Brucellosis in humans and livestock Brucelose em humanos e animais
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Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 5599
ISSN: 2595-573X
Brucellosis in humans and livestock
Brucelose em humanos e animais
DOI: 10.34188/bjaerv4n4-057
Recebimento dos originais: 20/08/2021
Aceitação para publicação: 25/09/2021
Carlos Víctor Hernández Ramírez
Doctor en Ciencias Agropecuarias por la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa/ Facultad de Medicina
Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Secretaria de Salud.
Institución: Servicios de Salud de Sinaloa. Dirección de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud.
Departamento de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores y Zoonosis. Coordinador
Estatal de los Programas de Prevención y Control de las Zoonosis.
Dirección: Calle Mariano Escobedo número 1026 Colonia Las Vegas, Culiacán de Rosales
Sinaloa México. C.P. 80090
Correo electrónico: mvzhernandez_sin@hotmail.com
Dulce Carolina Sánchez García
Maestra en Ciencias Agropecuarias por la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa/ Facultad de
Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Secretaria de Salud.
Institución: Servicios de Salud de Sinaloa. Dirección de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud.
Departamento de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores y Zoonosis. Coordinadora
Estatal del Programa de Intoxicación por Veneno de Artrópodos.
Dirección: Calle Mariano Escobedo número 1026 Colonia Las Vegas, Culiacán de Rosales
Sinaloa México. C.P. 80090.
Correo electrónico: biol.dcarolina@gmail.com
RESUMO
A brucelose é a principal doença antropo zoonótica, em todo o mundo representa um sério problema
em humanos e animais em países com economia baixa e média, 500.000 casos são relatados
anualmente em humanos em todo o mundo, no entanto, a incidência real é estimada em 5.000.000
a 12.500.000 casos anualmente. É transmitido ao homem por contato direto, com animais doentes
ou pela ingestão de produtos não pasteurizados infectados. Gênero Brucella, com bordas retas ou
ligeiramente convexas, extremidades arredondadas e imóveis com 0,5–0,7μm de largura por 0,6-1,5
μm de comprimento. Apresentam-se individualmente e raramente em pequenos cachos, não
possuem cápsulas, esporos ou flagelos, e são aeróbicos A apresentação clínica, a gravidade e a
evolução da infecção em humanos variam dependendo da espécie infectante de Brucella, da
concentração do inóculo, do estado físico do paciente e da história de outros sofrimentos.
Apresentação clínica em gado, ao contrário da brucelose humana, o aborto espontâneo em
ruminantes infectados é a característica da infecção, a apresentação clínica em populações animais
varia muito de acordo com a espécie afetada. No México, como na maioria dos países da América
Latina, o controle de doenças em animais é complicado, pelas características de resistência
bacteriana ao meio ambiente, a falta de rebanhos livres de brucelose para repovoar (principalmente
caprinos que são reservatórios da Brucella melitensis a mais patogênica para o homem), o
diagnóstico e a eliminação tardia dos animais positivos, que permanecem nos currais por tempo
suficiente para perpetuar a infecção. Aspectos econômicos que afetam a renda dos proprietários por
terem que eliminar os animais confirmados com a doença, o consumo de queijos artesanais e
derivados do leite não pasteurizadores são fatores que dificultam a aplicação das normas e
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ISSN: 2595-573X
regulamentações vigentes relacionadas à prevenção e controle de doenças em animais , impactando
negativamente na saúde pública humana.
Palavras-chave: Brucelosis, humanos, livestok, saúde pública.
ABSTRAC
Brucellosis is the main zoonotic anthropo disease, worldwide represents a serious problem in
humans and animals in countries with low and medium economies, 500,000 cases are reported
annually in humans around the world however, true incidence is estimated at 5,000,000 to
12,500,000 cases annually. Is transmitted to human by direct contact, with sick animals or when
ingesting infected unpasteurized products. Brucella genus, with straight or slightly convex edges,
rounded, immobile ends 0.5–0.7μm wide by 0.6-1.5 μm long. They show individually and rarely in
small bunches, do not have capsules, spores or flagella, and they are aerobics, The clinical
presentation, the severity and the evolution of the infection in humans varies depending on the
infecting Brucella species, the concentration of the inoculum, the physical condition of the patient
and history of other sufferings. Clinical presentation in livestock, unlike human brucellosis,
spontaneous abortion in infected ruminants is the characteristic of the infection, the clinical
presentation in animal populations varies greatly according to the affected species. In Mexico as
most in Latin American countries, disease control in animals is complicated, for the characteristics
of bacteria resistance to environment, the lack of brucellosis-free herds to repopulate (mainly goats
which are reservoirs of the Brucella melitensis the most pathogenic for humans), the diagnosis and
late elimination of positive animals, which remain in the pens for long enough to perpetuate the
infection. Economic aspects to affect the income of the owners by having to eliminate the animals
confirmed with the disease, the consumption of handmade cheeses and milk derivatives not
pasteurizer are factors that hinder the application of current regulations and norms related to
prevention and control of disease in animals, negatively impacting in human public health.
Keywords: Brucelosis, humans, livestok ,public healt.
