Diversity of weevils in rice mills of Tehsil Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
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Pure Appl. Biol., 10(3):751-760, September, 2021
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100077
Research Article
Diversity of weevils in rice mills of Tehsil
Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
Haleema Zafar1, Sumera Afsheen1, Abdul Rauf Bhatti2, Muhammad
Faheem Malik1, Saiyed Ahmed Zia2, Sidra Mubeen1 and Sadia Sidra
Aziz1*
1. Department of Zoology, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, 50700, Gujrat, Punjab-Pakistan
2. National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, 44000. Islamabad-Pakistan
*Corresponding author’s email: sadia.sidra.aziz@gmail.com
Citation
Haleema Zafar, Sumera Afsheen, Abdul Rauf Bhatti, Muhammad Faheem Malik, Saiyed Ahmed Zia, Sidra
Mubeen and Sadia Sidra Aziz. Diversity of weevils in rice mills of Tehsil Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Pure and
Applied Biology. Vol. 10, Issue 3, pp751-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100077
Received: 07/08/2020 Revised: 29/10/2020 Accepted: 27/11/2020 Online First: 05/12/2020
Abstract
Weevils belonging to the genus Sitophilus (Order Coleoptera and Family Curculionidae) cause
a great loss to stored grains like maize, rice, wheat, barley, macaroni etc. If unchecked, these
pests can cause a great loss every year in stored grains. The present study is based on finding
the Diversity of weevils in rice mills of Tehsil Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 315 samples
were collected from nine sites in five months, which belonged to three different species; then
brought to the lab and identified under a stereoscope. Three species found in rice mills were
Sitophilus zeamais, Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus granarius. Diversity was similar
throughout, but abundance varied concerning temperature and humidity. As these two
parameters increased, abundance also increased. Humidity was highest in August and so was
abundance. The ratio of female weevils was more than male weevils. The correlation came to
be positive between the two parameters and Diversity.
Keywords: Diversity; Sitophilus granarius; Sitophilus oryzae; Sitophilus zeamais; Stored
grains
Introduction Weevils belong to the super family
Granaries such as wheat and rice are Curculionidea and hold a large portion of
attacked by small insects such as weevils well-known species of the order Coleoptera
and beetles. The higher temperature in [4]. Some weevils have snout as long as
summer favors the growth of these pests their body length. Major types of weevils
[1]. Some weevils hide inside the seeds as attacking grains belong to Sitophilus
eggs or larval stages when brought for species [5]. Various survey programs have
storage and only appear when they are shown that infestation caused by weevils is
mature or reach the adult stage and move to seasonal or timely and varies between
the other seeds thus causing destruction. different months of the year [6]. The
The number of weevil species that have present study was carried out during other
been reported so far is about 62000, and the months of the year to check out the species
existing species are about 220,000 [2]. Diversity as the species Diversity and
According to another estimate loss caused factors affecting are unaddressed so far in
by insect-pests in stored grains worldwide the Gujrat area of Pakistan. Gujrat is
is 10-40% [3]. located between two rivers of Pakistan i.e.
Chenab and Jhelum. The total area of
Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 751
Zafar et al.
District Gujrat is about 1232.4 Miles², or with mesh of 1mm round modified after
3192 km². It is located Pereira et al. [9]. Collected samples were
32°34′25.67″N 74°4′44.18″E according to killed in 70% ethanol [10] and preserved in
geographic coordinates. The study was 70-80% ethyl alcohol [11].The samples
conducted based on sampling from were then identified under stereoscope
different rice mills of Tehsil Gujrat. Sites using key modified after Dobie et al [12].
were visited at different times of month Insects and arachnids of tropical stored
from April to August 2016 for the products, their biology and identification (a
collection of samples. training manual) and an identification guide
Much of the work has been done on by Bousquet was also followed [13]. After
Sitophilus genus around the world but work identification specimens were pinned
on the respective species lay neglected so properly in insect box and naphthalene balls
far in Pakistan according to my findings. were placed in boxes for dry preservation of
Many species of weevils cause destruction specimens and prevent them from spoilage.
in storages around the world. Temperature Collection was stored in zoological
and moisture conditions of store houses are museum in department of Zoology
usually favorable for weevils to grow and University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. The
flourish [7]. This phenomenon was also collected data was analyzed by using
supported in the present research work. Microsoft excel 2010. Statistical analysis
Stored grain insect pests cause as much was done using SPSS (Statistical Package
damage to the grains as do the pests on for Social Sciences). Moreover, species
crops before harvesting. Because of diversity was calculated using Shannon
potential for economic damage caused by diversity index. Species richness was found
stored product insects, there is a growing using Margalef’s diversity index.
