DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF TUBULAR CONNECTIONS: AN EXAMPLE THROUGH THE SINGAPORE SPORTS HUB NATIONAL STADIUM ROOF
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF TUBULAR CONNECTIONS: AN EXAMPLE THROUGH THE SINGAPORE SPORTS HUB NATIONAL STADIUM ROOF Jane Nixon1, Richard Andrews2, Peter Marshall3 ABSTRACT:. The new 55,000 seat National Stadium (NST) of the Singapore Sports Hub is due to be completed in 2014. The NST roof is a highly efficient dome with a span and raise of 310m and 85m, supporting a movable roof. The structure formed by a series of criss-crossing triangular trusses made up of circular hollow sections (CHS), producing clean lines in the architecturally exposed structure. Connections needed to consider fatigue plus ultimate limit design. This, with preference from the fabricator, lead to the connections being formed profile cut tube to tube connections. Historically the design of such profile connections is based on plastic design using semi-empirical formulas. While this leads to a very efficient design, published data is often only applicable to simpler framing/geometry and assumed load paths. As well as complicated 3D geometry, the NST Roof is a highly refined efficient structure leading to limited repetition in connection geometry and loading. An innovative application of a variety of design methods was used to develop a series of design strategies for the tubular connections. This included using approaches from CIDECT and AWS (in particular the multiplanar parameter), which considered possible failure mechanisms typical in CHS connections and the load path through the connection. On highly complex and congested connections, finite element analysis was used, also requiring an understanding of materials to determine limiting strain and acceptability criteria for design. This paper will discuss this approach to design, balancing high-level technical design with delivery requirements for the project KEYWORDS: CIDECT, AWS, WELDED CONNECIONS, CHS, DOME STRUCTURE 1 Jane Nixon, Arup, level 10, 201 Kent Street, Sydney, Australia. Email: jane.nixon@arup.com 2 Richard Andrews. Arup, level 10, 201 Kent Street, Sydney, Australia. Email: richard.andrews@arup.com 3 Prof Peter Marshall, Centre of Offshore Research and Engineering, National University of Singapore, email: cvempw@nus.edu.sg
1 INTRODUCTION The Singapore National Stadium (NST) will form 2 OVERVIEW OF ROOF the centre piece to the new Singapore Sports Hub STRUCTURE and lies in the heart of the 35ha sports precinct (ref Figure 1) The dome structure is formed by a network of triangular primary arching trusses spanning over The roof, at a 310m clear span, will be the largest the bowl structure. They vary in both depth and covered dome roof in the word and at around width with a minimum depth of approximately 120kg/sqm of steel over the footprint area is an 2.5m at the base of the roof and a maximum depth extraordinarily efficient structure. of approximately 5.0m at the centre of the dome. The thrust of the dome is balanced by a 6m wide by 1.5m deep post-tensioned concrete ring beam. These primary trusses are then linked together by a series of triangular secondary trusses which directly supports the cladding. The primary and secondary trusses all work together to form a very stiff 3D space frame dome structure. There is an opening in the roof which is approximately 220m long by 82m wide over the football pitch. The roof directly supports the Figure 1: Architectural visualisation of the National movable roof, which opens and closes over this Stadium opening. via a series of ‘bogies’ running on the parallel ‘runway trusses’ that span perpendicular to A key feature of the new NST roof is the the pitch axis (ref Figure 3) retractable roof which will provide flexibility of the stadium usage, as well as contributing to the functionality of the “bowl cooling” provided to each and every seat in the stadium. This paper provides an introduction to the roof structure, and then focuses on challenges and considerations that contributed to the form of connections and shaped the philosophy developed for the connection design. Figure 3: Section through the National Stadium Key parties involved in the design and construction of the project: All trusses are 3D triangular trusses fabricated from Architectural Concept and Sports Venue Designers grade S355 steel CHS sections with chords sizes of - Arup Sport 356, 457 and 508 diameter, and bracing ranging Architects - DPArchitects from 139.7 to 273 diameter. Structural Engineers – Arup Main Contractor – DSPL Sing The roof structure was developed with parametric NST Roof Steel Contractor - Yongnam design software developed for the project to allow for exchange and optimisation of the framing both structurally and architecturally. In addition to selfweight a key consideration in the design was the wind loading. An Influence Surfaces method was used to determine the critical simultaneous patterned wind load across the roof. This produces a very refined specific wind load. Through this method, and considering every member was optimised, a large number of load cases were needed to be considered to ensure the critical actions for individual members across the roof were captured. Figure 2: Architectural visualisation of the inside of the National Stadium
