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How fast is the mars rover

This NASA photo shows the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter(C) hovering during its third flight on April 25, 2021, as seen by the left Navigation Camera aboard NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover NASA's mini helicopter Ingenuity on Sunday successfully completed its third flight on Mars, moving farther and faster than ever before, with a peak speed of 6.6
feet per second. After two initial flights during which the craft hovered above the Red Planet's surface, the helicopter on this third flight covered 164 feet (50 meters) of distance, reaching the speed of 6.6 feet per second (two meters per second), or four miles per hour in this latest flight. "Today's flight was what we planned for, and yet it was nothing
short of amazing," said Dave Lavery, the Ingenuity project's program executive. The Perseverance rover, which carried the four-pound (1.8 kilograms) rotorcraft to Mars, filmed the 80-second third flight. NASA said Sunday that video clips would be sent to Earth in the coming days. The lateral flight was a test for the helicopter's autonomous
navigation system, which completes the route according to information received beforehand. "If Ingenuity flies too fast, the flight algorithm can't track surface features," NASA explained in a statement about the flight. Ingenuity's flights are challenging because of conditions vastly different from Earth's—foremost among them a rarefied atmosphere
that has less than one percent the density of our own. This NASA photo obtained April 25, 2021 shows the first color image of the Martian surface taken by an aerial vehicle while it was aloft This is the third color image taken by NASA’s Ingenuity helicopter. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech This means that Ingenuity's rotors, which span four feet, have to
spin at 2,400 revolutions per minute to achieve lift—about five times more than a helicopter on Earth. NASA announced it is now preparing for a fourth flight. Each flight is planned to be of increasing difficulty in order to push Ingenuity to its limits. This black and white image was taken by NASA’s Ingenuity helicopter during its third flight on April
25, 2021. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Graphic on the Mars Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter The Ingenuity experiment will end in one month in order to let Perseverance return to its main task: searching for signs of past microbial life on Mars. © 2021 AFP Citation: NASA's Mars helicopter's third flight goes farther, faster than before
(2021, April 25) retrieved 7 August 2021 from This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only. All eyes are on the red planet lately. Thanks to a number of missions in the
past few years – including the Perseverance Rover that touched down Feb. 22, 2021 – Mars is increasingly interesting to astronomers, astrophysicists and future astronauts. NASA plans to put astronauts on Mars in the future, and Elon Musk keeps claiming he'll do it first, but before we strap in and blast off, it helps to know exactly how long it takes
to get to there.Mars completes one turn around the sun every 687 Earth days. This means that the distance between Earth and Mars changes every day, and the two planets are aligned closely to one another roughly every 26 months. Additionally, because both Earth and Mars have elliptical orbits (and Mars' is more elliptical than Earth's), some of
our close approaches are closer than others. The most recent notable close approach was Oct. 6, 2020, when Mars was just 38.57 million miles (62.07 million kilometers) from Earth.So how long does it take to travel the almost 40 million miles to Mars? That depends on your speed. For example, the Perseverance rover traveled at a speed of about
24,600 mph (about 39,600 kph) and the journey took seven months, but that's because of where the Earth and Mars were at the time Perseverance was launched and where they were when it landed. If you could travel as fast as the New Horizons spacecraft (which is famous for visiting Pluto back in 2015), you could potentially reach Mars in as little
as 39 days depending on the alignment of the planets and the 36,000 mph (58,000 kph) speed that New Horizons reached. Historically, spacecraft have taken anywhere between 128 days (Mariner 7 on a flyby) and 333 days (Viking 2 Orbiter/Lander, the second U.S. landing on Mars).Since no human has traveled to Mars yet, we don't have exact
numbers on how fast it's possible to go – because remember, you need to slow down as you get closer to Mars. The best estimates are that human missions to Mars will be timed to take advantage of a good planetary alignment. Most estimates put the travel time in the range of 150-300 days – that's five to 10 months – and the average is usually
around seven months, just like the Perseverance rover.Now That's InterestingThe two fastest travel times from Earth to Mars are for the Viking 6 and Viking 7 spacecraft, which took 155 and 128 days respectively. Both of these spacecraft were on flyby missions to image Mars, so they didn't need to slow down as they approached Mars as orbiters,
