CONFERENCE GLOSSARY Produced Water Fracking Water Treatment Energy Production
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CONFERENCE GLOSSARY Produced Water ● Fracking ● Water Treatment ● Energy Production
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
16/30 sand Frac sand (proppant) with particle sizes of600 µm – 1180 µ. e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
20/40 sand Frac sand (proppant) with particle sizes of 420 µm - 840 µm. e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
30/50 sand Frac sand (proppant) with particle sizes of 300 µm – 600µm. e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
Discharge to a surface water or tributary groundwater – 40 CFR 435
40 CFR
http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
40/70 sand Frac sand (proppant) with particle sizes 212 µm - 420 µm. e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
70/140 sand Frac sand (proppant) with particle sizes 106 µm - 212 µm. e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
Activated carbon is carbon riddled with microscopic pores so that it is useful in
activated carbon removing impurities such as hydrocarbons or chlorine from water. Delta Pure Filtration http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon
manufactures filters containing activated carbon.
The American Filtration Society is an organization for filter professionals in all aspects of
filtration serving many industries. The organization helps members to network and
AFS learn about technical advances. Produced Water has been a major focus of several http://www.afssociety.org/
papers presented at recent meetings, and will be a focus of the upcoming March 25-26,
2014 meeting in Houston, TX USA.
Aliphatic combounds are organic molecules that are not aromatic and do not have a
aliphatic
"ring structure." These compounds are comprised of straight chains.
The AMENDED SUBSTITUTE HOUSE BILL
AMENDED SUBSTITUTE HOUSE BILL 501PASSED IN 1985, 1)eliminated “evaporation pits” as of July 1, 1986
501 – PASSED IN 1985 2)Established lawful disposal options – deep well
injection or surface spreading and 3) Established registration and reporting http://www.ohgeosoc.org/presentations/201111/
requirements for brine haulers Tomastik_ShalePlays_ClassIIWells.pdf
Amine is often used to sweeten (remove H2S from) natural gas in a gas plant. "Foam
outs" can disrupt the effectiveness of the amine sweetening process and are an "upset
amine condition". Particulate contamination can stablize foam and contribute to foam outs.
This is one of many reaons why amine is filtered. Many gas plants use string wound
filters or melt blown filters from Delta Pure Filtration.
Antrim Shale A shale gas play in the State of Michigan - lower peninsula.
www.deltapure.com Page 1 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
APB Acid producing bacteria. See also SRB.
Associated gas is natural gas that resides in the same formations as oil. Synonyms are http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleu
APG m_gas
"flare gas" and "associated petroleum gas" (APG).
The American Petroleum Institute (API) has broad interests from exploration to
pipelines. API funds scientific research regarding clean water and has formed a number http://www.api.org/environment-health-and-
API
of issue-specific task groups that are working closely with industry, governmental and safety/clean-water
other groups to address a broad range of water quality issues.
American Petroleum Institue (API) gravity is the reciprocal of specific gravity. A
API gravity petroleum grade with a higher API gravity will float on top of the grade with the lower http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_gravity
API gravity.
An aquifer is an underground layer of water - often within highly porous rock . Fresh
water aquifers are often sources of drinking water, or potential future sources. Drilling
companies often must drill well bores through aquifers to reach shale gas layers. Many
people are concerned about actual or potential contamination of drinking water
aquifer
aquifers with fracking chemicals and with methane shale gas. There is disagreement
about the extent of such contamination, as well as controversy about the level of risk.
There is also disagreement about whether providing affordable energy requires
environmental risk.
Organic compounds (containing carbon and hydrogen) whose structure includes at least
aromatic
one ring. These are cyclic molecules.
Associated gas is natural gas that resides in the same formations as oil. Synonyms are http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleu
associated gas m_gas
"flare gas" and "associated petroleum gas" (APG).
The ATEX directive consists of two EU directives describing what equipment and work
environment is allowed in an environment with an explosive atmosphere. ATEX derives
ATEX http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATEX_directive
its name from the French title of the 94/9/EC directive: Appareils destinés à être utilisés
en ATmosphères EXplosibles.
autogenic produced from within
AWWA American Water Works Association
Bacteriophage (or phage) are viruses that attack bacteria. Employing bacteriophage as
bacteriophage a natural predator for SRB (bacteria that cause corrosion problems in production
operations) is the latest attempt to replace chemical biocides in fracking fluids.
www.deltapure.com Page 2 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
biological aerated filter - A system whereby water is purified biologically with biofilm
grown on a media such as rocks or plastic surfaces. BAF can reduce oil, suspended
http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/r
BAF solids, ammonia, and nitrogen, chemical oxygen eport157.pdf
demand, biological oxygen demand, iron, manganese, heavy metals, solubleorganics,
trace organics, and hydrogen sulfide.
The Bakken Shale gas play underlies Montana, North Dakota, Saskatchewan and the
Bakken Shale
southwest corner of Manitoba.
barite Barite is a type of mineral often used in drilling muds.
A tight gas play in northern Texas, which underlies 17 counties and the Dallas-Fort
Barnett Shale
Worth area. It may be the largest natural gas reservoir in the United States.
A barrel is a unit of volume. In the United States and Canada, a barrel is equal to 46 US
barrel gallons. The abbreviation for barrel is bbl. Other units of volume used in the petroleum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(unit)
industry are cubic meters and metric tonnes.
BAT Best available techniques
Baxter Shale The Baxter Shale plays are in northwestern Colorado and southwestern Wyoming.
bbl Barrel - equal to 46 US gallons
http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/r
bbl/MCF barrels per million cubic feet eport157.pdf
Rather than injected into disposal wells, waste water might be re-purposed for
beneficial use "beneficial use" after propper treatment. Some examples are irrigation, water for
livestock, cooling of popwerplants.