The other key consideration in the design was the Ease of fabrication: Fabricator’s movable roof which consists of two moving panels preference for profile cut members rather also formed by CHS sections. As well as needing to than fabricated plate nodes consider different configurations of the movable Ease of design: Designs with clear load roof, this opening and closing of the roof generates path and the ability to design using varying or fatigue loads in the fixed roof framing published methods are to be preferred. which need to be considered in the design of the roof. As typical with long span roofs the weight of the framing including the weight of the connections is For further information on roof design and methods the dominating load case. Hence minimising the refer to paper by King [1] for further information. weight of the connections was also a key requirement for the connection design. Under uniform loads trusses are acting like braced arches with large compression chord forces and 3.2 FORMS CONSIDERED much smaller brace forces. However under non- 3.2.1 Plated solution uniform loading and in particular the different A plated or gusseted joint was first considered. In positions of the movable roof, and trusses across the buildings/onshore industry this is traditionally a the opening of the roof, the trusses resist the more familiar form which is thought to be easily loading through a more traditional flexural truss designed following load paths through the behaviour. connecting plates. Bolted connections were also indicated at the time of tender to allow for Through the framing geometry and optimizing flexibility of erection. (ref Figure 4) techniques (both in member sizing and wind loading) the structure is a highly refined light weight structure. This contributed to the challenge of the connection design leading to a large number and variety of connections in both geometry and complexity, as well as the joining member being close to fully Figure 4: Initial concepts investigated utilised. In the fixed roof, even though a plane of symmetry exists for the structure, 2,500 connections were each individually designed, each While applicable for the simpler connections, such with a different geometry and loading. a gusset plated solution becomes challanging for the more conjested nodes with multiple bracing. Once the framing was finalised the structural These connections occur at the intersection of analysis model was then linked to Tekla BIM trusses with mutilple interesting chords which need model from which all the construction drawings to transfer large forces through the connection were produced. This model was then issued to the similtaniously. Hence as well as “juggling” with fabricators. Through processes and setup of the the geometry of the connection, thick heavy plates Tekla model, designers and fabricators were able to are required to transfer the force through the “talk in the same language” across the job, a key connection. requirement considering the magnitude of the job and information required to define the detailed A “ball” or some form of casting was briefly design and connections across the roof. considered. However due to the geometry of the framing a very large “ball” would be required to remove the conjestion of the incoming framing. 3 FORM OF CONNECTION This would have an impact on the architecture of 3.1 FACTORS CONSIDERED the roof framing. Additional coverplates potentially A number of different connection forms were would be required to hide the form of the initially investigated for the complex geometry of connection to maintain the clean lines of the the tube-to-tube connections of the roof. Three key framing required by the architecture (ref Figue 5). factors were assessed when selecting the connection detail to use: Such casting would require time to be developed during the fabrication process and then to be tested Fatigue sensitivity: Use of stiffener plates, to verify strength and material performance. This slotted plates and cruciforms within was not considered feasible considering the connections can greatly reduce the fatigue program and delivery requirement of the project life of connections