landers and rovers need to do. By William Harwood July 29, 2020 / 3:26 PM / CBS News With good weather expected, United Launch Alliance engineers readied an Atlas 5 rocket for launch early Thursday on a multibillion-dollar mission to boost NASA's nuclear-powered Perseverance Mars rover out of Earth's gravitational grasp and onto a seven-
month trajectory to the red planet. ULA President and CEO Tory Bruno told CBS News that the Atlas 5, equipped with four strap-on solid-propellant boosters for extra power, will generate 2.3 million pounds of thrust at liftoff, giving the relatively lightweight Perseverance a particularly speedy sendoff."It's all about speed, it's about acceleration,"
Bruno said. "Because we have this giant rocket ... with a very tiny spacecraft, this thing is going to leap off the pad. When they say 'ignition,' do not blink, because you're gonna miss it." Tory Bruno, United Launch Alliance president and CEO, discusses the planned Thursday launch of NASA's Perseverance Mars rover with CBS News. The rover is
mounted inside the nose cone of the Atlas 5 rocket behind him on pad 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. William Harwood/CBS News Fifty-seven minutes after takeoff, after boosting the spacecraft to a velocity of nearly 26,000 mph — fast enough to climb out of Earth's "gravity well" — the rocket's Centaur second stage will release
Perseverance and its interplanetary support stage to fly on their own. Precisely aimed at a point in space where Mars will be next February, Perseverance will cap its arcing, 292-million-mile journey with a white-knuckle seven-minute plunge to touchdown in a 28-mile-wide crater that features the remnants of an ancient river delta and lakebed
deposits that might preserve traces of past biological activity.The rover is designed to search for tell-tale "biosignatures" in Jezero Crater and to collect rock and soil samples that will be sealed in small tubes and left on the surface for recovery by a European Space Agency rover tentatively scheduled for launch in 2026.If all goes well, the samples will
then be launched into Mars orbit by a NASA rocket, picked up by another European spacecraft and brought back to Earth in 2031. More While sample collection is the primary goal of Perseverance's mission, the rover also is carrying a small experimental helicopter that will attempt to fly in the thin martian atmosphere — a first for planetary
exploration — and another experiment that will attempt to extract oxygen from that mostly carbon dioxide "air." The Perseverance rover, its six wheels folded up, is packed into its backshell and parachute assembly (center) before attachment of the spacecraft's heat shield (bottom). A planetary cruise stage (top) will provide power and
communications during the rover's seven-month voyage to Mars. NASA But first, NASA has to get Perseverance safely to its target, a journey that begins at 7:50 a.m. EDT Thursday when the towering Atlas 5, carrying Perseverance in a mostly-empty nose cone, lifts off from pad 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Forecasters predicted an
80% chance of acceptable weather.United Launch Alliance, a partnership between Boeing and Lockheed Martin, has launched 84 Atlas 5s since the rocket's debut in 2002, all of them successful. Despite the booster's near-flawless record, Bruno said he takes nothing for granted and feels a "heavy" responsibility for getting Perseverance safely on its
way."All of our missions are really, really important but this one even more," he said. "There was so much that was put into preparing this spacecraft, thousands of people worked on it. But it is also the beginning of a series of missions that will eventually return samples to Earth. "So that weighs on us and is ever present in our mind. ... It's a
tremendous responsibility. We're obviously humbled that we are entrusted with that, and we do our very best to make sure we do everything we can to make this successful." The Perseverance Mars rover, packed up for atmospheric entry and attached to a planetary cruise stage that will provide power and communications on the way to the red
planet, takes up a fraction of the Atlas 5 booster's nose fairing. The large, structurally strong fairing is needed to handle the stress of Perseverance's high-speed launch. NASA Perseverance is the third Mars mission to take flight in less than two weeks. The United Arab Emirates launched its Hope orbiter on July 19 and China launched an orbiter-rover
combination four days later. The missions are the first interplanetary flights attempted by either nation.NASA has successfully sent eight spacecraft to the surface of Mars, four stationary landers and four rovers. But Perseverance is the most ambitious Mars mission yet attempted, the first element in a multi-mission, decade-long program to bring
martian samples back to Earth for definitive laboratory analysis."That will be the first time in history that we've done a Mars return mission," said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. "In fact, it's the first time in history we've done a return mission from any planet. These are very, very exciting times, a very important mission for the United States of