BHA Bottom Hole Assembly
Biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD, measures the amount of oxygen consumed by
microorganisms feasting on organic matter in water or waste water. If bacteria are http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/techguide/wpb/
biochemical oxygen demand
depleting oxygen in the process of consuming organic matter, then fish and aquatic life devwtrplan_b.pdf
can suffocate.
www.deltapure.com Page 3 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888the new EcoWound™ filter for produced water and brine fluids
economic ▫ ecological ▫ effective
made with recycled materials!
www.deltapure.com 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
Biocides are chemicals added to fracking fluids to kill bacteria and other micro-
organisms. When the fracking fluids are pumped down hole, organisms can multiply,
blocking the formations. The metabolism of some micro organisms can also produce
corrosive byproducts such as H2S (acid gas) that damage metallic equipment and even
concrete. Some bacteria can also metabolize methane gas, causing loss of production.
biocide
Biocides are a source of environmental and health concern, especially because there is a
perceived or actual risk that biocides can get into drinking water supplies (aquifers), and
consequently there is a lot of research into safer biocides and biocide alternatives. In
the USA, the selected biocides must be EPA registered, but drilling companies often
don't have to disclose to the public the names of the biocides they are using.
Usually this is a liquid fuel such as ethanol or biodiesel, and is made from biomass (plant
biofuel
matter), fats, or oils, etc. Biofuel might also be biogas.
Methane gas made from organic waste materials (such as waste water solids, manure,
https://www.americanbiogascouncil.org/biogas_h
biogas fats, oils, grease, etc.) that has been anaerobically digested (treated with bacteria under owSystemsWork.asp#null
zero-oxygen conditions).
Thick, sticky hydrocarbon that requires thermally enhanced extraction methods such as
Bitumen
the use of steam.
The US Dapartment of the Interior is responsible for natural and cultural resources in
the USA, and issues safety rules for drilling and fracking on public lands through the The
Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The BLM is part of the Department of the Interior.
A recent proposal requires operators drilling on public lands to: 1) disclose the
http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/content/wo/en/info/
BLM chemicals they use in fracturing activities 2) provide assurances of well-bore integrity so newsroom/2013/may/nr_05_16_2013.html
that fluids used during fracturing operations are not contaminating groundwater, and 3)
have a water management plan in place for handling fluids that flow back to the
surface.
A blowout is massive release of oil or gas out of a well, accompanied by failure of
blowout pressure control devices. A smaller version of escape of oil and gas from a formation is
called"kick" or "formation kick" - but uncontrolled can grow to a blowout.
A blowout preventer is a stack of equipment such as valves used to seal, control and
blowout preventer
monitor a well.
www.deltapure.com Page 4 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
Biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD, measures the amount of oxygen consumed by
microorganisms feasting on organic matter in water or waste water. If bacteria are
http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/techguide/wpb/
BOD depleting oxygen (reducing DO or dissolved oxygen) in the process of consuming organic devwtrplan_b.pdf
matter, then fish and aquatic life can suffocate. BOD takes a long time to measure -
many days.
BOD test takes a long time to perform -five days - hence "BOD5". Biochemical oxygen
demand, or BOD, measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms
http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/techguide/wpb/
BOD5 feasting on organic matter in water or waste water. If bacteria are depleting oxygen devwtrplan_b.pdf
(reducing DO or dissolved oxygen) in the process of consuming organic matter, then fish
and aquatic life can suffocate.
A bore, bore hole or well-bore is the hole that is drilled into the ground to get out the
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/bakk
Bore oil or gas. A well bore can be very long! For example, a well might be drilled vertically en-shale-oil/fracking-animation-video
(down) for about two miles and then horizontally for about another two miles.
Bossier Shale gas plays are in eastern Texas and western Louisiana in the United States.
Bossier Shale Gas Haynesville shale, which lies deeper underground than Boosier shale, is associated with
the Boosier shale.
The drilling apparatus at the bottom of the drilling string which includes the drill bit and
many other bits of tooling is called the bottom hole assembly (BHA). The BHA for a http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
bottom hole assembly px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=BHA
straight hole (heading vertically down) and a directional hole (deviated or horizontal -
after the kick off point) are slightly different.
Brackish water is salty, but not as salty as sea water. Brackish water has TDS (total http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solid
brackish water s
dissolved solids) of between 1000 and 10,000 mg/L according to Wikepedia.
Brine is very salt water with very high TDS (>35,000 mg/L). Completion fluids have a
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/docu
brine high salinity to protect formations (to prevent swelling) and to maintain hydrostatic ments/02_Godsey_-_Source_Options_508.pdf
pressure (brine fluids can be very heavy - that is, they can have a high specific gravity.)
BTEX can refer to a group of chemicals or one chemcial in the group, which includes
BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. Some members of the group are known
or suspected carcinogens, while others lack sufficient carginogenecity data.
The US C.F.R. or Code of Federal Regulations is the body of administrative law
(regulations or rules) created by US agencies, such as the FDA, EPA, etc. These US
C.F.R.
agencies are authorized by statutes issued by Congress (such as the Safe Drinking Water
Act) to create detailed regulations.
www.deltapure.com Page 5 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
This shale gas play is located in Utah and Colorado, (North of the Lewis and Mancos http://www.halliburton.com/public/solutions/cont
Cane Creek Shale Gas ents/Shale/related_docs/Mancos.pdf
play).
Cannasauga and Floyd Shale Gas These shale plays are in Alabama.
CAPP Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers http://www.capp.ca/Pages/default.aspx
Casing is a long section of pipe lowered into the well in what is called a "casing string."
casing It is cemented on the outside to protect the various formation sections, such as those http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_string
containing fress water.
