, and they recycle nutrients, thus
playing an important role in keeping coral reefs in good condition
• Sea cucumber in India is treated as an endangered species listed under schedule I of
Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
• It is primarily smuggled from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in fishing vessels from
Ramanathapuram and Tuticorin districts.
• Sea cucumbers are in high demand in China and Southeast Asia
• World’s first Conservation area for Sea cucumber
✓ By Lakshadweep Islands administration in 2020.
2.4.Vishnuonyx (IE)
• Recently researcher discovered Vishnuonyx fossils from area of Hammerschmiede, which
is a fossil site in Bavaria, Germany
About
• Between 12.5 million and 14 million years ago, members of a genus of otters called
Vishnuonyx lived in the major rivers of southern Asia.
• Fossils of these now extinct otters were first discovered in sediments found in the foothills
of the Himalayas.
• Now, a newly found fossil indicates it had travelled as far as Germany.
• Vishnuonyx were mid-sized predators that weighed, on average, 10-15 kg. Before this, the
genus was known only in Asia and Africa
• Vishnuonyx depended on water and could not travel long distances over land
• According to the researchers, its travels over 6,000 km were probably made possible by the
geography of 12 million years ago, when the Alps were recently formed.
• These Alps and the Iranian Elbrus Mountains were separated by a large ocean basin,
which would have made it easier for the otters to cross it
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3. Science & Technology
3.1.State Food Safety Index (SFSI)- (PIB)
• Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare released Food Safety and Standards
Authority of India (FSSAI)’s 3rd State Food Safety Index (SFSI)
• The first State Food Safety Index for the year 2018-19 was announced on the first-ever
World Food Safety Day on 7th June 2019.
• It also flagged off 19 Mobile Food Testing Vans (Food Safety on Wheels) to supplement
the food safety ecosystem across the country taking the total number of such mobile
testing vans to 109.
State Food Safety Index (SFSI)
• It felicitated nine leading States/UTs based on the ranking for the year 2020-21 for their
impressive performance
• Larger states : Gujarat was the top ranking state, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• Smaller states : Goa stood first followed by Meghalaya and Manipur.
• Uts :Jammu & Kashmir, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and New Delhi secured top ranks
• Parameters
✓ Human Resources and Institutional ✓ Food Testing Facility
Data
✓ Training and Capacity Building
✓ Compliance ✓ Consumer Empowerment
FSSAI
• FSSAI is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
• Government of India, established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.
• The body is responsible for promoting and protecting public health through various
regulations and supervisions of food safety.
3.2.Reproduction number, or R Value (TH)
• The R value, which reflects how rapidly the COVID-19 pandemic is spreading, dropped to
0.92 by mid-September after going over one in August-end, according to experts.
• However, the R values in a few major cities — Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Bengaluru
— still remain over one. The R value in Delhi and Pune is below one.
• Ittells the average number of people who will catch the disease from one contagious
person.
• Product of three numbers: The number of days an infected person remains infectious (that
is, can infect others).
✓ The number of susceptible persons available to infect.
✓ The chance that a susceptible person gets infected
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4. Geography
4.1.Lake Tanganyika (DTE)
• As per Save the Children a global independent organisation for children reports most of
the internal displacement in East Africa’s Burundi due to rise of Lake Tanganyika
Reason
• Climate shocks, mainly the rapid and significant rise of Lake Tanganyika, caused at least
84 per cent internal migration in East Africa’s Burundi in the recent years
• Floods, storms and landslides led to a new displacement crisis in the region
• Brundi’s most people living along the
shores of Lake Tanganyika among the
four countries bordering it.
Lake Tanganyika
• Lake Tanganyika is an African Great
Lake.
• It is the second-oldest freshwater lake
in the world,the second-largest by
volume, and the second-deepest, in all
cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia.
• It is the world's longest freshwater
lake.
• The lake is shared between four
countries—Tanzania,the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (DRC),
Burundi,and Zambia, with Tanzania
(46%) and DRC (40%) possessing the
majority of the lake. It drains into the
Congo River system and ultimately
into the Atlantic Ocean.
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5. Economy
5.1.Global innovation index (PIB)
• India has climbed 2 spots and has been ranked 46th by the World Intellectual
• Property Organization in the Global Innovation Index 2021 rankings
About
• Launched by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
• It is published in partnership with the Portulans Institute and other corporate partners
• Switzerland, Sweden, U.S., and U.K. continue to lead the innovation ranking
• Asia: Singapore (8), China (12), Japan (13) and Hong Kong, China (14).
• India has shot up from a rank of 81 in 2015 to 46 in 2021.
• India performs better in innovation outputs than innovation inputs in 2021
• Indicators:grouped into innovation inputs and outputs.
• Innovation inputs: Institutions; Human capital and research; Infrastructure; Market
sophistication; Business sophistication.
• Innovation outputs: Knowledge and technology outputs; Creative outputs
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
• Specialized agency of the United Nations
• Aims for the promotion and protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).
5.2.Rail Kaushal Vikas Yojana (RKVY)-(TH)
• Indian Railways took a leap in advancement of Skill India Mission by launching the “Rail
Kaushal Vikas Yojana (RKVY)” under the aegis of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
(PMKVY)
• Rail Kaushal Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
• Launched by Ministry of Railways
• It aims to empower youth by providing entry level training in skills relevant to industry as
part of 75 years of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav.
• Under the mission, training will be provided to 50000 candidates in a period of three
years.
• In the initial phase, training will be provided to 1000 candidates.
• Youth will be trained in four trades namely, Electrician, Welder, Machinist and Fitter.
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• Mission comprises of initial basic training of 100 hours.
• In later phases, zonal railways will add other trades to the training programs.
• Youth will be trained for free and participants will be selected from applications
received online, on the basis of marks in matriculation.