Arrangement of external plates/stiffeners Figure 5: Initial concepts investigated From intial investigations it was expected that due to the loads and geometry in the more conjested nodes, a plated connection with thick plates and Internal gusset plate Internal ring stiffeners stiffiners would be required driving up the weight stiffeners of the connections. It is noted that a structure and connections using hollow sections is usually lighter Figure 4: Alternative strengthening solutions than a similar construction formed with open considered sections or plates. (ref [2]). 3.2.2 Stiffened Chord 3.2.3 Profile cut CHS and thickened can As mentioned the roof is highly refined with many A connection formed from one thickened member of the members close to utilisation, hence some through the connection and profile cutting and form of reinforcing was required to strengthen the welding all other members to it was selected as the can and transfer the force through the connection. preferred fabrication option and the least fatigue sensitive detail, although more challenging to Strengthening solutions in the form of gussets or design, following offshore oil & gas structures addition stiffeners were briefly investigated. guidelines. The thickened main member through External stiffeners had the potential to affect the the connection is referred to as a “thickened joint architecture while internal stiffeners would be can”. (Figure 5) difficult to fabricate, with issues of tolerance and Thickened can alignment. (Figure 4) As soon as stiffeners are added to such a profile connection, “hard points” or stiff points are then Member set created within the connection leading to stress out node concentrations in the connection and a reduction in ductility (further discussed in [10]). 1.25D(min) The frame analysis of the roof had been carried out assuming that the chord is continuous with pin- Chord, ended braces. This is usually verified through the Diameter D 1.25D(min) ductile nature of the connection, for example a classic welded profile cut connection. The stiffer connection created by such additional plates or Figure 5: Form of connection with thickened can gussets can raise questions on secondary moments that may then need to be reconsidered in the Within the primary trusses chord members range framing design. form 457x10 to 457x50 and 508x12 to 508x50, with secondary truss chord range from 355.6x8 to For such a form of connection there is limited 355.6x22 CHS. Through the design carried out published guidance on the design and it was maximum thickened can section of 457x70, 508x80 expected that the design would have to resort to or 355.6x25 respectively. While thick cans were time consuming finite element analysis (FEA) to required in some locations it is noted that welding gain confidence in behaviour and verify capacity of size was governed by the incoming members and such stiffened connections. not the can size. Such a detail allowed for a clean simple form of connection with less welding and fabrication
complexity that can be associated with the aternate forms above. Due to the the relatively low number of roof open/close cycles and form selected fatigue is not typically governing, and this paper discusses strength design and methodology adopted 3.3 MATERIAL AND FABRICATION Group 1 -- Typical truss connections 55% of the connections across roof The welded form of the connection meant care was broken into 3 topological detail sub-types taken to ensure material was provided with each with various sizes and angles satisfactory toughness and ductility in the material considered and weld zone. Sub-grade of thicker sections were provided to BS5950 and EC3 1-10. All braces into the connection were full penetration welded. Full strength fillet welds used in areas of intersecting braces with small local dihedral angles, where full penetration weld could not be provided. The progression of weld and joint geometry varies with local dihedral angle in going around each Group 2 -- Secondary to primary connections brace end [9]. Fatigue structures and in particular 35% of the connections across roof in the offshore structure practice imposes stringent broken into 15 detail sub-types quality control on automated brace cutting, connection fit-up, and 6GR tubular welder qualification, in order to achieve sound “CJP” welds with small groove angles and reduced weld volume. Recent work at NUS has suggested more forgiving PJP+ details with CJP equivalency [3, 4] Group 3 -- Junction nodes or very congested connections, some with thickened branch member ends 10% of the connections across roof broken into 100 detail sub-types The difference in geometry between the groups meant that different design approaches were required for design. Figure 5: Section of truss with profile connections 4 BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN during fabrication CIDECT [5] is one of the most widely recognized references on CHS connection design for onshore buildings. Due to the highly plastic and non-linear 3.4 GROUPS OF CONNECTIONS ACROSS behavior of unstiffened direct CHS connections, THE ROOF the design and capacities are based on semi- Once form of connection was established the empirical formulas derived through testing. Highly connections in the roof were then divided up into detailed and complex finite element models are three groups based on geometrical complexity and being used to extend CIDECT rules. However as a location on the roof. Within these groups nodes highly refined and advanced FEA model is required were classified into detail types depending on the to predict the same similar capacities to test results, number of braces and complexity associated with CIDECT formulas remain the most effective way each connection. to design highly efficient CHS connections.