America. And, of course, a very, very important mission for the world." It may be last but by no means least — NASA's Mars 2020 is the third mission to have successfully arrived at the Red Planet in the space of 10 days. It's the USA's largest Mars rover and it's carrying the first-ever Mars helicopter. The "show," as NASA put it, started late morning
Pacific Time (early evening in Central Europe). But it was another two hours before the USA's latest rover, Perseverance, touched down on the surface of Mars at 20:56 UTC. To land on Mars, the rover started its descent at a speed of over 20,000 kilometers per hour (12,000 miles per hour). A parachute and a powered descent mechanism then
slowed the rover to about 3 km/h before a large sky crane lowered it on three bridle cords down to the surface of the planet, touching down on its six wheels. This photo made available by NASA shows the first image sent by the Perseverance rover showing the surface of Mars, just after landing in the Jezero crater Martian duo: NASA's new rover,
Perseverance, and helicopter, Ingenuity Popular landing site As planned, Perseverance landed at Jezero Crater, just north of the Martian equator, in a region called Isidis Planitia. It's a region well-traveled by American landers, including the Curiosity rover, which is still active. But Curiosity is about 3,700 kilometers (2,300 miles) away at Gale
Crater. Utopia Planitia is also not too far away, relatively speaking. That's where China intends to land its first Mars rover in May. Three missions Three Mars missions launched in July 2020. Aside from NASA's Mars 2020, there is the Emirates Mars Mission and China's Tianwen-1. The UAE and Chinese missions are centered around spacecraft
orbiting the Red Planet. But as mentioned above, Tianwen-1 will also attempt to land a rover on Mars later this year. The UAE's Hope Probe: One of three current Mars missions By far the more experienced Mars explorer is the USA. And they have gone straight for the jugular, and that with an added bonus. First, it's landed Perseverance, NASA's
largest-ever Mars rover. The rover will search for water and other signs of life below the surface of the planet. For future missions It will also collect rock and soil samples and deposit them in canisters, which — it is planned — will be collected by joint US and European missions and brought back to Earth within the next 10 years. The Perseverance
rover drilling for rock: It's the first step in USA/European missions to bring Martian samples back to Earth Then, there's that helicopter, Ingenuity, strapped to the belly of the rover. The helicopter is an experimental device that NASA wants to use to learn about taking off and flying in the Martian atmosphere. That's significant because the
atmosphere there is far thinner than that on Earth, and that can affect flight — the amount of power and lift you need, and the speed at which the helicopter blades rotate. Whether it works or not is almost irrelevant at this stage, because no matter what happens, it will be the first time any spacefaring nation will have tested flight "on another world,"
as the American space agency has described it. Beyond that, those test flights will potentially pave the way for future missions with astronauts going to Mars and coming back, even if that's in 30 years' time. The Mars helicopter is more like a drone, but it's hoped it will deliver valuable knowledge about flying on another world Collaborating
endeavors The Emirates Mars Mission involves a satellite called Hope. It was the first of these three missions to successfully arrive at Mars when it entered the planet's orbit on February 9, 2021. It will spend two years running tests at various altitudes and aims to provide the global science community with the first complete picture of the Martian
atmosphere. It's also pegged to the UAE's ambition of moving away from a hydrocarbon economy towards a knowledge-based economy. It's formed a number of international collaborations with universities in the USA and elsewhere to help it do that. China's Tianwen-1 Mars probe On February 10, 2021, the Tianwen-1 orbiter entered its orbit of
Mars. The Chinese orbiter will also investigate the Martian atmosphere. And in three months, it is scheduled to land China's first rover on the planet as well. As with NASA's Perseverance rover, China will be searching for signs of life on Mars, including water below the surface of the planet. Competing for the stars A number of countries and
organizations have expressed an interest in working with China on its space exploration missions. Some sources have suggested, however, that if any fears of a new space race were justified, China would be one of the main competitors — possibly with the rest of the world on the other side. A woman wearing a spacesuit walking out of "Mars Base 1",
a C-Space Project, in the Gobi Desert One reason for that particular suspicion is that while the USA and Europe are collaborating on a new "Artemis" moon program, which includes ground and orbiting bases, China looks set to establish its own bases in space. But that is a very closed view. There are many other countries in the space community,
including India and Israel, and most recently even Turkey has announced a new space program. Most experts view any success in space as a success for all humankind, no matter how the knowledge and spoils are shared. NASA points out that only about 40% of the missions ever sent to Mars — by any space agency — have been successful. So, every