• Candidates who are 10th passed and between 18-35 years shall be eligible to apply
• Launched in 2015, is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Skill Development &
Entrepreneurship (MSDE) implemented by National Skill Development Corporation.
• It aims to train over 40 crore people in India in different skills by 2022.
• It aims at vocational training and certification of Indian youth for a better livelihood and
respect in the society.
PMKVY 1.0 (2015)
• To encourage and promote skill development in the country by providing free short
duration skill training and incentivizing this by providing monetary rewards to youth for
skill certification.
• In 2015-16, 19.85 lakh candidates were trained
PMKVY 2.0 (2016-20)
• Launched by scaling up both in terms of Sector andGeography and by greater alignment
with other missions of the Government of India like Make in India, Digital India,
Swachh Bharat, etc.
• More than 1.2 Crore youth have been trained/oriented through an improved
standardized skilling ecosystem in the country under PMKVY 1.0 and PMKVY 2.0.
PMKVY 3.0 (2021)
• It envisages training of eight lakh candidates over a scheme period of 2020-2021
• It will be implemented in a more decentralized structure with greater responsibilities and
support from States/UTs and Districts.
• District Skill Committees (DSCs), under the guidance of State Skill Development
Missions (SSDM), shall play a key role in addressing the skill gap and assessing demand at
the district level.
• The focus is on bridging the demand-supply gap by promoting skill development in areas
of new-age and Industry 4.0 job roles.
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5.3.Pearl farming in tribal areas(IE)
• The Trifed (Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India) inked an
agreement with the Jharkhand-based Purty Agrotech on Monday for the promotion of
pearl farming in tribal areas.
• As part of the agreement, Purty Agrotech pearls will be sold through 141 Tribes India
outlets, apart from various e-commerce platforms.
About
• Purty Agrotech’s centre will be developed into a Van Dhan Vikas Kendra Cluster
(VDVKC). Besides, there is a plan to develop 25 such VDVKCs for pearl farming in
Jharkhand
• The Trifed has also signed an MoU with e-grocery platform Big Basket to promote and sell
natural ‘Van Dhan’ products
Pearl Farming
• Pearls are the only gemstones in the world that come from a living creature.
• Mollusks such as oysters and mussels produce these precious jewels that people have
adored since ancient times.
• Pearl oysters are farmed in a number of countries in the world in the production of
cultured pearls.
• On a global level, Japan is considered as the major producer of pearls, other like Australia
and India
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6. Polity
6.1.Religious composition of India’s population (TH)
• A new study on the religious composition of India’s population since Partition said due to
the “declining and converging fertility patterns” of Hindus and Muslims, there have been
only marginal changes in the overall religious composition of the population since 1951
Key Findings
• From 1992 to 2015, the total fertility rates of Muslims declined from 4.4 to 2.6, while that of
Hindus declined from 3.3 to 2.1, indicating that “the gaps in childbearing between India’s
religious groups are much smaller than they used to be
• Between 1951 and 1961, the Muslim population expanded by 32.7%, 11 percentage points
more than India’s overall rate of 21.6%. But this gap had narrowed.
• From 2001 to 2011, the difference in growth
between Muslims (24.7%) and Indians
overall (17.7%) was 7 percentage points
• India’s Christian population grew at the
slowest pace of the three largest groups in
the most recent Census decade — gaining
15.7% between 2001 and 2011, a far lower
growth rate than the one recorded in the
decade following Partition (29.0%)
• All the six major religious groups —
Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs,
Buddhists and Jains — have grown in
absolute numbers. The sole exception to
this trend are Parsis, whose number halved between 1951 and 2011, from 110,000 to
60,000.
• Out of India’s total population of 1,200 million, about 8 million did not belong to any of
the six major religious groups. Within this category, mostly comprising adivasi people,
the largest grouping was of the Sarnas (nearly 5 million adherents), followed by the Gond
(1 million) and the Sari Dharma (5,10,000).
• Migration has had only a modest impact on India’s religious composition.
• More than 99% of people who live in India were also born in India and migrants
leaving India outnumber immigrants three- to-one, with “Muslims more likely than
Hindus to leave India”, while “immigrants into India from Muslim-majority countries are
disproportionately Hindu.”
• Religious conversion has also had a negligible impact on India’s overall composition,
with 98% of Indian adults still identifying with the religion in which they were raised.
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Concerns
• Observing that a preference for sons over daughters could play a role in overall fertility,
the study noted that sex-selective abortions had caused an estimated deficit of 20 million
girls compared with what would naturally be expected between 1970 and 2017, and that
“this practice is more common among Indian Hindus than among Muslims and
Christians”.
• Women in central India tended to have more children, with Bihar and Uttar Pradesh
showing a total fertility rate (TFR) of 3.4 and 2.7 respectively, in contrast to a TFR of 1.7
and 1.6 in Tamil Nadu and Kerala respectively.
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7. International Relation
7.1.Samudra Shakti exercise (PIB)
• Recently Indian Naval Ships Shivalik and Kadmatt participated in Samudra Shakti
exercise
About
• The third edition of maritime exercise ‘Samudra Shakti’ between India and Indonesia
will be conducted from 20th-22nd September, 2021 in the Sunda Strait.
• The exercise aims to strengthen the bilateral relationship, enhance mutual understanding
and interoperability in maritime operations between the two navies.
• The exercise will also provide an appropriate platform to share best practices and develop
a common understanding of Maritime Security Operations.
Other exercises
• CORPAT :The 36th edition of India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (India-Indonesia
CORPAT) between the Indian Navy and the Indonesian Navy is being conducted
• Shakti – India & France
• Garuda Shakti – India & Indonesia
• Mitra Shakti – India & SL
• Harimau Shakti – India & Malaysia
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