Roof members were designed to BS5950 [6]. Table 1: Faliure Mechanism terminology between Section, material and geometry generally satisfied CIDECT and AWS the validity requirements of CIDECT and design of CIDECT AWS the roof was carried out, in accordance with the Ovalising Chord Punching CIDECT philosophy of moment-free bracing, and general plastification shear typically coming to a common node point. collapse Local Punching shear Material However it was the variety in load path, number of material failure braces, congestion and 3D behaviour of the failure connections that meant connections often did not satisfy CIDECT descriptions and further By using empirical formulas or CIDECT/AWS codes/guidelines were investigated. with methodologies that could be written into excel or programming code the amount of automation of Design methodology was also influenced and the design could be maximized. developed using Eurocode 3 [7], API RP2A [8], and AWS D1.1 [9], all of which share overlapping The connections were classified on the arrangement committee membership and database as CIDECT. of bracing using simple maths. A script was Eurocode 3 provides the same formulas but then developed that was able to sort through the roof expands on and describes failure mechanisms that geometry and classify each node in the roof to a need to be checked providing a useful reference for group and sub-type of connection, plus out line failure mechanisms that were used in review and methods of moving bracing, which could then be development of all connection groups. API and communicated and carried out by the fabricator in AWS describe the practice developed initially for the fabrication model. very large tubular offshore structures. Another aspect which influenced design method As described the roof structure is a highly efficient was the need to design to envelope loads. Due to refined design. Both the framing and refined the refined loading in the roof design, members the loading (in particular wind) contributes to this roof were designed for over 1,500 load cases in efficient design but then creates challenges in load each of the different configurations (movable roof paths when trying to consider the connections in intermediate positions and variation in support the classical CIDECT load paths (eg a balanced K) stiffness were each checked over 6 models, giving as the connection would see a range of load a total 6x1500 load cases ). While this can be distributions which would then be made up of a managed for one-at-a-time member design, it was series of part K, part Y and part X load impractical for the connection design on the tubular dome project. Consider 2500 connections, having This was further amplified when considering the up to 14 interacting members, each subjected to 3D behaviour of the joint. To ensure a robust load 6x1500 load cases – together with a design process path was followed through the connection and 3D which was not a priori codified and easily interaction was covered, the AWS [9] was used to automated. develop design methods on the more complex connections. Research into the design methods and considering the 3 groups described above the following design In particular the AWS assisted in considering load approaches, in order of preference, were applied to path through overlapping congested connections the different groups of connections across the roof: and the 3D multi-planar behaviour through its ovalising parameter alpha. 1. CIDECT European building code with conservative assumption on mulitplaner Both the AWS and CIDECT check for the same correction factor failure mechanisms but have subtly different 2. Capacities calculation in accordance with approach to checking and terminology in checking AWS and API criteria for very large these failure mechanisms. In this paper we will tubular structures generally be following the CIDECT terminology 3. Detailed inelastic Finite Element Analysis unless noted otherwise. (FEA) The API-AWS joint-can ovalising criteria for multiplanar connections are given in terms of the ovalising factor α (alpha), computed with an influence function giving the combined ovalising effect of all braces present, versus that of the reference branch member being assessed.
of balanced and unbalanced loading on the Standard connection types assume alpha values connection to be considered to ensure the approaching 1.0 for closely spaced K-joints, 1.7 for enveloped loads were captured in the consistent set T-joints, and 2.4 for X-joints. For more adverse of load/s checked in the design. The possible load multiplanar joint situations, alpha can be as high as paths within a KK connection is shown in Figure 6. 3.8. The AWS chord plastification capacity formula contains a term 1.7/α, and API simplified Multiplanar effects can be significant to the stress concentration factors (SCF) for fatigue are connection capacity as noted in the paper by Lee proportional to alpha. These considerations are and Wilmshusrt [11], highlighting that for a KK presented more fully in API and AWS, in their joint under antisymmetrical load the capacity can Commentaries, and by Marshall [10]. be as low as 60% of the symmetrical load capacity. CIDECT only provides guidance of multiplanar effects on a very limited set of connection 4.1 GROUP 1 - TYPICAL TRUSS geometry and load distributions. CONNECTIONS Over half the connections in the roof were single Considering possible load path and behavior of the chord with geometry of brace arrangements that are structure, an equivalent reduction factor to apply to consistent with the CIDECT K, T or KT, KK the CIDECT uniplanar joint capacity was descriptions. determined, bench marking to the AWS and its ovalisation α factor. A decision was made early on