1 INTRODUCTION
Brucellosis is the main zoonotic anthropo disease, worldwide represents a serious problem
in humans and animals in countries with low and medium economies, 500,000 cases are reported
annually in humans around the world however, true incidence is estimated at 5,000,000 to
12,500,000 cases annually1-3. Is transmitted to human by direct contact, with sick animals or when
ingesting infected unpasteurized products4. Twelve species of Brucellas are known and four are
isolated without names, each of them has a preference for one or more hosts affecting mammals,
human is accidental host. It recognized that these bacteria have their natural reservoirs: Brucella.
melitensis (sheep, goat, camel), Brucella. abortus (veal, buffalo, camel, yak), Brucella. suis (pig,
hare, reindeer, rodent, caribou), Brucella canis (dog), Brucella neotomae (rodents), and Brucella
ovis (sheep) have more recently described four other species Brucella ceti and Brucella
pinnipedialis (cetaceans and seals), Brucella microti (red foxes and field rodents) and Brucella
inopinata, isolated in 2009 from a human infection. . Brucella vulpis (red fox), Brucella papionis
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(nonhuman primates)5-9. B. melitensis is recognized as the most pathogenic to humans and is the
most isolated of blood cultures in patients with brucelosis10, at present, the most acute growth in the
number of cases is being registered in countries of Central and South-East Asia (OIE)11. Brucella
species are commonly classified as smooth and rough, the group brucellas smooth. B. abortus, B.
melitensis, B.suis and B. neotomae, while rough, B. canis and B. ovis smooth Brucella species are
the most virulent.12
2 ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Gram-negative bacteria are facultative and intracellular Brucella genus, with straight or
slightly convex edges, rounded, immobile ends 0.5–0.7μm wide by 0.6-1.5 μm long13.They show
individually and rarely in small bunches, do not have capsules, spores or flagella, and they are
aerobics14-16.Brucella is characterized by its great capacity to persist for long periods in the soil,
water or manure and in the environment under appropriate conditions, such as: low temperature,
moderate humidity, pH close to neutrality and in waste of frozen animals; as well as on dried
substrates containing organic matter, and protected from sunlight, they can retain their infective
capacity for years17. However, they can be destroyed in the pasteurization process, because they are
quite sensitive to heat when exposed for 5 minutes to ultraviolet light dies quickly and with common
disinfectants at the indicated concentrations.18
CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN HUMANS
The clinical presentation, the severity and the evolution of the infection in humans varies
depending on the infecting Brucella species, the concentration of the inoculum, the physical
condition of the patient and history of other sufferings 19, the bacterium has sophisticated
evolutionary mechanisms to evade the immune system of the mammals it infects, it can cause a
20
disease asymptomatic, latent state with late reactivation of the immune system , The humoral
immune response against intracellular infections is limited and does not produce a protective
21
immune memory and presents great tendency to chronicity. The characteristic symptoms are
intermittent or irregular fever, of variable duration, headache, fatigue, diaphoresis, myalgia, weight
loss, anorexia, generalized malaise, with or without localization signs such as: arthritis, spondylitis,
endocarditis, meningitis, orchitis, epididymitis. On physical examination, the most frequent finding,
in 30-50% of cases, is hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in 12-20% of cases, lymphadenopathy can
be found19. Focal manifestations are evidenced by suppurative infections of different organs or
22,23
systems, including osteoarticular, cardiovascular and central nervous system, Even when the
diagnosis is made early and the therapy is prescribed correctly, about 10 to 30% of patients will
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develop chronic brucelosis24, the diagnosis of this disease should be based on the patients medical
history, especially there was contact with sick animals, or he visited an endemic area and ingested
unpasteurized lacteal products, the diagnosis should include blood cultivation and serological
tests.25,26
CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN LIVESTOCK
Unlike human brucellosis, spontaneous abortion in infected ruminants is the characteristic
27
of the infection , the clinical presentation in animal populations varies greatly according to the
affected species, usually in bovine brucellosis (B. abortus), brucellosis goat (B. melitensis) and
swine brucellosis (B. suis) animals may present with undulating fever, mastitis and the birth of weak
offspring28-30. Transmission in animals is presented vertically (to their descendants) and horizontally
31,32
(members of the herd), OPS, infected animals excrete a large amount of bacteria along with
tissues and abortion products in milk, and genital secretions; thus contaminating the soil, the pens,
the straw of the beds, the water of streams, canals and wells.10
HUMAN TREATMENT
Medical treatment for humans is based on the use of antimicrobials and simultaneously
administering medications to reduce symptoms, the patients medical history related to allergies,
chronic degenerative diseases and synergy that may occur due to the use of others drugs33 the most
used combinations are those proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) 34 hat contemplate
two options; both include doxycycline for 6 weeks, combined with streptomycin for 2 to 3 weeks,
or rifampin for 6 weeks. Although the use of streptomycin would be more effective for relapse
prevention, parenteral administration requires the existence of some special conditions 19, other
combinations of alternative drugs are being used35-37 The clinical tracing of patients during and after
treatment should be carried in order to verify the remission of symptoms, the correct adherence to
treatment, the presence of adverse effects, reappearance of signs or symptoms of disease (relapses)
and to realize the corresponding serological and microbiological controls 38.
3 CONCLUSIONS
In Mexico as most in Latin American countries, disease control in animals is complicated,
for the characteristics of bacteria resistance to environment, the lack of brucellosis-free herds to
repopulate (mainly goats which are reservoirs of the Brucella melitensis the most pathogenic for
humans), the diagnosis and late elimination of positive animals, which remain in the pens for long
enough to perpetuate the infection. Economic aspects to affect the income of the owners by having
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ISSN: 2595-573X
to eliminate the animals confirmed with the disease, the consumption of handmade cheeses and milk
derivatives not pasteurizer are factors that hinder the application of current regulations and norms
related to prevention and control of disease in animals, negatively impacting in human public health.
No Conflicts of interest.
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ISSN: 2595-573X
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