need for better understanding of not only Results and Discussion
behavior of stored product insects but also Total nine rice mills were visited in Tehsil
their ecology to be used in developing Gujrat from April to August 2016. The rice
better and safer pest management [8]. The mills had almost similar conditions with
efficient control of insect pests depends minor fluctuations. These conditions were
upon the knowledge of particular species temperature, storage conditions and
and their Diversity. Therefore, current humidity. Diversity was dependent upon
study was designed to know about the humidity and temperature conditions. The
Diversity of species found so that further results indicated that Diversity and richness
work can be carried to control the growth remained constant whereas abundance
and prevalence of weevils as no record has increased with increasing temperature and
been found on this project ever before in humidity. It is supported by Ahmad (1956)
this area to the best of our knowledge. The that more humid conditions support more
objectives of this research were to find the attack of pests including Sitophilus species
Diversity of weevil species in rice mills of [14]. Overall 315 specimens of weevils
Tehsil Gujrat and to discover new species were collected in these months. The
of weevils, if any. collected weevils belonged to genus
Objectives Sitophilus and three species granarius,
1. To explore species of weevils in zeamais and oryzae. Out of these 138
granaries of Tehsil Gujrat, Punjab Pakistan. (43.8%) were S.granarius, 92 (29.2%)
2. To find species Diversity due to variation S.zeamais and 85 (27%) S.oryzae. Among
in temperature and moisture conditions. all the specimens 42.9% were males and
Materials and Methods 57.1% females. Pupal or larval stages were
The samples were collected from 9 well- not found as they pass these stages inside
known rice mills of Gujrat area. Weevils rice grains. Longer the time period of
were separated from samples using sieve storage more abundant would be species as
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Pure Appl. Biol., 10(3):751-760, September, 2021
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supported by Tara et al. and Sharma et al. in color with no spots over elytra. There are
[4, 15]. It was also found in this study that no wings present beneath elytra but if they
female ratio is higher than the male ratio are found, they are vestigial only. Male and
which is also supported by Danho et al. female are distinguished on the basis of the
[16]. abdomen, rostrum and a belt between
Key to species and genus of specimens pronotum and mesonotum. Females have
Sitophilus species of weevils are dark flat abdomen, long thin rostrum and a wide
brown to black in color, have long snout, belt separating mesonotum and pronotum.
elbowed antennae, body pitted with Whereas males have opposite characters
numerous punctures and elytra present. like curved abdomen, narrow belt and less
Key for the recorded species of Sitophilus curved rostrum. (Fig. 1-8).
genus Second species: Sitophilus zeamais
1. Body uniformly reddish brown with no Weevils belonging to this species look
spots over elytra; no wings present under much like oryzae species. They are mostly
elytra, intervals over elytra wider than black in color. They have four yellow to
striae; pronotal punctures elongate as well orange spots present on elytra. Wings are
as distant; Females with thin rostrum, flat present beneath elytra. The difference
abdomen and a wide belt separating between male and females is one on the
pronotum and mesonotum. Males having basis of rostrum which is thick and small in
curved abdomen, rostrum slightly less female but thin and long in male. Secondly
curved and narrow belt granarius. this species can be differentiated from
2. Body black with four yellow to orange oryzae by the absence of a puncture free
elytral spots; wings under elytra present, zone present dorsally in middle portion of
intervals on elytra narrower than strial pronotum. Large number of punctures is
apertures; punctures on pronotum rounded present uniformly throughout (Fig. 9-12).
or slightly elongate and closer; Rostrum Third species: Sitophilus oryzae
thicker and small in male while it is thin and Third species of Sitophilus is oryzae which
long in females 2. is similar to zeamais in physical
3. Pronotum lacking any punctures at mid appearance. The basic difference is on the
line dorsally oryzae. basis of punctures present on pronotum.
4. Large number of pronotal punctures Though they are densely packed but there is
present dorsally with no free zone near a puncture free zone present at mid line. It
midline zeamais has four orange spots present on elytra and
First species: Sitophilus granarius wings present under elytra. Female has
Sitophilus granarius was distinguished thick and small rostrum whereas male has
very easily from other two species on the long and thin rostrum. (Fig. 13-15).
basis of its morphology. It is reddish brown
Figure 1. General body plan of granarius male showing uniform body color. Narrow belt
visible
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Zafar et al.
Figure 2. Rostrum of granaries (male) less curved and thick
Figure 3. Narrow belt between pronotum and mesonotum of male granaries
Figure 4. A wide belt present between pronotum and mesonotum of female granaries
Figure 5. Long thin rostrum and curved downward of granarius female
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Figure 6. Vestigeal wings of S.granarius beneath elytra
Figure 7. Curved abdomen of male granarius species
Figure 8. Flat abdomen of female granarius specie
Figure 9. Male of zeamaise species having four clear orange spots on elytra and dense
uniform punctures on pronotum
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Zafar et al.