Casing string is a long section of connected oilfield pipe placed into a wellbore to enable
the space between the pipe and the well bore (the annulus) to be filled with cement
(the casing). The pipe or string is comprised of segments (called "joints") and they are
casing strings http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_string
usually joined by a coupler. For example, a casing would be used to protect a fresh‐
water‐bearing zone. Because there are different zones, wells are drilled and casings are
run in sections.
http://www.arrowenergy.com.au/our‐
CBM Coal Bed Methane company/what‐is‐coal‐seam‐gas
Central Louisiana Coalbed Methane Basin
CELCOM
A big body of law administered my MMS (Minerals Management Service) relating to
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi‐bin/text‐
CFR 30 mining and exploration ‐ there are a lot of safety rules. One example is 30 CFR 250.617 ‐ idx?c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title30/30tab_02.tpl
which covers BLOWOUT PREVENTER SYSTEM TESTING, RECORDS, AND DRILLS.
The Chattanooga shale is located in Northeast Georgia, Southern Kentucky, Northern
Chattanooga Shale Gas Alabama, and Eastern Tennessee. The Chattanooga Shale field is an extension of the
Appalachian Basin Devonian Shale ‐ known as the Marcellus Shale.
http://oilshalegas.com/chattanoogashale.html
chelating Chelating is a chemical mechanism describing the binding and capturing of metal ions.
Measure of all the amount of oxygen required to oxidize all the organics (even organics http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/techguide/wpb/
chemical oxygen demand devwtrplan_b.pdf
that cannot be "digested" by bacteria) present in water or waste water.
ClO2 is a gas that can be used as a water disinfectant and is one of many potential
Chlorine Dioxide strategies to kill SRB (sulfate reducing bacteria) and prevent their innoculation into a
well.
www.deltapure.com Page 6 of 40 phone: 804‐798‐2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
A Christmas tree is an assembly of pipes, valves and other hardware that resembles a
tree. A Christmas tree, or tree, controls the flow of oil or gas out of a producing well. A
tree can also control the injection of gas or fluids into a non-producing well to enhance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_
Christmas tree production rates from other wells. Trees can be on dry land (a surface tree) or under well)
water (subsea tree.) A Christmas tree is not the well head, but is at or attached to the
well head. Below the Christmas tree and the well head is the well string- the tube that
goes underground.
Class I Injection Wells isolate hazardous, industrial and municipal wastes through deep http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/wells
Class I injection well _class1.cfm
injection.
Class II wells involve the injection of fluids into the ground for reasons associated with
oil and gas production. See also See "SWD". The most common fluid injected into a class
II well is brine - salty produced water. Examples of Class II Wells: 1) Enhanced Recovery
Wells inject brine, water, steam, polymers, or carbon dioxide or natural gas into oil-
http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class
Class II injection well bearing formations to recover residual oil. This is also known as secondary or tertiary 2/
recovery. 2) Disposal Wells inject brines and other fluids associated with the production
of oil and natural gas or natural gas storage operations. 3) Hydrocarbon Storage Wells
inject liquid hydrocarbons in underground formations (such as salt caverns) where they
are stored, generally, as part of the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/wells
Class III injection well Class III Wells minimize environmental impacts from solution mining operations. _class3.cfm
Class IV wells are generally prohibitted, and are shallow wells used to inject hazardous
or radioactive wastes into or above a geologic formation that contains a USDW. In 1984,
EPA banned the use of Class IV injection wells for disposal of hazardous or radioactive http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/wells
Class IV injection well _class4.cfm
waste. Now, these wells may only be operated as part of an EPA- or state-authorized
ground water clean-up action. There are about 32 waste clean-up sites with Class IV
wells in the United States.
Disposal of flowback into surface waters of the United States is regulated by the
http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class
Clean Water Act National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program. The Clean 2/hydraulicfracturing/wells_hydroreg.cfm
Water Act authorizes the NPDES program.
http://www.arrowenergy.com.au/our-
cleates fractures in a coal bed. Methane gas can reside there. company/what-is-coal-seam-gas
CMM Coal Mine Methane http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbed_methane
Coal Bed Methand (CBM) is very sweet (having little H2S) methane extracted from
coal bed methane http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbed_methane
some coal beds.
www.deltapure.com Page 7 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
A coal seam is a coal bed. There is often methane gas and water in a coal bed, along http://www.arrowenergy.com.au/our-
coal seam company/what-is-coal-seam-gas
with the coal.
A coalescer or coalescing filter is a type of filter that removes liquid from a gas stream (a
liquid-gas coalescer) or removes a liquid that is dispersed in another liquid in which it is
immiscible (a liquid-liquid coalescer). Examples are a lqiuid-gas coalescer that removes
coalescer, coalescing filter
oil entrained in natural gas, or a liquid-lquid coalescer that removes oil dispersed in
water. Coalescers aid small droplets of contaminating fluid into larger droplets, so that
they can drain out of the filter and be removed.
Measure of all the amount of oxygen required to oxidize all the organics (even organics
http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/techguide/wpb/
COD that cannot be "digested" by bacteria) present in water or waste water. COD is a much devwtrplan_b.pdf
faster test (hours) compared to BOD (days).
The process of making a well ready for production (or injection) is called completion.
Steps can include preparing the bottom of the hole to the required specifications, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completion_(oil_and
completion _gas_wells)
running in the production tubing and its associated down hole tools, perforating,
stimulating and sometimes running in and cementing a casing.