that where possible Classic symmetrical KK- bracing was moved to ensure CIDECT minimum load path gap and overlap requirements were achieved. This (assumed in CIDECT) meant that connections could be designed though simple design rules and hence automated design without the need of FEA. The reason for this requirement is that the overlap is a much stiffer load path than radial loading of the chord and therefore will attract much of the load at elastic levels. A small overlap may lack the Anitsymmetrical KK- ductility required to avoid failure before the rest of load path, due to the connection catches up. The CIDECT minimum torsion or side shear overlap for brace pairs of 25% is adopted. Example of some of the theoretical pattern of balanced/unbalanced loads that could occur The minimum gap limitations in CIDECT are provided to “ensure that there is adequate clearance to form satisfactory welds’. Following discussions Figure 6: Possible mutiplanar load path in classic with the fabricator it was agreed that for thicker KK connection. Such possible permutations of load sections 20mm was an adequate clearance and so a path is amplified as more braces come into the minimum gap of the lesser of the sum of the brace connection pair tube thicknesses and 20mm is adopted. It is also noted that for fabrication a gap connection is preferred. 4.2 GROUP 2 – SECONDARY TO PRIMARY As more braces come into the connection the In accordance with CIDECT philosophy, it is not geometry and possible load path combinations necessary to re-analyse the roof model with the reaches another level of complexity and the eccentricities included, but simply add additional methods above in the extraction of the CIDECT moment to the chord design actions. In the majority guidelines becomes less applicable. In this case of connections the additional moment was AWS guidance and methodology was more relatively minor and was accommodated in the applicable. current member capacity. The CIDECT design guide references AWS D1.1 While the geometry of the connections is a for multiplanar effects.…Where the brace loading recognisable CIDECT form, they did not have the arrangement can act to suppress first mode classic load distribution. Enveloped loads were ovalisation of the chord and therefore result in an given for the connection design, therefore the load increased capacity, the AWS alpha factor can be distribution within the connection was not known. unconservative. For symmetrical K-K connections, As the checks within the design guides require a the capacity is limited to that of planar connections. consistent set of loads, this required multiple cases This is due to possible local deformation in the
transverse gap between braces. However where the configuration of brace forces is such that the ovalisation is greatest, the capacity predicted by the Overlapped brace cases where ovalisation is α factor has been shown to be conservative. restrained are represented by the CIDECT K Therefore when applying the α factor in capacity formulae and the AWS with an alpha factor of 1.0. calculations all brace forces are assumed to act to The CIDECT K capacity is dependent on the gap create the maximum ovalisation effects. This was “g”, with a larger gap approaching the Y load inline with the design philosophy to envelope failure mechanism, see Figure 5. A gap of zero is loads. outside of the validity limits for the K capacity equation. A minimum gap of 20mm was selected In addition to mutiplanar effects, with more braces for the overlapped brace check, which is consistent the connections became more congested, with with the AWS α=1 capacity. Overlapping truss overlaps between multiple braces. CIDECT chords tended to exhibit much larger gaps, but only provides guidance for overlap connections but only a modest reduction in capacity. when the load is a balanced K load. Careful thought was required to consider the load path through the connection for both balanced and unbalanced loads. The checks carried out followed the AWS and API 600 provisions for overlapped connections, in particular Capacity (kN) partial footprint net section checks and checks for 400 load transfer through the common weld between the braces (further described in Marshall [10]). 200 Using this philosophy, the load was followed 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 through multiple overlaps. That is when checking CIDECT K Gap (mm) CIDECT Y the overlapped brace onto the chord, the force from AWS K the overlapping brace is also considered when Figure 8: Comparison of CIDECT K, Y looking at the net force on the chord. (Figure 4) with AWS K Checks were also carried out to ensure that the overlapped brace could withstand the force from 4.3 GROUP 3 – CONGESTED NODES the overlapping brace (ie acting like a chord for the overlapping brace). In this check the supporting The highly congested nature of this group of nodes brace is stabilized by supporting chord so that meant that the reading across of the capacities from ovalisation or general collapse is restrained, the equations that assume a simple geometry to the however careful consideration of local plastic and complex connections was not possible. Therefore material failure is required. This check was finite element models of each connection in this developed using the AWS with correlation back to group was developed and used to estimate the the CIDECT formulas. In some cases, a thickened ultimate capacity. section at the end of the overlapped brace was required. FEA models are used by the design codes such as CIDECT to determine the ultimate capacities of connections and expand on the capacity formulas. Nj Ni The detail of the modelling required to give an equivalent capacity to the formulas is significant. Failure