Beyond SmartGrids: Making the electric grid secure, stable, reliable and resilient - 08th of April of 2021 Dr. J.L. Domínguez-García ...
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Beyond SmartGrids: Making the electric grid secure, stable, reliable and resilient 08th of April of 2021 Dr. J.L. Domínguez-García (jldominguez@irec.cat) Head of Power Systems Group at IREC
Institute for Energy Research of Catalonia, IREC: Began its R+D+I activities in January 2009. IREC was created to contribute to the objective of creating a more sustainable future for energy usage and consumption, keeping in mind the economic competitiveness and providing society with the maximum level of energy security. IREC is a reference institution for Energy Research in Catalonia, Spain and EU. IREC is a recognized institution by the Catalonia Government as both Basic research and Industry oriented through KTT 2
Board of Trustees Secretaria d'Empresa i Competitivitat GOVERNMENT Direcció General de Recerca OF CATALONIA Direcció General d’Energia, Mines i Seguretat Industrial CIEMAT (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) GOVERNMENT IDAE (Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la OF SPAIN Energía - Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio) UNIVERSITIES Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) Barcelona (UB) Rovira i Virgili (URV) ENAGÁS COMPANIES ENDESA NATURGY 3
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL AREAS • Advanced Materials • Energy Efficiency: Systems, Buildings and • Functional Nanomaterials Communities • Catalysis • NZEB (Net Zero Energy Buildings and • Materials for Solar Systems Communities) • Nanoionics and Fuel Cells • Integration of Renewables. • Energy Storage and Harvesting • Smart Grids and Microgrids • Green IT • Bioenergy and Biofuels • Electric Mobility • Thermochemical Conversion • Energy Analytics • Biorefinery 4 groups within this unit 3 groups within this unit Technological Research Units Development Units 4
POWER SYSTEMS GROUP – RESEARCH Objectives and keywords Power Systems Group Strategy aims to provide solutions for the challenges of the future power systems in order to ensure the proper advent and implementation of the Digital Grid. The global objective for the group is to set the path of future electrical network by the development of innovative solutions for the challenging task of ensuring resilient, stable, secure, digital and RES- based electrical network as the future of Power Systems. Renewable Energy Sources Energy Storage Systems Power Electronics Grid Integration Smart Grids & Microgrids Grid Services IoT for Energy Grid Digitalization Resilience Cyber-Security Electric Vehicle 5
POWER SYSTEMS GROUP - RESEARCH LINES
POWER SYSTEMS GROUP - Activities
IREC Energy SmartLab https://youtu.be/VgWzPUcAVAk
Table of Contents 1.- Introduction 2.- Risk Assessment 3.- Fault Identification and Location 4.- Impact Mitigation 9
Introduction Conventional Grid Smart Grid 10
Introduction New electrical grid paradigm: SMART GRID CONCEPT • Remote control and automation. • Comprises everything from Tech & Aut generation to consumption. • The grid becomes • more flexible, • interactive Smart • Advanced management of the grid • sustainable, reliable and Grid economic manner, • built on advanced Data Market infrastructure • DER integration 11
Introduction Although, historically the electrical grid already made use of IT systems (as well-known SCADAs). The paradigm change carried out by the increase of RES, ESS, comms and IoT, is opening novel opportunities for real-time monitoring and operation, wide-area information sharing, system interconnection, among others.