Completion fluids are often brines. They are typically filtered to a high degree to avoid
introducing solids to the near-wellbore area. The fluid is placed in the well in order to
facilitate final operations prior to initiation of production, such as setting screens,
production liners, packers, downhole valves or shooting perforations into the producing
zone. The fluid is meant to control a well should downhole hardware fail. While fresh http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
completion fluid
water or water of too low a salinity can cause instability and swelling of clays, which in px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=completion+fluid
turn can causes all kinds of problems from stuck pipe to blocked formations, brine
solutions can contribute to the stability of the formation and the "inhibition" of clays.
The density (specific gravity) of the completion fluid is also important for achieving the
correct hydrostatic pressure.
"Concentrate" can mean the activity of de-watering, or raising the concentration of a
concentrate
solute. It can also be a synonym for the retentate in a cross flow system.
Conventional gas extraction is the drilling for gas near the surface and in highly
Conventional gas extraction permeable formations. Conventional gas extraction does not have to use fracking. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJawiHH8Jl4
Conventional gas extraction is easier to accomplish than unconventional gas extraction.
www.deltapure.com Page 8 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
An operator will drill a core sample - a cylindrical sample of rock - for porosity and
permeability analysis. The results of the analysis will help determine a drilling strategy,
http://www.rigzone.com/training/insight.asp?insig
core sample such as the type of fluids and other additives to use. A sample of cylindrical rock that is ht_id=325&c_id=18
cut from the core is called a plug. The drill bit that used to cut the core sample is called
a rotary coring bit.
In cross flow filtration (synonymous with tangential flow filtration), some percentage
(but less than 100%) of flow goes through a filtration membrane and is thus filtered,
and the balance flows across the surface of the membrane, helping to keep the
membrane surface clean. The part of the flow that flows through the filter membrane is
called the filtrate or permeate, while the part of the flow that does not flow through the
membrane (but flows across the membrane) is called the retentate or concentrate.
cross flow filtration
Cross flow filtration can be used to filter out particulates, for separations of immiscible
fluids, for removal of molecular contamination, for the removal of salts, and for other
applications as well.The type of contaminant or molecule that can removed (or
retained) by the cross flow filtration system depends primarily upon the type of
membrane that is selected. String wound filters from Delta Pure Filtration are often
used as "pre-filters" in front of cross flow filtration membranes.
Crude oil is naturally occuring, unprocessed petroleum, found in underground
formations. It is refined, separated into many products, including gasoline (petrol),
crude oil
kerosene, asphalt, chemical reagents, and also converted into plastics. There are many
grades or "qualities" of crude oil, and some grades fetch higher prices than others.
http://www.arrowenergy.com.au/our-
CSG Coal Seam Gas company/what-is-coal-seam-gas
CSG stands for coal seam gas. Synonyms are coalbed methane, coal bed methane
CSG (CBM), coalbed gas, or coal mine methane (CMM). It is methane gas extracted from coal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbed_methane
beds.
C-Tour is a multistep process which involves addition of a solvent ("condensate") to
C-Tour water, whereby the solvent absorbs aromatics from the water, after which the solvent
and water are separated by hydrocyclone technology. http://www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/324.pdf
Rock cuttings are bits of rock and debris that are cut away during drilling. The cuttings
cuttings (rock cuttings) are brough up to the surface throught he annulus in the drilling fluid. The drilling fluid
goes down throug the drilling string, and then up through the annulus.
CWT Centralized waste treatment facility
D&C drilling and completion
www.deltapure.com Page 9 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a waste water treatment whereby air bubbles (which are
created by reducing the pressure of aerated water so that dissolved air comes out of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotatio
DAF n
solution) adhere to oil or particles to bring them to the surface where they can be
skimmed out of the water.
The US Dapartment of the Interior is responsible for natural and cultural resources in
the USA, and issues safety rules for drilling and fracking on public lands through the The
Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The BLM is part of the Department of the Interior.
A recent proposal requires operators drilling on public lands to: 1) disclose the
http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/content/wo/en/info/
Department of Interior chemicals they use in fracturing activities 2) provide assurances of well-bore integrity so newsroom/2013/may/nr_05_16_2013.html
that fluids used during fracturing operations are not contaminating groundwater, and 3)
have a water management plan in place for handling fluids that flow back to the
surface.
1)A tall crane-like structure on a ship. It has a long "arm" that lifts and moves heavy
objects.
http://www.merriam-
derrick webster.com/dictionary/derrick
2) A tall tower that is built over an oil well and used to support and guide the drilling
and recovery tools.
Desalination is the removal of salts from salt water in order to make fresh or drinking
water. Common technologies that are used are nanofiltration and RO (reverse
Desalination osmosis.) Special membranes are used the exclude salts and allow water to go through.
Delta Pure Filtration provides string wound filters for protection (pre-filtration) of
membranes used in desalination.
A huge shale gas field that includes the Marcellus and Chattanooga shale gas plays -
Devonian Shale Gas
they are both considered Devonian shale.
Dissolved gas flotation (DGF) is a waste water treatment whereby gas bubbles (which
are created by reducing the pressure of aerated water so that dissolved air or nitrogen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotatio
DGF
comes out of solution) adhere to oil or particles to bring them to the surface where they n
can be skimmed out of the water.
diagenetic Describing the conversion of sediment into sedimentary rock. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagenesis
Disposal wells are injected with fluid for the purpose of disposing of waste water, but
not for the primary purpose of oil or gas production. An underground interval is
http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/about/faqs/saltwaterw
Disposal well selected that is not productive of oil and gas and is sealed above and below by ells.php#difference
unbroken, impermeable strata. A disposal well may also dispose produced water back
into a productive zone where the oil or natural gas is produced.
www.deltapure.com Page 10 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a waste water treatment whereby air bubbles, which are
created by reducing the pressure of aerated water so that dissolved air comes out of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotatio
dissolved air flotation n
solution, adhere to oil or particles to bring them to the surface where they can be
skimmed out of the water.