attempt can be applauded, if it's done for the right reasons and where the money is not better spent elsewhere. It's perhaps telling that even with the USA's track record in space, Perseverance is only the fifth NASA rover to have attempted — and now succeeded — to land on Mars. NASA's Mars 2020 Perseverance rover (shown in artist's illustration)
is the most sophisticated rover NASA has ever sent to Mars. Ingenuity, a technology experiment, will be the first aircraft to attempt controlled flight on another planet. Perseverance touched down at Mars' Jezero Crater on February 18, 2021 at about 20:57 UTC with Ingenuity attached to its belly. NASA engineers loaded the Mars rover Perseverance
onto an Atlas V rocket at the start of July 2020. The rocket took off on July 30 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The rover arrived at the orbit around Mars in early February 2021. This is how Perseverance looked when it was presented to the public in 2019. The rover will support NASA's Curiosity rover, the most modern rover until Perseverance came
along. The new rover weighs a little over a ton — 100 kg (220 pounds) more than its predecessor. And at 3 meters (10 ft) long, it's also 10 centimeters longer as well. Perseverance can be loaded with more research instruments and sensors than its predecessor. And its gripper arm, with its cameras and tools, is stronger, too. The rover can collect
samples from Mars. It's got 23 cameras and many other instruments. One mission is to test whether it's possible to extract oxygen from Martian rock. But, hey, what's that standing next to the rover on the ground? That's right! Perseverance has a helicopter onboard. That's never happened on a planetary mission before. The helicopter is completely
new territory for its developers. It will be the first time they're able to experience and collect data from flight in atmospheric conditions that are different from those on Earth, and in a gravity that is about a third of our own. Curiosity is the largest and most modern of all Mars rovers currently deployed. It landed on August 6, 2012, and has since
traveled more than 21 kilometers (13 miles). It is much more than just a rover. Its official name is "Mars Science Laboratory," and it really is a complete lab on wheels. For example, it contains a special spectrometer, which can analyze chemical compounds from a distance with the help of a laser; a complete meteorological station that can measure
temperature, atmospheric pressure, radiation, humidity and wind speed; and most importantly, a chemistry lab that can run detailed analyses of organic compounds and is always on the hunt for traces of alien life. Curiosity has shown that life would theoretically be possible on Mars. But it hasn't discovered any life, yet. The robot's arm is equipped
with a full power drill. Here, it's taking a sample in "Yellowknife Bay" inside the Gale Crater. The Mars dust is processed by a large number of instruments. First, it's filtered and separated into different-sized particles. Then, those get sorted and sent off to different analytical laboratory machines. Curiosity's predecessors were much smaller. On July 4,
1997, the small Mars rover Sojourner left its first tire tracks behind in the dust of the red planet. It was the first time a mobile robot had been left to its own devices there, equipped with an X-ray spectrometer to conduct chemical analyses and with optical cameras. Three rover generations. (The tiny one up front is Sojourner.) At 10.6 kilograms (23
pounds), it's not much bigger than a toy car. Its top speed: 1 centimeter per second. Opportunity weighs 185 kilograms — roughly the equivalent of an electric wheelchair. Curiosity is as big as a small car, at 900 kilograms. The big ones travel up to 4 or 5 centimeters per second. Sojourner travelled about 100 meters during its lifetime and delivered
data and pictures until September 27, 1997. This is one of the last pictures of it, taken nine days before the radio connection broke down. Sojourner probably died because the battery did not survive the cold nights. Without the experience of Sojourner, newer rovers could have hardly been envisaged. In 2004, NASA landed two robots of the same
model on Mars: Spirit and Opportunity. Spirit survived for six years, travelling a distance of 7.7 kilometers. The robot climbed mountains, took soil samples and withstood winter and sandstorms. Its sibling, Opportunity, lost contact on February 13, 2019. Opportunity passed the marathon distance of 42 kilometers back in 2015, and to this day, it has
covered much more ground than Curiosity. It can take ground probes with its arm. It has three different spectrometers and even a 3D camera. It was last operating in "Perseverance Valley," an appropriate workplace for the sturdy robot, before being incapacitated by a sandstorm. This panorama was taken by Curiosity's mast camera. The most
modern of the rovers will stay in service as long as possible — hopefully at least another five years. The Martian landscape looks familiar somehow, not unlike some deserts here on Earth. Should we give in to our wanderlust, then — or would it be better leave Mars to the robots? Author: Fabian Schmidt

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