Introduction
Introduction SMARTGRID DIGITALGRID
Digital Grid DIGITAL GRID Lots of Sensors / DATA Meters - Optimize actions - Take better decisions Actuators / controllers - Increase knowledge
Digital Grid
Digitalization How can we do it? IoT Sensors Transport layer protocols & Actuators SmartMeters Smart Inverters Internet of Things Wireless PLC Cable based EnergyBox SmartMeters
Challenges What can we do with data and automation? Big Data Segmentation Optimization Forecasting Control - Consumption - Weather - Climate - Generation
Opportunities & Challenges of the Digitalization of the Electrical Distribution Grid RELIABILITY PRICING SUPPLY-DEMAND INTEGRATION CYBERSECURITY GRID STABILITY RESILIENCY INTEROPERABILITY ADAPTABILITY
Actions for resilience, security and system reliability Planning Detection Actuation Recovery
Activities to be presented today Risk Assessment tool for climate and weather events Fault identification and location algorithm Self-healing and clusterization of distribution grid
Planning: Risk Assessment tool for climate and weather events
Planning: Risk Assessment tool for climate and weather events GIS Detailed flooding model GIS electrical Voronoi Substation for a selected assets algorithm Damage Curve Return Period GIS Consumer layer Voronoi (Inhabitants + Damage Ratio Buffer given by polygons bussiness-industries) (DES) INTERSECTION magnitude of point analysed Calculation of power Substation RISK ASSESSMENT Areal Water Depth supplied mean repair sampling Average (WDA) by method location [meters] cost (pS) [€ - £] Auxiliary Renting price Substation Fragility generator active and additional Curve COST ASSESSMENT power (PAG) costs of the Auxiliary Affected Area Fragility Curve generator (C) Power Number of Rate (AAR) probability (FCP) supplied by auxiliary substation generators by Asset flooding (PES) substation (nAG) Service GIS failure Area network Energy probability Price (pE) Local [€ - £] GDP Asset network Failure Shortage Calculation Probability (PF) duration (tWE) of customers [hours] affected Substation Energy Non Auxiliary Effective Bussines CAIFI repair time Supplied Generation Damage Cost (BC) (tR) Cost (ENSC) Cost (AGC) Cost (EDC) INDICES CALCULATION Losses Related to SAIDI CAIDI the Grid (LRG) LEGEND PRIMARY INPUT FINAL OUTPUT SAIFI INTERMEDIATE OUTPUT GIS OPERATION
Planning: Risk Assessment tool for climate and weather events By taking advantage of existing data and parameters ( population density, energy consumption, mean distribution, etc), estimations for the rest of the zones can be made. Example: GREEN real data, BLUE estimated electrical distibution centers.
Planning: Risk Assessment tool for climate and weather events Active data and KPIs control
Planning: Risk Assessment tool for climate and weather events Affected Area (%) PS WDA Softened Fragility Curve 1,00 1,00 0,75 Probability of failure P(x) 0,50 0,75 0,25 0,00 0,50 0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,25 1,00 PFC 0,75 P(x) 0,00 0,50 0,25 0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 0,00 *1 Original Fragility curve Depth (m) 0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 depth (m) Hardened Fragility Curve Probability Range Named category PF < 1% Low Failure Probability (LFP) 1% < PF
Planning: Risk Assessment tool for climate and weather events Cost assessment – Results when analyzing CTs 1.000.000 € 900.000 € Increase of costs about 20% due 800.000 € to climate change by 2100 700.000 € 600.000 € ENSC 500.000 € AGC 400.000 € BC 300.000 € DC 200.000 € 100.000 € -€ T10 T50 T10 T50 T10 T50 T10 T50 T10 T50 T10 T50 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T100 T500 T100 T500 T100 T500 T100 T500 T100 T500 T100 T500 Current BAU Current BAU Current BAU
Probability of a System Average customer experience Interruption Duration an outage Index [min] - 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 50 100 150 200 T1BAS T1BAS T10BAS T10BAS T50BAS T50BAS T100BAS T100BAS T500BAS T500BAS T1BAU T1BAU T10BAU T10BAU T50BAU T50BAU T100BAU T100BAU T500BAU T500BAU T1SUD T1SUD T10SUD T10SUD T50SUD T50SUD T100SUD T100SUD T500SUD T500SUD T1SiE T1SiE T10SiE T10SiE Reliability indexes calculation - Results T50SiE T50SiE T100SiE T100SiE T500SiE T500SiE - 50 100 150 200 97% 98% 99% 100% Customer Average Average availability of Planning: Risk Assessment tool for climate and weather events Interruption Duration ASAI SAIFI SAIDI [min] the system CAIDI [min] Index [min]
Detection: Fault identification and location algorithm Power outages’ Demand and Fault Fault significant capability of detection location ramifications faster, more & accurate fault Increased ICT Fault isolation solutions classification Facilitates the fault location process in various methods. Fault Classification Need for further research in the case of distribution grids.