Dissolved gas flotation (DGF) is a waste water treatment whereby gas bubbles, which
are created by reducing the pressure of aerated water so that dissolved air or nitrogen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotatio
dissolved gas flotation n
comes out of solution, adhere to oil or particles to bring them to the surface where they
can be skimmed out of the water.
DMRM
Ohio Division of Mineral Resources Management
DO Dissolved oxygen.
In 2013 US Department of Energy (DOE) preliminarily conclucded that fracking is safe
DOE for drinking water, based on their study of tracer fluids injected into a Marcellus shale http://rt.com/usa/study-claims-fracking-safe-324/
well. This contradicts other studies.
DOGRM Ohio Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management
Dolomite is a carbonate material with many uses, from creating decorative stone pieces
dolomite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_mineral
, to making concrete aggregate. It is also a petroleum reservoir rock.
The "downstream" segment of the petroleum industry is the refining of oil and the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downstream_(petrol
donwstream eum_industry)
processing (such as sweetening, etc.) of gas.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
drill bit A drill bit is at the end of the drilling string. It is used to cut, scrape, or crush rock. px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=drill+bit
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/d/
drill in fluid A drill in fluid is a specially designed mud for the producing interval. drill-in_fluid.aspx
Conduit - steel tube - fitted with threaded ends called tool joints. The drillpipe
connects the rig surface equipment with the bottomhole assembly and the bit. The drill http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
drill pipe or drillpipe px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=drill+pipe
pipe is used to pump drilling fluid to the bit. The drill pipe also raises, lowers and rotates
the bottomhole assembly and bit.
A dill string is the drillpipe plus bottom hole assembly and whatever tools are used to http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
drill string px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=drill+string
operate the drill bit at the bottom of the wellbore.
www.deltapure.com Page 11 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
Drilling fluid is pumped down into the well throug the drill string while the well bore is
being drilled. The drill string is a long tube tube that goes down into the well with a drill
bit at the very end. The drill string turns the bit, so the bit can chew up the rock. The
drill string is a hollow pipe or tube. The path of the drilling fluid is down the center of
the string, and then up through the bore in space between the drill string and the
formations, called the annulus. This "down the string, up the annulus" flow pattern is
drilling fluid often called a u-tube. The drilling fluids lubricate and cool the bit. The drilling fluids also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid
carry rock cutting debris up to the surface. If the drilling fluid is not heavy (dense)
enough, fluids in the formation can push out into the bore, so the drilling fluids also
serve to maintain a sufficient hydrostatic pressure. The drilling fluids contain thickner
chemicals and particles, a mixture called mud. The mud lines the bore to protect the
formations and to prevent fluid loss, which is leakage of drilling fluid into the
formations.
Drilling muds are either water or oil based, and contain particles made of calcium
carbonate or barite. The purposes of the mud are to: cool and lubricate the drill bit,
prevent the escape of gas and oil during drilling,
Drilling Mud http://www.engineerlive.com/content/18374
transport rock cuttings to the surface, prevent fluid invasion into the rock formation,
prevent particles from enterming the formation (by creating a filter cake), and stabilize
the well as it is being drilled.
Dv50 is the "Median Particle Size by Volume." This is an example of a number used to
describe a particle size distribution. The first character is a capital letter indicating the
type of particle attribute that is measured, in this case D = diameter. The next character
is a lower case letter that describes how we are quantifying the particles - in this case v http://golik.co.il/Data/ABasicGuidtoParticleCharac
Dv50 terization(2)_1962085150.pdf
= volume (so we are not looking at particle count, but istead particle volume.) The next
characters are numeric and indicate the percentage or fraction below the indicated
particle size. So, "Dv50 = 5 mm" means that 50% of the particle volume in the sample is
below 5 microns in diameter.
E&P Exploration and Production
Electrical Conductivity or EC, is an indirect way to measure salinity. Units of EC are the
micro-Siemen per centimeter ms/cm. Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of
EC
resistance. A desalination system might use an EC probe/EC meter to verify
performance of the system, for example.
Enhanced Oil Recovery - Tertiary Recover. The use of steam, fire, etc. to lower the
EOR
viscosity of heavy, thick fuels to enable them to flow out of a well.
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
www.deltapure.com Page 12 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
A lined pit where produced water is sent for storgage until it evaporates. Various
equipment can be used: spray systems with nozzles spray the water into fine mist; http://www.muleshoe-
evaporation pond, evaporation pit aeration systems to help control odor; netting covers to prevent birds from landing in eng.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/produ
the oily water. Ponds or pits can also be used for temporary storage until the water is cedwaterhandouts.pdf
hauled away in trucks.
While many shale gas play maps depict the Excello shale as being centered in and
Excello limitted to Kansas, much is actually written about the Excello gas play in northern
Oklahoma.
Fayetteville Shale This gas play is in Arkansas.
"Filterable" is an adjective that is usually used to described particles. If a particle is
characterized as filterable, this does not mean that it is impossible to filter out, but the
speaker or writer is saying that it will readily pass through a filter of interest, or will
filterable
easily pass through the type of filter that might ordinarily be selected. For example, a
"filterable virus" is a virus that will pass through many types of filters that will remove
small bacteria.
filtrate The fluid that passes through, or that has passed through, a filter or membrane.
Fire flooding is in situ burning of some of the oil in the well to lower the viscosity of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petrole
fire flooding surrounding oil, making it easier to pump out (extract). This is one method of thermally um
enhanced oil recovery (TEOR).