Figure 10. Wings present beneath elytra of zeamaise
Figure 11. Rostrum thick and small of zeamais female species
Figure 12. Rostrum of zeamais thin and long (male)
Figure 13. Puncture free zone on pronotum, elytra having four yellow spots (male oryzae)
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Pure Appl. Biol., 10(3):751-760, September, 2021
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Figure 14. Short and thick rostrum of female S. oryzaespecie
Figure 15. Long and thin rostrum of male S.oryzae species
Species diversity and abundance collected out of which 9 were S.oryzae, 12
Species diversity was analyzed using S.zeamais and 6 S.granarius. In June 36
Shannon index. The value of Shannon samples were collected out of which 9 were
index for April was 1.02, May 1.06, June S.oryzae, 13 S.zeamais and 14 S.granarius.
1.08, July 1.05 and August 0.98 abundance In July 100 weevils were collected out of
of S.granarius was found to be 43.8%, which 25 were S.oryzae, 27 S.zeamais and
S.zeamais 29.2% and S.oryzae 27%. The 48 S.granarius. In August 128 weevils were
values of Shannon index indicate less collected out of which 32 were S.oryzae, 30
Diversity due to less evenness and richness were S.zeamais and 66 S.granarius.
throughout whereas abundance increases. Altogether there were 50 males and 88
Species richness and dominance females of S.granarius, 42 males and 50
Species richness was analyzed using females of zeamais, 43 males and 42
Margalef’s richness index. The values for females of S.oryzae. On the whole female
species richness for each month came out to species were dominant on male species.
be 0.62 for April, 0.60 for May, 0.56 for (Graph 1, 2).
June, 0.43 for July and 0.41 for August. Correlations
S.granarius was found to be a dominant Results between correlation of weevils’
species. The richness was found to be population, humidity and temperature
constant in five months. showed that they are very closely related to
Month-wise analysis of species of tehsil each other. Increase in temperature and
gujrat humidity has positive effect on population
During the collection 24 weevils were but humidity plays more significant role.
collected in April out of which there were With the increase in humidity population of
10 S.oryzae, 10 S.zeamais and 4 weevils increases. (Table 1 & 2).
S.granarius. In May 27 weevils were
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Graph 1. Showing comparative distribution of 3 species in five months
Graph 2. Showing gender wise distribution of weevils in 5 months
Table 1. Showing relation between temperature and population of weevils in 5 months
Months Temperature Population Correlation
April 29.23 24
May 30.52 28
0.697801
June 36.52 36
July 35.65 100
August 36.59 128
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Table 2. Showing correlation between humidity and population of weevils in 5 months
GRAPHS
Months Humidity Population Correlation
April 60 24
May 60.3 28
June 61.2 36 0.991661
July 67.2 100
August 68.1 128
Conclusion and Recommendations Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy.
Out of all rice mills granarius species was Zootaxa 1668: 491-520.
most abundant and oryzae was least 3. Matthews GA (1993). Insecticide
abundant. Abundance of species varied Application in stores. In: Application
w.r.t temperature and humidity which Technology for Crop Protection. CAB
increased each following month. The Intern 305–315.
results indicated that Diversity and richness 4. Tara JS, Sharma S & Kour R (2010). A
remained constant whereas abundance Record of Weevil (Coleoptera:
increased with increasing temperature and Curculionoidea) Diversity From
humidity. In addition to this storage period District Samba ( J & K ). History 5(3):
also played role i.e. longer the time period 391–394.
of storage more abundant would be species. 5. Bbosa D, Kohlhaas KA, Brumm TJ,
It was also concluded in this study that Bern CJ & Rosentrater KA (2014).
female ratio is higher than the male ratio. It Prediction of maize weevil population
is recommended that more work should be growth rate. pp. 10: 1-12.
carried out to find out Diversity of species 6. Shar MU, Rustamani MA, Nizamani
of weevils in storages in Tehsil Gujrat so SM & Bhutto LA (2011). Red palm
that effective methods can be devised for weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
eradication and prevention of infestation by Olivier) infestation and its chemical
pests. control in Sindh province of Pakistan.
Authors’ contributions African J of Agric Res 7(11): 1666-
Conceived and designed the experiments: S 1673.
Afsheen & MF Malik, Performed the 7. Harold H & Shepard HH (1947).
experiments: H Zafar & S Mubeen, Insects Infesting Stored Grain and
Analyzed the data: AR Bhatti & SA Zia, Seeds, (June), 31.
Contributed materials/ analysis/ tools: S 8. Nansen C, Flinn P, Hagstrum D,
Afsheen & MF Malik, Wrote the paper: H Toews MD & Meikle WG (2009).
Zafar & SS Aziz. Interspecific associations among
Acknowledgement stored-grain beetles. J of Stored Prod
Authors are highly thankful to the staff of Res 45(4): 254–260.
Department of Zoology for their 9. Pereira PRVS, Lazzari FA, Lazzari
cooperation. SMN & Almeida AA (1994).
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