Detection: Fault identification and location algorithm A new criteria has been developed by modifying and merging some existing ones which are more specific for transmission systems 1ph & 2ph faults 3ph faults Distinction between 2ph faults Based on Novosel et al. Based on Kezunovic et Criterion based on the al. with adjustments on theory of the the criteria sets symmetrical components
Detection: Fault identification and location algorithm IEEE 13 node test feeder 4 measurement points Highly unbalanced Low voltage branch Parameters 1. Type of fault 2. Number of meters 3. Location of the fault 4. Fault resistance 5. Noise
Detection: Fault identification and location algorithm RESULTS without fault resistance or noise RESULTS with fault resistance
Actuation: Self-healing and clusterization of distribution grid • The electrical grid a critical infrastructure that needs to be resilient, minimizing the service disruption to ensure minimum impact on end users. • This can be achieved through two main methods network reconfiguration or allowing islanded/disconnected operation. • Objective: Provide a self-healing and islanding method for the electric grid while minimizing the unsupplied loads and increasing network resilience. • We can take advantage of distributed RES, ESS and prosumers, to select the optimal islands (dynamic microgrids) depending on the load and generation status.
Actuation: Self-healing and clusterization of distribution grid i Wij = Wji 0 j • Network partitioning problem Graph–cut problem Wik = Wki = 0 Wkj = Wjk 0 • Binary Genetic Algorithm for problem solving k Intentional Islanding Tool Flowchart
Actuation: Self-healing and clusterization of distribution grid Grid under testing Power Flow Results on Modified CIGRE 15 Benchmark G 5000 MW Bus 1 4200 MW Bus 2 2000 MW Bus 3 2000 MW PV 2000 MW Bus 4 Bus 13 2200 MW 100 MW PV 1508.37 MW 2000 MW Bus 5 491.63 MW Bus 14 258.58 MW 2150 MW 233.05 MW 100 MW PV 50 MW Bus 6 Bus 12 Bus 15 258.58 MW PV 100 MW PV 2100 MW 100 MW 50 MW PV Bus 10 Bus 9 Bus 11 258.58 MW 258.58 MW 100 MW 100 MW PV 333.05 MW Bus 8 100 MW 233.05 MW 100 MW PV Bus 7 233.05 MW 100 MW
Actuation: Self-healing and clusterization of distribution grid Results 2 islands forced 3 islands forced G 5000 MW G 5000 MW Bus 1 Bus 1 4200 MW 4200 MW Bus 2 Bus 2 2000 MW 2000 MW Bus 3 2000 MW Bus 3 2000 MW PV PV 2000 MW 2000 MW Bus 4 Bus 13 Bus 4 Bus 13 2200 MW 2200 MW 100 MW 100 MW PV 1508.37 MW 2000 MW PV 1508.37 MW 2000 MW 491.63 MW Bus 14 Bus 5 491.63 MW Bus 14 Bus 5 258.58 MW 2150 MW 258.58 MW 2150 MW 50 MW 233.05 MW 100 MW 50 MW 233.05 MW 100 MW PV PV Bus 12 Bus 6 Bus 12 Bus 15 Bus 6 Bus 15 258.58 MW 258.58 MW PV PV 100 MW PV 2100 MW 100 MW PV 2100 MW 50 MW 100 MW 50 MW 100 MW PV Bus 10 Bus 9 PV Bus 10 Bus 9 Bus 11 Bus 11 258.58 MW 258.58 MW 258.58 MW 258.58 MW 100 MW 100 MW 100 MW 100 MW 333.05 MW PV 333.05 MW PV Bus 8 Bus 8 100 MW 100 MW 233.05 MW 233.05 MW 100 MW 100 MW PV PV Bus 7 Bus 7 233.05 MW 233.05 MW 100 MW 100 MW
Wrap up The Future Digital grid, opens new opportunities and brings new challenges. Increased Resilience and Security of supply is key since the Electrical Grid is a CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE In this regard, we have been working on the different key steps towards this as PLANNING, DETECTION and ACTUATION. Further advances and usage of Data Analytics are key for this. The integration of various methods and techniques will end up into a DIGITAL TWIN of the distribution grid.
Thank you for your attention Questions? Dr.José Luis Domínguez-García Head of Power Systems Group jldominguez@irec.cat 38
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