Fluid loss control is the prevention of drilling fluid loss into the formations. Drilling fluids
are needed to cool the bit (the device that cuts through the rock), to bring cuttings to
the surface through the annulus, and to maintain hydrostatic pressure, so losing the
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/f/f
FLC - fluid loss control fluid into the formations is undesirable. Slow, controlled fluid loss would help build up a luid_loss.aspx
protective filter cake along the formation, while uncontrolled fluid loss could result in a
detrimental cake. Fluid loss is prevented or slowed down by use of additives such as
thickeners and mud particles.
Flowback water is water that comes up out of the well when it is first starting up, with a
significant amount of fracking chemicals that were pumped into the well, mixed some
materials originating in the well. The water is considered to be a flow-back-out of what
flowback Water
was previously pumped-in. At some point, the water that comes out is considered to no
longer be flowback water, but to have transitioned to "produced water", which is water
that originated in the formation.
Floyd and Cannasauga Shale Gas These shale plays are in Alabama.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-
FGD Flue Gas Desulphurization - is a process for removing S02 from coal plant exhaust gasses.
gas_desulfurization
www.deltapure.com Page 13 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
FOG FOG is a waste water and waste treatment term referring to fats, oils and grease.
Foreign oil is petroleum that is produced outside of one's own country. In the USA, net
imports (imports minus exports) were about 40% of the petroleum (crude oil and
foreign oil petroleum products) that the nation consumed in 2012. Slightly less than half of these http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/
imports came from outside of the Western Hemisphere. The USA's dependence on
foreign petroleum has declined since peaking in 2005.
Geologists use the term "formation" to classify and map layers of rock. A formation is a
rock unit that is distinctive enough for geologic mappers to tell it apart from the
http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/gladasked/gl
formation surrounding rock layers, and is big enough (deep and wide) to plot on a map. adformation.htm
Formations are often porous, and can have energy sources such as natural gas or oil in
them, and can also have water in them.
a water purification technique using membrane with small pores, whereby fresh water
forward osmosis flows from low concentration of salts to high concentration of TDS. Pre-filters from http://vimeo.com/84864451
Delta Pure Filtration are commonly used to protect various types of membrane.
"Frac sand" is sand used as a proppant to to keep underground fractures or fissures
(created through the process of hydraulic fracturing) propped open. Proppant sand can http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
frac sand e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
be natural sand or it can be resin coated - but usually only the naturally occuring
(uncoated) type is called frac sand.
Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is the pocess of using a high pressure fluids to create
fissures in relatively impermeable rock (formations in which the pores that contain
hydrocarbons are not very well interconnected) to enable gas or oil to flow out of the
well. Lots of chemicals are pumped into the ground as a result of fracking, and it is
fracking often necessary to drill through drinking water aquifers. For these and many other
reasons, many people are concerned about the impact of drilling and production
activities on water supplies, human health, and the environment. Energy producers use
an array of technologies to prevent contamination of drinking water and the
environment.
Freeze-thaw desalination is a method of producing fresh water though freezing the salt
freeze-thaw desalination http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/freezing.html
water such that the process of freezing excludes salt from the ice crystals.
www.deltapure.com Page 14 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
Salinity is a measurement of the TDS (total dissolved solids), primarily salts, in water.
Depending on the level of salinity, water might be called fresh (1-3,000 mg/L), brackish
(3,000 - 10,000 mg/L), saline (10,000-35,000 mg/L) or brine (>35,000 mg/L). Electrical
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/docu
fresh water conductivity is an indirect way to assess salinity. Produced water often has a high ments/02_Godsey_-_Source_Options_508.pdf
salinity. Completion fluids have a high salinity to protect formations (to prevent
swelling) and to maintain hydrostatic pressure (brine fluids can be very heavy - that is,
they can have a high specific gravity.)
Gammon shale is located in southwest North Dakota, northwest South Dakota, and
Gammon
southeast Montana.
Gas or natural gas is a mixture of gasseous hydrocarbons, principally methane. It
gas generally requires treatment (processing) to make it ready to use as a fuel. In North http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas
America, the term "gas" can be a colloquial term for gasoline - liqud petroleum.
A gas cap is a layer of associated gas that sits on top of the underground liquid
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glos
gas cap petroleum. The gas pressure can help to push out the oil during production, and this sary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_g.html
pressure is called "gas cap drive."
A gas cap is a layer of associated gas that sits on top of the liquid petroleum in the rock
gas cap drive formation. The gas pressure can help to push out the oil during production, and this http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir
pressure is called "gas cap drive."
Gravel packing is the placement a steel screen in the wellbore and then packing the
surrounding annulus with gravel of a specific size to prevent the passage of formation http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/g/
gravel packing gravel_pack.aspx
sand. The screen and packing are designed to stabilize the formation while maximizing
well productivity.
GRI is the former Gas Research Institute. The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is an Illinois
GRI
non-profit formed by the merger of IGT and GRI.
Ground water is water that is undergound, such as in an aquifer. Water that is at the
ground water "ground level", for example, a stream, river, or lake, is not ground water but instead
called "surface water."
Gas Technology Institute - an Illinois non-profit formed by the merger of IGT and GRI in http://www.gastechnology.org/About/Pages/Histo
GTI ry.aspx
2000.
GW stands for ground water (which is underground water). GW discharge requires
GW
GWDP approval while surface water requires NPDES approval.
GWDP stands for Ground Water Discharge Plan or Ground Water Discharge Permit.
GWDP Injection well water-disposal will require local (State) adminstrative approval for the
GWDP.
www.deltapure.com Page 15 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
Hard water has a high mineral content. In a home, people might notice that hard water
interferes with some soaps and detergents. In homes, commercial and industrial
Hard Water settings, hard water can cause scale (which reduces heat exchange and energy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water
efficiency) and corrosion (an expensive maintenance problem) in boilers, heat
exchangers, etc.