is taken as a deformation of 3% of the diameter, requiring very large plastic strains to be captured and a highly nonlinear response. Modelling with multiple solid elements through thickness would therefore be necessary. This level of detail was not considered practical considering Check J brace as Check chord for a chord to I brace combination of Nj + Ni the number of connections in the group and the for Ni proportioned to design time. To simplify the modelling, eight connection and overlap noded inelastic thin shell elements were used to geometry model the connection. Comparison between the approach used and the design formulas found that Figure 7:Additional local failure mechanisms the shell modelling gave a conservative estimate of checked in unbalanced load through overlapped the capacity. In addition the thickness of members connection. could be changed with only minor modifications to
the models. An example of a model generated to Through thickness shear yielding of a material is for a node is shown in Figure 9 not captured by the shell elements used in the analysis. Hand checks were used to ensure that the punching stresses were not significant and the shell bending + membrane response was dominant. This group of complex connections were approximately 10% of the total number of connection for the roof but required 45% of the man effort to analyse and design. This demonstrates the overheads required to undertake detail analysis and the relative simplicity of the capacity formulas. 5 CONCLUSIONS This paper presents the design methodology used Figure 9:Finite element model of a congested node for the Singapore Sports Hub National Stadium CHS connections, balancing against high level The sub models for the connections require a technical and practical design requirements of consistent set of loads to be applied. The enveloped profile cut connections to provide an effective forces typically used for connection design could design within the time and constraints of the project not be applied and the consistent results from the global model were used. The 1500 load cases for A profile cut welded CHS with a thickened can was the roof were reduced to about 15 load cases for selected as the connection form for the structure, each connection. The methodology for the satisfying weight, strength, fatigue, fabrication and reduction of load cases considered the critical architectural requirements. actions for CHS connection from the CIDECT and AWS design guides. The 2500 connections were split into 3 groups, each utilising the most efficient design methods for Strain limits were used to define the acceptance the loading, number of connections and criteria for the analysed connections. Considering complexity. These methods were based on existing the simplified analysis approach used, more design guides such as CICECT and AWS, plus conservative strain limits than the 5% strain limit detailed FEA methods suggested by Eurocode 1993-1-5, with reductions based on material thickness and compressive or tensile response were applied. Table 2 gives strain limits appropriate for TxT finite element meshing. Tensile limits are consistent with a CTOD of 0.25mm in the weld toe HAZ, using the methodology of reference [12]. Table 2: Strain Limit acceptance criteria Thickness For tension Local (mm) fracture compression limit t =< 16 5% 4% Figure 10:Clean line profile connections holding 16< t =< 20 4% 4% together the elegant light weight framing the roof. 20< t =< 40 3% 4% 40 < t 2% 4% Geometric nonlinearity was included in the analysis, therefore effects such as local buckling were captured in the analysis. When localized shell buckling is not captured in the analysis, lower strain limits have been suggested [13].
[8] API, 2007: Recommended practice for ACKNOWLEDGEMENT planning, designing and constructing offshore We would like to thank the help and support from platforms- working stress design. API RP 2A, the National University of Singapore during 21st Edition. Suppl. 3, American Petroleum development of the design philosophy used. Plus Institute…. acknowledge the work done by Yongnam to [9] AWS D1.1, Structural welding code – Steel, fabricate and erect the inspiring roof structure. 2010 [10] Marshall P. W., Design of Welded Tubular REFERENCES Connections: Basis and Use of AWS Code [1] King M, National Stadium Roof Structure – Provisions, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1992. Singapore Sports Hub, 10th International [11] Lee MMK, and Wilmshurst, Strength of conference on advances in steel concrete Multiplaner Tubular KK-Joint under composite and hybrid structures Singapore antisymmetrical axial loading, ASCE Journal July 2012 of Structural Engineering, June 1997. [2] CIDECT Design Guide 7, For Fabrication, [12] van den Brink JH and ter Avest FJ, assembly and erection of hollow section Assessment of the fracture toughness property structures, 1998. of materials in welded tubular joints, SIMS-87, [3] Qian X, Marshall PW, et al, PJP+ welds for Steel in Marine Structures, Elsevier tubular structures, Proc IIW Intl Conf, Amsterdam. Singapore, July 2009. [13] Srirengen K and Marshall PW, Improved [4] Marshall P, Qian X, et al, Welder-optimized Marshall strut element to predict the ultimate CJP-equivalency welds for tubular strength of braced tubular steel offshore connections, IIW Welding in the World, structures, Proc IMPLAST-2000, Melbourne. published online May 2013, Springer [5] CIDECT Design Guide 1, For CHS joints under predominantly static loads, Second edition 2008. [6] BS5950-1, Structural use of steelwork in building, 2000. [7] Eurocode 3: Part 1-8, Connections, 2005. Figure 11: Progress on site at the end of 2013. Project due for completion in mid-2014
You can also read