Haynesville Shale A shale gas play in western Louisiana/ eastern Texas.
crude oil that is very dense (and more dense than water) and highly viscous. Some
heavy crude grades are called "extra heavy" crude oil. This oil is more difficult to recover and more http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil
expensive to process than light grades.
HFFW hydraulic fracturing flowback water
Hilliard A shale gas play in Wyoming.
A type of "membrane" technology comprised of porous hollow fibers. Hollow fiber
hollow fiber systems might be used to remove tiny oil droplets from produced water, for example.
Hollow fiber filter systems are most often used in cross flow mode.
Horizontal drilling is a type of direction drilling. In horizontal wells, the well is drilled
vertically for a stretch, until the "kick off point" (KOP) is reached. At the kick off point,
the direction of the drilling will begin to deviate from vertical, until a horizontal
direciton is achieved. The horizontal stretch is called the lateral. Two common reaons
horizontal drilling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_drilling
for employing horizontal drilling are 1) to be able to recover more hydrocarbons
because the hydrocarbon bearing formations are in a specific horizontal layer 2) to be
ablet to place the drilling rig in a location convenient for drilling, even though the
hydrocarbons are located elsewhere.
A process whereby fresh water is extracted from salt water by evaporation of the water
humidification dehumidification http://video.mit.edu/watch/humidification-
into an air stream, and then condensed out of the air through a dehumidification dehumidification-desalination-13537/
desalination
process.
Hydraulic fracturing is the process of using high pressure fluids to create fractures in a
Hydraulic Fracturing very tight formation that otherwise would not let hydrocarbons to freely pass into the
well. The fractures increase the permeability of the formation.
A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound comprised of only carbon and hydrogen. The
fuels such as a natural gas and oil that energy producers take out of the ground are
hydrocarbon often referred to as hydrocarbons. Gas and oil, as taken out of the ground, are each http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon
actually comprised of a mixture of different types of hydrocarbons, plus impurities.
Hydrocarbons generally can be burned to produce heat.
www.deltapure.com Page 16 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
A hydrocyclone is a device for removing large, heavy (or, more accurately, dense) solid
Hydrocyclone particles from a fluid such as water. A hydrocylcone also might be used to remove http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocyclone
droplets of a denser, immiscible fluid from water.
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a column of fluid. The makeup of
completion fluids, for example, are selected carefully so that they not only have the
hydrostatic pressure
correct chemistry, but have the desired specific gravity (density) so that they exert the
required hydrostatic pressure in the well.
International Association of Drilling Contractors - the organization states: "IADC’s
mission is to advance drilling and completion technology; improve industry health,
safety, environmental and training practices; and champion sensible regulations and
IADC http://www.iadc.org/
legislation which facilitate safe and efficient drilling. Membership is open to any
company involved in oil and gas exploration, drilling or production, well servicing,
oilfield manufacturing or other rig-site services."
IFAS or Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge is a biological treatment process similar
to MBBR but retrofitted into convential activated sludge waste water treatment
IFAS systems. It utilizes polyethylene structures or "media" with high surface area, which
are fluidized in a waste water stream. A biofilm forms on the surface of the media
which consumes organic constiuents in the water. Air is sparged to aerate the sytem.
Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) is a waste water treatment process whereby gas bubbles,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_gas_flotatio
IGF created through injection of air or nitrogen into the waste stream, carry oil or solid n
contaminants to the surface where they can be skimmed.
Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) is a waste water treatment process whereby gas bubbles,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_gas_flotatio
IGF created through injection of air or nitrogen into the waste stream, carry oil or solid n
contaminants to the surface where they can be skimmed.
IGT is the former Institute of Gas Technology. The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is an http://www.gastechnology.org/About/Pages/Histo
IGT ry.aspx
Illinois non-profit formed by the merger of IGT and GRI.
Injection wells inject fluids into a reservoir for secondary or enhanced oil recovery from
depleted reservoirs. Operators use secondary recovery techniques to maintain an oil
field’s pressure that gets depleted as oil is produced and also to displace or “sweep” http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/about/faqs/saltwaterw
injection well ells.php#difference
more oil toward producing wells. Secondary recovery is sometimes known as
waterflooding. Injection wells can also inject waste water for the purpose of disposal,
and in this context, the term is synonymous with "disposal well."
Innoculation (in the context of this glossary) is an advertent, undesirable introduction of
innoculation
SRB into a well.
www.deltapure.com Page 17 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
A contour interval is the height or distance between two contour lines on a countour
interval
map. The term interval is also used synonymously with zone and stratum - a rock layer.
An Isopach is region of stratum that is of an arbitrary thickness range. An isopach map
shows a bunch of colored regions, and each color depicts the thickness of the stratum of
interest. For example, an isopach map might show dark brown where the stratum is 20-
21 meters thick, and light yellow where the stratum is only 0-2 meters thick. An
isochore map is similar, but there are technical differences between an isochore map
isochore http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopach_map
and an isopach map. With an isopach map, if the stratum boundary dips down or rises,
the thickness will be measured at an angle deviating from vertical, (and so the map is
called a True Stratigraphic Thickness or TST map), whereas with an isochore map, the
thickness will be meaured exactly vertically (and is thus called a True Vertical Thickness
or TVT map.)
An Isopach is region of stratum that is of an arbitrary thickness range. An isopach map
shows a bunch of colored regions, and each color depicts the thickness of the stratum of
interest. For example, an isopach map might show dark brown where the stratum is 20-
21 meters thick, and light yellow where the stratum is only 0-2 meters thick. An
isochore map is similar, but there are technical differences between an isochore map
isopach http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopach_map
and an isopach map. With an isopach map, if the stratum boundary dips down or rises,
the thickness will be measured at an angle deviating from vertical, (and so the map is
called a True Stratigraphic Thickness or TST map), whereas with an isochore map, the
thickness will be meaured exactly vertically (and is this called a True Vertical Thickness
or TVT map.)
The International Water Conference is an annual educational conference held in cities
such as San Antonio, TX or Orlando, FL and featuring technical paper presentations,
networking events, and exhibit hall. Educational tracks include: Wastewater & Recycle,
Produced Water, FRAC water treatment,
IWC http://www.eswp.com/water/
Desalination Principles & Approaches, Mine Water Treatment, Steam Generation,
Process Water Preparation, Cooling and Process Water. IWC is run by the Engineer's
Society of Western Pennsylvania. The 2014 IWC had over 1,000 attendees and more
than 100 exhibiting companies. Delta Pure Filtration was an exhibitor in 2014.
International Well Control Forum is a non profit which develops and administers well
IWCF http://www.iwcf.org/
control training, assessment and certification programs.
kaolinite A clay mineral and potential particulate contaminant in some produced waters.
www.deltapure.com Page 18 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
Kerogen is organic matter such as that from algae and plant matter that is insoluable
and under hot geological conditions generates oil, gas or waxy substances. Kerogen is a http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
kerogen px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=kerogen
component (contaminant) in produced water which can pose a water treatment
challenge.
Undesired Leakage of formation fluids into the wellbore, due to the pressure in the
kick
wellbore becoming lower than the pressure in the formations.
1. to start production in a well by injecting gas into a gas lift well 2. to swab a well to
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glos
kick off restore it to production in workover operations. 3. to start turning toward horizontal sary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_k.html
from the vertical in directional drilling.
Kick of Point or KOP in directional drilling is the depth in a vertical hole at which a
deviated or slant hole is started. For example, a well might be drilled straight down https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glos
kick off point sary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_k.html
(vertically) and then drilling will start to make a turn toward horizontal at the kick off
point.
Kick of Point or KOP in direction drilling is the depth in a vertical hole at which a https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glos
KOP sary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_k.html
deviated or slant hole is started.
Landfill gas has significant amounts of methane (40-60%) and is produced through
landfill gas http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=L
decomposition of organic matter in a landfill waste disposal site.
Lewis and Mancos Shale Gas four corners of Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico
Light crude oil is liquid petroleum that has a low density, low viscosity, low specific
gravity and high API gravity. It has a high proportion of light hydrocarbon fractions.
light crude http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_crude_oil
Light crude oil is more expensive than heavier grades because it yields a higher
percentages of gasoline and diesel fuels when refinerd.
Liner is large diamter pipe inserted into the open hole and is a type of casing, but it is
Liner
casing that is hung from another casing.
A liquid-gas coalescer is a type of filter cartridge assembly that removes liquid (such as
water or liquid hydrocarbon) from a gas stream (such as natural gas or compressed air).
Such a filter might help protect downstream purification processes or turbines. The
method of removal is "coalescence" or agglomeration of small entrained droplets into
liquid-gas coalescer larger droplets. Most often, the flow path is from "inside to outside" of the filter
element, and in such cases the outside of the filter often has a type of drainage layer to
help conduct the large coalesced droplets to the bottom of the fiter whre they fall into
and collect in a sump at the bottom of the filter vessel. Such assemblies are sized to
control gas velocities in order to avoid re-entrainment of aerosols.
www.deltapure.com Page 19 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Term Definition Reference Link
Liquid liquid coalescers are a type of filter assembly that remove one immiscible liquid
from another, for example, to remove oil droplets from produced water. The method
of separation is coalescence (rather than common alternatives such as adsorption,
physical exclusion, or cyclonic action) whereby tiny droplets of the contaminating fluid
are agglomerated into larger droplets as liquid flows throught the filter medium. The
droplets then either float or sink after they emerge enlarged from the filter cartridge.
Coalescence is enabled when the interfacial surfce tension is sufficiently high, and
http://www.pall.com/pdfs/Fuels-and-
liquid-liquid coalescer separation also requires a sufficient difference in densities between the two fluids. The Chemicals/FCSTR1.pdf
minimial interfacial surface tension that will allow coalescence depends of the the type
of filter medium - a common material is glass, but others are also used. Fluids with
small differences in density may needed a sufficiently long, horizontal filter assembly to
allow sufficient separation. Liquid liquid coalescing filter cartridges are subject to
premature fouling with particulates if adequate prefiltration is not provided. String
wound filters from Delta Pure Filtration may be used as prefilters to liquid liquid
coalescing filter assemblies.
Lithology is a physical description of rock. Strata are mapped based upon litholographic
Lithology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithology
units - zones of common lithology.
LNG liquified natural gas
Mancos shale is made up of many subunits. Among them are Gallup, Niobrarra, Mancos
http://www.halliburton.com/public/solutions/cont
Mancos B, Baxter, Hilliard, Blair, and Bowdoin. This gas play is located among the "four corner" ents/Shale/related_docs/Mancos.pdf
states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico.
Marcellus shale lies beneath much of Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and New York,
Marcellus Shale http://geology.com/articles/marcellus-shale.shtml
and underlies small areas of Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia.
http://www.arrowenergy.com.au/our-
matrix The pores in a coal bed. Methane gas can reside there. company/what-is-coal-seam-gas
MBBR or Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor is a biological treatment process. It utilizes
polyethylene structures or "media" with high surface area that are fluidized in a waste
MBBR
water stream, and a biofilm forms on the surface of the media which consumes organic
constiuents in the water. Air is sparged to aerate the sytem.
This shale gas play is located in Kern County, CA. Kern is inland, to the east of San Luis
MClure Shale Gas
Obisbo and just north of Los Angeles county.
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